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The Impact of Non-Pathogenic Bacteria on the Spread of Virulence and Resistance Genes. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24031967. [PMID: 36768286 PMCID: PMC9916357 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24031967] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2022] [Revised: 01/11/2023] [Accepted: 01/16/2023] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
This review discusses the fate of antimicrobial resistance and virulence genes frequently present among microbiomes. A central concept in epidemiology is the mean number of hosts colonized by one infected host in a population of susceptible hosts: R0. It characterizes the disease's epidemic potential because the pathogen continues its propagation through susceptible hosts if it is above one. R0 is proportional to the average duration of infections, but non-pathogenic microorganisms do not cause host death, and hosts do not need to be rid of them. Therefore, commensal bacteria may colonize hosts for prolonged periods, including those harboring drug resistance or even a few virulence genes. Thus, their R0 is likely to be (much) greater than one, with peculiar consequences for the spread of virulence and resistance genes. For example, computer models that simulate the spread of these genes have shown that their diversities should correlate positively throughout microbiomes. Bioinformatics analysis with real data corroborates this expectation. Those simulations also anticipate that, contrary to the common wisdom, human's microbiomes with a higher diversity of both gene types are the ones that took antibiotics longer ago rather than recently. Here, we discuss the mechanisms and robustness behind these predictions and other public health consequences.
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Biographical Feature: Fred C. Tenover, Ph.D., D(ABMM), F(AAM), FIDSA. J Clin Microbiol 2021; 59:JCM.02532-20. [PMID: 33177122 DOI: 10.1128/jcm.02532-20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
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van Hal SJ, Ip CLC, Ansari MA, Wilson DJ, Espedido BA, Jensen SO, Bowden R. Evolutionary dynamics of Enterococcus faecium reveals complex genomic relationships between isolates with independent emergence of vancomycin resistance. Microb Genom 2018; 2. [PMID: 27713836 PMCID: PMC5049587 DOI: 10.1099/mgen.0.000048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Enterococcus faecium, a major cause of hospital-acquired infections, remains problematic because of its propensity to acquire resistance to vancomycin, which currently is considered first-line therapy. Here, we assess the evolution and resistance acquisition dynamics of E. faecium in a clinical context using a series of 132 bloodstream infection isolates from a single hospital. All isolates, of which 49 (37 %) were vancomycin-resistant, underwent whole-genome sequencing. E. faecium was found to be subject to high rates of recombination with little evidence of sequence importation from outside the local E. faecium population. Apart from disrupting phylogenetic reconstruction, recombination was frequent enough to invalidate MLST typing in the identification of clonal expansion and transmission events, suggesting that, where available, whole-genome sequencing should be used in tracing the epidemiology of E. faecium nosocomial infections and establishing routes of transmission. Several forms of the Tn1549-like element–vanB gene cluster, which was exclusively responsible for vancomycin resistance, appeared and spread within the hospital during the study period. Several transposon gains and losses and instances of in situ evolution were inferred and, although usually chromosomal, the resistance element was also observed on a plasmid background. There was qualitative evidence for clonal expansions of both vancomycin-resistant and vancomycin-susceptible E. faecium with evidence of hospital-specific subclonal expansion. Our data are consistent with continuing evolution of this established hospital pathogen and confirm hospital vancomycin-susceptible and vancomycin-resistant E. faecium patient transmission events, underlining the need for careful consideration before modifying current E. faecium infection control strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sebastiaan J van Hal
- 2 Antibiotic Resistance & Mobile Elements Group, Ingham Institute for Applied Medical Research, Sydney, NSW, Australia.,1 Department of Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, Royal Prince Alfred Hospital, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Camilla L C Ip
- 3 Oxford Genomics Centre, Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - M Azim Ansari
- 4 Oxford Martin School, University of Oxford, 34 Broad Street, Oxford, UK
| | - Daniel J Wilson
- 5 Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Bjorn A Espedido
- 2 Antibiotic Resistance & Mobile Elements Group, Ingham Institute for Applied Medical Research, Sydney, NSW, Australia.,6 Molecular Medicine Research Group, School of Medicine, University of Western Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Slade O Jensen
- 2 Antibiotic Resistance & Mobile Elements Group, Ingham Institute for Applied Medical Research, Sydney, NSW, Australia.,6 Molecular Medicine Research Group, School of Medicine, University of Western Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Rory Bowden
- 3 Oxford Genomics Centre, Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
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Saeed DK, Hasan R, Naim M, Zafar A, Khan E, Jabeen K, Irfan S, Ahmed I, Zeeshan M, Wajidali Z, Farooqi J, Shakoor S, Chagla A, Rao J. Readiness for antimicrobial resistance (AMR) surveillance in Pakistan; a model for laboratory strengthening. Antimicrob Resist Infect Control 2017; 6:101. [PMID: 29021895 PMCID: PMC5622515 DOI: 10.1186/s13756-017-0260-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2017] [Accepted: 09/18/2017] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Limited capacity of laboratories for antimicrobial susceptibility testing (AST) presents a critical diagnostic bottleneck in resource limited countries. This paper aims to identify such gaps and to explore whether laboratory networks could contribute towards improving AST in low resource settings. METHODS A self-assessment tool to assess antimicrobial susceptibility testing capacity was administered as a pre-workshop activity to participants from 30 microbiology laboratories in 3 cities in Pakistan. Data from public and private laboratories was analyzed and capacity of each scored in percentage terms. Laboratories from Karachi were invited to join a support network. A cohort of five laboratories that consented were provided additional training and updates sessions over a period of 15 months. Impact of training activities in these laboratories was evaluated using a point scoring (0-11) tool. RESULTS Results of self-assessment component identified a number of areas that required strengthening (scores of ≤60%). These included; readiness for AMR surveillance; 38 and 46%, quality assurance; 49 and 55%, and detection of specific organisms; 56 and 60% for public and private laboratories respectively. No significant difference was detected in AST capacity between public and private laboratories [ANOVA; p > 0.05]. Scoring tool used to assess impact of training within the longitudinal cohort showed an increase from a baseline of 1-5.5 (August 2015) to improved post training scores of 7-11 (October 2016) for the 5 laboratories included. Moreover, statistical analysis using paired t-Test Analysis, assuming unequal variance, indicated that the increase in scored noted represents a statistically significant improvement in the components evaluated [p < 0.05]. CONCLUSION Strengthening of laboratory capacity for AMR surveillance is important. Our data shows that close mentoring and support can help enhance capacity for antimicrobial sensitivity testing in resource limited settings. Our study further presents a model wherein laboratory networks can be successfully established and used towards improving diagnostic capacity in such settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dania Khalid Saeed
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Aga Khan University Hospital, Stadium Road, PO Box 3500, Karachi, 74800 Pakistan
| | - Rumina Hasan
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Aga Khan University Hospital, Stadium Road, PO Box 3500, Karachi, 74800 Pakistan
| | - Mahwish Naim
- Baqai Institute of Health Sciences, Baqai Medical University, Karachi, Pakistan
| | - Afia Zafar
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Aga Khan University Hospital, Stadium Road, PO Box 3500, Karachi, 74800 Pakistan
| | - Erum Khan
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Aga Khan University Hospital, Stadium Road, PO Box 3500, Karachi, 74800 Pakistan
| | - Kausar Jabeen
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Aga Khan University Hospital, Stadium Road, PO Box 3500, Karachi, 74800 Pakistan
| | - Seema Irfan
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Aga Khan University Hospital, Stadium Road, PO Box 3500, Karachi, 74800 Pakistan
| | - Imran Ahmed
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Aga Khan University Hospital, Stadium Road, PO Box 3500, Karachi, 74800 Pakistan
| | - Mohammad Zeeshan
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Aga Khan University Hospital, Stadium Road, PO Box 3500, Karachi, 74800 Pakistan
| | - Zabin Wajidali
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Aga Khan University Hospital, Stadium Road, PO Box 3500, Karachi, 74800 Pakistan
| | - Joveria Farooqi
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Aga Khan University Hospital, Stadium Road, PO Box 3500, Karachi, 74800 Pakistan
| | - Sadia Shakoor
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Aga Khan University Hospital, Stadium Road, PO Box 3500, Karachi, 74800 Pakistan
| | - Abdul Chagla
- Health Security Partners, Washington, DC, 20009 USA
| | - Jason Rao
- Health Security Partners, Washington, DC, 20009 USA
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Schuler F, Trotter M, Zengerle R, von Stetten F. Monochrome Multiplexing in Polymerase Chain Reaction by Photobleaching of Fluorogenic Hydrolysis Probes. Anal Chem 2016; 88:2590-5. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.5b02960] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Friedrich Schuler
- Hahn-Schickard, Georges-Koehler-Allee 103, 79110 Freiburg, Germany
- Laboratory
for MEMS Applications, IMTEK-Department of Microsystems Engineering, University of Freiburg, Georges-Koehler-Allee 103, 79110 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Martin Trotter
- Hahn-Schickard, Georges-Koehler-Allee 103, 79110 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Roland Zengerle
- Hahn-Schickard, Georges-Koehler-Allee 103, 79110 Freiburg, Germany
- Laboratory
for MEMS Applications, IMTEK-Department of Microsystems Engineering, University of Freiburg, Georges-Koehler-Allee 103, 79110 Freiburg, Germany
- BIOSS-Centre
for Biological Signalling Studies, University of Freiburg, 79110 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Felix von Stetten
- Hahn-Schickard, Georges-Koehler-Allee 103, 79110 Freiburg, Germany
- Laboratory
for MEMS Applications, IMTEK-Department of Microsystems Engineering, University of Freiburg, Georges-Koehler-Allee 103, 79110 Freiburg, Germany
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Ece G, Erac B, Yurday Cetin H, Ece C, Baysak A. Antimicrobial Susceptibility and Clonal Relation Between Acinetobacter baumannii Strains at a Tertiary Care Center in Turkey. Jundishapur J Microbiol 2015; 8:e15612. [PMID: 25825641 PMCID: PMC4376970 DOI: 10.5812/jjm.15612] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2013] [Revised: 02/16/2014] [Accepted: 03/09/2014] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Acinetobacter baumannii is an opportunistic pathogen, related with nosocomial infections such as bacteremia, urinary tract infections, and ventilator-associated pneumonia. Multidrug resistant (MDR) A. baumannii strains are first line causes of infection, especially in patients hospitalized at intensive care units (ICUs). Infection with MDR A. baumannii strains has a longer duration at ICUs and hospitals. There are studies using molecular methods which can differentiate MDR A. baumannii strains at the clonal level. This helps controlling these resistant strains and prevents their epidemy. Objectives: The aim of our study was to investigate the antimicrobial susceptibility and clonal relationship between the A. baumannii strains isolated from our ICU. Materials and Methods: The identification and antimicrobial susceptibility of 33 A. baumannii strains were performed by automatized Vitek version 2.0. The clonal relationship among A. baumannii strains was analyzed using enterobacterial repetitive intergenic consensus (ERIC) polymerase chain reaction (PCR). Results: A total of 33 A. baumannii strains were included in this study. A. baumannii complex strains were classified into seven clusters based on the fingerprint results. Our results revealed that two main clusters were responsible for the prevalence of A. baumannii complex strains at the ICU. Conclusions: MDR A. baumannii strains cause an increment in morbidity and mortality, particularly in ICUs. The use of molecular epidemiological methods can help us with the detection of the pathogen and preventing from spreading of these resistant strains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gulfem Ece
- Department of Medical Microbiology, School of Medicine, Izmir University, Izmir, Turkey
- Corresponding author: Gulfem Ece, Department of Medical Microbiology, Medicalpark Hospital, School of Medicine, Izmir University, Yeni Girne Boulevard, 1825th St., No 12, Karsıyaka, Izmir, Turkey. Tel: +90-2323995050, E-mail: ,
| | - Bayri Erac
- Department of Pharmaceutical Microbiology, School of Pharmacy, Ege University, Izmir, Turkey
| | - Hasan Yurday Cetin
- Department of Anesthesiology and Reanimation, School of Medicine, Izmir University, Izmir, Turkey
| | - Cem Ece
- Department of Anesthesiology and Reanimation, Menemen State Hospital, Izmir, Turkey
| | - Aysegul Baysak
- Department of Chest Diseases, School of Medicine, Izmir University, Izmir, Turkey
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Cabezón E, Ripoll-Rozada J, Peña A, de la Cruz F, Arechaga I. Towards an integrated model of bacterial conjugation. FEMS Microbiol Rev 2014; 39:81-95. [PMID: 25154632 DOI: 10.1111/1574-6976.12085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 124] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Bacterial conjugation is one of the main mechanisms for horizontal gene transfer. It constitutes a key element in the dissemination of antibiotic resistance and virulence genes to human pathogenic bacteria. DNA transfer is mediated by a membrane-associated macromolecular machinery called Type IV secretion system (T4SS). T4SSs are involved not only in bacterial conjugation but also in the transport of virulence factors by pathogenic bacteria. Thus, the search for specific inhibitors of different T4SS components opens a novel approach to restrict plasmid dissemination. This review highlights recent biochemical and structural findings that shed new light on the molecular mechanisms of DNA and protein transport by T4SS. Based on these data, a model for pilus biogenesis and substrate transfer in conjugative systems is proposed. This model provides a renewed view of the mechanism that might help to envisage new strategies to curb the threating expansion of antibiotic resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena Cabezón
- Departamento de Biología Molecular, Instituto de Biomedicina y Biotecnología de Cantabria, IBBTEC, (Universidad de Cantabria, CSIC) Santander, Spain
| | - Jorge Ripoll-Rozada
- Departamento de Biología Molecular, Instituto de Biomedicina y Biotecnología de Cantabria, IBBTEC, (Universidad de Cantabria, CSIC) Santander, Spain
| | - Alejandro Peña
- Departamento de Biología Molecular, Instituto de Biomedicina y Biotecnología de Cantabria, IBBTEC, (Universidad de Cantabria, CSIC) Santander, Spain
| | - Fernando de la Cruz
- Departamento de Biología Molecular, Instituto de Biomedicina y Biotecnología de Cantabria, IBBTEC, (Universidad de Cantabria, CSIC) Santander, Spain
| | - Ignacio Arechaga
- Departamento de Biología Molecular, Instituto de Biomedicina y Biotecnología de Cantabria, IBBTEC, (Universidad de Cantabria, CSIC) Santander, Spain
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Bissonnette L, Bergeron MG. Next revolution in the molecular theranostics of infectious diseases: microfabricated systems for personalized medicine. Expert Rev Mol Diagn 2014; 6:433-50. [PMID: 16706745 DOI: 10.1586/14737159.6.3.433] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
The molecular diagnosis of infectious diseases is currently going through a revolution sustained by the regulatory approval of amplification tests that have been shown to be equivalent or superior to existing gold standard methods. The recent approval of a microarray system for the pharmacogenomic profiling of cytochrome P450-mediated drug metabolism is paving the way to novel, rapid, sensitive, robust and economical microfabricated systems for point-of-care diagnostics, which are utilized closer and closer to the patient's bedside. These systems will enable the multiparametric genetic evaluation of several medical conditions, including infectious diseases. This forecoming revolution will position molecular theranostics in a broader integrated view of personalized medicine, which exploits genetic information from microbes and human hosts to optimize patient management and disease treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luc Bissonnette
- Département de Biologie Médicale (Microbiologie), Faculté de Médecine, Université Laval, Québec City, Canada.
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Xiao S, Abu-Esba L, Turkyilmaz S, White AG, Smith BD. Multivalent dendritic molecules as broad spectrum bacteria agglutination agents. Theranostics 2013; 3:658-66. [PMID: 24052806 PMCID: PMC3776217 DOI: 10.7150/thno.6811] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2013] [Accepted: 06/26/2013] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
This study reports the first set of synthetic molecules that act as broad spectrum agglutination agents and thus are complementary to the specific targeting of antibodies. The molecules have dendritic architecture and contain multiple copies of zinc(II)-dipicolylamine (ZnDPA) units that have selective affinity for the bacterial cell envelope. A series of molecular structures were evaluated, with the number of appended ZnDPA units ranging from four to thirty-two. Agglutination assays showed that the multivalent probes rapidly cross-linked ten different strains of bacteria, regardless of Gram-type and cell morphology. Fluorescence microscopy studies using probes with four ZnDPA units indicated a high selectivity for bacteria agglutination in the presence of mammalian cells and no measurable effect on the health of the cells. The high bacterial selectivity was confirmed by conducting in vivo optical imaging studies of a mouse leg infection model. The results suggest that multivalent ZnDPA molecular probes with dendritic structures have great promise as selective, broad spectrum bacterial agglutination agents for infection imaging and theranostic applications.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Bradley D. Smith
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, 236 Nieuwland Science Hall, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN 46556, USA
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Tiedemann MT, Pinter TBJ, Stillman MJ. Insight into blocking heme transfer by exploiting molecular interactions in the core Isd heme transporters IsdA-NEAT, IsdC-NEAT, and IsdE of Staphylococcus aureus. Metallomics 2012; 4:751-60. [PMID: 22786442 DOI: 10.1039/c2mt20067h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
The pathogenic bacterium Staphylococcus aureus has adopted specialized mechanisms for scavenging iron from its host. The nine cell wall and membrane-associated iron regulated surface determinant (Isd) proteins (IsdH, IsdB, IsdA, IsdC, IsdDEF, IsdG and IsdI) allow Staphylococcus aureus to scavenge iron from the heme in hemoglobin and haptoglobin-hemoglobin. Of these, it is IsdE that chaperones the heme to the ATP binding cassette-type transmembrane transporter (IsdF). IsdH, IsdB, IsdA and IsdC contain at least one heme binding Near Transporter (NEAT) domain. Previous studies have shown that ferric heme is transferred unidirectionally in the sequence IsdA-NEAT (Tyr - proximal amino acid) → IsdC-NEAT (Tyr) → IsdE (His). IsdA-NEAT does not transfer heme directly to IsdE. In this paper we investigated PPIX transfer through the core cell wall proteins of the Isd system (IsdA-NEAT, IsdC-NEAT and IsdE) with FePPIX-dimethylester, and the metal substituted CoPPIX and MnPPIX using ESI-MS, UV-visible absorption and MCD spectroscopy. IsdA binds each of the rings but the subsequent transfer properties to IsdC-N or IsdE are not the same as found with heme. FePPIX-DME transfers from IsdA-N to IsdC-N but neither protein transfers the ring to IsdE. IsdA-N does not transfer CoPPIX to IsdC-N or IsdE. IsdA-N does transfer MnPPIX to both IsdC-N and IsdE. Significantly, it is possible that since CoPPIX and FePPIX-DME bind to IsdA-N, the lack of transfer to IsdC-N and subsequently to IsdE for CoPPIX could prove to be used as a potential disruption agent to the S. aureus heme transfer system and may identify a possible anti-microbial.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael T Tiedemann
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada
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Tiedemann MT, Stillman MJ. Heme binding to the IsdE(M78A; H229A) double mutant: challenging unidirectional heme transfer in the iron-regulated surface determinant protein heme transfer pathway of Staphylococcus aureus. J Biol Inorg Chem 2012; 17:995-1007. [DOI: 10.1007/s00775-012-0914-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2012] [Accepted: 06/07/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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Jiang W, Liu H, Yang YC, Xiao DW, Yu H, Huang WF, Zhou ZH, Chen SL. Repetitive-Sequence-Based Genotyping and Clonal Relationship Analysis ofAcinetobacter baumanniiin Nosocomial Infections. Lab Med 2012. [DOI: 10.1309/lm0pd73qamrsgwyr] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022] Open
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de Niederhäusern S, Bondi M, Messi P, Iseppi R, Sabia C, Manicardi G, Anacarso I. Vancomycin-resistance transferability from VanA enterococci to Staphylococcus aureus. Curr Microbiol 2011; 62:1363-7. [PMID: 21234755 DOI: 10.1007/s00284-011-9868-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2010] [Accepted: 01/04/2011] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
In last decade methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus with high level of vancomycin-resistance (VRSA) have been reported and generally the patients with VRSA infection were also infected with a vancomycin-resistant Enterococcus (VRE). Considering that the high level of vancomycin-resistance in VRSA isolates seems to involve the horizontal transfer of Tn1546 transposon containing vanA gene from coinfecting VRE strains, the authors have studied the "in vitro" conjugative transfer of this resistance from VanA enterococci to S. aureus. Out of 25 matings performed combining five vancomycin-resistant enterococci as donors (three Enterococcus faecalis and two Enterococcus faecium), and five S. aureus as recipients, all clinical isolates, two have been successful using E. faecalis as donor. The transfer of vancomycin-resistance was confirmed by vanA gene amplification in both transconjugants and the resistance was expressed at lower levels (MIC 32 μg/ml) in comparison with the respective VRE donors (MIC > 128 μg/ml). The vancomycin-resistance of trasconjugants was maintained even after subsequent overnight passages on MSA plates containing subinhibitory levels of vancomycin. This study shows that the vanA gene transfer can be achieved through techniques "in vitro" without the use of laboratory animals employed, in the only similar experiment previously carried out by other authors, as substrate for the trasconjugant growth. Moreover, in that previous experiment, contrary to this study, the vancomycin resistant S. aureus trasconjugants were selected on erythromycin agar and not by direct vancomycin agar selection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simona de Niederhäusern
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Via Campi 287, 41125 Modena, Italy
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Arthur RR, LeDuc JW, Hughes JM. Global Surveillance for Emerging Infectious Diseases. TROPICAL INFECTIOUS DISEASES: PRINCIPLES, PATHOGENS AND PRACTICE 2011. [PMCID: PMC7149333 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-7020-3935-5.00014-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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Muryoi N, Tiedemann MT, Pluym M, Cheung J, Heinrichs DE, Stillman MJ. Demonstration of the iron-regulated surface determinant (Isd) heme transfer pathway in Staphylococcus aureus. J Biol Chem 2008; 283:28125-36. [PMID: 18676371 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m802171200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 120] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
In this study, we report experimental results that provide the first complete challenge of a proposed model for heme acquisition by Staphylococcus aureus via the Isd pathway first put forth by Mazmanian, S. K., Skaar, E. P., Gaspar, A. H., Humayun, M., Gornicki, P., Jelenska, J., Joachmiak, A., Missiakas, D. M., and Schneewind, O. (2003) Science 299, 906-909. The heme-binding NEAT domains of Isd proteins IsdA, IsdB (domain 2), IsdC, and HarA/IsdH (domain 3), and the heme-binding IsdE protein, were overexpressed and purified in apo (heme-free) form. Absorption and magnetic circular dichroism spectral data, together with electrospray ionization mass spectrometry were used to unambiguously identify that heme transfers from NEAT-A through NEAT-C to IsdE. Heme transfer was demonstrated to occur in a unidirectional fashion in the sequence NEAT-B2 --> NEAT-A --> NEAT-C --> IsdE or, alternatively, initiating from NEAT-H3 instead of NEAT-B2: NEAT-H3 --> NEAT-A --> NEAT-C --> IsdE. Under the conditions of our experiments, only NEAT-H3 and NEAT-B2 could transfer bidirectionally, which is in the reverse direction as well, and only with each other. Whereas apo-IsdE readily accepted heme from holo-NEAT-C, it would not accept heme from holo-NEAT-A. Heme transfer to IsdE requires the presence of holo-NEAT-C, in agreement with the proposal that IsdC serves as the central conduit of the heme transfer pathway. These experimental findings corroborate the heme transfer model first proposed by the Schneewind group. Our data show that heme transport from the wall-anchored IsdH/IsdB proteins proceeds directly to IsdE at the membrane and, for this to occur, we propose that specific protein-protein interactions must take place.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naomi Muryoi
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario N6A 5C1, Canada
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Siegel JD, Rhinehart E, Jackson M, Chiarello L. Management of multidrug-resistant organisms in health care settings, 2006. Am J Infect Control 2007; 35:S165-93. [PMID: 18068814 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajic.2007.10.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 672] [Impact Index Per Article: 39.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jane D Siegel
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
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Siegel JD, Rhinehart E, Jackson M, Chiarello L. 2007 Guideline for Isolation Precautions: Preventing Transmission of Infectious Agents in Health Care Settings. Am J Infect Control 2007; 35:S65-164. [PMID: 18068815 PMCID: PMC7119119 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajic.2007.10.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1630] [Impact Index Per Article: 95.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
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Counts JM, Astles JR, Tenover FC, Hindler J. Systems approach to improving antimicrobial susceptibility testing in clinical laboratories in the United States. J Clin Microbiol 2007; 45:2230-4. [PMID: 17522281 PMCID: PMC1933004 DOI: 10.1128/jcm.00184-07] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Laboratory practice in the preanalytical phase of antimicrobial susceptibility testing (AST) was evaluated in 102 hospital, reference, physician office-clinic, and public health laboratories in Washington state. Surveys were sent to evaluate (i) use of NCCLS/CLSI (formerly NCCLS) AST performance standards, (ii) technical competence in AST case studies, challenging knowledge of contemporary testing issues, and (iii) choice of antimicrobial agents to test for Streptococcus pneumoniae. Numerous deficiencies were identified in the survey: (i) initially only 40% of the laboratories surveyed used current NCCLS/CLSI AST performance standards, (ii) the rate of accurate responses for three different case studies ranged from 29% to 69%, and (iii) variation was noted in the choice of antimicrobials tested against invasive isolates of S. pneumoniae. These deficiencies could affect therapy and detection of antimicrobial resistance. Several educational programs were implemented to improve AST policies and practices, and a follow-up survey indicated that four intervention strategies were most effective: (i) regional technical workshops, (ii) National Laboratory Training Network teleconferences, (iii) use of the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) CD-ROM on AST, and (iv) the CDC Multilevel Antimicrobial Susceptibility Testing Resource website. The interventions could be implemented more widely in the United States to improve AST knowledge and practices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jon M Counts
- University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98121, USA.
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Pezzati E, Marengo S, Roveta S, Cassanelli C, Maioli E, Cavallini F, Cagnacci S, Gualco L, Marchese A, Debbia EA. Evaluation of the Uro-Quick system for antibiotic susceptibility tests of strains collected from intensive care units. ANN MICROBIOL 2006. [DOI: 10.1007/bf03175002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
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Roveta S, Marchese A, Debbia EA. Antibiotic susceptibility tests directly on urine samples using Uro-Quick, a rapid automated system. J Chemother 2006; 18:12-9. [PMID: 16572888 DOI: 10.1179/joc.2006.18.1.12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/31/2022]
Abstract
During the period June 2003-March 2004, 12,579 urine samples were examined employing the Uro-Quick system. Positive samples (1,948) were subsequently Gram-stained and processed by standard procedures for microorganism identification and antibiotic susceptibility determination by the disk diffusion method. Results of this latter test were compared with those obtained employing the new rapid Uro-Quick method. Antibiotics were introduced in vials containing 2 ml of Mueller-Hinton broth, then 0.5 ml of urine or a bacterial suspension in broth were added; a vial without drug was used as control. After 3 and 5 hours of incubation (for Gram-negative and Gram-positive strains respectively) the instrument showed the results. No growth and a growth curve like the control indicated susceptible and resistant strains respectively. Overall 1,590 Gram-negative strains were tested against ciprofloxacin, nitrofurantoin, amoxicillin-clavulanate, ceftazidime, fosfomycin, imipenem, amikacin, trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole, and piperacillin-tazobactam, while 358 Gram-positive bacteria were assessed against ciprofloxacin, nitrofurantoin, amoxicillin-clavulanate, ampicillin, fosfomycin, gentamicin, oxacillin and trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole. Against the major urinary tract pathogens (Escherichia. coli, enterococci, Klebsiella spp. and Proteus spp.) agreement between the Uro-Quick system and the disk diffusion test generally was >90% for all antibiotics tested. On the basis of these results the system appears useful not only for bacteriuria screening, but also to rapidly test the antibiotic susceptibility of common uropathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Roveta
- Institute of Microbiology, CA Romanzi, DISCAT, University of Genoa, Italy
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Gould IM. The clinical significance of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus. J Hosp Infect 2005; 61:277-82. [PMID: 16216384 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhin.2005.06.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2005] [Accepted: 06/07/2005] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) is responsible for the largest outbreak of hospital-acquired infection (HAI) that the world has ever seen. It is not replacing methicillin-susceptible S. aureus (MSSA), but seems largely to be an additional burden of HAI with double the mortality of MSSA infections, at least in the bacteraemic form. It is often highly transmissible and carriage seems to lead to clinical infection much more frequently than with MSSA carriage. Additional screening for MRSA needs to be performed, not only to establish the size of the problem and to allow initiation of decolonization measures to prevent the onset of clinical disease, but also to allow implementation of infection control precautions that will be necessary to control the epidemic. MRSA is a huge clinical burden that is causing great public and political concern. Current treatments are suboptimal. Control measures are likely to be effective and cost saving if they have a broad enough base, and should be implemented without further delay.
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Affiliation(s)
- I M Gould
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Aberdeen Royal Infirmary, Foresterhill, UK.
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Molteni V, Kreusch A. Peptide deformylase inhibitors: a survey of the patent literature. Expert Opin Ther Pat 2005. [DOI: 10.1517/13543776.15.10.1423] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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Mussi MA, Limansky AS, Viale AM. Acquisition of resistance to carbapenems in multidrug-resistant clinical strains of Acinetobacter baumannii: natural insertional inactivation of a gene encoding a member of a novel family of beta-barrel outer membrane proteins. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2005; 49:1432-40. [PMID: 15793123 PMCID: PMC1068641 DOI: 10.1128/aac.49.4.1432-1440.2005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 192] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The outer membrane proteins responsible for the influx of carbapenem beta-lactam antibiotics in the nonfermentative gram-negative pathogen Acinetobacter baumannii are still poorly characterized. Resistance to both imipenem and meropenem in multidrug-resistant clinical strains of A. baumannii is associated with the loss of a heat-modifiable 29-kDa outer membrane protein, designated CarO. The chromosomal locus containing the carO gene was cloned and characterized from different clinical isolates. Only one carO copy, present in a single transcriptional unit, was found in the A. baumannii genome. The carO gene encodes a polypeptide of 247 amino acid residues with a typical N-terminal signal sequence and a predicted transmembrane beta-barrel topology. Its absence from different carbapenem-resistant clinical isolates of A. baumannii resulted from the disruption of carO by distinct insertion elements. The overall data thus support the notion that CarO participates in the influx of carbapenem antibiotics in A. baumannii. Moreover, database searches identified the presence of carO homologs only in species of the genera Acinetobacter, Moraxella, and Psychrobacter, disclosing the existence of a novel family of outer membrane proteins restricted to the family Moraxellaceae of the class gamma-Proteobacteria.
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Affiliation(s)
- María A Mussi
- Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular de Rosario (IBR, CONICET) and Departamento de Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias Bioquímicas y Farmacéuticas, Universidad Nacional de Rosario, Suipacha 531, 2000 Rosario, Argentina
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Implementation of an Antibiotic Advisory Team at a Private Nonteaching Hospital. INFECTIOUS DISEASES IN CLINICAL PRACTICE 2005. [DOI: 10.1097/01.idc.0000155835.70718.eb] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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McGowan JE. Reply to Ambrose et al. Clin Infect Dis 2004. [DOI: 10.1086/425509] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
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McGowan JE. Editorial Commentary: Minimizing Antimicrobial Resistance: The Key Role of the Infectious Diseases Physician. Clin Infect Dis 2004; 38:939-42. [PMID: 15034824 DOI: 10.1086/382363] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2003] [Accepted: 12/17/2003] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
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