1
|
Baltar J, Miranda RM, Cabral M, Rebelo S, Grahammer F, Huber TB, Reguenga C, Monteiro FA. Neph1 is required for neurite branching and is negatively regulated by the PRRXL1 homeodomain factor in the developing spinal cord dorsal horn. Neural Dev 2024; 19:13. [PMID: 39049046 PMCID: PMC11271021 DOI: 10.1186/s13064-024-00190-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2024] [Accepted: 07/05/2024] [Indexed: 07/27/2024] Open
Abstract
The cell-adhesion molecule NEPH1 is required for maintaining the structural integrity and function of the glomerulus in the kidneys. In the nervous system of Drosophila and C. elegans, it is involved in synaptogenesis and axon branching, which are essential for establishing functional circuits. In the mammalian nervous system, the expression regulation and function of Neph1 has barely been explored. In this study, we provide a spatiotemporal characterization of Neph1 expression in mouse dorsal root ganglia (DRGs) and spinal cord. After the neurogenic phase, Neph1 is broadly expressed in the DRGs and in their putative targets at the dorsal horn of the spinal cord, comprising both GABAergic and glutamatergic neurons. Interestingly, we found that PRRXL1, a homeodomain transcription factor that is required for proper establishment of the DRG-spinal cord circuit, prevents a premature expression of Neph1 in the superficial laminae of the dorsal spinal cord at E14.5, but has no regulatory effect on the DRGs or on either structure at E16.5. By chromatin immunoprecipitation analysis of the dorsal spinal cord, we identified four PRRXL1-bound regions within the Neph1 introns, suggesting that PRRXL1 directly regulates Neph1 transcription. We also showed that Neph1 is required for branching, especially at distal neurites. Together, our work showed that Prrxl1 prevents the early expression of Neph1 in the superficial dorsal horn, suggesting that Neph1 might function as a downstream effector gene for proper assembly of the DRG-spinal nociceptive circuit.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- João Baltar
- Unidade de Biologia Experimental, Departamento de Biomedicina, FMUP - Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
- Pain Neurobiology, IBMC - Instituto de Biologia Celular e Molecular, Porto, Portugal
- i3S - Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Rafael Mendes Miranda
- Unidade de Biologia Experimental, Departamento de Biomedicina, FMUP - Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
- Pain Neurobiology, IBMC - Instituto de Biologia Celular e Molecular, Porto, Portugal
- i3S - Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Maria Cabral
- Unidade de Biologia Experimental, Departamento de Biomedicina, FMUP - Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
- Pain Neurobiology, IBMC - Instituto de Biologia Celular e Molecular, Porto, Portugal
- i3S - Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Sandra Rebelo
- Unidade de Biologia Experimental, Departamento de Biomedicina, FMUP - Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
- Pain Neurobiology, IBMC - Instituto de Biologia Celular e Molecular, Porto, Portugal
- i3S - Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
- Departamento de Patologia Clínica, Centro Hospitalar Universitário São João, Porto, Portugal
| | - Florian Grahammer
- III. Department of Medicine, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
- Hamburg Center for Kidney Health (HCKH), University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Tobias B Huber
- III. Department of Medicine, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
- Hamburg Center for Kidney Health (HCKH), University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Carlos Reguenga
- Unidade de Biologia Experimental, Departamento de Biomedicina, FMUP - Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
- Pain Neurobiology, IBMC - Instituto de Biologia Celular e Molecular, Porto, Portugal
- i3S - Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Filipe Almeida Monteiro
- Unidade de Biologia Experimental, Departamento de Biomedicina, FMUP - Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal.
- Pain Neurobiology, IBMC - Instituto de Biologia Celular e Molecular, Porto, Portugal.
- i3S - Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Xu J, Huang LJ, Fang Z, Luo HM, Chen YQ, Li YJ, Gong CZ, Chen H. Spinal dI4 Interneuron Differentiation From Human Pluripotent Stem Cells. Front Mol Neurosci 2022; 15:845875. [PMID: 35465095 PMCID: PMC9026311 DOI: 10.3389/fnmol.2022.845875] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2021] [Accepted: 03/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Spinal interneurons (INs) form intricate local networks in the spinal cord and regulate not only the ascending and descending nerve transduction but also the central pattern generator function. They are therefore potential therapeutic targets in spinal cord injury and diseases. In this study, we devised a reproducible protocol to differentiate human pluripotent stem cells (hPSCs) from enriched spinal dI4 inhibitory GABAergic INs. The protocol is designed based on developmental principles and optimized by using small molecules to maximize its reproducibility. The protocol comprises induction of neuroepithelia, patterning of neuroepithelia to dorsal spinal progenitors, expansion of the progenitors in suspension, and finally differentiation into mature neurons. In particular, we employed both morphogen activators and inhibitors to restrict or “squeeze” the progenitor fate during the stage of neural patterning. We use retinoic acid (RA) which ventralizes cells up to the mid-dorsal region, with cyclopamine (CYC), an SHH inhibitor, to antagonize the ventralization effect of RA, yielding highly enriched dI4 progenitors (90% Ptf1a+, 90.7% Ascl1+). The ability to generate enriched spinal dI4 GABAergicINs will likely facilitate the study of human spinal IN development and regenerative therapies for traumatic injuries and diseases of the spinal cord.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jia Xu
- Department of Rehabilitation, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
- Stem Cell Research Center, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Liang-Jiang Huang
- Department of Rehabilitation, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Zhengyu Fang
- Department of Rehabilitation, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Hong-Mei Luo
- Department of Rehabilitation, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Yun-Qiang Chen
- Department of Rehabilitation, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Ya-Jie Li
- Department of Rehabilitation, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
- Stem Cell Research Center, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Chen-Zi Gong
- Department of Neurological Rehabilitation, Taihe Hospital, Hubei University of Medicine, Shiyan, China
| | - Hong Chen
- Department of Rehabilitation, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
- Stem Cell Research Center, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
- *Correspondence: Hong Chen
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Torruella-Gonzalez S, Slater PG, Lee-Liu D, Larraín J. Cornifelin expression during Xenopus laevis metamorphosis and in response to spinal cord injury. Gene Expr Patterns 2022; 43:119234. [DOI: 10.1016/j.gep.2022.119234] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2021] [Revised: 01/25/2022] [Accepted: 02/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
|
4
|
Zhang Q, Wu X, Fan Y, Jiang P, Zhao Y, Yang Y, Han S, Xu B, Chen B, Han J, Sun M, Zhao G, Xiao Z, Hu Y, Dai J. Single-cell analysis reveals dynamic changes of neural cells in developing human spinal cord. EMBO Rep 2021; 22:e52728. [PMID: 34605607 PMCID: PMC8567249 DOI: 10.15252/embr.202152728] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2021] [Revised: 07/25/2021] [Accepted: 09/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
During central nervous system development, neurogenesis and gliogenesis occur in an orderly manner to create precise neural circuitry. However, no systematic dataset of neural lineage development that covers both neurogenesis and gliogenesis for the human spinal cord is available. We here perform single-cell RNA sequencing of human spinal cord cells during embryonic and fetal stages that cover neuron generation as well as astrocytes and oligodendrocyte differentiation. We also map the timeline of sensory neurogenesis and gliogenesis in the spinal cord. We further identify a group of EGFR-expressing transitional glial cells with radial morphology at the onset of gliogenesis, which progressively acquires differentiated glial cell characteristics. These EGFR-expressing transitional glial cells exhibited a unique position-specific feature during spinal cord development. Cell crosstalk analysis using CellPhoneDB indicated that EGFR glial cells can persistently interact with other neural cells during development through Delta-Notch and EGFR signaling. Together, our results reveal stage-specific profiles and dynamics of neural cells during human spinal cord development.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Qi Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Developmental BiologyInstitute of Genetics and Developmental BiologyChinese Academy of SciencesBeijingChina
| | - Xianming Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Developmental BiologyInstitute of Genetics and Developmental BiologyChinese Academy of SciencesBeijingChina
| | - Yongheng Fan
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Developmental BiologyInstitute of Genetics and Developmental BiologyChinese Academy of SciencesBeijingChina
| | - Peipei Jiang
- Department of Obstetrics and GynecologyThe Affiliated Drum Tower Hospital of Nanjing University Medical SchoolNanjingChina
| | - Yannan Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Developmental BiologyInstitute of Genetics and Developmental BiologyChinese Academy of SciencesBeijingChina
| | - Yaming Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Developmental BiologyInstitute of Genetics and Developmental BiologyChinese Academy of SciencesBeijingChina
| | - Sufang Han
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Developmental BiologyInstitute of Genetics and Developmental BiologyChinese Academy of SciencesBeijingChina
| | - Bai Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Developmental BiologyInstitute of Genetics and Developmental BiologyChinese Academy of SciencesBeijingChina
| | - Bing Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Developmental BiologyInstitute of Genetics and Developmental BiologyChinese Academy of SciencesBeijingChina
| | - Jin Han
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Developmental BiologyInstitute of Genetics and Developmental BiologyChinese Academy of SciencesBeijingChina
| | - Minghan Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Developmental BiologyInstitute of Genetics and Developmental BiologyChinese Academy of SciencesBeijingChina
| | - Guangfeng Zhao
- Department of Obstetrics and GynecologyThe Affiliated Drum Tower Hospital of Nanjing University Medical SchoolNanjingChina
| | - Zhifeng Xiao
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Developmental BiologyInstitute of Genetics and Developmental BiologyChinese Academy of SciencesBeijingChina
| | - Yali Hu
- Department of Obstetrics and GynecologyThe Affiliated Drum Tower Hospital of Nanjing University Medical SchoolNanjingChina
| | - Jianwu Dai
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Developmental BiologyInstitute of Genetics and Developmental BiologyChinese Academy of SciencesBeijingChina
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Abstract
Preparations of peripheral sensory neurons from rodents are essential for studying the molecular mechanism of neuronal survival and physiology. Although, isolating and culturing these neurons proves difficult, often these preparations are contaminated with nonneuronal proliferating cells. Here, we describe an isolation method using a Percoll gradient and an antimitotic reagent to significantly reduce the nonneuronal cell contamination while maintaining the integrity of the rodent sensory dorsal root ganglia (DRG) neurons.
Collapse
|
6
|
Shinozuka T, Takada S. Morphological and Functional Changes of Roof Plate Cells in Spinal Cord Development. J Dev Biol 2021; 9:jdb9030030. [PMID: 34449633 PMCID: PMC8395932 DOI: 10.3390/jdb9030030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2021] [Revised: 07/27/2021] [Accepted: 07/28/2021] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
The most dorsal region, or roof plate, is the dorsal organizing center of developing spinal cord. This region is also involved in development of neural crest cells, which are the source of migratory neural crest cells. During early development of the spinal cord, roof plate cells secrete signaling molecules, such as Wnt and BMP family proteins, which regulate development of neural crest cells and dorsal spinal cord. After the dorso-ventral pattern is established, spinal cord dynamically changes its morphology. With this morphological transformation, the lumen of the spinal cord gradually shrinks to form the central canal, a cavity filled with cerebrospinal fluid that is connected to the ventricular system of the brain. The dorsal half of the spinal cord is separated by a glial structure called the dorsal (or posterior) median septum. However, underlying mechanisms of such morphological transformation are just beginning to be understood. Recent studies reveal that roof plate cells dramatically stretch along the dorso-ventral axis, accompanied by reduction of the spinal cord lumen. During this stretching process, the tips of roof plate cells maintain contact with cells surrounding the shrinking lumen, eventually exposed to the inner surface of the central canal. Interestingly, Wnt expression remains in stretched roof plate cells and activates Wnt/β-catenin signaling in ependymal cells surrounding the central canal. Wnt/β-catenin signaling in ependymal cells promotes proliferation of neural progenitor and stem cells in embryonic and adult spinal cord. In this review, we focus on the role of the roof plate, especially that of Wnt ligands secreted by roof plate cells, in morphological changes occurring in the spinal cord.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Takuma Shinozuka
- Exploratory Research Center on Life and Living Systems, National Institutes of Natural Sciences, 5-1 Higashiyama, Myodaiji, Aichi, Okazaki 444-8787, Japan
- National Institute for Basic Biology, National Institutes of Natural Sciences, 5-1 Higashiyama, Myodaiji, Aichi, Okazaki 444-8787, Japan
- Correspondence: (T.S.); (S.T.)
| | - Shinji Takada
- Exploratory Research Center on Life and Living Systems, National Institutes of Natural Sciences, 5-1 Higashiyama, Myodaiji, Aichi, Okazaki 444-8787, Japan
- National Institute for Basic Biology, National Institutes of Natural Sciences, 5-1 Higashiyama, Myodaiji, Aichi, Okazaki 444-8787, Japan
- Department of Basic Biology, School of Life Science, The Graduate University for Advanced Studies (SOKENDAI), 5-1 Higashiyama, Myodaiji, Aichi, Okazaki 444-8787, Japan
- Correspondence: (T.S.); (S.T.)
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Monteiro FA, Miranda RM, Samina MC, Dias AF, Raposo AASF, Oliveira P, Reguenga C, Castro DS, Lima D. Tlx3 Exerts Direct Control in Specifying Excitatory Over Inhibitory Neurons in the Dorsal Spinal Cord. Front Cell Dev Biol 2021; 9:642697. [PMID: 33996801 PMCID: PMC8117147 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2021.642697] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2020] [Accepted: 03/30/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
The spinal cord dorsal horn is a major station for integration and relay of somatosensory information and comprises both excitatory and inhibitory neuronal populations. The homeobox gene Tlx3 acts as a selector gene to control the development of late-born excitatory (dILB) neurons by specifying glutamatergic transmitter fate in dorsal spinal cord. However, since Tlx3 direct transcriptional targets remain largely unknown, it remains to be uncovered how Tlx3 functions to promote excitatory cell fate. Here we combined a genomics approach based on chromatin immunoprecipitation followed by next generation sequencing (ChIP-seq) and expression profiling, with validation experiments in Tlx3 null embryos, to characterize the transcriptional program of Tlx3 in mouse embryonic dorsal spinal cord. We found most dILB neuron specific genes previously identified to be directly activated by Tlx3. Surprisingly, we found Tlx3 also directly represses many genes associated with the alternative inhibitory dILA neuronal fate. In both cases, direct targets include transcription factors and terminal differentiation genes, showing that Tlx3 directly controls cell identity at distinct levels. Our findings provide a molecular frame for the master regulatory role of Tlx3 in developing glutamatergic dILB neurons. In addition, they suggest a novel function for Tlx3 as direct repressor of GABAergic dILA identity, pointing to how generation of the two alternative cell fates being tightly coupled.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Filipe A Monteiro
- Unidade de Biologia Experimental, Departamento de Biomedicina, Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal.,Pain Research Group, Instituto de Biologia Molecular e Celular, Porto, Portugal.,Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Rafael M Miranda
- Unidade de Biologia Experimental, Departamento de Biomedicina, Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal.,Pain Research Group, Instituto de Biologia Molecular e Celular, Porto, Portugal.,Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Marta C Samina
- Unidade de Biologia Experimental, Departamento de Biomedicina, Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal.,Pain Research Group, Instituto de Biologia Molecular e Celular, Porto, Portugal.,Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Ana F Dias
- Pain Research Group, Instituto de Biologia Molecular e Celular, Porto, Portugal.,Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal.,Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas Abel Salazar, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Alexandre A S F Raposo
- Molecular Neurobiology Group, Instituto Gulbenkian de Ciência, Oeiras, Portugal.,Instituto de Medicina Molecular João Lobo Antunes, Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Patrícia Oliveira
- Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal.,Diagnostics, Institute of Molecular Pathology and Immunology, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Carlos Reguenga
- Unidade de Biologia Experimental, Departamento de Biomedicina, Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal.,Pain Research Group, Instituto de Biologia Molecular e Celular, Porto, Portugal.,Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Diogo S Castro
- Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal.,Molecular Neurobiology Group, Instituto Gulbenkian de Ciência, Oeiras, Portugal.,Stem Cells & Neurogenesis Group, Instituto de Biologia Molecular e Celular, Porto, Portugal
| | - Deolinda Lima
- Unidade de Biologia Experimental, Departamento de Biomedicina, Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal.,Pain Research Group, Instituto de Biologia Molecular e Celular, Porto, Portugal.,Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Wu Y, Peng S, Finnell RH, Zheng Y. Organoids as a new model system to study neural tube defects. FASEB J 2021; 35:e21545. [PMID: 33729606 PMCID: PMC9189980 DOI: 10.1096/fj.202002348r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2020] [Revised: 02/02/2021] [Accepted: 03/09/2021] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
The neural tube is the first critically important structure that develops in the embryo. It serves as the primordium of the central nervous system; therefore, the proper formation of the neural tube is essential to the developing organism. Neural tube defects (NTDs) are severe congenital defects caused by failed neural tube closure during early embryogenesis. The pathogenesis of NTDs is complicated and still not fully understood even after decades of research. While it is an ethically impossible proposition to investigate the in vivo formation process of the neural tube in human embryos, a newly developed technology involving the creation of neural tube organoids serves as an excellent model system with which to study human neural tube formation and the occurrence of NTDs. Herein we reviewed the recent literature on the process of neural tube formation, the progress of NTDs investigations, and particularly the exciting potential to use neural tube organoids to model the cellular and molecular mechanisms underlying the etiology of NTDs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yu Wu
- Department of Cellular and Developmental Biology, School of life sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
- Obstetrics & Gynecology Hospital, The institute of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Sisi Peng
- Department of Cellular and Developmental Biology, School of life sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
- Obstetrics & Gynecology Hospital, The institute of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Richard H. Finnell
- Center for Precision Environmental Health, Departments of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Molecular and Human Genetics and Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TA, USA
| | - Yufang Zheng
- Department of Cellular and Developmental Biology, School of life sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
- Obstetrics & Gynecology Hospital, The institute of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Gbx1 and Gbx2 Are Essential for Normal Patterning and Development of Interneurons and Motor Neurons in the Embryonic Spinal Cord. J Dev Biol 2020; 8:jdb8020009. [PMID: 32244588 PMCID: PMC7345146 DOI: 10.3390/jdb8020009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2019] [Revised: 03/01/2020] [Accepted: 03/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The molecular mechanisms regulating neurogenesis involve the control of gene expression by transcription factors. Gbx1 and Gbx2, two members of the Gbx family of homeodomain-containing transcription factors, are known for their essential roles in central nervous system development. The expression domains of mouse Gbx1 and Gbx2 include regions of the forebrain, anterior hindbrain, and spinal cord. In the spinal cord, Gbx1 and Gbx2 are expressed in PAX2+ interneurons of the dorsal horn and ventral motor neuron progenitors. Based on their shared domains of expression and instances of overlap, we investigated the functional relationship between Gbx family members in the developing spinal cord using Gbx1−/−, Gbx2−/−, and Gbx1−/−/Gbx2−/− embryos. In situ hybridization analyses of embryonic spinal cords show upregulation of Gbx2 expression in Gbx1−/− embryos and upregulation of Gbx1 expression in Gbx2−/− embryos. Additionally, our data demonstrate that Gbx genes regulate development of a subset of PAX2+ dorsal inhibitory interneurons. While we observe no difference in overall proliferative status of the developing ependymal layer, expansion of proliferative cells into the anatomically defined mantle zone occurs in Gbx mutants. Lastly, our data shows a marked increase in apoptotic cell death in the ventral spinal cord of Gbx mutants during mid-embryonic stages. While our studies reveal that both members of the Gbx gene family are involved in development of subsets of PAX2+ dorsal interneurons and survival of ventral motor neurons, Gbx1 and Gbx2 are not sufficient to genetically compensate for the loss of one another. Thus, our studies provide novel insight to the relationship harbored between Gbx1 and Gbx2 in spinal cord development.
Collapse
|
10
|
Generating ventral spinal organoids from human induced pluripotent stem cells. Methods Cell Biol 2020; 159:257-277. [DOI: 10.1016/bs.mcb.2020.03.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/04/2022]
|
11
|
Masgutova G, Harris A, Jacob B, Corcoran LM, Clotman F. Pou2f2 Regulates the Distribution of Dorsal Interneurons in the Mouse Developing Spinal Cord. Front Mol Neurosci 2019; 12:263. [PMID: 31787878 PMCID: PMC6853997 DOI: 10.3389/fnmol.2019.00263] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2019] [Accepted: 10/16/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Spinal dorsal interneurons, which are generated during embryonic development, relay and process sensory inputs from the periphery to the central nervous system. Proper integration of these cells into neuronal circuitry depends on their correct positioning within the spinal parenchyma. Molecular cues that control neuronal migration have been extensively characterized but the genetic programs that regulate their production remain poorly investigated. Onecut (OC) transcription factors have been shown to control the migration of the dorsal interneurons (dINs) during spinal cord development. Here, we report that the OC factors moderate the expression of Pou2f2, a transcription factor essential for B-cell differentiation, in spinal dINs. Overexpression or inactivation of Pou2f2 leads to alterations in the differentiation of dI2, dI3 and Phox2a-positive dI5 populations and to defects in the distribution of dI2-dI6 interneurons. Thus, an OC-Pou2f2 genetic cascade regulates adequate diversification and distribution of dINs during embryonic development.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Gauhar Masgutova
- Université catholique de Louvain, Institute of Neuroscience, Laboratory of Neural Differentiation, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Audrey Harris
- Université catholique de Louvain, Institute of Neuroscience, Laboratory of Neural Differentiation, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Benvenuto Jacob
- Université catholique de Louvain, Institute of Neuroscience, System and Cognition Division, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Lynn M Corcoran
- Molecular Immunology Division and Immunology Division, The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Frédéric Clotman
- Université catholique de Louvain, Institute of Neuroscience, Laboratory of Neural Differentiation, Brussels, Belgium
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Deer TR, Levy RM, Kramer J, Poree L, Amirdelfan K, Grigsby E, Staats P, Burgher AH, Scowcroft J, Golovac S, Kapural L, Paicius R, Pope JE, Samuel S, Porter McRoberts W, Schaufele M, Burton AW, Raza A, Agnesi F, Mekhail N. Comparison of Paresthesia Coverage of Patient's Pain: Dorsal Root Ganglion vs. Spinal Cord Stimulation. An ACCURATE Study Sub-Analysis. Neuromodulation 2019; 22:930-936. [PMID: 30624003 DOI: 10.1111/ner.12920] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2018] [Revised: 11/14/2018] [Accepted: 11/30/2018] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES This was a sub-analysis of the ACCURATE clinical trial that evaluated the accuracy and necessity of targeting paresthesia coverage of painful areas with dorsal root ganglion (DRG) stimulation vs. tonic spinal cord stimulation (SCS). MATERIALS AND METHODS On diagrams of the torso and lower limbs, subjects marked where they felt pain at baseline and paresthesias at three months postimplant. Seventy-five subjects (41 DRG and 34 SCS) with diagrams of sufficient quality were scanned, digitized, and included in this analysis. Subject completed diagrams were digitized and superimposed with a grid of 1398 squares. Quantification of the percentage of bodily areas affected by pain and stimulation induced paresthesias was performed. RESULTS The percent of painful areas covered by paresthesia was significantly lower for DRG subjects than for SCS subjects (13% vs. 28% of the painful regions, p < 0.05), possibly because significantly more DRG subjects felt no paresthesia during stimulation when compared to SCS subjects (13/41 DRG vs. 3/34 SCS) (p < 0.05). The amount of paresthesia produced outside the painful areas (unrequired paresthesia) was significantly lower in DRG subjects than that of SCS subjects. On average, the percent of unrequired paresthesia was only 20% of the subjects' total painful body surface area in the DRG group compared to 210% in the SCS group (p < 0.01). CONCLUSIONS The results of this ACCURATE study sub-analysis show that DRG stimulation produces paresthesias, on average, that are less frequent, less intense, with a smaller footprint on the body and less dependent on positional changes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Jeffery Kramer
- Volta Research, USA.,University of Illinois, College of Medicine, IL, USA
| | - Lawrence Poree
- University of California at San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | | | | | - Peter Staats
- Premier Pain Center, Shrewsbury Township, NJ, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Adil Raza
- Abbott Neuromodulation, Plano, TX, USA
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
13
|
Mondello SE, Sunshine MD, Fischedick AE, Dreyer SJ, Horwitz GD, Anikeeva P, Horner PJ, Moritz CT. Optogenetic surface stimulation of the rat cervical spinal cord. J Neurophysiol 2018; 120:795-811. [DOI: 10.1152/jn.00461.2017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Electrical intraspinal microstimulation (ISMS) at various sites along the cervical spinal cord permits forelimb muscle activation, elicits complex limb movements and may enhance functional recovery after spinal cord injury. Here, we explore optogenetic spinal stimulation (OSS) as a less invasive and cell type-specific alternative to ISMS. To map forelimb muscle activation by OSS in rats, adeno-associated viruses (AAV) carrying the blue-light sensitive ion channels channelrhodopsin-2 (ChR2) and Chronos were injected into the cervical spinal cord at different depths and volumes. Following an AAV incubation period of several weeks, OSS-induced forelimb muscle activation and movements were assessed at 16 sites along the dorsal surface of the cervical spinal cord. Three distinct movement types were observed. We find that AAV injection volume and depth can be titrated to achieve OSS-based activation of several movements. Optical stimulation of the spinal cord is thus a promising method for dissecting the function of spinal circuitry and targeting therapies following injury. NEW & NOTEWORTHY Optogenetics in the spinal cord can be used both for therapeutic treatments and to uncover basic mechanisms of spinal cord physiology. For the first time, we describe the methodology and outcomes of optogenetic surface stimulation of the rat spinal cord. Specifically, we describe the evoked responses of forelimbs and address the effects of different adeno-associated virus injection paradigms. Additionally, we are the first to report on the limitations of light penetration through the rat spinal cord.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- S. E. Mondello
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington
- Center for Sensorimotor Neural Engineering, Seattle, Washington
| | - M. D. Sunshine
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington
- Center for Sensorimotor Neural Engineering, Seattle, Washington
| | - A. E. Fischedick
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington
| | - S. J. Dreyer
- Center for Sensorimotor Neural Engineering, Seattle, Washington
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Illinois, Chicago, Illinois
| | - G. D. Horwitz
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington
- Graduate Program in Neuroscience, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington
- Washington National Primate Research Center, Seattle, Washington
| | - P. Anikeeva
- Center for Sensorimotor Neural Engineering, Seattle, Washington
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts
- Research Laboratory of Electronics, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts
| | - P. J. Horner
- Center for Neuroregeneration, Department of Neurological Surgery, Houston Methodist Research Institute, Houston, Texas
| | - C. T. Moritz
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington
- University of Washington Institute for Neuroengineering, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington
- Graduate Program in Neuroscience, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington
- Center for Sensorimotor Neural Engineering, Seattle, Washington
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Merighi A. The histology, physiology, neurochemistry and circuitry of the substantia gelatinosa Rolandi (lamina II) in mammalian spinal cord. Prog Neurobiol 2018; 169:91-134. [PMID: 29981393 DOI: 10.1016/j.pneurobio.2018.06.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2017] [Revised: 06/07/2018] [Accepted: 06/30/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The substantia gelatinosa Rolandi (SGR) was first described about two centuries ago. In the following decades an enormous amount of information has permitted us to understand - at least in part - its role in the initial processing of pain and itch. Here, I will first provide a comprehensive picture of the histology, physiology, and neurochemistry of the normal SGR. Then, I will analytically discuss the SGR circuits that have been directly demonstrated or deductively envisaged in the course of the intensive research on this area of the spinal cord, with particular emphasis on the pathways connecting the primary afferent fibers and the intrinsic neurons. The perspective existence of neurochemically-defined sets of primary afferent neurons giving rise to these circuits will be also discussed, with the proposition that a cross-talk between different subsets of peptidergic fibers may be the structural and functional substrate of additional gating mechanisms in SGR. Finally, I highlight the role played by slow acting high molecular weight modulators in these gating mechanisms.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Adalberto Merighi
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Turin, Largo Paolo Braccini 2, I-10095 Grugliasco (TO), Italy.
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Tsubouchi A, Yano T, Yokoyama TK, Murtin C, Otsuna H, Ito K. Topological and modality-specific representation of somatosensory information in the fly brain. Science 2018; 358:615-623. [PMID: 29097543 DOI: 10.1126/science.aan4428] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2017] [Accepted: 09/25/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Insects and mammals share similarities of neural organization underlying the perception of odors, taste, vision, sound, and gravity. We observed that insect somatosensation also corresponds to that of mammals. In Drosophila, the projections of all the somatosensory neuron types to the insect's equivalent of the spinal cord segregated into modality-specific layers comparable to those in mammals. Some sensory neurons innervate the ventral brain directly to form modality-specific and topological somatosensory maps. Ascending interneurons with dendrites in matching layers of the nerve cord send axons that converge to respective brain regions. Pathways arising from leg somatosensory neurons encode distinct qualities of leg movement information and play different roles in ground detection. Establishment of the ground pattern and genetic tools for neuronal manipulation should provide the basis for elucidating the mechanisms underlying somatosensation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Asako Tsubouchi
- Institute of Molecular and Cellular Biosciences, The University of Tokyo, Yayoi, Bunkyo-ku, 113-0032 Tokyo, Japan
| | - Tomoko Yano
- Institute of Molecular and Cellular Biosciences, The University of Tokyo, Yayoi, Bunkyo-ku, 113-0032 Tokyo, Japan.,Department of Computational Biology, Graduate School of Frontier Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Kashiwanoha, Kashiwa, 277-0882 Chiba, Japan
| | - Takeshi K Yokoyama
- Institute of Molecular and Cellular Biosciences, The University of Tokyo, Yayoi, Bunkyo-ku, 113-0032 Tokyo, Japan
| | - Chloé Murtin
- Institute of Molecular and Cellular Biosciences, The University of Tokyo, Yayoi, Bunkyo-ku, 113-0032 Tokyo, Japan.,Department of Computational Biology, Graduate School of Frontier Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Kashiwanoha, Kashiwa, 277-0882 Chiba, Japan
| | - Hideo Otsuna
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Janelia Research Campus, Ashburn, VA 20147, USA
| | - Kei Ito
- Institute of Molecular and Cellular Biosciences, The University of Tokyo, Yayoi, Bunkyo-ku, 113-0032 Tokyo, Japan. .,Department of Computational Biology, Graduate School of Frontier Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Kashiwanoha, Kashiwa, 277-0882 Chiba, Japan.,Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Janelia Research Campus, Ashburn, VA 20147, USA.,Institute of Zoology, University of Cologne, 50674 Cologne, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Chen Z. Common cues wire the spinal cord: Axon guidance molecules in spinal neuron migration. Semin Cell Dev Biol 2018; 85:71-77. [PMID: 29274387 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcdb.2017.12.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2017] [Revised: 12/12/2017] [Accepted: 12/14/2017] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Topographic arrangement of neuronal cell bodies and axonal tracts are crucial for proper wiring of the nervous system. This involves often-coordinated neuronal migration and axon guidance during development. Most neurons migrate from their birthplace to specific topographic coordinates as they adopt the final cell fates and extend axons. The axons follow temporospatial specific guidance cues to reach the appropriate targets. When neuronal or axonal migration or their coordination is disrupted, severe consequences including neurodevelopmental disorders and neurological diseases, can arise. Neuronal and axonal migration shares some molecular mechanisms, as genes originally identified as axon guidance molecules have been increasingly shown to direct both navigation processes. This review focuses on axon guidance pathways that are shown to also direct neuronal migration in the vertebrate spinal cord.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zhe Chen
- Department of MCD Biology, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO 80309, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Deriving Dorsal Spinal Sensory Interneurons from Human Pluripotent Stem Cells. Stem Cell Reports 2018; 10:390-405. [PMID: 29337120 PMCID: PMC5832443 DOI: 10.1016/j.stemcr.2017.12.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2017] [Revised: 12/14/2017] [Accepted: 12/15/2017] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Cellular replacement therapies for neurological conditions use human embryonic stem cell (hESC)- or induced pluripotent stem cell (hiPSC)-derived neurons to replace damaged or diseased populations of neurons. For the spinal cord, significant progress has been made generating the in-vitro-derived motor neurons required to restore coordinated movement. However, there is as yet no protocol to generate in-vitro-derived sensory interneurons (INs), which permit perception of the environment. Here, we report on the development of a directed differentiation protocol to derive sensory INs for both hESCs and hiPSCs. Two developmentally relevant factors, retinoic acid in combination with bone morphogenetic protein 4, can be used to generate three classes of sensory INs: the proprioceptive dI1s, the dI2s, and mechanosensory dI3s. Critical to this protocol is the competence state of the neural progenitors, which changes over time. This protocol will facilitate developing cellular replacement therapies to reestablish sensory connections in injured patients. Robust protocol to generate spinal sensory neurons from human pluripotent cells RA ± BMP4 direct hPSCs toward the dI1, dI2, and dI3 classes of dorsal interneurons Only neural progenitors in the correct competence state respond to RA/BMP4 signals
Collapse
|
18
|
Transcriptional regulation of Nfix by NFIB drives astrocytic maturation within the developing spinal cord. Dev Biol 2017; 432:286-297. [PMID: 29106906 DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2017.10.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2017] [Revised: 10/23/2017] [Accepted: 10/23/2017] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
During mouse spinal cord development, ventricular zone progenitor cells transition from producing neurons to producing glia at approximately embryonic day 11.5, a process known as the gliogenic switch. The transcription factors Nuclear Factor I (NFI) A and B initiate this developmental transition, but the contribution of a third NFI member, NFIX, remains unknown. Here, we reveal that ventricular zone progenitor cells within the spinal cord express NFIX after the onset of NFIA and NFIB expression, and after the gliogenic switch has occurred. Mice lacking NFIX exhibit normal neurogenesis within the spinal cord, and, while early astrocytic differentiation proceeds normally, aspects of terminal astrocytic differentiation are impaired. Finally, we report that, in the absence of Nfia or Nfib, there is a marked reduction in the spinal cord expression of NFIX, and that NFIB can transcriptionally activate Nfix expression in vitro. These data demonstrate that NFIX is part of the downstream transcriptional program through which NFIA and NFIB coordinate gliogenesis within the spinal cord. This hierarchical organisation of NFI protein expression and function during spinal cord gliogenesis reveals a previously unrecognised auto-regulatory mechanism within this gene family.
Collapse
|
19
|
Zhang J, Weinrich JAP, Russ JB, Comer JD, Bommareddy PK, DiCasoli RJ, Wright CVE, Li Y, van Roessel PJ, Kaltschmidt JA. A Role for Dystonia-Associated Genes in Spinal GABAergic Interneuron Circuitry. Cell Rep 2017; 21:666-678. [PMID: 29045835 PMCID: PMC5658202 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2017.09.079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2017] [Revised: 09/08/2017] [Accepted: 09/24/2017] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Spinal interneurons are critical modulators of motor circuit function. In the dorsal spinal cord, a set of interneurons called GABApre presynaptically inhibits proprioceptive sensory afferent terminals, thus negatively regulating sensory-motor signaling. Although deficits in presynaptic inhibition have been inferred in human motor diseases, including dystonia, it remains unclear whether GABApre circuit components are altered in these conditions. Here, we use developmental timing to show that GABApre neurons are a late Ptf1a-expressing subclass and localize to the intermediate spinal cord. Using a microarray screen to identify genes expressed in this intermediate population, we find the kelch-like family member Klhl14, implicated in dystonia through its direct binding with torsion-dystonia-related protein Tor1a. Furthermore, in Tor1a mutant mice in which Klhl14 and Tor1a binding is disrupted, formation of GABApre sensory afferent synapses is impaired. Our findings suggest a potential contribution of GABApre neurons to the deficits in presynaptic inhibition observed in dystonia.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Juliet Zhang
- Developmental Biology Program, Sloan Kettering Institute, New York, NY 10065, USA; Neuroscience Program, Weill Cornell Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Jarret A P Weinrich
- Developmental Biology Program, Sloan Kettering Institute, New York, NY 10065, USA; Biochemistry, Cell and Molecular Biology Program, Weill Cornell Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Jeffrey B Russ
- Developmental Biology Program, Sloan Kettering Institute, New York, NY 10065, USA; Neuroscience Program, Weill Cornell Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY 10065, USA; Weill Cornell/Rockefeller/Sloan Kettering Tri-Institutional MD-PhD Program, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - John D Comer
- Developmental Biology Program, Sloan Kettering Institute, New York, NY 10065, USA; Neuroscience Program, Weill Cornell Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY 10065, USA; Weill Cornell/Rockefeller/Sloan Kettering Tri-Institutional MD-PhD Program, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Praveen K Bommareddy
- Developmental Biology Program, Sloan Kettering Institute, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Richard J DiCasoli
- Developmental Biology Program, Sloan Kettering Institute, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Christopher V E Wright
- Vanderbilt University Program in Developmental Biology, Vanderbilt Center for Stem Cell Biology, Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
| | - Yuqing Li
- Department of Neurology, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA
| | - Peter J van Roessel
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Julia A Kaltschmidt
- Developmental Biology Program, Sloan Kettering Institute, New York, NY 10065, USA; Neuroscience Program, Weill Cornell Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY 10065, USA; Biochemistry, Cell and Molecular Biology Program, Weill Cornell Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY 10065, USA; Department of Neurosurgery, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Beaudry H, Daou I, Ribeiro-da-Silva A, Séguéla P. Will optogenetics be used to treat chronic pain patients? Pain Manag 2017; 7:269-278. [PMID: 28726577 DOI: 10.2217/pmt-2016-0055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Chronic pain affects a third of the population and current treatments produce limited relief and severe side effects. An alternative strategy to decrease pain would be to directly modulate somatosensory pathways using optogenetics. Optogenetics involves the use of genetically encoded and optically active proteins, namely opsins, to control neuronal circuits. In preclinical animal models, optical silencing of peripheral nociceptors has been shown to alleviate both inflammatory and neuropathic pain. An opsin-based gene therapy to treat chronic pain patients is not ready yet, but encouraging advances have been made in optical and viral technology. In view of the increasing burden of chronic pain in our aging society, innovative analgesic approaches based on optogenetics are definitely worth exploring.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hélène Beaudry
- Department of Neurology & Neurosurgery, Montreal Neurological Institute, McGill University, Montreal, Canada.,The Alan Edwards Centre for Research on Pain, McGill University, Montreal, Canada.,Department of Pharmacology & Therapeutics, McGill University, Montreal, Canada
| | - Ihab Daou
- Department of Neurology & Neurosurgery, Montreal Neurological Institute, McGill University, Montreal, Canada.,The Alan Edwards Centre for Research on Pain, McGill University, Montreal, Canada
| | - Alfredo Ribeiro-da-Silva
- The Alan Edwards Centre for Research on Pain, McGill University, Montreal, Canada.,Department of Pharmacology & Therapeutics, McGill University, Montreal, Canada
| | - Philippe Séguéla
- Department of Neurology & Neurosurgery, Montreal Neurological Institute, McGill University, Montreal, Canada.,The Alan Edwards Centre for Research on Pain, McGill University, Montreal, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Mechanism for generation of left isomerism in Ccdc40 mutant embryos. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0171180. [PMID: 28182636 PMCID: PMC5300185 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0171180] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2016] [Accepted: 01/17/2017] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Leftward fluid flow in the mouse node is generated by cilia and is critical for initiating asymmetry of the left-right axis. Coiled-coil domain containing-40 (Ccdc40) plays an evolutionarily conserved role in the assembly of motile cilia and establishment of the left-right axis. Approximately one-third of Ccdc40lnks mutant embryos display situs defects and here we investigate the underlying mechanism. Ccdc40lnks mutants show delayed induction of markers of the left-lateral plate mesoderm (L-LPM) including Lefty1, Lefty2 and Nodal. Consistent with defective cilia motility compromising fluid flow across the node, initiation of asymmetric perinodal Cerberus like-2 (Cerl2) expression is delayed and then randomized. This is followed by delayed and then randomized asymmetric Nodal expression around the node. We propose a model to explain how left isomerism arises in a proportion of Ccdc40lnks mutants. We postulate that with defective motile cilia, Cerl2 expression remains symmetric and Nodal is antagonized equally on both sides of the node. This effectively reduces Nodal activation bilaterally, leading to reduced and delayed activation of Nodal and its antagonists in the LPM. This model is further supported by the failure to establish Nodal expression in the left-LPM with reduced Nodal gene dosage in Ccdc40lnks/lnks;NodalLacZ/+ mutants causing a predominance of right not left isomerism. Together these results suggest a model where cilia generated fluid flow in the node functions to ensure robust Nodal activation and a timely left-sided developmental program in the LPM.
Collapse
|
22
|
Junge HJ, Yung AR, Goodrich LV, Chen Z. Netrin1/DCC signaling promotes neuronal migration in the dorsal spinal cord. Neural Dev 2016; 11:19. [PMID: 27784329 PMCID: PMC5081974 DOI: 10.1186/s13064-016-0074-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2016] [Accepted: 10/17/2016] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Newborn neurons often migrate before undergoing final differentiation, extending neurites, and forming synaptic connections. Therefore, neuronal migration is crucial for establishing neural circuitry during development. In the developing spinal cord, neuroprogenitors first undergo radial migration within the ventricular zone. Differentiated neurons continue to migrate tangentially before reaching the final positions. The molecular pathways that regulate these migration processes remain largely unknown. Our previous study suggests that the DCC receptor is important for the migration of the dorsal spinal cord progenitors and interneurons. In this study, we determined the involvement of the Netrin1 ligand and the ROBO3 coreceptor in the migration. RESULTS By pulse labeling neuroprogenitors with electroporation, we examined their radial migration in Netrin1 (Ntn1), Dcc, and Robo3 knockout mice. We found that all three mutants exhibit delayed migration. Furthermore, using immunohistochemistry of the BARHL2 interneuron marker, we found that the mediolateral and dorsoventral migration of differentiated dorsal interneurons is also delayed. Together, our results suggest that Netrin1/DCC signaling induce neuronal migration in the dorsal spinal cord. CONCLUSIONS Netrin1, DCC, and ROBO3 have been extensively studied for their functions in regulating axon guidance in the spinal commissural interneurons. We reveal that during earlier development of dorsal interneurons including commissural neurons, these molecules play an important role in promoting cell migration.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Harald J Junge
- Department of MCDB, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO, 80309, USA.
| | - Andrea R Yung
- Department of Neurobiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - Lisa V Goodrich
- Department of Neurobiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - Zhe Chen
- Department of MCDB, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO, 80309, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Development of putative inhibitory neurons in the embryonic and postnatal mouse superficial spinal dorsal horn. Brain Struct Funct 2016; 222:2157-2171. [PMID: 27783222 DOI: 10.1007/s00429-016-1331-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2016] [Accepted: 10/20/2016] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
The superficial spinal dorsal horn is the first relay station of pain processing. It is also widely accepted that spinal synaptic processing to control the modality and intensity of pain signals transmitted to higher brain centers is primarily defined by inhibitory neurons in the superficial spinal dorsal horn. Earlier studies suggest that the construction of pain processing spinal neural circuits including the GABAergic components should be completed by birth, although major chemical refinements may occur postnatally. Because of their utmost importance in pain processing, we intended to provide a detailed knowledge concerning the development of GABAergic neurons in the superficial spinal dorsal horn, which is now missing from the literature. Thus, we studied the developmental changes in the distribution of neurons expressing GABAergic markers like Pax2, GAD65 and GAD67 in the superficial spinal dorsal horn of wild type as well as GAD65-GFP and GAD67-GFP transgenic mice from embryonic day 11.5 (E11.5) till postnatal day 14 (P14). We found that GABAergic neurons populate the superficial spinal dorsal horn from the beginning of its delineation at E14.5. We also showed that the numbers of GABAergic neurons in the superficial spinal dorsal horn continuously increase till E17.5, but there is a prominent decline in their numbers during the first two postnatal weeks. Our results indicate that the developmental process leading to the delineation of the inhibitory and excitatory cellular assemblies of pain processing neural circuits in the superficial spinal dorsal horn of mice is not completed by birth, but it continues postnatally.
Collapse
|
24
|
Nagai J, Takaya R, Piao W, Goshima Y, Ohshima T. Deletion of Crmp4 attenuates CSPG-induced inhibition of axonal growth and induces nociceptive recovery after spinal cord injury. Mol Cell Neurosci 2016; 74:42-8. [PMID: 26995506 DOI: 10.1016/j.mcn.2016.03.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2015] [Accepted: 03/15/2016] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The capacity for regeneration in the injured adult mammalian central nervous system (CNS) is largely limited by potent inhibitory barriers. Chondroitin sulfate proteoglycans (CSPGs) are major inhibitors of axonal regeneration/sprouting and accumulate at lesion sites after CNS trauma. Despite extensive research during the two decades since their discovery, the molecular mechanisms remain elusive, including intracellular phosphorylation events. Collapsin response mediator protein 4 (CRMP4) is known to directly regulate cytoskeletal dynamics and neurite extension, while phosphorylated CRMP4 loses its binding affinity for cytoskeletal proteins. We have previously found that spinal cord injury (SCI) induces CRMP4 upregulation and phosphorylation and that CRMP4 knockout (Crmp4-/-) mice show behavioral recovery of locomotor function after SCI. However, the role of CRMP4 in the recovery of other forms of physiological function such as sensation remains largely unknown. We here have demonstrated CRMP4 involvement in CSPG-induced inhibitory signaling and nociceptive recovery in Crmp4-/- mice after SCI. We cultured dorsal root ganglion (DRG) neurons on CSPG-coated dishes; Crmp4 deletion overrode CSPG-induced inhibition of axon growth in vitro. CRMP4 levels were increased in DRGs in vivo after SCI. Crmp4-/- mice exhibited axonal growth of sensory neurons and recovery of nociceptive function after spinal transection. These results support Crmp4 deletion as a therapeutic target in the treatment of SCI.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jun Nagai
- Department of Life Science and Medical Bioscience, Graduate School of Advanced Science and Engineering, Waseda University, TWIns, Tokyo 162-8480, Japan; Research Fellow of Japan Society for the Promotion of Science, Japan
| | - Ryosuke Takaya
- Department of Life Science and Medical Bioscience, Graduate School of Advanced Science and Engineering, Waseda University, TWIns, Tokyo 162-8480, Japan
| | - Wenhui Piao
- Department of Life Science and Medical Bioscience, Graduate School of Advanced Science and Engineering, Waseda University, TWIns, Tokyo 162-8480, Japan
| | - Yoshio Goshima
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology and Neurobiology, Graduate School of Medicine, Yokohama City University, Yokohama 236-0004, Japan
| | - Toshio Ohshima
- Department of Life Science and Medical Bioscience, Graduate School of Advanced Science and Engineering, Waseda University, TWIns, Tokyo 162-8480, Japan.
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
Leggere JC, Saito Y, Darnell RB, Tessier-Lavigne M, Junge HJ, Chen Z. NOVA regulates Dcc alternative splicing during neuronal migration and axon guidance in the spinal cord. eLife 2016; 5. [PMID: 27223328 PMCID: PMC4930329 DOI: 10.7554/elife.14264] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2016] [Accepted: 05/23/2016] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
RNA-binding proteins (RBPs) control multiple aspects of post-transcriptional gene regulation and function during various biological processes in the nervous system. To further reveal the functional significance of RBPs during neural development, we carried out an in vivo RNAi screen in the dorsal spinal cord interneurons, including the commissural neurons. We found that the NOVA family of RBPs play a key role in neuronal migration, axon outgrowth, and axon guidance. Interestingly, Nova mutants display similar defects as the knockout of the Dcc transmembrane receptor. We show here that Nova deficiency disrupts the alternative splicing of Dcc, and that restoring Dcc splicing in Nova knockouts is able to rescue the defects. Together, our results demonstrate that the production of DCC splice variants controlled by NOVA has a crucial function during many stages of commissural neuron development.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Janelle C Leggere
- Department of Molecular, Cellular, and Developmental Biology, University of Colorado, Boulder, United States
| | - Yuhki Saito
- Laboratory of Molecular Neuro-Oncology, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, The Rockefeller University, New York, United States
| | - Robert B Darnell
- Laboratory of Molecular Neuro-Oncology, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, The Rockefeller University, New York, United States
| | - Marc Tessier-Lavigne
- Laboratory of Brain Development and Repair, The Rockefeller University, New York, United States
| | - Harald J Junge
- Department of Molecular, Cellular, and Developmental Biology, University of Colorado, Boulder, United States
| | - Zhe Chen
- Department of Molecular, Cellular, and Developmental Biology, University of Colorado, Boulder, United States
| |
Collapse
|
26
|
Monteiro CB, Midão L, Rebelo S, Reguenga C, Lima D, Monteiro FA. Zinc finger transcription factor Casz1 expression is regulated by homeodomain transcription factor Prrxl1 in embryonic spinal dorsal horn late-born excitatory interneurons. Eur J Neurosci 2016; 43:1449-59. [PMID: 26913565 DOI: 10.1111/ejn.13214] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2015] [Revised: 01/22/2016] [Accepted: 02/17/2016] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The transcription factor Casz1 is required for proper assembly of vertebrate vasculature and heart morphogenesis as well as for temporal control of Drosophila neuroblasts and mouse retina progenitors in the generation of different cell types. Although Casz1 function in the mammalian nervous system remains largely unexplored, Casz1 is expressed in several regions of this system. Here we provide a detailed spatiotemporal characterization of Casz1 expression along mouse dorsal root ganglion (DRG) and dorsal spinal cord development by immunochemistry. In the DRG, Casz1 is broadly expressed in sensory neurons since they are born until perinatal age. In the dorsal spinal cord, Casz1 displays a more dynamic pattern being first expressed in dorsal interneuron 1 (dI1) progenitors and their derived neurons and then in a large subset of embryonic dorsal late-born excitatory (dILB) neurons that narrows gradually to become restricted perinatally to the inner portion. Strikingly, expression analyses using Prrxl1-knockout mice revealed that Prrxl1, a key transcription factor in the differentiation of dILB neurons, is a positive regulator of Casz1 expression in the embryonic dorsal spinal cord but not in the DRG. By performing chromatin immunoprecipitation in the dorsal spinal cord, we identified two Prrxl1-bound regions within Casz1 introns, suggesting that Prrxl1 directly regulates Casz1 transcription. Our work reveals that Casz1 lies downstream of Prrxl1 in the differentiation pathway of a large subset of dILB neurons and provides a framework for further studies of Casz1 in assembly of the DRG-spinal circuit.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- César B Monteiro
- Departamento de Biologia Experimental, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade do Porto, 4200-319, Porto, Portugal.,Pain Research Group, I3S - Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Luís Midão
- Departamento de Biologia Experimental, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade do Porto, 4200-319, Porto, Portugal.,Pain Research Group, I3S - Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Sandra Rebelo
- Departamento de Biologia Experimental, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade do Porto, 4200-319, Porto, Portugal.,Pain Research Group, I3S - Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Carlos Reguenga
- Departamento de Biologia Experimental, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade do Porto, 4200-319, Porto, Portugal.,Pain Research Group, I3S - Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Deolinda Lima
- Departamento de Biologia Experimental, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade do Porto, 4200-319, Porto, Portugal.,Pain Research Group, I3S - Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Filipe A Monteiro
- Departamento de Biologia Experimental, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade do Porto, 4200-319, Porto, Portugal.,Pain Research Group, I3S - Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
| |
Collapse
|
27
|
Wiese S, Faissner A. The role of extracellular matrix in spinal cord development. Exp Neurol 2015; 274:90-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2015.05.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2015] [Revised: 05/13/2015] [Accepted: 05/25/2015] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
|
28
|
Matsuo I, Kimura-Yoshida C. Extracellular distribution of diffusible growth factors controlled by heparan sulfate proteoglycans during mammalian embryogenesis. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 2015; 369:rstb.2013.0545. [PMID: 25349453 DOI: 10.1098/rstb.2013.0545] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
During mouse embryogenesis, diffusible growth factors, i.e. fibroblast growth factors, Wnt, bone morphogenetic protein and Hedgehog family members, emanating from localized areas can travel through the extracellular space and reach their target cells to specify the cell fate and form tissue architectures in coordination. However, the mechanisms by which these growth factors travel great distances to their target cells and control the signalling activity as morphogens remain an enigma. Recent studies in mice and other model animals have revealed that heparan sulfate proteoglycans (HSPGs) located on the cell surface (e.g. syndecans and glypicans) and in the extracellular matrix (ECM; e.g. perlecan and agrin) play crucial roles in the extracellular distribution of growth factors. Principally, the function of HSPGs depends primarily on the fine features and localization of their heparan sulfate glycosaminoglycan chains. Cell-surface-tethered HSPGs retain growth factors as co-receptors and/or endocytosis mediators, and enzymatic release of HSPGs from the cell membrane allows HSPGs to transport or move multiple growth factors. By contrast, ECM-associated HSPGs function as a reservoir or barrier in a context-dependent manner. This review is focused on our current understanding of the extracellular distribution of multiple growth factors controlled by HSPGs in mammalian development.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Isao Matsuo
- Department of Molecular Embryology, Osaka Medical Center and Research Institute for Maternal and Child Health, Osaka Prefectural Hospital Organization, 840 Murodo-cho, Izumi, Osaka 594-1101, Japan
| | - Chiharu Kimura-Yoshida
- Department of Molecular Embryology, Osaka Medical Center and Research Institute for Maternal and Child Health, Osaka Prefectural Hospital Organization, 840 Murodo-cho, Izumi, Osaka 594-1101, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
29
|
Park KS, Gumbiner BM. Cadherin-6B is required for the generation of Islet-1-expressing dorsal interneurons. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2015; 459:504-8. [PMID: 25747715 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2015.02.136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2015] [Accepted: 02/24/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Cadherin-6B induces bone morphogenetic protein (BMP) signaling to promote the epithelial mesenchymal transition (EMT) in the neural crest. We have previously found that knockdown of Cadherin-6B inhibits both BMP signaling and the emigration of the early pre-migratory neural crest cells from the dorsal neural tube. In this study, we found that inhibition of BMP signaling in the neural tube, mediated by the ectopic expression of Smad-6 or Noggin, decreased the size of the Islet-1-positive dorsal cell population. Knockdown or loss of function of Cadherin-6B suppressed the generation of Islet-1-expressing cells in the dorsal neural tube, but not the Lim-1/2 positive dorsal cell population. Our results thus indicate that Cadherin-6B is necessary for the generation of Islet-1-positive dorsal interneurons, as well as the initiation of pre-migratory neural crest cell emigration.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ki-Sook Park
- East-West Medical Research Institute, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 130-701, Republic of Korea; College of Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 130-701, Republic of Korea.
| | - Barry M Gumbiner
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, VA 22908, USA
| |
Collapse
|
30
|
Quiroga AC, Stolt CC, Diez del Corral R, Dimitrov S, Pérez-Alcalá S, Sock E, Barbas JA, Wegner M, Morales AV. Sox5 controls dorsal progenitor and interneuron specification in the spinal cord. Dev Neurobiol 2014; 75:522-38. [PMID: 25363628 DOI: 10.1002/dneu.22240] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2014] [Revised: 10/22/2014] [Accepted: 10/25/2014] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
The basic organization of somatosensory circuits in the spinal cord is already setup during the initial patterning of the dorsal neural tube. Extrinsic signals, such as Wnt and TGF-β pathways, activate combinatorial codes of transcription factors that are responsible for generating a pattern of discrete domains of dorsal progenitors (dp). These progenitors will give rise to distinct dorsal interneurons (dI). The Wnt/ βcatenin signaling pathway controls specification of dp/dI1-3 progenitors and interneurons. According to the current model in the field, Wnt/βcatenin activity seems to act in a graded fashion in the spinal cord, as different relative levels determine the identity of adjacent progenitors. However, it is not clear how this activity gradient is controlled and how the identities of dI1-3 are differentially regulated by Wnt signalling. We have determined that two SoxD transcription factors, Sox5 and Sox6, are expressed in restricted domains of dorsal progenitors in the neural tube. Using gain- and loss-of function approaches in chicken embryos, we have established that Sox5 controls cell fate specification of dp2 and dp3 progenitors and, as a result, controls the correct number of the corresponding dorsal interneurons (dI2 and dI3). Furthermore, Sox5 exerts its function by restricting dorsally Wnt signaling activity via direct transcriptional induction of the negative Wnt pathway regulator Axin2. By that way, Sox5 acts as a Wnt pathway modulator that contributes to sharpen the dorsal gradient of Wnt/βcatenin activity to control the distinction of two functionally distinct types of interneurons, dI2 and dI3 involved in the somatosensory relay.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alejandra C Quiroga
- Department of Cellular, Molecular and Developmental Neurobiology, Instituto Cajal, CSIC, Madrid, 28002, Spain
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
31
|
Olig3 is not involved in the ventral patterning of spinal cord. PLoS One 2014; 9:e111076. [PMID: 25350849 PMCID: PMC4211884 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0111076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2014] [Accepted: 09/18/2014] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
At embryonic stages, Olig3 is initially expressed in the dorsal-most region of the spinal cord, but later in the ventral marginal zone as well. Previous studies indicated that Olig3 controlled the patterning of dorsal spinal cord and loss of Olig3 function led to the re-specification of dI2 and dI3 neurons into dI4 interneurons. However, the role of Olig3 in regulating the development of ventral spinal cord has remained unknown. BrdU labeling demonstrated that ventral Olig3 was expressed in the post-mitotic neurons and Olig3+ cells seen at late embryonic stages were born at the earlier stage but remained in the marginal zone throughout embryogenesis. Loss-of-function and gain-of-function experiment indicated that Nkx2.2 regulated the expression of Olig3 in V3 interneurons. However, Olig3 mutation didn’t apparently affect the generation and migration of ventral neurons. These findings suggest that Olig3 plays different roles in regulating the development of dorsal and ventral spinal cord.
Collapse
|
32
|
Swiderski RE, Nakano Y, Mullins RF, Seo S, Bánfi B. A mutation in the mouse ttc26 gene leads to impaired hedgehog signaling. PLoS Genet 2014; 10:e1004689. [PMID: 25340710 PMCID: PMC4207615 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1004689] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2014] [Accepted: 08/19/2014] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The phenotype of the spontaneous mutant mouse hop-sterile (hop) is characterized by a hopping gait, polydactyly, hydrocephalus, and male sterility. Previous analyses of the hop mouse revealed a deficiency of inner dynein arms in motile cilia and a lack of sperm flagella, potentially accounting for the hydrocephalus and male sterility. The etiology of the other phenotypes and the location of the hop mutation remained unexplored. Here we show that the hop mutation is located in the Ttc26 gene and impairs Hedgehog (Hh) signaling. Expression analysis showed that this mutation led to dramatically reduced levels of the Ttc26 protein, and protein-protein interaction assays demonstrated that wild-type Ttc26 binds directly to the Ift46 subunit of Intraflagellar Transport (IFT) complex B. Although IFT is required for ciliogenesis, the Ttc26 defect did not result in a decrease in the number or length of primary cilia. Nevertheless, Hh signaling was reduced in the hop mouse, as revealed by impaired activation of Gli transcription factors in embryonic fibroblasts and abnormal patterning of the neural tube. Unlike the previously characterized mutations that affect IFT complex B, hop did not interfere with Hh-induced accumulation of Gli at the tip of the primary cilium, but rather with the subsequent dissociation of Gli from its negative regulator, Sufu. Our analysis of the hop mouse line provides novel insights into Hh signaling, demonstrating that Ttc26 is necessary for efficient coupling between the accumulation of Gli at the ciliary tip and its dissociation from Sufu. The Hedgehog (Hh) signaling pathway determines pattern formation in many developing tissues, e.g., during digit formation in the limbs, by regulating proteins of the Gli family. Activation of these proteins requires their transport to the tip of the primary cilium (an antenna-like sensory structure of the cell), and subsequent dissociation from their negative regulator, Sufu. Little is known about the mechanism underlying this dissociation. To gain new insights into Hh signaling, we analyzed the mutant mouse hop-sterile (hop), whose developmental defects suggest that the primary cilia are dysfunctional. We discovered that the hop mutation lies in the Ttc26 gene, and that levels of the encoded protein are low in hop mice. Normal Ttc26 was found to bind to Intraflagellar Transport (IFT) complex B, a structure essential for building the cilium and moving proteins towards its tip. Nevertheless, unlike previously characterized mutations that affect IFT complex B, hop did not interfere with either the formation of primary cilia or the accumulation of Gli at their tips, but rather with dissociation of Gli from Sufu. Our results provide novel insights into Hh signaling, demonstrating that efficient coupling between Gli's accumulation at the ciliary tip and its dissociation from Sufu depends on Ttc26.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ruth E Swiderski
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, United States of America; Inflammation Program, Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, United States of America
| | - Yoko Nakano
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, United States of America; Inflammation Program, Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, United States of America
| | - Robert F Mullins
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, United States of America
| | - Seongjin Seo
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, United States of America
| | - Botond Bánfi
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, United States of America; Inflammation Program, Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, United States of America; Department of Otolaryngology - Head and Neck Surgery, Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, United States of America; Department of Internal Medicine, Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, United States of America
| |
Collapse
|
33
|
Rusanescu G, Mao J. Notch3 is necessary for neuronal differentiation and maturation in the adult spinal cord. J Cell Mol Med 2014; 18:2103-16. [PMID: 25164209 PMCID: PMC4244024 DOI: 10.1111/jcmm.12362] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Notch receptors are key regulators of nervous system development and promoters of neural stem cells renewal and proliferation. Defects in the expression of Notch genes result in severe, often lethal developmental abnormalities. Notch3 is generally thought to have a similar proliferative, anti-differentiation and gliogenic role to Notch1. However, in some cases, Notch3 has an opposite, pro-differentiation effect. Here, we show that Notch3 segregates from Notch1 and is transiently expressed in adult rat and mouse spinal cord neuron precursors and immature neurons. This suggests that during the differentiation of adult neural progenitor cells, Notch signalling may follow a modified version of the classical lateral inhibition model, involving the segregation of individual Notch receptors. Notch3 knockout mice, otherwise neurologically normal, are characterized by a reduced number of mature inhibitory interneurons and an increased number of highly excitable immature neurons in spinal cord laminae I–II. As a result, these mice have permanently lower nociceptive thresholds, similar to chronic pain. These results suggest that defective neuronal differentiation, for example as a result of reduced Notch3 expression or activation, may underlie human cases of intractable chronic pain, such as fibromyalgia and neuropathic pain.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Gabriel Rusanescu
- MGH Center for Translational Pain Research, Department of Anesthesia, Critical Care and Pain Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Charlestown, MA, USA
| | | |
Collapse
|
34
|
Matthes M, Preusse M, Zhang J, Schechter J, Mayer D, Lentes B, Theis F, Prakash N, Wurst W, Trümbach D. Mouse IDGenes: a reference database for genetic interactions in the developing mouse brain. DATABASE-THE JOURNAL OF BIOLOGICAL DATABASES AND CURATION 2014; 2014:bau083. [PMID: 25145340 PMCID: PMC4139671 DOI: 10.1093/database/bau083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The study of developmental processes in the mouse and other vertebrates includes the understanding of patterning along the anterior–posterior, dorsal–ventral and medial– lateral axis. Specifically, neural development is also of great clinical relevance because several human neuropsychiatric disorders such as schizophrenia, autism disorders or drug addiction and also brain malformations are thought to have neurodevelopmental origins, i.e. pathogenesis initiates during childhood and adolescence. Impacts during early neurodevelopment might also predispose to late-onset neurodegenerative disorders, such as Parkinson’s disease. The neural tube develops from its precursor tissue, the neural plate, in a patterning process that is determined by compartmentalization into morphogenetic units, the action of local signaling centers and a well-defined and locally restricted expression of genes and their interactions. While public databases provide gene expression data with spatio-temporal resolution, they usually neglect the genetic interactions that govern neural development. Here, we introduce Mouse IDGenes, a reference database for genetic interactions in the developing mouse brain. The database is highly curated and offers detailed information about gene expressions and the genetic interactions at the developing mid-/hindbrain boundary. To showcase the predictive power of interaction data, we infer new Wnt/β-catenin target genes by machine learning and validate one of them experimentally. The database is updated regularly. Moreover, it can easily be extended by the research community. Mouse IDGenes will contribute as an important resource to the research on mouse brain development, not exclusively by offering data retrieval, but also by allowing data input. Database URL:http://mouseidgenes.helmholtz-muenchen.de.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Michaela Matthes
- Institute of Developmental Genetics, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Ingolstädter Landstr. 1, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany, Technische Universität München-Weihenstephan, Lehrstuhl für Genetik, Emil-Ramannstr. 8, 85354 Freising, Germany, Institute of Diabetes and Regeneration Research, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Ingolstädter Landstr. 1, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany, Institute of Computational Biology, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Ingolstädter Landstr. 1, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany, Technische Universität München, Zentrum Mathematik, Boltzmannstr. 3, 85747 Garching, Germany, Max-Planck-Institute of Psychiatry, Kraepelinstr. 2-10, 80804 München, Germany, Deutsches Zentrum für Neurodegenerative Erkrankungen e. V. (DZNE), Standort München, Schillerstr. 44, 80336 München, Germany, Technische Universität München-Weihenstephan, Lehrstuhl für Entwicklungsgenetik, c/o Helmholtz Zentrum München, Ingolstädter Landstr. 1, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany and Munich Cluster for Systems Neurology (SyNergy), Adolf-Butenandt-Institut, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Schillerstr. 44, 80336 München, Germany Institute of Developmental Genetics, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Ingolstädter Landstr. 1, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany, Technische Universität München-Weihenstephan, Lehrstuhl für Genetik, Emil-Ramannstr. 8, 85354 Freising, Germany, Institute of Diabetes and Regeneration Research, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Ingolstädter Landstr. 1, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany, Institute of Computational Biology, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Ingolstädter Landstr. 1, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany, Technische Universität München, Zentrum Mathematik, Boltzmannstr. 3, 85747 Garching, Germany, Max-Planck-In
| | - Martin Preusse
- Institute of Developmental Genetics, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Ingolstädter Landstr. 1, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany, Technische Universität München-Weihenstephan, Lehrstuhl für Genetik, Emil-Ramannstr. 8, 85354 Freising, Germany, Institute of Diabetes and Regeneration Research, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Ingolstädter Landstr. 1, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany, Institute of Computational Biology, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Ingolstädter Landstr. 1, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany, Technische Universität München, Zentrum Mathematik, Boltzmannstr. 3, 85747 Garching, Germany, Max-Planck-Institute of Psychiatry, Kraepelinstr. 2-10, 80804 München, Germany, Deutsches Zentrum für Neurodegenerative Erkrankungen e. V. (DZNE), Standort München, Schillerstr. 44, 80336 München, Germany, Technische Universität München-Weihenstephan, Lehrstuhl für Entwicklungsgenetik, c/o Helmholtz Zentrum München, Ingolstädter Landstr. 1, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany and Munich Cluster for Systems Neurology (SyNergy), Adolf-Butenandt-Institut, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Schillerstr. 44, 80336 München, Germany Institute of Developmental Genetics, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Ingolstädter Landstr. 1, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany, Technische Universität München-Weihenstephan, Lehrstuhl für Genetik, Emil-Ramannstr. 8, 85354 Freising, Germany, Institute of Diabetes and Regeneration Research, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Ingolstädter Landstr. 1, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany, Institute of Computational Biology, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Ingolstädter Landstr. 1, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany, Technische Universität München, Zentrum Mathematik, Boltzmannstr. 3, 85747 Garching, Germany, Max-Planck-In
| | - Jingzhong Zhang
- Institute of Developmental Genetics, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Ingolstädter Landstr. 1, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany, Technische Universität München-Weihenstephan, Lehrstuhl für Genetik, Emil-Ramannstr. 8, 85354 Freising, Germany, Institute of Diabetes and Regeneration Research, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Ingolstädter Landstr. 1, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany, Institute of Computational Biology, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Ingolstädter Landstr. 1, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany, Technische Universität München, Zentrum Mathematik, Boltzmannstr. 3, 85747 Garching, Germany, Max-Planck-Institute of Psychiatry, Kraepelinstr. 2-10, 80804 München, Germany, Deutsches Zentrum für Neurodegenerative Erkrankungen e. V. (DZNE), Standort München, Schillerstr. 44, 80336 München, Germany, Technische Universität München-Weihenstephan, Lehrstuhl für Entwicklungsgenetik, c/o Helmholtz Zentrum München, Ingolstädter Landstr. 1, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany and Munich Cluster for Systems Neurology (SyNergy), Adolf-Butenandt-Institut, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Schillerstr. 44, 80336 München, Germany
| | - Julia Schechter
- Institute of Developmental Genetics, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Ingolstädter Landstr. 1, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany, Technische Universität München-Weihenstephan, Lehrstuhl für Genetik, Emil-Ramannstr. 8, 85354 Freising, Germany, Institute of Diabetes and Regeneration Research, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Ingolstädter Landstr. 1, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany, Institute of Computational Biology, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Ingolstädter Landstr. 1, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany, Technische Universität München, Zentrum Mathematik, Boltzmannstr. 3, 85747 Garching, Germany, Max-Planck-Institute of Psychiatry, Kraepelinstr. 2-10, 80804 München, Germany, Deutsches Zentrum für Neurodegenerative Erkrankungen e. V. (DZNE), Standort München, Schillerstr. 44, 80336 München, Germany, Technische Universität München-Weihenstephan, Lehrstuhl für Entwicklungsgenetik, c/o Helmholtz Zentrum München, Ingolstädter Landstr. 1, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany and Munich Cluster for Systems Neurology (SyNergy), Adolf-Butenandt-Institut, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Schillerstr. 44, 80336 München, Germany
| | - Daniela Mayer
- Institute of Developmental Genetics, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Ingolstädter Landstr. 1, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany, Technische Universität München-Weihenstephan, Lehrstuhl für Genetik, Emil-Ramannstr. 8, 85354 Freising, Germany, Institute of Diabetes and Regeneration Research, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Ingolstädter Landstr. 1, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany, Institute of Computational Biology, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Ingolstädter Landstr. 1, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany, Technische Universität München, Zentrum Mathematik, Boltzmannstr. 3, 85747 Garching, Germany, Max-Planck-Institute of Psychiatry, Kraepelinstr. 2-10, 80804 München, Germany, Deutsches Zentrum für Neurodegenerative Erkrankungen e. V. (DZNE), Standort München, Schillerstr. 44, 80336 München, Germany, Technische Universität München-Weihenstephan, Lehrstuhl für Entwicklungsgenetik, c/o Helmholtz Zentrum München, Ingolstädter Landstr. 1, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany and Munich Cluster for Systems Neurology (SyNergy), Adolf-Butenandt-Institut, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Schillerstr. 44, 80336 München, Germany
| | - Bernd Lentes
- Institute of Developmental Genetics, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Ingolstädter Landstr. 1, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany, Technische Universität München-Weihenstephan, Lehrstuhl für Genetik, Emil-Ramannstr. 8, 85354 Freising, Germany, Institute of Diabetes and Regeneration Research, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Ingolstädter Landstr. 1, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany, Institute of Computational Biology, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Ingolstädter Landstr. 1, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany, Technische Universität München, Zentrum Mathematik, Boltzmannstr. 3, 85747 Garching, Germany, Max-Planck-Institute of Psychiatry, Kraepelinstr. 2-10, 80804 München, Germany, Deutsches Zentrum für Neurodegenerative Erkrankungen e. V. (DZNE), Standort München, Schillerstr. 44, 80336 München, Germany, Technische Universität München-Weihenstephan, Lehrstuhl für Entwicklungsgenetik, c/o Helmholtz Zentrum München, Ingolstädter Landstr. 1, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany and Munich Cluster for Systems Neurology (SyNergy), Adolf-Butenandt-Institut, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Schillerstr. 44, 80336 München, Germany
| | - Fabian Theis
- Institute of Developmental Genetics, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Ingolstädter Landstr. 1, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany, Technische Universität München-Weihenstephan, Lehrstuhl für Genetik, Emil-Ramannstr. 8, 85354 Freising, Germany, Institute of Diabetes and Regeneration Research, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Ingolstädter Landstr. 1, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany, Institute of Computational Biology, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Ingolstädter Landstr. 1, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany, Technische Universität München, Zentrum Mathematik, Boltzmannstr. 3, 85747 Garching, Germany, Max-Planck-Institute of Psychiatry, Kraepelinstr. 2-10, 80804 München, Germany, Deutsches Zentrum für Neurodegenerative Erkrankungen e. V. (DZNE), Standort München, Schillerstr. 44, 80336 München, Germany, Technische Universität München-Weihenstephan, Lehrstuhl für Entwicklungsgenetik, c/o Helmholtz Zentrum München, Ingolstädter Landstr. 1, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany and Munich Cluster for Systems Neurology (SyNergy), Adolf-Butenandt-Institut, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Schillerstr. 44, 80336 München, Germany Institute of Developmental Genetics, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Ingolstädter Landstr. 1, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany, Technische Universität München-Weihenstephan, Lehrstuhl für Genetik, Emil-Ramannstr. 8, 85354 Freising, Germany, Institute of Diabetes and Regeneration Research, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Ingolstädter Landstr. 1, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany, Institute of Computational Biology, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Ingolstädter Landstr. 1, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany, Technische Universität München, Zentrum Mathematik, Boltzmannstr. 3, 85747 Garching, Germany, Max-Planck-In
| | - Nilima Prakash
- Institute of Developmental Genetics, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Ingolstädter Landstr. 1, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany, Technische Universität München-Weihenstephan, Lehrstuhl für Genetik, Emil-Ramannstr. 8, 85354 Freising, Germany, Institute of Diabetes and Regeneration Research, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Ingolstädter Landstr. 1, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany, Institute of Computational Biology, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Ingolstädter Landstr. 1, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany, Technische Universität München, Zentrum Mathematik, Boltzmannstr. 3, 85747 Garching, Germany, Max-Planck-Institute of Psychiatry, Kraepelinstr. 2-10, 80804 München, Germany, Deutsches Zentrum für Neurodegenerative Erkrankungen e. V. (DZNE), Standort München, Schillerstr. 44, 80336 München, Germany, Technische Universität München-Weihenstephan, Lehrstuhl für Entwicklungsgenetik, c/o Helmholtz Zentrum München, Ingolstädter Landstr. 1, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany and Munich Cluster for Systems Neurology (SyNergy), Adolf-Butenandt-Institut, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Schillerstr. 44, 80336 München, Germany
| | - Wolfgang Wurst
- Institute of Developmental Genetics, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Ingolstädter Landstr. 1, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany, Technische Universität München-Weihenstephan, Lehrstuhl für Genetik, Emil-Ramannstr. 8, 85354 Freising, Germany, Institute of Diabetes and Regeneration Research, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Ingolstädter Landstr. 1, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany, Institute of Computational Biology, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Ingolstädter Landstr. 1, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany, Technische Universität München, Zentrum Mathematik, Boltzmannstr. 3, 85747 Garching, Germany, Max-Planck-Institute of Psychiatry, Kraepelinstr. 2-10, 80804 München, Germany, Deutsches Zentrum für Neurodegenerative Erkrankungen e. V. (DZNE), Standort München, Schillerstr. 44, 80336 München, Germany, Technische Universität München-Weihenstephan, Lehrstuhl für Entwicklungsgenetik, c/o Helmholtz Zentrum München, Ingolstädter Landstr. 1, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany and Munich Cluster for Systems Neurology (SyNergy), Adolf-Butenandt-Institut, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Schillerstr. 44, 80336 München, Germany Institute of Developmental Genetics, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Ingolstädter Landstr. 1, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany, Technische Universität München-Weihenstephan, Lehrstuhl für Genetik, Emil-Ramannstr. 8, 85354 Freising, Germany, Institute of Diabetes and Regeneration Research, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Ingolstädter Landstr. 1, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany, Institute of Computational Biology, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Ingolstädter Landstr. 1, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany, Technische Universität München, Zentrum Mathematik, Boltzmannstr. 3, 85747 Garching, Germany, Max-Planck-In
| | - Dietrich Trümbach
- Institute of Developmental Genetics, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Ingolstädter Landstr. 1, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany, Technische Universität München-Weihenstephan, Lehrstuhl für Genetik, Emil-Ramannstr. 8, 85354 Freising, Germany, Institute of Diabetes and Regeneration Research, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Ingolstädter Landstr. 1, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany, Institute of Computational Biology, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Ingolstädter Landstr. 1, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany, Technische Universität München, Zentrum Mathematik, Boltzmannstr. 3, 85747 Garching, Germany, Max-Planck-Institute of Psychiatry, Kraepelinstr. 2-10, 80804 München, Germany, Deutsches Zentrum für Neurodegenerative Erkrankungen e. V. (DZNE), Standort München, Schillerstr. 44, 80336 München, Germany, Technische Universität München-Weihenstephan, Lehrstuhl für Entwicklungsgenetik, c/o Helmholtz Zentrum München, Ingolstädter Landstr. 1, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany and Munich Cluster for Systems Neurology (SyNergy), Adolf-Butenandt-Institut, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Schillerstr. 44, 80336 München, Germany Institute of Developmental Genetics, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Ingolstädter Landstr. 1, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany, Technische Universität München-Weihenstephan, Lehrstuhl für Genetik, Emil-Ramannstr. 8, 85354 Freising, Germany, Institute of Diabetes and Regeneration Research, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Ingolstädter Landstr. 1, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany, Institute of Computational Biology, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Ingolstädter Landstr. 1, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany, Technische Universität München, Zentrum Mathematik, Boltzmannstr. 3, 85747 Garching, Germany, Max-Planck-In
| |
Collapse
|
35
|
Regadas I, Soares-Dos-Reis R, Falcão M, Matos MR, Monteiro FA, Lima D, Reguenga C. Dual role of Tlx3 as modulator of Prrxl1 transcription and phosphorylation. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-GENE REGULATORY MECHANISMS 2014; 1839:1121-31. [PMID: 25138281 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbagrm.2014.08.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2014] [Revised: 07/25/2014] [Accepted: 08/11/2014] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
The proper establishment of the dorsal root ganglion/spinal cord nociceptive circuitry depends on a group of homeodomain transcription factors that includes Prrxl1, Brn3a and Tlx3. By the use of epistatic analysis, it was suggested that Tlx3 and Brn3a, which highly co-localize with Prrxl1 in these tissues, are required to maintain Prrxl1 expression. Here, we report two Tlx3-dependent transcriptional mechanisms acting on Prrxl1 alternative promoters, referred to as P3 and P1/P2 promoters. We demonstrate that (i) Tlx3 induces the transcriptional activity of the TATA-containing promoter P3 by directly binding to a bipartite DNA motif and (ii) it synergistically interacts with Prrxl1 by indirectly activating the Prrxl1 TATA-less promoters P1/P2 via the action of Brn3a. The Tlx3 N-terminal domain 1-38 was shown to have a major role on the overall Tlx3 transcriptional activity and the C-terminus domain (amino acids 256-291) to mediate the Tlx3 effect on promoters P1/P2. On the other hand, the 76-111 domain was shown to decrease Tlx3 activity on the TATA-promoter P3. In addition to its action on Prrxl1 alternative promoters, Tlx3 proved to have the ability to induce Prrxl1 phosphorylation. The Tlx3 domain responsible for Prrxl1 hyperphosphorylation was mapped and encompasses amino acid residues 76 to 111. Altogether, our results suggest that Tlx3 uses distinct mechanisms to tightly modulate Prrxl1 activity, either by controlling its transcriptional levels or by increasing Prrxl1 phosphorylation state.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Isabel Regadas
- Departamento de Biologia Experimental, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade do Porto Porto, 4200-319, Portugal; Instituto de Biologia Molecular e Celular, Universidade do Porto, Porto 4150, Portugal
| | - Ricardo Soares-Dos-Reis
- Departamento de Biologia Experimental, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade do Porto Porto, 4200-319, Portugal; Instituto de Biologia Molecular e Celular, Universidade do Porto, Porto 4150, Portugal; Centro Hospitalar de São João, Porto 4200-319, Portugal
| | - Miguel Falcão
- Departamento de Biologia Experimental, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade do Porto Porto, 4200-319, Portugal; Instituto de Biologia Molecular e Celular, Universidade do Porto, Porto 4150, Portugal
| | - Mariana Raimundo Matos
- Departamento de Biologia Experimental, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade do Porto Porto, 4200-319, Portugal; Instituto de Biologia Molecular e Celular, Universidade do Porto, Porto 4150, Portugal
| | - Filipe Almeida Monteiro
- Departamento de Biologia Experimental, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade do Porto Porto, 4200-319, Portugal; Instituto de Biologia Molecular e Celular, Universidade do Porto, Porto 4150, Portugal
| | - Deolinda Lima
- Departamento de Biologia Experimental, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade do Porto Porto, 4200-319, Portugal; Instituto de Biologia Molecular e Celular, Universidade do Porto, Porto 4150, Portugal
| | - Carlos Reguenga
- Departamento de Biologia Experimental, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade do Porto Porto, 4200-319, Portugal; Instituto de Biologia Molecular e Celular, Universidade do Porto, Porto 4150, Portugal.
| |
Collapse
|
36
|
Monteiro CB, Costa MF, Reguenga C, Lima D, Castro DS, Monteiro FA. Paired related homeobox protein-like 1 (Prrxl1) controls its own expression by a transcriptional autorepression mechanism. FEBS Lett 2014; 588:3475-82. [PMID: 25131932 DOI: 10.1016/j.febslet.2014.08.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2014] [Revised: 07/21/2014] [Accepted: 08/08/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
The homeodomain factor paired related homeobox protein-like 1 (Prrxl1) is crucial for proper assembly of dorsal root ganglia (DRG)-dorsal spinal cord (SC) pain-sensing circuit. By performing chromatin immunoprecipitation with either embryonic DRG or dorsal SC, we identified two evolutionarily conserved regions (i.e. proximal promoter and intron 4) of Prrxl1 locus that show tissue-specific binding of Prrxl1. Transcriptional assays confirm the identified regions can mediate repression by Prrxl1, while gain-of-function studies in Prrxl1 expressing ND7/23 cells indicate Prrxl1 can down-regulate its own expression. Altogether, our results suggest that Prrxl1 uses distinct regulatory regions to repress its own expression in DRG and dorsal SC.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- César B Monteiro
- Departamento de Biologia Experimental, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade do Porto, 4200-319 Porto, Portugal; Morfofisiologia do Sistema Somatosensitivo, IBMC - Instituto de Biologia Celular e Molecular, 4150-180 Porto, Portugal.
| | - Mariana F Costa
- Departamento de Biologia Experimental, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade do Porto, 4200-319 Porto, Portugal; Morfofisiologia do Sistema Somatosensitivo, IBMC - Instituto de Biologia Celular e Molecular, 4150-180 Porto, Portugal.
| | - Carlos Reguenga
- Departamento de Biologia Experimental, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade do Porto, 4200-319 Porto, Portugal; Morfofisiologia do Sistema Somatosensitivo, IBMC - Instituto de Biologia Celular e Molecular, 4150-180 Porto, Portugal.
| | - Deolinda Lima
- Departamento de Biologia Experimental, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade do Porto, 4200-319 Porto, Portugal; Morfofisiologia do Sistema Somatosensitivo, IBMC - Instituto de Biologia Celular e Molecular, 4150-180 Porto, Portugal.
| | - Diogo S Castro
- Molecular Neurobiology, IGC - Instituto Gulbenkian de Ciência, 2780-156 Oeiras, Portugal.
| | - Filipe A Monteiro
- Departamento de Biologia Experimental, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade do Porto, 4200-319 Porto, Portugal; Morfofisiologia do Sistema Somatosensitivo, IBMC - Instituto de Biologia Celular e Molecular, 4150-180 Porto, Portugal.
| |
Collapse
|
37
|
Dias JM, Ilkhanizadeh S, Karaca E, Duckworth JK, Lundin V, Rosenfeld MG, Ericson J, Hermanson O, Teixeira AI. CtBPs sense microenvironmental oxygen levels to regulate neural stem cell state. Cell Rep 2014; 8:665-70. [PMID: 25088415 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2014.06.057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2013] [Revised: 04/30/2014] [Accepted: 06/26/2014] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Bone morphogenetic proteins (BMPs) secreted by the dorsal neural tube and overlying ectoderm are key signals for the specification of the roof plate and dorsal interneuron populations. However, the signals that confer nonneurogenic character to the roof plate region are largely unknown. We report that the roof plate region shows elevated oxygen levels compared to neurogenic regions of the neural tube. These high oxygen levels are required for the expression of the antineuronal transcription factor Hes1 in the roof plate region. The transcriptional corepressor CtBP is a critical mediator of the oxygen-sensing response. High oxygen promotes a decrease in the CtBP occupancy of the promoter of Hes1. Furthermore, under conditions of high oxygen and BMP, CtBP associates with HES1 and represses neurogenesis. We propose that CtBP integrates signals originating from microenvironmental levels of oxygen and BMP to confer nonneurogenic character to the roof plate region.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- José M Dias
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, 171 77, Sweden
| | - Shirin Ilkhanizadeh
- Department of Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, 171 77, Sweden
| | - Esra Karaca
- Department of Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, 171 77, Sweden
| | - Joshua K Duckworth
- Department of Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, 171 77, Sweden
| | - Vanessa Lundin
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, 171 77, Sweden
| | - Michael G Rosenfeld
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute School of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, San Diego, CA 92093, USA
| | - Johan Ericson
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, 171 77, Sweden
| | - Ola Hermanson
- Department of Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, 171 77, Sweden.
| | - Ana I Teixeira
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, 171 77, Sweden.
| |
Collapse
|
38
|
Characterization of Olig2 expression during cerebellar development. Gene Expr Patterns 2014; 15:1-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.gep.2014.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2014] [Revised: 02/18/2014] [Accepted: 02/20/2014] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
|
39
|
Ser¹¹⁹ phosphorylation modulates the activity and conformation of PRRXL1, a homeodomain transcription factor. Biochem J 2014; 459:441-53. [PMID: 24564673 DOI: 10.1042/bj20131014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
PRRXL1 [paired related homeobox-like 1; also known as DRG11 (dorsal root ganglia 11)] is a paired-like homeodomain transcription factor expressed in DRG and dSC (dorsal spinal cord) nociceptive neurons. PRRXL1 is crucial for the establishment and maintenance of nociceptive circuitry, as Prrxl1(-/-) mice present neuronal loss, reduced pain sensitivity and failure to thrive. In the present study, we show that PRRXL1 is highly phosphorylated in vivo, and that its multiple band pattern on electrophoretic analysis is the result of different phosphorylation states. PRRXL1 phosphorylation appears to be differentially regulated along the dSC and DRG development and it is mapped to two functional domains. One region comprises amino acids 107-143, whereas the other one encompasses amino acids 227-263 and displays repressor activity. Using an immunoprecipitation-MS approach, two phosphorylation sites were identified, Ser¹¹⁹ and Ser²³⁸. Phosphorylation at Ser¹¹⁹ is shown to be determinant for PRRXL1 conformation and transcriptional activity. Ser¹¹⁹ phosphorylation is thus proposed as a mechanism for regulating PRRXL1 function and conformation during nociceptive system development.
Collapse
|
40
|
Richner M, Ulrichsen M, Elmegaard SL, Dieu R, Pallesen LT, Vaegter CB. Peripheral nerve injury modulates neurotrophin signaling in the peripheral and central nervous system. Mol Neurobiol 2014; 50:945-70. [PMID: 24752592 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-014-8706-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 108] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2013] [Accepted: 04/01/2014] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Peripheral nerve injury disrupts the normal functions of sensory and motor neurons by damaging the integrity of axons and Schwann cells. In contrast to the central nervous system, the peripheral nervous system possesses a considerable capacity for regrowth, but regeneration is far from complete and functional recovery rarely returns to pre-injury levels. During development, the peripheral nervous system strongly depends upon trophic stimulation for neuronal differentiation, growth and maturation. The perhaps most important group of trophic substances in this context is the neurotrophins (NGF, BDNF, NT-3 and NT-4/5), which signal in a complex spatial and timely manner via the two structurally unrelated p75(NTR) and tropomyosin receptor kinase (TrkA, Trk-B and Trk-C) receptors. Damage to the adult peripheral nerves induces cellular mechanisms resembling those active during development, resulting in a rapid and robust increase in the synthesis of neurotrophins in neurons and Schwann cells, guiding and supporting regeneration. Furthermore, the injury induces neurotrophin-mediated changes in the dorsal root ganglia and in the spinal cord, which affect the modulation of afferent sensory signaling and eventually may contribute to the development of neuropathic pain. The focus of this review is on the expression patterns of neurotrophins and their receptors in neurons and glial cells of the peripheral nervous system and the spinal cord. Furthermore, injury-induced changes of expression patterns and the functional consequences in relation to axonal growth and remyelination as well as to neuropathic pain development will be reviewed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mette Richner
- Danish Research Institute of Translational Neuroscience DANDRITE, Nordic EMBL Partnership, and Lundbeck Foundation Research Center MIND, Department of Biomedicine, Aarhus University, Ole Worms Allé 3, 8000, Aarhus C, Denmark
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
41
|
Zarin AA, Asadzadeh J, Labrador JP. Transcriptional regulation of guidance at the midline and in motor circuits. Cell Mol Life Sci 2014; 71:419-32. [PMID: 23917723 PMCID: PMC11113760 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-013-1434-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2013] [Revised: 07/01/2013] [Accepted: 07/22/2013] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Axon navigation through the developing body of an embryo is a challenging and exquisitely precise process. Axonal processes within the nervous system harbor extremely complicated internal regulatory mechanisms that enable each of them to respond to environmental cues in a unique way, so that every single neuron has an exact stereotypical localization and axonal projection pattern. Receptors and adhesion molecules expressed on axonal membranes will determine their guidance properties. Axon guidance is thought to be controlled to a large extent through transcription factor codes. These codes would be responsible for the deployment of specific guidance receptors and adhesion molecules on axonal membranes to allow them to reach their targets. Although families of transcriptional regulators as well as families of guidance molecules have been conserved across evolution, their relationships seem to have developed independently. This review focuses on the midline and the neuromuscular system in both vertebrates and Drosophila in which such relationships have been particularly well studied.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Aref Arzan Zarin
- Smurfit Institute of Genetics, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin 2, Ireland
- Institute of Neuroscience, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin 2, Ireland
| | - Jamshid Asadzadeh
- Smurfit Institute of Genetics, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin 2, Ireland
- Institute of Neuroscience, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin 2, Ireland
| | - Juan-Pablo Labrador
- Smurfit Institute of Genetics, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin 2, Ireland
- Institute of Neuroscience, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin 2, Ireland
| |
Collapse
|
42
|
Huang J, Chen J, Wang W, Wei YY, Cai GH, Tamamaki N, Li YQ, Wu SX. Birthdate study of GABAergic neurons in the lumbar spinal cord of the glutamic acid decarboxylase 67-green fluorescent protein knock-in mouse. Front Neuroanat 2013; 7:42. [PMID: 24367298 PMCID: PMC3856430 DOI: 10.3389/fnana.2013.00042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2013] [Accepted: 11/20/2013] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite the abundance of studies on γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA) ergic neuron distribution in the mouse developing spinal cord, no investigation has been devoted so far to their birthdates. In order to determine the spinal neurogenesis of a specific phenotype, the GABAergic neurons in the spinal cord, we injected bromodeoxyuridine (BrdU) at different developmental stages of the glutamic acid decarboxylase (GAD)67-green fluorescent protein (GFP) knock-in mice. We thus used GFP to mark GABAergic neurons and labeled newly born cells with the S-phase marker BrdU at different embryonic stages. Distribution of GABAergic neurons labeled with BrdU was then studied in spinal cord sections of 60-day-old mice. Our birthdating studies revealed that GABAergic neurogenesis was present at embryonic day 10.5 (E10.5). Since then, the generation of GABAergic neurons significantly increased, and reached a peak at E11.5. Two waves for the co-localization of GABA and BrdU in the spinal cord were seen at E11.5 and E13.5 in the present study. The vast majority of GABAergic neurons were generated before E14.5. Thereafter, GABA-positive neuron generation decreased drastically. The present results showed that the birthdates of GABAergic neurons in each lamina were different. The peaks of GABAergic neurogenesis in lamina II were at E11.5 and E13.5, while in lamina I and III, they were at E13.5 and E12.5, respectively. The present results suggest that the birthdates of GABAergic neurons vary in different lamina and follow a specific temporal sequence. This will provide valuable information for future functional studies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jing Huang
- Department of Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, K. K. Leung Brain Research Centre, Fourth Military Medical University Xi'an, China
| | - Jing Chen
- Department of Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, K. K. Leung Brain Research Centre, Fourth Military Medical University Xi'an, China
| | - Wen Wang
- Department of Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, K. K. Leung Brain Research Centre, Fourth Military Medical University Xi'an, China
| | - Yan-Yan Wei
- Department of Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, K. K. Leung Brain Research Centre, Fourth Military Medical University Xi'an, China
| | - Guo-Hong Cai
- Department of Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, K. K. Leung Brain Research Centre, Fourth Military Medical University Xi'an, China
| | - Nobuaki Tamamaki
- Department of Morphological Neural Science, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kumamoto University Kumamoto, Japan
| | - Yun-Qing Li
- Department of Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, K. K. Leung Brain Research Centre, Fourth Military Medical University Xi'an, China
| | - Sheng-Xi Wu
- Department of Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, K. K. Leung Brain Research Centre, Fourth Military Medical University Xi'an, China
| |
Collapse
|
43
|
Regadas I, Matos MR, Monteiro FA, Gómez-Skarmeta JL, Lima D, Bessa J, Casares F, Reguenga C. Several cis-regulatory elements control mRNA stability, translation efficiency, and expression pattern of Prrxl1 (paired related homeobox protein-like 1). J Biol Chem 2013; 288:36285-301. [PMID: 24214975 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m113.491993] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
The homeodomain transcription factor Prrxl1/DRG11 has emerged as a crucial molecule in the establishment of the pain circuitry, in particular spinal cord targeting of dorsal root ganglia (DRG) axons and differentiation of nociceptive glutamatergic spinal cord neurons. Despite Prrxl1 importance in the establishment of the DRG-spinal nociceptive circuit, the molecular mechanisms that regulate its expression along development remain largely unknown. Here, we show that Prrxl1 transcription is regulated by three alternative promoters (named P1, P2, and P3), which control the expression of three distinct Prrxl1 5'-UTR variants, named 5'-UTR-A, 5'-UTR-B, and 5'-UTR-C. These 5'-UTR sequences confer distinct mRNA stability and translation efficiency to the Prrxl1 transcript. The most conserved promoter (P3) contains a TATA-box and displays in vivo enhancer activity in a pattern that overlaps with the zebrafish Prrxl1 homologue, drgx. Regulatory modules present in this sequence were identified and characterized, including a binding site for Phox2b. Concomitantly, we demonstrate that zebrafish Phox2b is required for the expression of drgx in the facial, glossopharyngeal, and vagal cranial ganglia.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Isabel Regadas
- From the Departamento de Biologia Experimental, Faculdade de Medicina do Porto, Universidade do Porto, Porto 4200-319, Portugal
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
44
|
Meziane H, Fraulob V, Riet F, Krezel W, Selloum M, Geffarth M, Acampora D, Hérault Y, Simeone A, Brand M, Dollé P, Rhinn M. The homeodomain factor Gbx1 is required for locomotion and cell specification in the dorsal spinal cord. PeerJ 2013; 1:e142. [PMID: 24010020 PMCID: PMC3757465 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2012] [Accepted: 08/04/2013] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Dorsal horn neurons in the spinal cord integrate and relay sensory information to higher brain centers. These neurons are organized in specific laminae and different transcription factors are involved in their specification. The murine homeodomain Gbx1 protein is expressed in the mantle zone of the spinal cord at E12.5-13.5, correlating with the appearance of a discernable dorsal horn around E14 and eventually defining a narrow layer in the dorsal horn around perinatal stages. At postnatal stages, Gbx1 identifies a specific subpopulation of GABAergic neurons in the dorsal spinal cord. We have generated a loss of function mutation for Gbx1 and analyzed its consequences during spinal cord development. Gbx1−/− mice are viable and can reproduce as homozygous null mutants. However, the adult mutant mice display an altered gait during forward movement that specifically affects the hindlimbs. This abnormal gait was evaluated by a series of behavioral tests, indicating that locomotion is impaired, but not muscle strength or motor coordination. Molecular analysis showed that the development of the dorsal horn is not profoundly affected in Gbx1−/− mutant mice. However, analysis of terminal neuronal differentiation revealed that the proportion of GABAergic inhibitory interneurons in the superficial dorsal horn is diminished. Our study unveiled a role for Gbx1 in specifying a subset of GABAergic neurons in the dorsal horn of the spinal cord involved in the control of posterior limb movement.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hamid Meziane
- Mouse Clinical Institute / Institut Clinique de la Souris, PHENOMIN, GIE CERBM, Illkirch Cedex, France
| | - Valérie Fraulob
- Institut de Génétique et de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, Université de Strasbourg, Illkirch Cedex, France
| | - Fabrice Riet
- Mouse Clinical Institute / Institut Clinique de la Souris, PHENOMIN, GIE CERBM, Illkirch Cedex, France
| | - Wojciech Krezel
- Institut de Génétique et de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, Université de Strasbourg, Illkirch Cedex, France
| | - Mohammed Selloum
- Mouse Clinical Institute / Institut Clinique de la Souris, PHENOMIN, GIE CERBM, Illkirch Cedex, France
| | - Michaela Geffarth
- DFG-Center for Regenerative Therapies / Cluster of Excellence, and Biotechnology Center, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Dario Acampora
- Institute of Genetics and Biophysics "Adriano Buzzati-Traverso", Naples, Italy.,IRCCS Neuromed, Pozzilli, Italy
| | - Yann Hérault
- Mouse Clinical Institute / Institut Clinique de la Souris, PHENOMIN, GIE CERBM, Illkirch Cedex, France
| | - Antonio Simeone
- Institute of Genetics and Biophysics "Adriano Buzzati-Traverso", Naples, Italy.,IRCCS Neuromed, Pozzilli, Italy
| | - Michael Brand
- DFG-Center for Regenerative Therapies / Cluster of Excellence, and Biotechnology Center, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Pascal Dollé
- Institut de Génétique et de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, Université de Strasbourg, Illkirch Cedex, France
| | - Muriel Rhinn
- Institut de Génétique et de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, Université de Strasbourg, Illkirch Cedex, France
| |
Collapse
|
45
|
Tran TS, Carlin E, Lin R, Martinez E, Johnson JE, Kaprielian Z. Neuropilin2 regulates the guidance of post-crossing spinal commissural axons in a subtype-specific manner. Neural Dev 2013; 8:15. [PMID: 23902858 PMCID: PMC3737016 DOI: 10.1186/1749-8104-8-15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2013] [Accepted: 07/19/2013] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Spinal commissural axons represent a model system for deciphering the molecular logic that regulates the guidance of midline-crossing axons in the developing central nervous system (CNS). Whether the same or specific sets of guidance signals control the navigation of molecularly distinct subtypes of these axons remains an open and largely unexplored question. Although it is well established that post-crossing commissural axons alter their responsiveness to midline-associated guidance cues, our understanding of the repulsive mechanisms that drive the post-crossing segments of these axons away from the midline and whether the underlying guidance systems operate in a commissural axon subtype-specific manner, remains fragmentary at best. RESULTS Here, we utilize axonally targeted transgenic reporter mice to visualize genetically distinct dorsal interneuron (dI)1 and dI4 commissural axons and show that the repulsive class 3 semaphorin (Sema3) guidance receptor Neuropilin 2 (Npn2), is selectively expressed on the dI1 population and is required for the guidance of post-crossing dI1, but not dI4, axons. Consistent with these observations, the midline-associated Npn2 ligands, Sema3F and Sema3B, promote the collapse of dI1, but not dI4, axon-associated growth cones in vitro. We also identify, for the first time, a discrete GABAergic population of ventral commissural neurons/axons in the embryonic mouse spinal cord that expresses Npn2, and show that Npn2 is required for the proper guidance of their post-crossing axons. CONCLUSIONS Together, our findings indicate that Npn2 is selectively expressed in distinct populations of commissural neurons in both the dorsal and ventral spinal cord, and suggest that Sema3-Npn2 signaling regulates the guidance of post-crossing commissural axons in a population-specific manner.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tracy S Tran
- Department of Biological Sciences, Rutgers University, Boyden 206, 195 University Ave,, Newark, NJ 07102, USA.
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
46
|
Zhao X, Huang H, Chen Y, Liu Y, Zhang Z, Ma Q, Qiu M. Dynamic expression of secreted Frizzled-related protein 3 (sFRP3) in the developing mouse spinal cord and dorsal root ganglia. Neuroscience 2013; 248:594-601. [PMID: 23827310 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2013.06.044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2012] [Revised: 06/19/2013] [Accepted: 06/20/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Wnt proteins have been implicated in regulating a variety of developmental processes in the CNS. Secreted Frizzled-related protein 3 (sFRP3) is a member of the sFRP family that can inhibit the Wnt signaling by binding directly to Wnts via their regions of homology to the Wnt-binding domain of Frizzleds. Recent studies suggested that sFRP3 plays an important role in cell proliferation and differentiation in various tissues. To understand the role of sFRP3 in neural development, we carried out detailed studies on the expression of sFRP3 in the developing nervous system. Our results revealed that sFRP3 is initially expressed in the ventricular zone of the spinal cord and dorsal root ganglia (DRG), and later in the dorsal horn of spinal cord and subpopulation of DRG neurons. The spatiotemporally dynamic expression ofsFRP3 strongly suggests that sFRP3 has potential functions in the sensory neuron genesis and sensory circuitry formation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- X Zhao
- Institute of Developmental and Regenerative Biology, College of Life and Environmental Science, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou 310029, PR China
| | - H Huang
- Institute of Developmental and Regenerative Biology, College of Life and Environmental Science, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou 310029, PR China
| | - Y Chen
- Institute of Developmental and Regenerative Biology, College of Life and Environmental Science, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou 310029, PR China
| | - Y Liu
- Institute of Developmental and Regenerative Biology, College of Life and Environmental Science, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou 310029, PR China
| | - Z Zhang
- Institute of Developmental and Regenerative Biology, College of Life and Environmental Science, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou 310029, PR China
| | - Q Ma
- Dana-Farber Cancer Institute and Department of Neurobiology, Harvard Medical School, 1 Jimmy Fund Way, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - M Qiu
- Institute of Developmental and Regenerative Biology, College of Life and Environmental Science, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou 310029, PR China; Department of Anatomical Sciences and Neurobiology, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY 40292, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
47
|
Buckley DM, Burroughs-Garcia J, Lewandoski M, Waters ST. Characterization of the Gbx1-/- mouse mutant: a requirement for Gbx1 in normal locomotion and sensorimotor circuit development. PLoS One 2013; 8:e56214. [PMID: 23418536 PMCID: PMC3572027 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0056214] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2012] [Accepted: 01/08/2013] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
The Gbx class of homeobox genes encodes DNA binding transcription factors involved in regulation of embryonic central nervous system (CNS) development. Gbx1 is dynamically expressed within spinal neuron progenitor pools and becomes restricted to the dorsal mantle zone by embryonic day (E) 12.5. Here, we provide the first functional analysis of Gbx1. We generated mice containing a conditional Gbx1 allele in which exon 2 that contains the functional homeodomain is flanked with loxP sites (Gbx1(flox)); Cre-mediated recombination of this allele results in a Gbx1 null allele. In contrast to mice homozygous for a loss-of-function allele of Gbx2, mice homozygous for the Gbx1 null allele, Gbx1(-/-), are viable and reproductively competent. However, Gbx1(-/-) mice display a gross locomotive defect that specifically affects hindlimb gait. Analysis of embryos homozygous for the Gbx1 null allele reveals disrupted assembly of the proprioceptive sensorimotor circuit within the spinal cord, and a reduction in ISL1(+) ventral motor neurons. These data suggest a functional requirement for Gbx1 in normal development of the neural networks that contribute to locomotion. The generation of this null allele has enabled us to functionally characterize a novel role for Gbx1 in development of the spinal cord.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Desirè M. Buckley
- Division of Biological Sciences, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri, United States of America
- Christopher S. Bond Life Sciences Center, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri, United States of America
| | - Jessica Burroughs-Garcia
- Division of Biological Sciences, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri, United States of America
- Christopher S. Bond Life Sciences Center, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri, United States of America
| | - Mark Lewandoski
- Cancer and Developmental Biology Laboratory, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Frederick, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Samuel T. Waters
- Division of Biological Sciences, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri, United States of America
- Christopher S. Bond Life Sciences Center, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
48
|
Xu J, Nonogaki M, Madhira R, Ma HY, Hermanson O, Kioussi C, Gross MK. Population-specific regulation of Chmp2b by Lbx1 during onset of synaptogenesis in lateral association interneurons. PLoS One 2012; 7:e48573. [PMID: 23284619 PMCID: PMC3528757 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0048573] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2012] [Accepted: 09/27/2012] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Chmp2b is closely related to Vps2, a key component of the yeast protein complex that creates the intralumenal vesicles of multivesicular bodies. Dominant negative mutations in Chmp2b cause autophagosome accumulation and neurodegenerative disease. Loss of Chmp2b causes failure of dendritic spine maturation in cultured neurons. The homeobox gene Lbx1 plays an essential role in specifying postmitotic dorsal interneuron populations during late pattern formation in the neural tube. We have discovered that Chmp2b is one of the most highly regulated cell-autonomous targets of Lbx1 in the embryonic mouse neural tube. Chmp2b was expressed and depended on Lbx1 in only two of the five nascent, Lbx1-expressing, postmitotic, dorsal interneuron populations. It was also expressed in neural tube cell populations that lacked Lbx1 protein. The observed population-specific expression of Chmp2b indicated that only certain population-specific combinations of sequence specific transcription factors allow Chmp2b expression. The cell populations that expressed Chmp2b corresponded, in time and location, to neurons that make the first synapses of the spinal cord. Chmp2b protein was transported into neurites within the motor- and association-neuropils, where the first synapses are known to form between E11.5 and E12.5 in mouse neural tubes. Selective, developmentally-specified gene expression of Chmp2b may therefore be used to endow particular neuronal populations with the ability to mature dendritic spines. Such a mechanism could explain how mammalian embryos reproducibly establish the disynaptic cutaneous reflex only between particular cell populations.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jun Xu
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon, United States of America
| | - Mariko Nonogaki
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon, United States of America
| | - Ravi Madhira
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon, United States of America
| | - Hsiao-Yen Ma
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon, United States of America
| | - Ola Hermanson
- Department of Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Chrissa Kioussi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon, United States of America
| | - Michael K. Gross
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
49
|
Left-right locomotor circuitry depends on RhoA-driven organization of the neuroepithelium in the developing spinal cord. J Neurosci 2012; 32:10396-407. [PMID: 22836272 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.6474-11.2012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
RhoA is a key regulator of cytoskeletal dynamics with a variety of effects on cellular processes. Loss of RhoA in neural progenitor cells disrupts adherens junctions and causes disorganization of the neuroepithelium in the developing nervous system. However, it remains essentially unknown how the loss of RhoA physiologically affects neural circuit formation. Here we show that proper neuroepithelial organization maintained by RhoA GTPase in both the ventral and dorsal spinal cord is critical for left-right locomotor behavior. We examined the roles of RhoA in the ventral and dorsal spinal cord by deleting the gene in neural progenitors using Olig2-Cre and Wnt1-Cre mice, respectively. RhoA-deleted neural progenitors in both mutants exhibit defects in the formation of apical adherens junctions and disorganization of the neuroepithelium. Consequently, the ventricular zone and lumen of the dysplastic region are lost, causing the left and right sides of the gray matter to be directly connected. Furthermore, the dysplastic region lacks ephrinB3 expression at the midline that is required for preventing EphA4-expressing corticospinal neurons and spinal interneurons from crossing the midline. As a result, aberrant neuronal projections are observed in that region. Finally, both RhoA mutants develop a rabbit-like hopping gait. These results demonstrate that RhoA functions to maintain neuroepithelial structures in the developing spinal cord and that proper organization of the neuroepithelium is required for appropriate left-right motor behavior.
Collapse
|
50
|
Neurogenin2 expression together with NeuroM regulates GDNF family neurotrophic factor receptor α1 (GFRα1) expression in the embryonic spinal cord. Dev Biol 2012; 370:250-63. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2012.08.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2011] [Revised: 08/01/2012] [Accepted: 08/02/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
|