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Liu P, Lapcinski IP, Hlynialuk CJ, Steuer EL, Loude TJ, Shapiro SL, Kemper LJ, Ashe KH. Aβ∗56 is a stable oligomer that impairs memory function in mice. iScience 2024; 27:109239. [PMID: 38433923 PMCID: PMC10905009 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2024.109239] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2023] [Revised: 12/12/2023] [Accepted: 02/11/2024] [Indexed: 03/05/2024] Open
Abstract
Amyloid-β (Aβ) oligomers consist of fibrillar and non-fibrillar soluble assemblies of the Aβ peptide. Aβ∗56 is a non-fibrillar Aβ assembly that is linked to memory deficits. Previous studies did not decipher specific forms of Aβ present in Aβ∗56. Here, we confirmed the memory-impairing characteristics of Aβ∗56 and extended its biochemical characterization. We used anti-Aβ(1-x), anti-Aβ(x-40), anti-Aβ(x-42), and A11 anti-oligomer antibodies in conjunction with western blotting, immunoaffinity purification, and size-exclusion chromatography to probe aqueous brain extracts from Tg2576, 5xFAD, and APP/TTA mice. In Tg2576, Aβ∗56 is a ∼56-kDa, SDS-stable, A11-reactive, non-plaque-dependent, water-soluble, brain-derived oligomer containing canonical Aβ(1-40). In 5xFAD, Aβ∗56 is composed of Aβ(1-42), whereas in APP/TTA, it contains both Aβ(1-40) and Aβ(1-42). When injected into the hippocampus of wild-type mice, Aβ∗56 derived from Tg2576 mice impairs memory. The unusual stability of this oligomer renders it an attractive candidate for studying relationships between molecular structure and effects on brain function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peng Liu
- N. Bud Grossman Center for Memory Research and Care, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
- Department of Neurology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
| | - Ian P. Lapcinski
- N. Bud Grossman Center for Memory Research and Care, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
- Department of Neurology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
| | - Chris J.W. Hlynialuk
- N. Bud Grossman Center for Memory Research and Care, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
- Department of Neurology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
| | - Elizabeth L. Steuer
- N. Bud Grossman Center for Memory Research and Care, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
- Department of Neurology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
| | - Thomas J. Loude
- N. Bud Grossman Center for Memory Research and Care, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
- Department of Neurology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
| | - Samantha L. Shapiro
- N. Bud Grossman Center for Memory Research and Care, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
- Department of Neurology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
| | - Lisa J. Kemper
- N. Bud Grossman Center for Memory Research and Care, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
- Department of Neurology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
| | - Karen H. Ashe
- N. Bud Grossman Center for Memory Research and Care, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
- Department of Neurology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
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Lipp HP, Krackow S, Turkes E, Benner S, Endo T, Russig H. IntelliCage: the development and perspectives of a mouse- and user-friendly automated behavioral test system. Front Behav Neurosci 2024; 17:1270538. [PMID: 38235003 PMCID: PMC10793385 DOI: 10.3389/fnbeh.2023.1270538] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2023] [Accepted: 10/18/2023] [Indexed: 01/19/2024] Open
Abstract
IntelliCage for mice is a rodent home-cage equipped with four corner structures harboring symmetrical double panels for operant conditioning at each of the two sides, either by reward (access to water) or by aversion (non-painful stimuli: air-puffs, LED lights). Corner visits, nose-pokes and actual licks at bottle-nipples are recorded individually using subcutaneously implanted transponders for RFID identification of up to 16 adult mice housed in the same home-cage. This allows for recording individual in-cage activity of mice and applying reward/punishment operant conditioning schemes in corners using workflows designed on a versatile graphic user interface. IntelliCage development had four roots: (i) dissatisfaction with standard approaches for analyzing mouse behavior, including standardization and reproducibility issues, (ii) response to handling and housing animal welfare issues, (iii) the increasing number of mouse models had produced a high work burden on classic manual behavioral phenotyping of single mice. and (iv), studies of transponder-chipped mice in outdoor settings revealed clear genetic behavioral differences in mouse models corresponding to those observed by classic testing in the laboratory. The latter observations were important for the development of home-cage testing in social groups, because they contradicted the traditional belief that animals must be tested under social isolation to prevent disturbance by other group members. The use of IntelliCages reduced indeed the amount of classic testing remarkably, while its flexibility was proved in a wide range of applications worldwide including transcontinental parallel testing. Essentially, two lines of testing emerged: sophisticated analysis of spontaneous behavior in the IntelliCage for screening of new genetic models, and hypothesis testing in many fields of behavioral neuroscience. Upcoming developments of the IntelliCage aim at improved stimulus presentation in the learning corners and videotracking of social interactions within the IntelliCage. Its main advantages are (i) that mice live in social context and are not stressfully handled for experiments, (ii) that studies are not restricted in time and can run in absence of humans, (iii) that it increases reproducibility of behavioral phenotyping worldwide, and (iv) that the industrial standardization of the cage permits retrospective data analysis with new statistical tools even after many years.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hans-Peter Lipp
- Faculty of Medicine, Institute of Evolutionary Medicine, University of Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Sven Krackow
- Institute of Pathology and Molecular Pathology, University Hospital Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Emir Turkes
- Queen Square Institute of Neurology, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Seico Benner
- Center for Health and Environmental Risk Research, National Institute for Environmental Studies, Ibaraki, Japan
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3
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Liu P, Lapcinski IP, Shapiro SL, Kemper LJ, Ashe KH. Aβ*56 is a stable oligomer that correlates with age-related memory loss in Tg2576 mice. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.03.20.533414. [PMID: 36993768 PMCID: PMC10055265 DOI: 10.1101/2023.03.20.533414] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/31/2023]
Abstract
Amyloid-β (Aβ) oligomers consist of fibrillar and non-fibrillar soluble assemblies of the Aβ peptide. Tg2576 human amyloid precursor protein (APP)-expressing transgenic mice modeling Alzheimer's disease produce Aβ*56, a non-fibrillar Aβ assembly that has been shown by several groups to relate more closely to memory deficits than plaques. Previous studies did not decipher specific forms of Aβ present in Aβ*56. Here, we confirm and extend the biochemical characterization of Aβ*56. We used anti-Aβ(1-x), anti-Aβ(x-40), and A11 anti-oligomer antibodies in conjunction with western blotting, immunoaffinity purification, and size-exclusion chromatography to probe aqueous brain extracts from Tg2576 mice of different ages. We found that Aβ*56 is a ∼56-kDa, SDS-stable, A11-reactive, non-plaque-related, water-soluble, brain-derived oligomer containing canonical Aβ(1-40) that correlates with age-related memory loss. The unusual stability of this high molecular-weight oligomer renders it an attractive candidate for studying relationships between molecular structure and effects on brain function.
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4
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Yin T, Li Y, Sung P, Chiang JY, Shao P, Yip H, Lee MS. Adipose-derived mesenchymal stem cells overexpressing prion improve outcomes via the NLRP3 inflammasome/DAMP signalling after spinal cord injury in rat. J Cell Mol Med 2023; 27:482-495. [PMID: 36660907 PMCID: PMC9930430 DOI: 10.1111/jcmm.17620] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2022] [Revised: 10/12/2022] [Accepted: 10/28/2022] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Traumatic spinal cord injury (SCI) is a highly destructive disease in human neurological functions. Adipose-derived mesenchymal stem cells (ADMSCs) have tissue regenerations and anti-inflammations, especially with prion protein overexpression (PrPcOE ). Therefore, this study tested whether PrPcOE -ADMSCs therapy offered benefits in improving outcomes via regulating nod-like-receptor-protein-3 (NLRP3) inflammasome/DAMP signalling after acute SCI in rats. Compared with ADMSCs only, the capabilities of PrPcOE -ADMSCs were significantly enhanced in cellular viability, anti-oxidative stress and migration against H2 O2 and lipopolysaccharide damages. Similarly, PrPcOE -ADMSCs significantly inhibited the inflammatory patterns of Raw264.7 cells. The SD rats (n = 32) were categorized into group 1 (Sham-operated-control), group 2 (SCI), group 3 (SCI + ADMSCs) and group 4 (SCI + PrPcOE -ADMSCs). Compared with SCI group 2, both ADMSCs and PrPcOE -ADMSCs significantly improved neurological functions. Additionally, the circulatory inflammatory cytokines levels (TNF-α/IL-6) and inflammatory cells (CD11b/c+/MPO+/Ly6G+) were highest in group 2, lowest in group 1, and significantly higher in group 3 than in group 4. By Day 3 after SCI induction, the protein expressions of inflammasome signalling (HGMB1/TLR4/MyD88/TRIF/c-caspase8/FADD/p-NF-κB/NEK7/NRLP3/ASC/c-caspase1/IL-ß) and by Day 42 the protein expressions of DAMP-inflammatory signalling (HGMB1/TLR-4/MyD88/TRIF/TRAF6/p-NF-κB/TNF-α/IL-1ß) in spinal cord tissues displayed an identical pattern as the inflammatory patterns. In conclusion, PrPcOE -ADMSCs significantly attenuated SCI in rodents that could be through suppressing the inflammatory signalling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tsung‐Cheng Yin
- Department of Orthopaedic SurgeryKaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, College of Medicine, Chang Gung UniversityKaohsiungTaiwan,Center for General EducationCheng Shiu UniversityKaohsiungTaiwan
| | - Yi‐Chen Li
- Clinical Medicine Research CenterNational Cheng Kung University Hospital, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung UniversityTainanTaiwan,Center of Cell TherapyNational Cheng Kung University Hospital, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung UniversityTainanTaiwan,Institute of Clinical MedicineCollege of MedicineNational Cheng Kung UniversityTainanTaiwan,Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal MedicineKaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, College of Medicine, Chang Gung UniversityKaohsiungTaiwan
| | - Pei‐Hsun Sung
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal MedicineKaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, College of Medicine, Chang Gung UniversityKaohsiungTaiwan,Center for Shockwave Medicine and Tissue EngineeringKaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial HospitalKaohsiungTaiwan,Institute for Translational Research in BiomedicineKaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial HospitalKaohsiungTaiwan
| | - John Y. Chiang
- Department of Computer Science & EngineeringNational Sun Yat‐sen UniversityKaohsiungTaiwan,Department of Healthcare Administration and Medical InformaticsKaohsiung Medical UniversityKaohsiungTaiwan
| | - Pei‐Lin Shao
- Department of NursingAsia UniversityTaichungTaiwan
| | - Hon‐Kan Yip
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal MedicineKaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, College of Medicine, Chang Gung UniversityKaohsiungTaiwan,Center for Shockwave Medicine and Tissue EngineeringKaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial HospitalKaohsiungTaiwan,Institute for Translational Research in BiomedicineKaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial HospitalKaohsiungTaiwan,Department of NursingAsia UniversityTaichungTaiwan,Department of Medical ResearchChina Medical University Hospital, China Medical UniversityTaichungTaiwan,Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal MedicineXiamen Chang Gung HospitalXiamenChina
| | - Mel S. Lee
- Department of Orthopaedic SurgeryKaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, College of Medicine, Chang Gung UniversityKaohsiungTaiwan,Department of Orthopedic SurgeryPao‐Chien HospitalPingtungTaiwan
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5
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Essential Components of Synthetic Infectious Prion Formation De Novo. Biomolecules 2022; 12:biom12111694. [DOI: 10.3390/biom12111694] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2022] [Revised: 11/08/2022] [Accepted: 11/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Prion diseases are a class of neurodegenerative diseases that are uniquely infectious. Whilst their general replication mechanism is well understood, the components required for the formation and propagation of highly infectious prions are poorly characterized. The protein-only hypothesis posits that the prion protein (PrP) is the only component of the prion; however, additional co-factors are required for its assembly into infectious prions. These can be provided by brain homogenate, but synthetic lipids and non-coding RNA have also been used in vitro. Here, we review a range of experimental approaches, which generate PrP amyloid assemblies de novo. These synthetic PrP assemblies share some, but not necessarily all, properties of genuine infectious prions. We will discuss the different experimental approaches, how a prion is defined, the non-protein requirements of a prion, and provide an overview of the current state of prion amplification and generation in vitro.
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Hromadkova L, Siddiqi MK, Liu H, Safar JG. Populations of Tau Conformers Drive Prion-like Strain Effects in Alzheimer's Disease and Related Dementias. Cells 2022; 11:2997. [PMID: 36230957 PMCID: PMC9562632 DOI: 10.3390/cells11192997] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2022] [Revised: 09/13/2022] [Accepted: 09/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent findings of diverse populations of prion-like conformers of misfolded tau protein expand the prion concept to Alzheimer's disease (AD) and monogenic frontotemporal lobar degeneration (FTLD)-MAPT P301L, and suggest that distinct strains of misfolded proteins drive the phenotypes and progression rates in many neurodegenerative diseases. Notable progress in the previous decades has generated many lines of proof arguing that yeast, fungal, and mammalian prions determine heritable as well as infectious traits. The extraordinary phenotypic diversity of human prion diseases arises from structurally distinct prion strains that target, at different progression speeds, variable brain structures and cells. Although human prion research presents beneficial lessons and methods to study the mechanism of strain diversity of protein-only pathogens, the fundamental molecular mechanism by which tau conformers are formed and replicate in diverse tauopathies is still poorly understood. In this review, we summarize up to date advances in identification of diverse tau conformers through biophysical and cellular experimental paradigms, and the impact of heterogeneity of pathological tau strains on personalized structure- and strain-specific therapeutic approaches in major tauopathies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lenka Hromadkova
- Department of Pathology, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
| | | | - He Liu
- Department of Nutrition, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
| | - Jiri G. Safar
- Department of Pathology, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
- Department of Neurology, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
- Department of Neuroscience, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
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7
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Yeh JP, Sung PH, Chiang JY, Huang CR, Chen YL, Lai JP, Sheu JJ. Rejuvenated endothelial progenitor cells through overexpression of cellular prion protein effectively salvaged the critical limb ischemia in rats with preexisting chronic kidney disease. Stem Cell Res Ther 2022; 13:447. [PMID: 36056416 PMCID: PMC9440498 DOI: 10.1186/s13287-022-03119-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2022] [Accepted: 08/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND This study tested the hypothesis that overexpression of cellular prion protein in endothelial progenitor cells (PrPcOE-EPCs), defined as "rejuvenated EPCs," was superior to EPCs for salvaging the critical limb ischemia (CLI) induced after 28-day chronic kidney disease (CKD) induction in rat. METHODS AND RESULTS Cell viability and flow cytometric analyses of early/late apoptosis/total-intracellular ROS/cell cycle (sub-G1, G2/M phase) were significantly higher in EPCs + H2O2 than in EPCs that were significantly reversed in PrPcOE-EPCs + H2O2 (all p < 0.001). The protein expressions of inflammation (IL-1ß/IL-6/MMP-9/p-NF-κB) were significantly increased in EPC + TNF-α than in EPCs that were significantly reversed in PrPcOE-EPCs + TNF-α (all p < 0.001). Adult-male SD rats (n = 8/each group) were categorized into group 1 (sham-operated control), group 2 (CKD + CLI), group 3 [CKD + CLI + EPCs by intravenous (0.6 × 105)/intra-muscular (0.6 × 105) injections at 3 h after CLI induction], group 4 (CKD + CLI + PrPcOE-EPCs/dose-administration as group 3) and group 5 (CKD + CLI + siPrnp-EPCs/dose-administration as group 3). By day 14 after CLI induction, the ratio of ischemia to normal blood flow (INBF) in CLI area was highest in group 1/lowest in group 2/significantly higher in group 4 than in groups 3/5 and significantly higher in group 3 than in group 5 (all p < 0.0001). Histopathology demonstrated that the angiogenesis (number of small vessels/CD31 + cells) exhibited a similar trend, whereas the fibrosis/kidney injury score exhibited an opposite pattern of INBF among the groups (all p < 0.0001). The protein expressions of angiogenesis (SDF-1α/VEGF/CXCR4)/cell-stress signaling (p-PI3K/p-Akt/p-m-TOR) were significantly and progressively increased from groups 1-4 that were reversed in group 5 (all p < 0.0001). The protein expressions of fibrotic (p-Smad3/TGF-ß)/oxidative-stress (NOX-1/NOX-2/oxidized-protein)/apoptotic (mitochondrial-Bax/cleaved caspase3/cleaved PARP)/mitochondrial-damaged (cytosolic-cytochrome-C) biomarkers displayed an opposite pattern of INBF among the groups (all p < 0.0001). CONCLUSION PrPcOE-EPCs were superior to EPCs only therapy for salvaging the CLI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jui-Po Yeh
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Chang Gung University College of Medicine, 123, Dapi Road, Niaosung Dist., Kaohsiung City, 833253, Taiwan
| | - Pei-Hsun Sung
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Kaohsiung, 833253, Taiwan.,Center for Shockwave Medicine and Tissue Engineering, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Kaohsiung, 833253, Taiwan.,Institute for Translational Research in Biomedicine, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Kaohsiung, 833253, Taiwan
| | - John Y Chiang
- Department of Computer Science and Engineering, National Sun Yat-Sen University, Kaohsiung, 804201, Taiwan.,Department of Healthcare Administration and Medical Informatics, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, 807378, Taiwan
| | - Chi-Ruei Huang
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Kaohsiung, 833253, Taiwan.,Center for Shockwave Medicine and Tissue Engineering, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Kaohsiung, 833253, Taiwan
| | - Yi-Ling Chen
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Kaohsiung, 833253, Taiwan.,Institute for Translational Research in Biomedicine, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Kaohsiung, 833253, Taiwan
| | - Jui-Pin Lai
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Chang Gung University College of Medicine, 123, Dapi Road, Niaosung Dist., Kaohsiung City, 833253, Taiwan.
| | - Jiunn-Jye Sheu
- Center for Shockwave Medicine and Tissue Engineering, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Kaohsiung, 833253, Taiwan. .,Institute for Translational Research in Biomedicine, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Kaohsiung, 833253, Taiwan. .,Division of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery, Department of Surgery, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Chang Gung University College of Medicine, 123, Dapi Road, Niaosung Dist., Kaohsiung, 83301, Taiwan.
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Goodwill VS, Dryden I, Choi J, De Lillo C, Soldau K, Llibre-Guerra J, Sanchez H, Sigurdson CJ, Lin JH. Minimal change prion retinopathy: Morphometric comparison of retinal and brain prion deposits in Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease. Exp Eye Res 2022; 222:109172. [PMID: 35803332 PMCID: PMC9946801 DOI: 10.1016/j.exer.2022.109172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2022] [Accepted: 06/30/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Sporadic Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (sCJD) is the most commonly diagnosed human prion disease caused by the abnormal misfolding of the 'cellular' prion protein (PrPC) into the transmissible 'scrapie-type' prion form (PrPSc). Neuropathologic evaluation of brains with sCJD reveals abnormal PrPSc deposits primarily in grey matter structures, often associated with micro-vacuolar spongiform changes in neuropil, neuronal loss, and gliosis. Abnormal PrPSc deposits have also been reported in the retina of patients with sCJD, but few studies have characterized the morphology of these retinal PrPSc deposits or evaluated for any retinal neurodegenerative changes. We performed histopathologic and morphometric analyses of retinal and brain prion deposits in 14 patients with sCJD. Interestingly, we discovered that the morphology of retinal PrPSc deposits generally differs from that of brain PrPSc deposits in terms of size and shape. We found that retinal PrPSc deposits consistently localize to the outer plexiform layer of the retina. Additionally, we observed that the retinal PrPSc deposits are not associated with the spongiform change, neuronal loss, and gliosis often seen in the brain. The stereotypic morphology and location of PrPSc deposits in sCJD retinas may help guide the use of ocular imaging devices in the detection of these deposits for a clinical diagnosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vanessa S Goodwill
- Department of Pathology, University of California, San Diego, CA, 92093, USA.
| | - Ian Dryden
- Departments of Pathology and Ophthalmology, Stanford University, CA, 94305, USA; VA Palo Alto Healthcare System, Palo Alto, CA, 94304, USA
| | - Jihee Choi
- Departments of Pathology and Ophthalmology, Stanford University, CA, 94305, USA; VA Palo Alto Healthcare System, Palo Alto, CA, 94304, USA
| | - Chiara De Lillo
- Departments of Pathology and Ophthalmology, Stanford University, CA, 94305, USA
| | - Katrin Soldau
- Department of Pathology, University of California, San Diego, CA, 92093, USA
| | - Jorge Llibre-Guerra
- Department of Neurology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, 63108, USA; Global Brain Health Institute, University of California, San Francisco, CA, 94143, USA
| | - Henry Sanchez
- Department of Neurology, University of California, San Francisco, CA, 94143, USA
| | | | - Jonathan H Lin
- Departments of Pathology and Ophthalmology, Stanford University, CA, 94305, USA; VA Palo Alto Healthcare System, Palo Alto, CA, 94304, USA.
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9
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Diamond-like Carbon Coatings in the Biomedical Field: Properties, Applications and Future Development. COATINGS 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/coatings12081088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Repairment and replacement of organs and tissues are part of the history of struggle against human diseases, in addition to the research and development (R&D) of drugs. Acquisition and processing of specific substances and physiological signals are very important to understand the effects of pathology and treatment. These depend on the available biomedical materials. The family of diamond-like carbon coatings (DLCs) has been extensively applied in many industrial fields. DLCs have also been demonstrated to be biocompatible, both in vivo and in vitro. In many cases, the performance of biomedical devices can be effectively enhanced by coating them with DLCs, such as vascular stents, prosthetic heart valves and surgical instruments. However, the feasibility of the application of DLC in biomedicine remains under discussion. This review introduces the current state of research and application of DLCs in biomedical devices, their potential application in biosensors and urgent problems to be solved. It will be useful to build a bridge between DLC R&D workers and biomedical workers in order to develop high-performance DLC films/coatings, promote their practical use and develop their potential applications in the biomedical field.
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10
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Yang CC, Sung PH, Chen KH, Chai HT, Chiang JY, Ko SF, Lee FY, Yip HK. Valsartan- and melatonin-supported adipose-derived mesenchymal stem cells preserve renal function in chronic kidney disease rat through upregulation of prion protein participated in promoting PI3K-Akt-mTOR signaling and cell proliferation. Biomed Pharmacother 2021; 146:112551. [PMID: 34923336 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2021.112551] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2021] [Revised: 12/06/2021] [Accepted: 12/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
This study tested the hypothesis that valsartan (Val) and melatonin (Mel)-assisted adipose-derived mesenchymal stem cells (ADMSCs) preserved the residual renal function in chronic kidney disease (CKD) rat through promoting cellular-prior-protein (PrPC) to upregulate PI3K/Akt/mTOR signaling and cell proliferation. In vitro study demonstrated that as compared with CKD-derived-ADMSCs, Val/Mel/overexpression of PrPC-treated CKD derived-ADMSCs significantly upregulated cell proliferation and protein expressions of PrPC and phosphorylated (p)-PI3K/p-Akt/p-mTOR, and downregulated oxidative stress (all p < 0.001). Rats (n = 42) were categorized into group 1 (sham-operated-control), group 2 (CKD), group 3 (CKD + ADMSCs/1.2 ×106 cells) + Mel/20 mg/kg/day), group 4 (CKD + siRNA-PrPC-ADMSCs/1.2 ×106 cells), group 5 (CKD + ADMSCs/1.2 ×106 cells + Val/20 mg/kg/day) and group 6 (CKD + Val + Mel). By day 35, the kidney specimens were harvested and the result showed that the protein expression of PrPC was highest in group 1, lowest in groups 2/4 and significantly lower in group 6 than in groups 3/5, but it was similar in groups 3/5 (all p < 0.0001). The protein expressions of cell-stress-signaling (p-PI3K/p-Akt/p-mTOR) and cell-cycle activity (cyclin-D1/clyclin-E2/Cdk2/Cdk4) exhibited an identical pattern, whereas the protein expressions of oxidative-stress (NOX-1/NOX-2)/mitochondrial fission (PINK1/DRP1)/apoptosis (cleaved-capsase3/cleaved-PARP) and fibrosis (TFG-ß/Smad3) as well as creatinine/BUN levels, ratio of urine-protein to urine-creatine and kidney-injured score exhibited an opposite pattern of PrPC among the groups (all p < 0.0001). In conclusion, Mel/Val facilitated-ADMSCs preserved renal architecture and function in CKD rat through promoting PrPC to regulate the cell proliferation/oxidative-stress/cell-stress signalings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chih-Chao Yang
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital and Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Kaohsiung 83301, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Pei-Hsun Sung
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital and Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Kaohsiung 83301, Taiwan, ROC; Center for Shockwave Medicine and Tissue Engineering, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital and Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Kaohsiung 83301, Taiwan, ROC; Institute for Translational Research in Biomedicine, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Kaohsiung 83301, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Kuan-Hung Chen
- Center for Shockwave Medicine and Tissue Engineering, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital and Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Kaohsiung 83301, Taiwan, ROC; Department of Anesthesiology, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital and Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Kaohsiung 83301, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Han-Tan Chai
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital and Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Kaohsiung 83301, Taiwan, ROC
| | - John Y Chiang
- Department of Computer Science and Engineering, National Sun Yat-Sen University, Kaohsiung 80424, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Sheung-Fat Ko
- Department of Radiology, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital and Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Kaohsiung 83301, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Fan-Yen Lee
- Division of thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery, Department of Surgery, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital and Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Kaohsiung 83301, Taiwan, ROC; Division of Cardiovascular Surgery, Department of Surgery, Tri-Service General Hospital, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Hon-Kan Yip
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital and Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Kaohsiung 83301, Taiwan, ROC; Center for Shockwave Medicine and Tissue Engineering, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital and Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Kaohsiung 83301, Taiwan, ROC; Institute for Translational Research in Biomedicine, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Kaohsiung 83301, Taiwan, ROC; School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan, ROC; Department of Medical Research, China Medical University Hospital, China Medical University, Taichung 40402, Taiwan, ROC; Department of Nursing, Asia University, Taichung 41354, Taiwan, ROC; Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, Xiamen Chang Gung Hospital, Xiamen 361028, Fujian, China.
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11
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Cortez LM, Nemani SK, Duque Velásquez C, Sriraman A, Wang Y, Wille H, McKenzie D, Sim VL. Asymmetric-flow field-flow fractionation of prions reveals a strain-specific continuum of quaternary structures with protease resistance developing at a hydrodynamic radius of 15 nm. PLoS Pathog 2021; 17:e1009703. [PMID: 34181702 PMCID: PMC8270404 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1009703] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2021] [Revised: 07/09/2021] [Accepted: 06/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Prion diseases are transmissible neurodegenerative disorders that affect mammals, including humans. The central molecular event is the conversion of cellular prion glycoprotein, PrPC, into a plethora of assemblies, PrPSc, associated with disease. Distinct phenotypes of disease led to the concept of prion strains, which are associated with distinct PrPSc structures. However, the degree to which intra- and inter-strain PrPSc heterogeneity contributes to disease pathogenesis remains unclear. Addressing this question requires the precise isolation and characterization of all PrPSc subpopulations from the prion-infected brains. Until now, this has been challenging. We used asymmetric-flow field-flow fractionation (AF4) to isolate all PrPSc subpopulations from brains of hamsters infected with three prion strains: Hyper (HY) and 263K, which produce almost identical phenotypes, and Drowsy (DY), a strain with a distinct presentation. In-line dynamic and multi-angle light scattering (DLS/MALS) data provided accurate measurements of particle sizes and estimation of the shape and number of PrPSc particles. We found that each strain had a continuum of PrPSc assemblies, with strong correlation between PrPSc quaternary structure and phenotype. HY and 263K were enriched with large, protease-resistant PrPSc aggregates, whereas DY consisted primarily of smaller, more protease-sensitive aggregates. For all strains, a transition from protease-sensitive to protease-resistant PrPSc took place at a hydrodynamic radius (Rh) of 15 nm and was accompanied by a change in glycosylation and seeding activity. Our results show that the combination of AF4 with in-line MALS/DLS is a powerful tool for analyzing PrPSc subpopulations and demonstrate that while PrPSc quaternary structure is a major contributor to PrPSc structural heterogeneity, a fundamental change, likely in secondary/tertiary structure, prevents PrPSc particles from maintaining proteinase K resistance below an Rh of 15 nm, regardless of strain. This results in two biochemically distinctive subpopulations, the proportion, seeding activity, and stability of which correlate with prion strain phenotype.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leonardo M Cortez
- Centre for Prions and Protein Folding Diseases, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
- Department of Medicine, Division of Neurology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Satish K Nemani
- Centre for Prions and Protein Folding Diseases, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
- Department of Medicine, Division of Neurology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Camilo Duque Velásquez
- Centre for Prions and Protein Folding Diseases, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Aishwarya Sriraman
- Centre for Prions and Protein Folding Diseases, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - YongLiang Wang
- Centre for Prions and Protein Folding Diseases, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Holger Wille
- Centre for Prions and Protein Folding Diseases, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Debbie McKenzie
- Centre for Prions and Protein Folding Diseases, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Valerie L Sim
- Centre for Prions and Protein Folding Diseases, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
- Department of Medicine, Division of Neurology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
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12
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Prion Protein of Extracellular Vesicle Regulates the Progression of Colorectal Cancer. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:cancers13092144. [PMID: 33946823 PMCID: PMC8124505 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13092144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2021] [Revised: 04/09/2021] [Accepted: 04/27/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Cellular prion protein (PrPC) are overexpressed in cancers and related to cancer proliferation, invasion, metastasis, and drug resistance. The aim of our study was to investigate the role of PrPC-expressing exosomes regulating the colorectal cancer cells (CRC) behavior and tumor progression. We confirmed the increased sphere formation, expression of cancer initiating genes, motility, and tumor growth by hypoxic exosomes. Also, PrPC-expressing exosomes induced the microenvironment of metastasis via increase of endothelial permeability and angiogenic cytokine secretion. The treatment of anti-PrPC and 5-fluorouracil decreased the tumor progression. Targeting PrPC is an effective therapeutic strategy in cancer therapy. Abstract Colorectal cancer (CRC) is one of the leading causes of cancer-related death due to its aggressive metastasis in later stages. Although there is a growing interest in the tumorigenic role of cellular prion protein (PrPC) in the process of metastasis, the precise mechanism behind the cellular communication involving prion proteins remains poorly understood. This study found that hypoxic tumor microenvironment increased the PrPC-expressing exosomes from CRC, and these exosomes regulate the CRC cell behavior and tumor progression depending on the expression of PrPC. Hypoxic exosomes from CRC cells promoted sphere formation, the expression of tumor-inducing genes, migration, invasion, and tumor growth. Furthermore, these exosomes increased endothelial permeability, migration, invasion, and angiogenic cytokine secretion. These effects were associated with PrPC expression. Application of anti-PrPC antibody with 5-fluorouracil significantly suppressed the CRC progression in a murine xenograft model. Taken together, these findings indicate that PrP-expressing exosomes secreted by hypoxic CRC cells are a key factor in the tumorigenic CRC-to-CRC and CRC-to-endothelial cell communication. Significance: These findings suggest that inhibiting PrPC in hypoxic exosomes during chemotherapy may be an effective therapeutic strategy in colorectal cancer.
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13
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Puig B, Yang D, Brenna S, Altmeppen HC, Magnus T. Show Me Your Friends and I Tell You Who You Are: The Many Facets of Prion Protein in Stroke. Cells 2020; 9:E1609. [PMID: 32630841 PMCID: PMC7407975 DOI: 10.3390/cells9071609] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2020] [Revised: 06/24/2020] [Accepted: 06/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Ischemic stroke belongs to the leading causes of mortality and disability worldwide. Although treatments for the acute phase of stroke are available, not all patients are eligible. There is a need to search for therapeutic options to promote neurological recovery after stroke. The cellular prion protein (PrPC) has been consistently linked to a neuroprotective role after ischemic damage: it is upregulated in the penumbra area following stroke in humans, and animal models of stroke have shown that lack of PrPC aggravates the ischemic damage and lessens the functional outcome. Mechanistically, these effects can be linked to numerous functions attributed to PrPC: (1) as a signaling partner of the PI3K/Akt and MAPK pathways, (2) as a regulator of glutamate receptors, and (3) promoting stem cell homing mechanisms, leading to angio- and neurogenesis. PrPC can be cleaved at different sites and the proteolytic fragments can account for the manifold functions. Moreover, PrPC is present on extracellular vesicles (EVs), released membrane particles originating from all types of cells that have drawn attention as potential therapeutic tools in stroke and many other diseases. Thus, identification of the many mechanisms underlying PrPC-induced neuroprotection will not only provide further understanding of the physiological functions of PrPC but also new ideas for possible treatment options after ischemic stroke.
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Affiliation(s)
- Berta Puig
- Neurology Department, Experimental Research in Stroke and Inflammation (ERSI), University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, 20246 Hamburg, Germany; (D.Y.); (S.B.); (T.M.)
| | - Denise Yang
- Neurology Department, Experimental Research in Stroke and Inflammation (ERSI), University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, 20246 Hamburg, Germany; (D.Y.); (S.B.); (T.M.)
| | - Santra Brenna
- Neurology Department, Experimental Research in Stroke and Inflammation (ERSI), University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, 20246 Hamburg, Germany; (D.Y.); (S.B.); (T.M.)
| | | | - Tim Magnus
- Neurology Department, Experimental Research in Stroke and Inflammation (ERSI), University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, 20246 Hamburg, Germany; (D.Y.); (S.B.); (T.M.)
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14
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Abdulrahman BA, Tahir W, Doh-Ura K, Gilch S, Schatzl HM. Combining autophagy stimulators and cellulose ethers for therapy against prion disease. Prion 2020; 13:185-196. [PMID: 31578923 PMCID: PMC6779372 DOI: 10.1080/19336896.2019.1670928] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Prion diseases are fatal transmissible neurodegenerative disorders that affect animals and humans. Prions are proteinaceous infectious particles consisting of a misfolded isoform of the cellular prion protein PrPC, termed PrPSc. PrPSc accumulates in infected neurons due to partial resistance to proteolytic digestion. Using compounds that interfere with the production of PrPSc or enhance its degradation cure prion infection in vitro, but most drugs failed when used to treat prion-infected rodents. In order to synergize the effect of anti-prion drugs, we combined drugs interfering with the generation of PrPSc with compounds inducing PrPSc degradation. Here, we tested autophagy stimulators (rapamycin or AR12) and cellulose ether compounds (TC-5RW or 60SH-50) either as single or combination treatment of mice infected with RML prions. Single drug treatments significantly extended the survival compared to the untreated group. As anticipated, also all the combination therapy groups showed extended survival compared to the untreated group, but no combination treatment showed superior effects to 60SH-50 or TC-5RW treatment alone. Unexpectedly, we later found that combining autophagy stimulator and cellulose ether treatment in cultured neuronal cells mitigated the pro-autophagic activity of AR12 and rapamycin, which can in part explain the in vivo results. Overall, we show that it is critical to exclude antagonizing drug effects when attempting combination therapy. In addition, we identified AR-12 as a pro-autophagic drug that significantly extends survival of prion-infected mice, has no adverse side effects on the animals used in this study, and can be useful in future studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Basant A Abdulrahman
- Department of Comparative Biology & Experimental Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Calgary , Calgary , Alberta , Canada.,Calgary Prion Research Unit, University of Calgary , Calgary , Alberta , Canada.,Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary , Calgary , Alberta , Canada.,Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Helwan University , Cairo , Egypt
| | - Waqas Tahir
- Department of Comparative Biology & Experimental Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Calgary , Calgary , Alberta , Canada.,Calgary Prion Research Unit, University of Calgary , Calgary , Alberta , Canada.,Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary , Calgary , Alberta , Canada
| | - Katsumi Doh-Ura
- Department of Neurochemistry, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine , Sendai , Japan
| | - Sabine Gilch
- Department of Comparative Biology & Experimental Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Calgary , Calgary , Alberta , Canada.,Calgary Prion Research Unit, University of Calgary , Calgary , Alberta , Canada.,Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary , Calgary , Alberta , Canada
| | - Hermann M Schatzl
- Department of Comparative Biology & Experimental Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Calgary , Calgary , Alberta , Canada.,Calgary Prion Research Unit, University of Calgary , Calgary , Alberta , Canada.,Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary , Calgary , Alberta , Canada
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15
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Development and structural determination of an anti-PrP C aptamer that blocks pathological conformational conversion of prion protein. Sci Rep 2020; 10:4934. [PMID: 32188933 PMCID: PMC7080826 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-61966-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2019] [Accepted: 03/05/2020] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Prion diseases comprise a fatal neuropathy caused by the conversion of prion protein from a cellular (PrPC) to a pathological (PrPSc) isoform. Previously, we obtained an RNA aptamer, r(GGAGGAGGAGGA) (R12), that folds into a unique G-quadruplex. The R12 homodimer binds to a PrPC molecule, inhibiting PrPC-to-PrPSc conversion. Here, we developed a new RNA aptamer, r(GGAGGAGGAGGAGGAGGAGGAGGA) (R24), where two R12s are tandemly connected. The 50% inhibitory concentration for the formation of PrPSc (IC50) of R24 in scrapie-infected cell lines was ca. 100 nM, i.e., much lower than that of R12 by two orders. Except for some antibodies, R24 exhibited the lowest recorded IC50 and the highest anti-prion activity. We also developed a related aptamer, r(GGAGGAGGAGGA-A-GGAGGAGGAGGA) (R12-A-R12), IC50 being ca. 500 nM. The structure of a single R12-A-R12 molecule determined by NMR resembled that of the R12 homodimer. The quadruplex structure of either R24 or R12-A-R12 is unimolecular, and therefore the structure could be stably formed when they are administered to a prion-infected cell culture. This may be the reason they can exert high anti-prion activity.
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16
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Kiio TM, Park S. Nano-scientific Application of Atomic Force Microscopy in Pathology: from Molecules to Tissues. Int J Med Sci 2020; 17:844-858. [PMID: 32308537 PMCID: PMC7163363 DOI: 10.7150/ijms.41805] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2019] [Accepted: 02/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
The advantages of atomic force microscopy (AFM) in biological research are its high imaging resolution, sensitivity, and ability to operate in physiological conditions. Over the past decades, rigorous studies have been performed to determine the potential applications of AFM techniques in disease diagnosis and prognosis. Many pathological conditions are accompanied by alterations in the morphology, adhesion properties, mechanical compliances, and molecular composition of cells and tissues. The accurate determination of such alterations can be utilized as a diagnostic and prognostic marker. Alteration in cell morphology represents changes in cell structure and membrane proteins induced by pathologic progression of diseases. Mechanical compliances are also modulated by the active rearrangements of cytoskeleton or extracellular matrix triggered by disease pathogenesis. In addition, adhesion is a critical step in the progression of many diseases including infectious and neurodegenerative diseases. Recent advances in AFM techniques have demonstrated their ability to obtain molecular composition as well as topographic information. The quantitative characterization of molecular alteration in biological specimens in terms of disease progression provides a new avenue to understand the underlying mechanisms of disease onset and progression. In this review, we have highlighted the application of diverse AFM techniques in pathological investigations.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Soyeun Park
- College of Pharmacy, Keimyung University, 1095 Dalgubeoldaero, Daegu 42601, Republic of Korea
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17
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Chen H, Sun D, Tian Y, Fan H, Liu Y, Morozova-Roche LA, Zhang C. Surface-Directed Structural Transition of Amyloidogenic Aggregates and the Resulting Neurotoxicity. ACS OMEGA 2020; 5:2856-2864. [PMID: 32095707 PMCID: PMC7034003 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.9b03671] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2019] [Accepted: 01/27/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
The transition of amyloidogenic species into ordered structures (i.e., prefibrillar oligomers, protofibrils, mature fibrils, and amyloidogenic aggregates) is closely associated with many neurodegenerative disease pathologies. It is increasingly appreciated that the liquid-solid interface contributes to peptide aggregation under physiological conditions. However, much remains to be explored on the molecular mechanism of surface-directed amyloid formation. We herein demonstrate that physical environmental conditions (i.e., negatively charged surface) affect amyloid formation. Nontoxic amyloid aggregates quickly develop into intertwisting fibrils on a negatively charged mica surface. These fibrillar structures show significant cytotoxicity on both neuroblastoma cell-lines (SH-SY5Y) and primary neural stem cells. Our results suggest an alternative amyloid development pathway, following which Aβ peptides form large amyloidogenic aggregates upon stimulation, and later transit into neurotoxic fibrillar structures while being trapped and aligned by a negatively charged surface. Conceivably, the interplay between chemical and physical environmental conditions plays important roles in the development of neurodegenerative diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hao Chen
- School
of Chemical Engineering, Northwest University, Xi’an 710069, China
| | - Dan Sun
- State
Key Laboratory of Cultivation Base for Photoelectric Technology and
Functional Materials, Institute of Photonics and Photon-Technology, Northwest University, Xi’an 710069, China
| | - Yin Tian
- Laboratory
of Stem Cell and Tissue Engineering, Chongqing
Medical University, Chongqing 400016, China
| | - Haiming Fan
- College
of Chemistry and Materials Science, Northwest
University, Xi’an 710127, China
| | - Yonggang Liu
- Laboratory
of Stem Cell and Tissue Engineering, Chongqing
Medical University, Chongqing 400016, China
| | | | - Ce Zhang
- State
Key Laboratory of Cultivation Base for Photoelectric Technology and
Functional Materials, Institute of Photonics and Photon-Technology, Northwest University, Xi’an 710069, China
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18
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Lathe R, Darlix JL. Prion protein PrP nucleic acid binding and mobilization implicates retroelements as the replicative component of transmissible spongiform encephalopathy. Arch Virol 2020; 165:535-556. [PMID: 32025859 PMCID: PMC7024060 DOI: 10.1007/s00705-020-04529-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2019] [Accepted: 12/13/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The existence of more than 30 strains of transmissible spongiform encephalopathy (TSE) and the paucity of infectivity of purified PrPSc, as well as considerations of PrP structure, are inconsistent with the protein-only (prion) theory of TSE. Nucleic acid is a strong contender as a second component. We juxtapose two key findings: (i) PrP is a nucleic-acid-binding antimicrobial protein that is similar to retroviral Gag proteins in its ability to trigger reverse transcription. (ii) Retroelement mobilization is widely seen in TSE disease. Given further evidence that PrP also mediates nucleic acid transport into and out of the cell, a strong case is to be made that a second element – retroelement nucleic acid – bound to PrP constitutes the second component necessary to explain the multiple strains of TSE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard Lathe
- Division of Infection Medicine, University of Edinburgh School of Medicine, Edinburgh, UK. .,Shemyakin and Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Pushchino, Moscow, Moscow Region, Russia.
| | - Jean-Luc Darlix
- Faculté de Pharmacie, Centre Nationale de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS) Laboratory of Bioimaging and Pathologies (Unité Mixte de Recherche 7021), Université de Strasbourg, Illkirch, France.
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19
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Zhang M, Zhang H, Yao H, Guo C, Lin D. Biophysical characterization of oligomerization and fibrillization of the G131V pathogenic mutant of human prion protein. Acta Biochim Biophys Sin (Shanghai) 2019; 51:1223-1232. [PMID: 31735962 DOI: 10.1093/abbs/gmz124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2019] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The pathogenesis of fatal neurodegenerative prion diseases is closely associated with the conversion of α-helix-rich cellular prion protein into β-sheet-rich scrapie form. Pathogenic point mutations of prion proteins usually promote the conformational conversion and trigger inherited prion diseases. The G131V mutation of human prion protein (HuPrP) was identified to be involved in Gerstmann-Sträussler-Scheinker syndrome. Few studies have been carried out to address the pathogenesis of the G131V mutant. Here, we addressed the effects of the G131V mutation on oligomerization and fibrillization of the full-length HuPrP(23-231) and truncated HuPrP(91-231) proteins. The G131V mutation promotes the oligomerization but alleviates the fibrillization of HuPrP, implying that the oligomerization might play a crucial role in the pathogenic mechanisms of the G131V mutant. Moreover, the flexible N-terminal fragment in either the wild-type or the G131V mutant HuPrP increases the oligomerization tendencies but decreases the fibrillization tendencies. Furthermore, this mutation significantly alters the tertiary structure of human PrPC and might distinctly change the conformational conversion tendency. Interestingly, both guanidine hydrochloride denaturation and thermal denaturation experiments showed that the G131V mutation does not significantly change the thermodynamic stabilities of the HuPrP proteins. This work may be of benefit to a mechanistic understanding of the conformational conversion of prion proteins and also provide clues for the prevention and treatment of prion diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meilan Zhang
- MOE Key Laboratory of Spectrochemical Analysis and Instrumentation, Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology of Fujian Province, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, China
| | - Haoran Zhang
- MOE Key Laboratory of Spectrochemical Analysis and Instrumentation, Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology of Fujian Province, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, China
| | - Hongwei Yao
- MOE Key Laboratory of Spectrochemical Analysis and Instrumentation, Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology of Fujian Province, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, China
| | - Chenyun Guo
- MOE Key Laboratory of Spectrochemical Analysis and Instrumentation, Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology of Fujian Province, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, China
| | - Donghai Lin
- MOE Key Laboratory of Spectrochemical Analysis and Instrumentation, Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology of Fujian Province, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, China
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20
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Metkar SK, Ghosh S, Girigoswami A, Girigoswami K. The Potential of Serratiopetidase and Lumbrokinase for the Degradation of Prion Peptide 106-126 - an In Vitro and In Silico Perspective. CNS & NEUROLOGICAL DISORDERS-DRUG TARGETS 2019; 18:723-731. [PMID: 31642793 DOI: 10.2174/1871527318666191021150002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2019] [Revised: 03/27/2019] [Accepted: 07/18/2019] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND PrPC is a host-encoded prion protein, which gets post translationally modified into a transmissible, β-sheet rich disease associated protein called PrPSc, responsible for the Prion disease including mad cow disease in cattle and CJD in humans. The PrP 106-126 region in PrPSc peptide initiates the conformational change in that protein leading to fibrillation. Any agent that can destabilize or disintegrate such proteins can be served as a potential drug candidate for Prion diseases. METHODS In the present study, an enzyme Lumbrokinase (LK) was isolated from earthworm and its activity was exploited towards PrP 106-126 amyloids in vitro along with another enzyme Serratiopeptidase (SP) taking Nattokinase (NK) as a standard. RESULTS The results showed that PrP 106-126 amyloid formation was inhibited by both LK and SP, as evidenced from Thioflavin T fluorescence assay. Further, the size of fibrils as estimated by dynamic light scattering, was also found to be lower at different time intervals after incubation of the prion amyloids with LK and SP. Additionally, the molecular dynamics simulation revealed the thermodynamically favorable interaction of PrP 106-126 with LK as well as with SP with high affinity. CONCLUSION Finally, the toxicity of the disintegrated amyloids was assessed using PC12 cell lines which showed higher cell viability in case of LK and SP treated amyloids compared to only PrP 106- 126 amyloid treatment. Altogether, the study concluded that the serine proteases like LK and SP have the potential to disintegrate PrP 106-126 amyloids with improved cell viability. The in vivo studies are needed to be executed in future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sanjay Kisan Metkar
- Medical Bionanotechnology, Faculty of Allied Health Sciences, Chettinad Hospital and Research Institute (CHRI), Chettinad Academy of Research and Education (CARE), Chettinad Health City, Kelambakkam, Chennai-603103, India
| | - Suparna Ghosh
- Medical Bionanotechnology, Faculty of Allied Health Sciences, Chettinad Hospital and Research Institute (CHRI), Chettinad Academy of Research and Education (CARE), Chettinad Health City, Kelambakkam, Chennai-603103, India
| | - Agnishwar Girigoswami
- Medical Bionanotechnology, Faculty of Allied Health Sciences, Chettinad Hospital and Research Institute (CHRI), Chettinad Academy of Research and Education (CARE), Chettinad Health City, Kelambakkam, Chennai-603103, India
| | - Koyeli Girigoswami
- Medical Bionanotechnology, Faculty of Allied Health Sciences, Chettinad Hospital and Research Institute (CHRI), Chettinad Academy of Research and Education (CARE), Chettinad Health City, Kelambakkam, Chennai-603103, India
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21
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Philiastides A, Ribes JM, Yip DCM, Schmidt C, Benilova I, Klöhn PC. A New Cell Model for Investigating Prion Strain Selection and Adaptation. Viruses 2019; 11:v11100888. [PMID: 31546723 PMCID: PMC6832381 DOI: 10.3390/v11100888] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2019] [Accepted: 09/11/2019] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Prion diseases are fatal neurodegenerative diseases that affect humans and animals. Prion strains, conformational variants of misfolded prion proteins, are associated with distinct clinical and pathological phenotypes. Host-strain interactions result in the selective damage of distinct brain areas and they are responsible for strain selection and/or adaptation, but the underlying molecular mechanisms are unknown. Prion strains can be distinguished by their cell tropism in vivo and in vitro, which suggests that susceptibility to distinct prion strains is determined by cellular factors. The neuroblastoma cell line PK1 is refractory to the prion strain Me7, but highly susceptible to RML. We challenged a large number of clonal PK1 lines with Me7 and successfully selected highly Me7-susceptible subclones (PME) to investigate whether the prion strain repertoire of PK1 can be expanded. Notably, the Me7-infected PME clones were more protease-resistant when compared to RML-infected PME clones, which suggested that cell-adapted Me7 and RML are distinct prion strains. Strikingly, Me7-refractory cells, including PK1 and astrocytes in cortico-hippocampal cultures, are highly susceptible to prions, being derived from homogenates of Me7-infected PME cells, suggesting that the passage of Me7 in PME cells leads to an extended host range. Thus, PME clones represent a compelling cell model for strain selection and adaptation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandra Philiastides
- MRC Prion Unit at UCL, UCL Institute of Prion Diseases, 33 Cleveland Street, London W1W7FF, UK.
| | - Juan Manuel Ribes
- MRC Prion Unit at UCL, UCL Institute of Prion Diseases, 33 Cleveland Street, London W1W7FF, UK.
| | - Daniel Chun-Mun Yip
- MRC Prion Unit at UCL, UCL Institute of Prion Diseases, 33 Cleveland Street, London W1W7FF, UK.
| | - Christian Schmidt
- MRC Prion Unit at UCL, UCL Institute of Prion Diseases, 33 Cleveland Street, London W1W7FF, UK.
| | - Iryna Benilova
- MRC Prion Unit at UCL, UCL Institute of Prion Diseases, 33 Cleveland Street, London W1W7FF, UK.
| | - Peter-Christian Klöhn
- MRC Prion Unit at UCL, UCL Institute of Prion Diseases, 33 Cleveland Street, London W1W7FF, UK.
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Enhanced detection of prion infectivity from blood by preanalytical enrichment with peptoid-conjugated beads. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0216013. [PMID: 31513666 PMCID: PMC6742390 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0216013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2019] [Accepted: 08/28/2019] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Prions cause transmissible infectious diseases in humans and animals and have been found to be transmissible by blood transfusion even in the presymptomatic stage. However, the concentration of prions in body fluids such as blood and urine is extremely low; therefore, direct diagnostic tests on such specimens often yield false-negative results. Quantitative preanalytical prion enrichment may significantly improve the sensitivity of prion assays by concentrating trace amounts of prions from large volumes of body fluids. Here, we show that beads conjugated to positively charged peptoids not only captured PrP aggregates from plasma of prion-infected hamsters, but also adsorbed prion infectivity in both the symptomatic and preclinical stages of the disease. Bead absorbed prion infectivity efficiently transmitted disease to transgenic indicator mice. We found that the readout of the peptoid-based misfolded protein assay (MPA) correlates closely with prion infectivity in vivo, thereby validating the MPA as a simple, quantitative, and sensitive surrogate indicator of the presence of prions. The reliable and sensitive detection of prions in plasma will enable a wide variety of applications in basic prion research and diagnostics.
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Lee JH, Yun CW, Han YS, Kim S, Jeong D, Kwon HY, Kim H, Baek MJ, Lee SH. Melatonin and 5-fluorouracil co-suppress colon cancer stem cells by regulating cellular prion protein-Oct4 axis. J Pineal Res 2018; 65:e12519. [PMID: 30091203 DOI: 10.1111/jpi.12519] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2018] [Revised: 07/12/2018] [Accepted: 07/31/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Melatonin suppresses tumor development. However, the exact relationship between melatonin and cancer stem cells (CSCs) is poorly understood. This study found that melatonin inhibits colon CSCs by regulating the PrPC -Oct4 axis. In specimens from patients with colorectal cancer, the expressions of cellular prion protein (PrPC ) and Oct4 were significantly correlated with metastasis and tumor stages. Co-treatment with 5-fluorouracil (5-FU) and melatonin inhibited the stem cell markers Oct4, Nanog, Sox2, and ALDH1A1 by downregulating PrPC . In this way, tumor growth, proliferation, and tumor-mediated angiogenesis were suppressed. In colorectal CSCs, PRNP overexpression protects Oct4 against inhibition by 5-FU and melatonin. In contrast, Nanog, Sox2, and ALDH1A1 have no such protection. These results indicate that PrPC directly regulates Oct4, whereas it indirectly regulates Nanog, Sox2, and ALDH1A1. Taken together, our findings suggest that co-treatment with anticancer drug and melatonin is a potential therapy for colorectal cancer. Furthermore, PrPC maintains cancer stemness during tumor progression. Therefore, targeting the PrPC -Oct4 axis may prove instrumental in colorectal cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Hee Lee
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Alabama at Birmingham School of Medicine, Birmingham, Alabama
| | - Chul Won Yun
- Medical Science Research Institute, Soonchunhyang University Seoul Hospital, Seoul, Korea
| | - Yong-Seok Han
- Medical Science Research Institute, Soonchunhyang University Seoul Hospital, Seoul, Korea
| | - SangMin Kim
- Medical Science Research Institute, Soonchunhyang University Seoul Hospital, Seoul, Korea
| | - Dongjun Jeong
- Department of Pathology, College of Medicine, Soonchunhyang University, Cheonan, Korea
| | - Hyog Young Kwon
- Soonchunhyang Institute of Medi-bio Science (SIMS), Soonchunhyang University, Cheonan, Korea
| | - Hyeongjoo Kim
- Soonchunhyang Medical Science Research Institute, College of Medicine, Soonchunhyang University, Cheonan, Korea
| | - Moo-Jun Baek
- Department of Surgery, College of Medicine, Soonchunhyang University, Cheonan, Korea
| | - Sang Hun Lee
- Medical Science Research Institute, Soonchunhyang University Seoul Hospital, Seoul, Korea
- Department of Biochemistry, Soonchunhyang University College of Medicine, Cheonan, Korea
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Vilette D, Courte J, Peyrin JM, Coudert L, Schaeffer L, Andréoletti O, Leblanc P. Cellular mechanisms responsible for cell-to-cell spreading of prions. Cell Mol Life Sci 2018; 75:2557-2574. [PMID: 29761205 PMCID: PMC11105574 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-018-2823-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2018] [Revised: 04/04/2018] [Accepted: 04/23/2018] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Prions are infectious agents that cause fatal neurodegenerative diseases. Current evidence indicates that they are essentially composed of an abnormally folded protein (PrPSc). These abnormal aggregated PrPSc species multiply in infected cells by recruiting and converting the host PrPC protein into new PrPSc. How prions move from cell to cell and progressively spread across the infected tissue is of crucial importance and may provide experimental opportunity to delay the progression of the disease. In infected cells, different mechanisms have been identified, including release of infectious extracellular vesicles and intercellular transfer of PrPSc-containing organelles through tunneling nanotubes. These findings should allow manipulation of the intracellular trafficking events targeting PrPSc in these particular subcellular compartments to experimentally address the relative contribution of these mechanisms to in vivo prion pathogenesis. In addition, such information may prompt further experimental strategies to decipher the causal roles of protein misfolding and aggregation in other human neurodegenerative diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Didier Vilette
- UMR1225, INRA, ENVT, Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire, 23 Chemin des Capelles, Toulouse, France.
| | - Josquin Courte
- Neurosciences Paris Seine, UMR8246, Inserm U1130, IBPS, UPMC, Sorbonne Universités, 4 Place Jussieu, 75005, Paris, France
- Laboratoire Physico Chimie Curie, UMR168, UPMC, IPGG, Sorbonne Universités, 6 Rue Jean Calvin, 75005, Paris, France
| | - Jean Michel Peyrin
- Neurosciences Paris Seine, UMR8246, Inserm U1130, IBPS, UPMC, Sorbonne Universités, 4 Place Jussieu, 75005, Paris, France.
| | - Laurent Coudert
- Insitut NeuroMyoGène, CNRS UMR5310, INSERM U1217, Faculté de Médecine Rockefeller, Université Claude Bernard Lyon I, 8 Avenue Rockefeller, 69373, Lyon Cedex 08, France
| | - Laurent Schaeffer
- Insitut NeuroMyoGène, CNRS UMR5310, INSERM U1217, Faculté de Médecine Rockefeller, Université Claude Bernard Lyon I, 8 Avenue Rockefeller, 69373, Lyon Cedex 08, France
| | - Olivier Andréoletti
- UMR1225, INRA, ENVT, Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire, 23 Chemin des Capelles, Toulouse, France
| | - Pascal Leblanc
- Insitut NeuroMyoGène, CNRS UMR5310, INSERM U1217, Faculté de Médecine Rockefeller, Université Claude Bernard Lyon I, 8 Avenue Rockefeller, 69373, Lyon Cedex 08, France.
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25
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Abdulrahman BA, Abdelaziz DH, Schatzl HM. Autophagy regulates exosomal release of prions in neuronal cells. J Biol Chem 2018; 293:8956-8968. [PMID: 29700113 PMCID: PMC5995502 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.ra117.000713] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2017] [Revised: 04/19/2018] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Prions are protein-based infectious agents that autocatalytically convert the cellular prion protein PrPC to its pathological isoform PrPSc. Subsequent aggregation and accumulation of PrPSc in nervous tissues causes several invariably fatal neurodegenerative diseases in humans and animals. Prions can infect recipient cells when packaged into endosome-derived nanoparticles called exosomes, which are present in biological fluids such as blood, urine, and saliva. Autophagy is a basic cellular degradation and recycling machinery that also affects exosomal processing, but whether autophagy controls release of prions in exosomes is unclear. Our work investigated the effect of autophagy modulation on exosomal release of prions and how this interplay affects cellular prion infection. Exosomes isolated from cultured murine central neuronal cells (CAD5) and peripheral neuronal cells (N2a) contained prions as shown by immunoblotting for PrPSc, prion-conversion activity, and cell culture infection. We observed that autophagy stimulation with the mTOR inhibitor rapamycin strongly inhibited exosomal prion release. In contrast, inhibition of autophagy by wortmannin or CRISPR/Cas9-mediated knockout of the autophagy protein Atg5 (autophagy-related 5) greatly increased the release of exosomes and exosome-associated prions. We also show that a difference in exosomal prion release between CAD5 and N2a cells is related to differences at the level of basal autophagy. Taken together, our results indicate that autophagy modulation can control lateral transfer of prions by interfering with their exosomal release. We describe a novel role of autophagy in the prion life cycle, an understanding that may provide useful targets for containing prion diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Basant A Abdulrahman
- From the Department of Comparative Biology & Experimental Medicine and.,the Calgary Prion Research Unit, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta T2N 4Z6, Canada.,the Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Helwan University, 11795 Cairo, Egypt, and
| | - Dalia H Abdelaziz
- From the Department of Comparative Biology & Experimental Medicine and.,the Calgary Prion Research Unit, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta T2N 4Z6, Canada.,the Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Helwan University, 11795 Cairo, Egypt, and
| | - Hermann M Schatzl
- From the Department of Comparative Biology & Experimental Medicine and .,the Calgary Prion Research Unit, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta T2N 4Z6, Canada.,the Departments of Veterinary Sciences and of Molecular Biology, University of Wyoming, Laramie, Wyoming 82071
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26
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Yamaguchi KI, Kuwata K. Formation and properties of amyloid fibrils of prion protein. Biophys Rev 2018; 10:517-525. [PMID: 29204880 PMCID: PMC5899736 DOI: 10.1007/s12551-017-0377-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2017] [Accepted: 11/23/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Amyloid fibrils formed from prion protein (PrP) are associated with prion diseases. In this review we discuss a number of extrinsic and intrinsic experimental factors related to the formation of PrP amyloid fibrils in vitro. We first examined the effects of ultrasonic power on the induction of amyloid fibrillation from PrP. The most important conclusion drawn from the results is that an applied ultrasonic power of approximately 2 W enhanced the nucleation of amyloid fibrils efficiently but that more powerful ultrasonication led to retardation of growth. We also reviewed evidence on the amyloidogenic regions of PrP based on peptide screening throughout the polypeptide sequence. These results showed that helix 2 (H2) peptides of PrP were capable of both the fibrillation and propagation of straight, long fibrils. Moreover, the conformation of preformed H2 fibrils changed reversibly depending on the pH of the solution, implying that interactions between side-chains modulated the conformation of amyloid fibrils. The evidence discussed in this review relates specifically to PrP but may be relevant to other amyloidogenic proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kei-ichi Yamaguchi
- Institute for Protein Research, Osaka University, 3-2 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871 Japan
- United Graduate School of Drug Discovery and Medical Information Sciences, Gifu University, Yanagido 1-1, Gifu, 501-1193 Japan
| | - Kazuo Kuwata
- United Graduate School of Drug Discovery and Medical Information Sciences, Gifu University, Yanagido 1-1, Gifu, 501-1193 Japan
- Graduate School of Medicine, Gifu University, Yanagido 1-1, Gifu, 501-1193 Japan
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27
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Ning L, Mu Y. Aggregation of PrP106-126 on surfaces of neutral and negatively charged membranes studied by molecular dynamics simulations. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-BIOMEMBRANES 2018; 1860:1936-1948. [PMID: 29550288 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamem.2018.03.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2017] [Revised: 03/08/2018] [Accepted: 03/08/2018] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Prion diseases are neurodegenerative disorders characterized by the aggregation of an abnormal form of prion protein. The interaction of prion protein and cellular membrane is crucial to elucidate the occurrence and development of prion diseases. Its fragment, residues 106-126, has been proven to maintain the pathological properties of misfolded prion and was used as a model peptide. In this study, explicit solvent molecular dynamics (MD) simulations were carried out to investigate the adsorption, folding and aggregation of PrP106-126 with different sizes (2-peptides, 4-peptides and 6-peptides) on the surface of both pure neutral POPC (1-palmitoyl-2-oleoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine) and negatively charged POPC/POPG (1-palmitoyl-2-oleoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphoglycerol) (3:1) lipids. MD simulation results show that PrP106-126 display strong affinity with POPC/POPG but does not interact with pure POPC. The positively charged and polar residues participating hydrogen bonding with membrane promote the adsorption of PrP106-126. The presence of POPC and POPC/POPG exert limited influence on the secondary structures of PrP106-126 and random coil structures are predominant in all simulation systems. Upon the adsorption on the POPC/POPG surface, the aggregation states of PrP106-126 have been changed and more small oligomers were observed. This work provides insights into the interactions of PrP106-126 and membranes with different compositions in atomic level, which expand our understanding the role membrane plays in the development of prion diseases. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled: Protein Aggregation and Misfolding at the Cell Membrane Interface edited by Ayyalusamy Ramamoorthy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lulu Ning
- School of Biological Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, 60 Nanyang Drive, Singapore 637551, Singapore
| | - Yuguang Mu
- School of Biological Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, 60 Nanyang Drive, Singapore 637551, Singapore.
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28
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Bhattacharya S, Xu L, Thompson D. Revisiting the earliest signatures of amyloidogenesis: Roadmaps emerging from computational modeling and experiment. WILEY INTERDISCIPLINARY REVIEWS-COMPUTATIONAL MOLECULAR SCIENCE 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/wcms.1359] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Shayon Bhattacharya
- Department of Physics, Bernal InstituteUniversity of LimerickLimerickIreland
| | - Liang Xu
- Department of Physics, Bernal InstituteUniversity of LimerickLimerickIreland
| | - Damien Thompson
- Department of Physics, Bernal InstituteUniversity of LimerickLimerickIreland
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29
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Affiliation(s)
- Giuseppe Ru
- BEAR - Biostatistica Epidemiologia e Analisi del Rischio, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale del Piemonte, Liguria e Valle d'Aosta, Via Bologna 220, 10154 Torino, Italy; e-mail:
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30
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Abstract
Senile plaques and neurofibrillary tangles are the principal histopathologic hallmarks of Alzheimer disease. The essential constituents of these lesions are structurally abnormal variants of normally generated proteins: Aβ protein in plaques and tau protein in tangles. At the molecular level, both proteins in a pathogenic state share key properties with classic prions, i.e., they consist of alternatively folded, β-sheet-rich forms of the proteins that autopropagate by the seeded corruption and self-assembly of like proteins. Other similarities with prions include the ability to manifest as polymorphic and polyfunctional strains, resistance to chemical and enzymatic destruction, and the ability to spread within the brain and from the periphery to the brain. In Alzheimer disease, current evidence indicates that the pathogenic cascade follows from the endogenous, sequential corruption of Aβ and then tau. Therapeutic options include reducing the production or multimerization of the proteins, uncoupling the Aβ-tauopathy connection, or promoting the inactivation or removal of anomalous assemblies from the brain. Although aberrant Aβ appears to be the prime mover of Alzheimer disease pathogenesis, once set in motion by Aβ, the prion-like propagation of tauopathy may proceed independently of Aβ; if so, Aβ might be solely targeted as an early preventive measure, but optimal treatment of Alzheimer disease at later stages of the cascade could require intervention in both pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lary C Walker
- Department of Neurology and Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, United States.
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31
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Lathe R, Darlix JL. Prion Protein PRNP: A New Player in Innate Immunity? The Aβ Connection. J Alzheimers Dis Rep 2017; 1:263-275. [PMID: 30480243 PMCID: PMC6159716 DOI: 10.3233/adr-170037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/11/2017] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The prion protein PRNP has been centrally implicated in the transmissible spongiform encephalopathies (TSEs), but its normal physiological role remains obscure. We highlight emerging evidence that PRNP displays antimicrobial activity, inhibiting the replication of multiple viruses, and also interacts directly with Alzheimer's disease (AD) amyloid-β (Aβ) peptide whose own antimicrobial role is now increasingly secure. PRNP and Aβ share share membrane-penetrating, nucleic acid binding, and antiviral properties with classical antimicrobial peptides such as LL-37. We discuss findings that binding of abnormal nucleic acids to PRNP leads to oligomerization of the protein, and suggest that this may be an entrapment and sequestration process that contributes to its antimicrobial activity. Some antimicrobial peptides are known to be exploited by infectious agents, and we cover evidence that PRNP is usurped by herpes simplex virus (HSV-1) that has evolved a virus-encoded 'anti-PRNP'.unction. These findings suggest that PRNP, like LL-37 and Aβ, is likely to be a component of the innate immune system, with implications for the pathoetiology of both AD and TSE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard Lathe
- Division of Infection and Pathway Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
- Shemyakin and Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Pushchino, Moscow Region, Russia
| | - Jean-Luc Darlix
- Faculté de Pharmacie, Centre Nationale de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS) Unité 7213, Université de Strasbourg, Illkirch, France
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32
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Abdulrahman BA, Abdelaziz D, Thapa S, Lu L, Jain S, Gilch S, Proniuk S, Zukiwski A, Schatzl HM. The celecoxib derivatives AR-12 and AR-14 induce autophagy and clear prion-infected cells from prions. Sci Rep 2017; 7:17565. [PMID: 29242534 PMCID: PMC5730578 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-17770-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2017] [Accepted: 11/30/2017] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Prion diseases are fatal infectious neurodegenerative disorders that affect both humans and animals. The autocatalytic conversion of the cellular prion protein (PrPC) into the pathologic isoform PrPSc is a key feature in prion pathogenesis. AR-12 is an IND-approved derivative of celecoxib that demonstrated preclinical activity against several microbial diseases. Recently, AR-12 has been shown to facilitate clearance of misfolded proteins. The latter proposes AR-12 to be a potential therapeutic agent for neurodegenerative disorders. In this study, we investigated the role of AR-12 and its derivatives in controlling prion infection. We tested AR-12 in prion infected neuronal and non-neuronal cell lines. Immunoblotting and confocal microscopy results showed that AR-12 and its analogue AR-14 reduced PrPSc levels after only 72 hours of treatment. Furthermore, infected cells were cured of PrPSc after exposure of AR-12 or AR-14 for only two weeks. We partially attribute the influence of the AR compounds on prion propagation to autophagy stimulation, in line with our previous findings that drug-induced stimulation of autophagy has anti-prion effects in vitro and in vivo. Taken together, this study demonstrates that AR-12 and the AR-14 analogue are potential new therapeutic agents for prion diseases and possibly protein misfolding disorders involving prion-like mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Basant A Abdulrahman
- Department of Comparative Biology & Experimental Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, T2N 4Z6, Canada
- Calgary Prion Research Unit, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, T2N 4Z6, Canada
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Helwan University, 11795, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Dalia Abdelaziz
- Department of Comparative Biology & Experimental Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, T2N 4Z6, Canada
- Calgary Prion Research Unit, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, T2N 4Z6, Canada
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Helwan University, 11795, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Simrika Thapa
- Department of Comparative Biology & Experimental Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, T2N 4Z6, Canada
- Calgary Prion Research Unit, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, T2N 4Z6, Canada
| | - Li Lu
- Department of Comparative Biology & Experimental Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, T2N 4Z6, Canada
- Calgary Prion Research Unit, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, T2N 4Z6, Canada
| | - Shubha Jain
- Department of Comparative Biology & Experimental Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, T2N 4Z6, Canada
- Calgary Prion Research Unit, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, T2N 4Z6, Canada
| | - Sabine Gilch
- Department of Comparative Biology & Experimental Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, T2N 4Z6, Canada
- Department of Ecosystem & Public Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, T2N 4Z6, Canada
- Calgary Prion Research Unit, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, T2N 4Z6, Canada
| | | | | | - Hermann M Schatzl
- Department of Comparative Biology & Experimental Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, T2N 4Z6, Canada.
- Calgary Prion Research Unit, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, T2N 4Z6, Canada.
- Departments of Veterinary Sciences and of Molecular Biology, University of Wyoming, Laramie, Wyoming, 82071, USA.
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33
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Grizel AV, Rubel AA, Chernoff YO. Strain conformation controls the specificity of cross-species prion transmission in the yeast model. Prion 2017; 10:269-82. [PMID: 27565563 DOI: 10.1080/19336896.2016.1204060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Transmissible self-assembled fibrous cross-β polymer infectious proteins (prions) cause neurodegenerative diseases in mammals and control non-Mendelian heritable traits in yeast. Cross-species prion transmission is frequently impaired, due to sequence differences in prion-forming proteins. Recent studies of prion species barrier on the model of closely related yeast species show that colocalization of divergent proteins is not sufficient for the cross-species prion transmission, and that an identity of specific amino acid sequences and a type of prion conformational variant (strain) play a major role in the control of transmission specificity. In contrast, chemical compounds primarily influence transmission specificity via favoring certain strain conformations, while the species origin of the host cell has only a relatively minor input. Strain alterations may occur during cross-species prion conversion in some combinations. The model is discussed which suggests that different recipient proteins can acquire different spectra of prion strain conformations, which could be either compatible or incompatible with a particular donor strain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anastasia V Grizel
- a Laboratory of Amyloid Biology, St. Petersburg State University , St. Petersburg , Russia.,b Institute of Translational Biomedicine, St. Petersburg State University , St. Petersburg , Russia.,c Department of Genetics and Biotechnology , St. Petersburg State University , St. Petersburg , Russia
| | - Aleksandr A Rubel
- a Laboratory of Amyloid Biology, St. Petersburg State University , St. Petersburg , Russia.,b Institute of Translational Biomedicine, St. Petersburg State University , St. Petersburg , Russia.,c Department of Genetics and Biotechnology , St. Petersburg State University , St. Petersburg , Russia
| | - Yury O Chernoff
- a Laboratory of Amyloid Biology, St. Petersburg State University , St. Petersburg , Russia.,b Institute of Translational Biomedicine, St. Petersburg State University , St. Petersburg , Russia.,d School of Biological Sciences, Georgia Institute of Technology , Atlanta , GA , USA
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34
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Okamoto A, Hosoda N, Tanaka A, Newnam GP, Chernoff YO, Hoshino SI. Proteolysis suppresses spontaneous prion generation in yeast. J Biol Chem 2017; 292:20113-20124. [PMID: 29038292 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m117.811323] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2017] [Revised: 10/05/2017] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Prions are infectious proteins that cause fatal neurodegenerative disorders including Creutzfeldt-Jakob and bovine spongiform encephalopathy (mad cow) diseases. The yeast [PSI+] prion is formed by the translation-termination factor Sup35, is the best-studied prion, and provides a useful model system for studying such diseases. However, despite recent progress in the understanding of prion diseases, the cellular defense mechanism against prions has not been elucidated. Here, we report that proteolytic cleavage of Sup35 suppresses spontaneous de novo generation of the [PSI+] prion. We found that during yeast growth in glucose media, a maximum of 40% of Sup35 is cleaved at its N-terminal prion domain. This cleavage requires the vacuolar proteases PrA-PrB. Cleavage occurs in a manner dependent on translation but independently of autophagy between the glutamine/asparagine-rich (Q/N-rich) stretch critical for prion formation and the oligopeptide-repeat region required for prion maintenance, resulting in the removal of the Q/N-rich stretch from the Sup35 N terminus. The complete inhibition of Sup35 cleavage, by knocking out either PrA (pep4Δ) or PrB (prb1Δ), increased the rate of de novo formation of [PSI+] prion up to ∼5-fold, whereas the activation of Sup35 cleavage, by overproducing PrB, inhibited [PSI+] formation. On the other hand, activation of the PrB pathway neither cleaved the amyloid conformers of Sup35 in [PSI+] strains nor eliminated preexisting [PSI+]. These findings point to a mechanism antagonizing prion generation in yeast. Our results underscore the usefulness of the yeast [PSI+] prion as a model system to investigate defense mechanisms against prion diseases and other amyloidoses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Atsushi Okamoto
- Department of Biological Chemistry, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nagoya City University, Nagoya 467-8603, Japan
| | - Nao Hosoda
- Department of Biological Chemistry, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nagoya City University, Nagoya 467-8603, Japan
| | - Anri Tanaka
- Department of Biological Chemistry, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nagoya City University, Nagoya 467-8603, Japan
| | - Gary P Newnam
- School of Biological Sciences, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia 30332-2000
| | - Yury O Chernoff
- School of Biological Sciences, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia 30332-2000; Laboratory of Amyloid Biology, St. Petersburg State University, St. Petersburg 199034, Russia
| | - Shin-Ichi Hoshino
- Department of Biological Chemistry, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nagoya City University, Nagoya 467-8603, Japan.
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35
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Role of HSPA1L as a cellular prion protein stabilizer in tumor progression via HIF-1α/GP78 axis. Oncogene 2017; 36:6555-6567. [PMID: 28759037 DOI: 10.1038/onc.2017.263] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2017] [Revised: 06/05/2017] [Accepted: 06/08/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The cellular prion protein (PrPC) is associated with metastasis, tumor progression and recurrence; however, the precise mechanisms underlying its action is not well understood. Our study found that PrPC degradation decreased tumor progression in colorectal cancer (CRC). In a CRC cell line and human CRC tissue exposed to hypoxia, induced heat-shock 70-kDa protein-1-like (HSPA1L) expression stabilized hypoxia-inducible factor-1α (HIF-1α) protein and promoted PrPC accumulation and tumorigenicity in vivo. PrPC was degraded via the proteasome pathway mediated by the ubiquitin-protein E3 ligase glycoprotein 78 (GP78), which interacts directly with PrPC. However, hypoxia-induced HSPA1L interacted with GP78 and inhibited its functions. HSPA1L knockdown facilitated the interaction of GP78 and PrPC, thereby increasing PrPC ubiquitination. Thus, GP78 was identified as the ubiquitinase for PrPC, thereby revealing an essential mechanism that controls PrPC levels in CRC. Our results suggest that the HSPA1L/HIF-1α/GP78 axis has a crucial role in PrPC accumulation during tumor progression.
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36
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Ricci A, Allende A, Bolton D, Chemaly M, Davies R, Fernández Escámez PS, Gironés R, Herman L, Koutsoumanis K, Lindqvist R, Nørrung B, Robertson L, Sanaa M, Simmons M, Skandamis P, Snary E, Speybroeck N, Kuile BT, Threlfall J, Wahlström H, Adkin A, De Koeijer A, Ducrot C, Griffin J, Ortiz Pelaez A, Latronico F, Ru G. Bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE) cases born after the total feed ban. EFSA J 2017; 15:e04885. [PMID: 32625550 PMCID: PMC7010122 DOI: 10.2903/j.efsa.2017.4885] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Sixty bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE) cases of Classical or unknown type (BARB‐60 cases) were born after the date of entry into force of the EU total feed ban on 1 January 2001. The European Commission has requested EFSA to provide a scientific opinion on the most likely origin(s) of these BARB‐60 cases; whether feeding with material contaminated with the BSE agent can be excluded as the origin of any of these cases and, if so, whether there is enough scientific evidence to conclude that such cases had a spontaneous origin. The source of infection cannot be ascertained at the individual level for any BSE case, including these BARB‐60 cases, so uncertainty remains high about the origin of disease in each of these animals, but when compared with other biologically plausible sources of infection (maternal, environmental, genetic, iatrogenic), feed‐borne exposure is the most likely. This exposure was apparently excluded for only one of these BARB‐60 cases. However, there is considerable uncertainty associated with the data collected through the field investigation of these cases, due to a time span of several years between the potential exposure of the animal and the confirmation of disease, recall difficulty, and the general paucity of documented objective evidence available in the farms at the time of the investigation. Thus, feeding with material contaminated with the BSE agent cannot be excluded as the origin of any of the BARB‐60 cases, nor is it possible to definitively attribute feed as the cause of any of the BARB‐60 cases. A case of disease is classified as spontaneous by a process of elimination, excluding all other definable possibilities; with regard to the BARB‐60 cases, it is not possible to conclude that any of them had a spontaneous origin.
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37
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Linsenmeier L, Altmeppen HC, Wetzel S, Mohammadi B, Saftig P, Glatzel M. Diverse functions of the prion protein - Does proteolytic processing hold the key? BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-MOLECULAR CELL RESEARCH 2017; 1864:2128-2137. [PMID: 28693923 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamcr.2017.06.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2017] [Revised: 06/27/2017] [Accepted: 06/29/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Proteolytic processing of the cellular and disease-associated form of the prion protein leads to generation of bioactive soluble prion protein fragments and modifies the structure and function of its cell-bound form. The nature of proteases responsible for shedding, α-, β-, and γ-cleavage of the prion protein are only partially identified and their regulation is largely unknown. Here, we provide an overview of the increasingly multifaceted picture of prion protein proteolysis and shed light on physiological and pathological roles associated with these cleavages. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled: Proteolysis as a Regulatory Event in Pathophysiology edited by Stefan Rose-John.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luise Linsenmeier
- Institute of Neuropathology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Hermann C Altmeppen
- Institute of Neuropathology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Sebastian Wetzel
- Institute of Biochemistry, Christian Albrechts University Kiel, Kiel, Germany
| | - Behnam Mohammadi
- Institute of Neuropathology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Paul Saftig
- Institute of Biochemistry, Christian Albrechts University Kiel, Kiel, Germany
| | - Markus Glatzel
- Institute of Neuropathology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany.
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38
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Abstract
Most age-related neurodegenerative diseases are associated with the misfolding and aberrant accumulation of specific proteins in the nervous system. The proteins self-assemble and spread by a prion-like process of corruptive molecular templating, whereby abnormally folded proteins induce the misfolding and aggregation of like proteins into characteristic lesions. Despite the apparent simplicity of this process at the molecular level, diseases such as Alzheimer's, Parkinson's, Creutzfeldt-Jakob, and others display remarkable phenotypic heterogeneity, both clinically and pathologically. Evidence is growing that this variability is mediated, at least in part, by the acquisition of diverse molecular architectures by the misfolded proteins, variants referred to as proteopathic strains. The structural and functional diversity of the assemblies is influenced by genetic, epigenetic, and local contextual factors. Insights into proteopathic strains gleaned from the classical prion diseases can be profitably incorporated into research on other neurodegenerative diseases. Their potentially wide-ranging influence on disease phenotype also suggests that proteopathic strains should be considered in the design and interpretation of diagnostic and therapeutic approaches to these disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lary C Walker
- Department of Neurology and Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia 30322;
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39
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Wuttke A, Geyer A. Self-assembly of peptide boroxoles on cis
-dihydroxylated oligoamide templates in water. J Pept Sci 2017; 23:549-555. [DOI: 10.1002/psc.3007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2017] [Revised: 03/28/2017] [Accepted: 03/28/2017] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- André Wuttke
- Institute of Chemistry; Philipps-University Marburg; Hans-Meerwein-Straße 35032 Marburg Germany
| | - Armin Geyer
- Institute of Chemistry; Philipps-University Marburg; Hans-Meerwein-Straße 35032 Marburg Germany
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40
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Abstract
Prions are proteins that can adopt self-perpetuating conformations and are traditionally regarded as etiological agents of infectious neurodegenerative diseases in humans, such as Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease, kuru, and transmissible encephalopathies. More recently, a growing consensus has emerged that prion-like, self-templating mechanisms also underlie a variety of neurodegenerative disorders, including amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, Alzheimer's disease, and Huntington's disease. Perhaps most surprising, not all prion-like aggregates are associated with pathological changes. There are now several examples of prion-like proteins in mammals that serve positive biological functions in their aggregated state. In this review, we discuss functional prions in the nervous system, with particular emphasis on the cytoplasmic polyadenylation element-binding protein (CPEB) and the role of its prion-like aggregates in synaptic plasticity and memory. We also mention a more recent example of a functional prion-like protein in the brain, TIA-1, and its role during stress. These studies of functional prion-like proteins have provided a number of generalizable insights on how prion-based protein switches may operate to serve physiological functions in higher eukaryotes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph B Rayman
- Department of Neuroscience, College of Physicians and Surgeons of Columbia University, New York, New York 10032
| | - Eric R Kandel
- Department of Neuroscience, College of Physicians and Surgeons of Columbia University, New York, New York 10032.,Department of Psychiatry, College of Physicians and Surgeons of Columbia University, New York, New York 10032.,Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Chevy Chase, Maryland 20815-6789.,Zuckerman Mind Brain Behavior Institute, New York, New York 10027.,Kavli Institute for Brain Science, New York, New York 10032
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41
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Schmidt C, Fizet J, Properzi F, Batchelor M, Sandberg MK, Edgeworth JA, Afran L, Ho S, Badhan A, Klier S, Linehan JM, Brandner S, Hosszu LLP, Tattum MH, Jat P, Clarke AR, Klöhn PC, Wadsworth JDF, Jackson GS, Collinge J. A systematic investigation of production of synthetic prions from recombinant prion protein. Open Biol 2016; 5:150165. [PMID: 26631378 PMCID: PMC4703057 DOI: 10.1098/rsob.150165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
According to the protein-only hypothesis, infectious mammalian prions, which exist as distinct strains with discrete biological properties, consist of multichain assemblies of misfolded cellular prion protein (PrP). A critical test would be to produce prion strains synthetically from defined components. Crucially, high-titre ‘synthetic' prions could then be used to determine the structural basis of infectivity and strain diversity at the atomic level. While there have been multiple reports of production of prions from bacterially expressed recombinant PrP using various methods, systematic production of high-titre material in a form suitable for structural analysis remains a key goal. Here, we report a novel high-throughput strategy for exploring a matrix of conditions, additives and potential cofactors that might generate high-titre prions from recombinant mouse PrP, with screening for infectivity using a sensitive automated cell-based bioassay. Overall, approximately 20 000 unique conditions were examined. While some resulted in apparently infected cell cultures, this was transient and not reproducible. We also adapted published methods that reported production of synthetic prions from recombinant hamster PrP, but again did not find evidence of significant infectious titre when using recombinant mouse PrP as substrate. Collectively, our findings are consistent with the formation of prion infectivity from recombinant mouse PrP being a rare stochastic event and we conclude that systematic generation of prions from recombinant PrP may only become possible once the detailed structure of authentic ex vivo prions is solved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian Schmidt
- MRC Prion Unit and Department of Neurodegenerative Disease, UCL Institute of Neurology, National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery, Queen Square, London WC1N 3BG, UK
| | - Jeremie Fizet
- MRC Prion Unit and Department of Neurodegenerative Disease, UCL Institute of Neurology, National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery, Queen Square, London WC1N 3BG, UK
| | - Francesca Properzi
- MRC Prion Unit and Department of Neurodegenerative Disease, UCL Institute of Neurology, National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery, Queen Square, London WC1N 3BG, UK
| | - Mark Batchelor
- MRC Prion Unit and Department of Neurodegenerative Disease, UCL Institute of Neurology, National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery, Queen Square, London WC1N 3BG, UK
| | - Malin K Sandberg
- MRC Prion Unit and Department of Neurodegenerative Disease, UCL Institute of Neurology, National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery, Queen Square, London WC1N 3BG, UK
| | - Julie A Edgeworth
- MRC Prion Unit and Department of Neurodegenerative Disease, UCL Institute of Neurology, National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery, Queen Square, London WC1N 3BG, UK
| | - Louise Afran
- MRC Prion Unit and Department of Neurodegenerative Disease, UCL Institute of Neurology, National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery, Queen Square, London WC1N 3BG, UK
| | - Sammy Ho
- MRC Prion Unit and Department of Neurodegenerative Disease, UCL Institute of Neurology, National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery, Queen Square, London WC1N 3BG, UK
| | - Anjna Badhan
- MRC Prion Unit and Department of Neurodegenerative Disease, UCL Institute of Neurology, National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery, Queen Square, London WC1N 3BG, UK
| | - Steffi Klier
- MRC Prion Unit and Department of Neurodegenerative Disease, UCL Institute of Neurology, National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery, Queen Square, London WC1N 3BG, UK
| | - Jacqueline M Linehan
- MRC Prion Unit and Department of Neurodegenerative Disease, UCL Institute of Neurology, National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery, Queen Square, London WC1N 3BG, UK
| | - Sebastian Brandner
- MRC Prion Unit and Department of Neurodegenerative Disease, UCL Institute of Neurology, National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery, Queen Square, London WC1N 3BG, UK
| | - Laszlo L P Hosszu
- MRC Prion Unit and Department of Neurodegenerative Disease, UCL Institute of Neurology, National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery, Queen Square, London WC1N 3BG, UK
| | - M Howard Tattum
- MRC Prion Unit and Department of Neurodegenerative Disease, UCL Institute of Neurology, National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery, Queen Square, London WC1N 3BG, UK
| | - Parmjit Jat
- MRC Prion Unit and Department of Neurodegenerative Disease, UCL Institute of Neurology, National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery, Queen Square, London WC1N 3BG, UK
| | - Anthony R Clarke
- MRC Prion Unit and Department of Neurodegenerative Disease, UCL Institute of Neurology, National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery, Queen Square, London WC1N 3BG, UK
| | - Peter C Klöhn
- MRC Prion Unit and Department of Neurodegenerative Disease, UCL Institute of Neurology, National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery, Queen Square, London WC1N 3BG, UK
| | - Jonathan D F Wadsworth
- MRC Prion Unit and Department of Neurodegenerative Disease, UCL Institute of Neurology, National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery, Queen Square, London WC1N 3BG, UK
| | - Graham S Jackson
- MRC Prion Unit and Department of Neurodegenerative Disease, UCL Institute of Neurology, National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery, Queen Square, London WC1N 3BG, UK
| | - John Collinge
- MRC Prion Unit and Department of Neurodegenerative Disease, UCL Institute of Neurology, National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery, Queen Square, London WC1N 3BG, UK
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42
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High-speed atomic force microscopy reveals structural dynamics of amyloid β1-42 aggregates. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2016; 113:5835-40. [PMID: 27162352 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1524807113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 140] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Aggregation of amyloidogenic proteins into insoluble amyloid fibrils is implicated in various neurodegenerative diseases. This process involves protein assembly into oligomeric intermediates and fibrils with highly polymorphic molecular structures. These structural differences may be responsible for different disease presentations. For this reason, elucidation of the structural features and assembly kinetics of amyloidogenic proteins has been an area of intense study. We report here the results of high-speed atomic force microscopy (HS-AFM) studies of fibril formation and elongation by the 42-residue form of the amyloid β-protein (Aβ1-42), a key pathogenetic agent of Alzheimer's disease. Our data demonstrate two different growth modes of Aβ1-42, one producing straight fibrils and the other producing spiral fibrils. Each mode depends on initial fibril nucleus structure, but switching from one growth mode to another was occasionally observed, suggesting that fibril end structure fluctuated between the two growth modes. This switching phenomenon was affected by buffer salt composition. Our findings indicate that polymorphism in fibril structure can occur after fibril nucleation and is affected by relatively modest changes in environmental conditions.
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43
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Properzi F, Badhan A, Klier S, Schmidt C, Klöhn PC, Wadsworth JDF, Clarke AR, Jackson GS, Collinge J. Physical, chemical and kinetic factors affecting prion infectivity. Prion 2016; 10:251-61. [PMID: 27282252 PMCID: PMC4981209 DOI: 10.1080/19336896.2016.1181250] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The mouse-adapted scrapie prion strain RML is one of the most widely used in prion research. The introduction of a cell culture-based assay of RML prions, the scrapie cell assay (SCA) allows more rapid and precise prion titration. A semi-automated version of this assay (ASCA) was applied to explore a range of conditions that might influence the infectivity and properties of RML prions. These include resistance to freeze-thaw procedures; stability to endogenous proteases in brain homogenate despite prolonged exposure to varying temperatures; distribution of infective material between pellet and supernatant after centrifugation, the effect of reducing agents and the influence of detergent additives on the efficiency of infection. Apparent infectivity is increased significantly by interaction with cationic detergents. Importantly, we have also elucidated the relationship between the duration of exposure of cells to RML prions and the transmission of infection. We established that the infection process following contact of cells with RML prions is rapid and followed an exponential time course, implying a single rate-limiting process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesca Properzi
- a MRC Prion Unit, Department of Neurodegenerative Disease , UCL Institute of Neurology , London , UK
| | - Anjna Badhan
- a MRC Prion Unit, Department of Neurodegenerative Disease , UCL Institute of Neurology , London , UK
| | - Steffi Klier
- a MRC Prion Unit, Department of Neurodegenerative Disease , UCL Institute of Neurology , London , UK
| | - Christian Schmidt
- a MRC Prion Unit, Department of Neurodegenerative Disease , UCL Institute of Neurology , London , UK
| | - Peter C Klöhn
- a MRC Prion Unit, Department of Neurodegenerative Disease , UCL Institute of Neurology , London , UK
| | - Jonathan D F Wadsworth
- a MRC Prion Unit, Department of Neurodegenerative Disease , UCL Institute of Neurology , London , UK
| | - Anthony R Clarke
- a MRC Prion Unit, Department of Neurodegenerative Disease , UCL Institute of Neurology , London , UK
| | - Graham S Jackson
- a MRC Prion Unit, Department of Neurodegenerative Disease , UCL Institute of Neurology , London , UK
| | - John Collinge
- a MRC Prion Unit, Department of Neurodegenerative Disease , UCL Institute of Neurology , London , UK
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44
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Abstract
Specific conformations of signaling proteins can serve as “signals” in signal transduction by being recognized by receptors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter Tompa
- VIB Structural Biology Research Center (SBRC)
- Brussels
- Belgium
- Vrije Universiteit Brussel
- Brussels
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45
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Lou Z, Wang B, Guo C, Wang K, Zhang H, Xu B. Molecular-level insights of early-stage prion protein aggregation on mica and gold surface determined by AFM imaging and molecular simulation. Colloids Surf B Biointerfaces 2015; 135:371-378. [DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfb.2015.07.053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2015] [Revised: 07/17/2015] [Accepted: 07/21/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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46
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Oshokoya OO, JiJi RD. “Parallel factor analysis of multi-excitation ultraviolet resonance Raman spectra for protein secondary structure determination”. Anal Chim Acta 2015; 892:59-68. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2015.08.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2015] [Accepted: 08/11/2015] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
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47
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Skinner PJ, Kim HO, Bryant D, Kinzel NJ, Reilly C, Priola SA, Ward AE, Goodman PA, Olson K, Seelig DM. Treatment of Prion Disease with Heterologous Prion Proteins. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0131993. [PMID: 26134409 PMCID: PMC4489745 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0131993] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2014] [Accepted: 06/10/2015] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Prion diseases such as Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease in humans, bovine spongiform encephalopathy in cattle, and scrapie in sheep are fatal neurodegenerative diseases for which there is no effective treatment. The pathology of these diseases involves the conversion of a protease sensitive form of the cellular prion protein (PrPC) into a protease resistant infectious form (PrPsc or PrPres). Both in vitro (cell culture and cell free conversion assays) and in vivo (animal) studies have demonstrated the strong dependence of this conversion process on protein sequence homology between the initial prion inoculum and the host’s own cellular prion protein. The presence of non-homologous (heterologous) proteins is often inhibitory to this conversion process. We hypothesize that the presence of heterologous prion proteins from one species might therefore constitute an effective treatment for prion disease in another species. To test this hypothesis, we infected mice intracerebrally with murine adapted RML-Chandler scrapie and treated them with heterologous prion protein (purified bacterially expressed recombinant hamster prion protein) or vehicle alone. Treated animals demonstrated reduced disease associated pathology, decreased accumulation of protease-resistant disease-associated prion protein, with delayed onset of clinical symptoms and motor deficits. This was concomitant with significantly increased survival times relative to mock-treated animals. These results provide proof of principle that recombinant hamster prion proteins can effectively and safely inhibit prion disease in mice, and suggest that hamster or other non-human prion proteins may be a viable treatment for prion diseases in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pamela J. Skinner
- University of Minnesota, Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences Department, Saint Paul, MN 55108, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| | - Hyeon O. Kim
- University of Minnesota, Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences Department, Saint Paul, MN 55108, United States of America
| | - Damani Bryant
- University of Minnesota, Veterinary Clinical Sciences Department, Saint Paul, MN 55108, United States of America
| | - Nikilyn J. Kinzel
- University of Minnesota, Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences Department, Saint Paul, MN 55108, United States of America
| | - Cavan Reilly
- University of Minnesota, School of Public Health, Division of Biostatistics, Minneapolis, MN, 55455, United States of America
| | - Suzette A. Priola
- Laboratory of Persistent Viral Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Rocky Mountain Laboratories, Hamilton, Montana 59840, United States of America
| | - Anne E. Ward
- Laboratory of Persistent Viral Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Rocky Mountain Laboratories, Hamilton, Montana 59840, United States of America
| | - Patricia A. Goodman
- University of Minnesota, Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences Department, Saint Paul, MN 55108, United States of America
| | - Katherine Olson
- University of Minnesota, Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences Department, Saint Paul, MN 55108, United States of America
| | - Davis M. Seelig
- University of Minnesota, Veterinary Clinical Sciences Department, Saint Paul, MN 55108, United States of America
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48
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Holznagel E, Yutzy B, Kruip C, Bierke P, Schulz-Schaeffer W, Löwer J. Foodborne-Transmitted Prions From the Brain of Cows With Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy Ascend in Afferent Neurons to the Simian Central Nervous System and Spread to Tonsils and Spleen at a Late Stage of the Incubation Period. J Infect Dis 2015; 212:1459-68. [PMID: 25895987 DOI: 10.1093/infdis/jiv232] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2014] [Accepted: 03/30/2015] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Protease-resistant prion protein (PrP(res)) accumulation in lymphoreticular tissues indicates prion infection. To date, tonsillectomy and appendectomy samples have been used in population prevalence surveys to detect clinically silent carriers of variant Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (vCJD). However, the temporal sequence of prion spread in the human body is still not known. We therefore traced the temporal-spatial pattern of PrP(res) accumulation in the body of a simian vCJD model. METHODS Cynomolgus monkeys were fed brain of (eleven) cows with bovine spongiform encephalopathy, and some were euthanized before and some after onset of neurological signs. PrP(res) was detected in tissues by a paraffin-embedded tissue blot technique and a semiquantitative Western immunoblot assay. RESULTS Bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE)-associated prions were preferentially transported from the gut to the central nervous system (CNS) along sensory nerve fibers and initially entered the simian CNS at lumbar spinal cord levels. In asymptomatic animals, we found BSE in 50% and 12% of gut- and tonsil-derived samples, respectively. CONCLUSIONS Unlike in rodents and ruminants, foodborne BSE-associated prions entered the simian CNS via afferent neurons. From sites of initial CNS invasion, prions spread centrifugally to tonsils and spleen at an advanced stage of the incubation period, thus explaining why tonsil specimens were not reliable for detection of simian disease carriers before onset of clinical signs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edgar Holznagel
- Paul Ehrlich Institut, Federal Institute for Vaccines and Biomedicines, Langen
| | - Barbara Yutzy
- Paul Ehrlich Institut, Federal Institute for Vaccines and Biomedicines, Langen
| | - Carina Kruip
- Paul Ehrlich Institut, Federal Institute for Vaccines and Biomedicines, Langen
| | - Par Bierke
- Swedish Institute for Infectious Disease Control, Solna
| | - Walter Schulz-Schaeffer
- Department of Neuropathology, University Hospital, Georg August University, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Johannes Löwer
- Paul Ehrlich Institut, Federal Institute for Vaccines and Biomedicines, Langen
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49
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Kulikova AA, Makarov AA, Kozin SA. Roles of zinc ions and structural polymorphism of β-amyloid in the development of Alzheimer’s disease. Mol Biol 2015. [DOI: 10.1134/s0026893315020065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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50
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Wang G, Wang M, Li C. The Unexposed Secrets of Prion Protein Oligomers. J Mol Neurosci 2015; 56:932-937. [PMID: 25823438 DOI: 10.1007/s12031-015-0546-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2015] [Accepted: 03/04/2015] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
According to the "protein-only" hypothesis, the misfolding and conversion of host-derived cellular prion protein (PrP(C)) into pathogenically misfolded PrP are believed to be the key procedure in the pathogenesis of prion diseases. Intermediate, soluble oligomeric prion protein (PrP) aggregates were considered a critical process for prion diseases. Several independent studies on PrP oligomers gained insights into oligomers' formation, biophysical and biochemical characteristics, structure conversion, and neurotoxicity. PrP oligomers are rich in β-sheet structure and slightly resistant to proteinase K digestion. PrP oligomers exhibited more neurotoxicity and induced neuronal apoptosis in vivo and/or in vitro. In this review, we summarized recent studies regarding PrP oligomers and the relationship between misfolded PrP aggregates and neuronal death in the course of prion diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gailing Wang
- Department of Bioengineering, Huanghuai University, 463000, Zhumadian, China.
| | - Mingcheng Wang
- Department of Bioengineering, Huanghuai University, 463000, Zhumadian, China
| | - Chuanfeng Li
- Department of Bioengineering, Huanghuai University, 463000, Zhumadian, China
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