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Aldrich JC, Vanderlinden LA, Jacobsen TL, Wood C, Saba LM, Britt SG. Genome-Wide Association Study and transcriptome analysis reveals a complex gene network that regulates opsin gene expression and cell fate determination in Drosophila R7 photoreceptor cells. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2024:2024.08.05.606616. [PMID: 39149333 PMCID: PMC11326169 DOI: 10.1101/2024.08.05.606616] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/17/2024]
Abstract
Background An animal's ability to discriminate between differing wavelengths of light (i.e., color vision) is mediated, in part, by a subset of photoreceptor cells that express opsins with distinct absorption spectra. In Drosophila R7 photoreceptors, expression of the rhodopsin molecules, Rh3 or Rh4, is determined by a stochastic process mediated by the transcription factor spineless. The goal of this study was to identify additional factors that regulate R7 cell fate and opsin choice using a Genome Wide Association Study (GWAS) paired with transcriptome analysis via RNA-Seq. Results We examined Rh3 and Rh4 expression in a subset of fully-sequenced inbred strains from the Drosophila Genetic Reference Panel and performed a GWAS to identify 42 naturally-occurring polymorphisms-in proximity to 28 candidate genes-that significantly influence R7 opsin expression. Network analysis revealed multiple potential interactions between the associated candidate genes, spineless and its partners. GWAS candidates were further validated in a secondary RNAi screen which identified 12 lines that significantly reduce the proportion of Rh3 expressing R7 photoreceptors. Finally, using RNA-Seq, we demonstrated that all but four of the GWAS candidates are expressed in the pupal retina at a critical developmental time point and that five are among the 917 differentially expressed genes in sevenless mutants, which lack R7 cells. Conclusions Collectively, these results suggest that the relatively simple, binary cell fate decision underlying R7 opsin expression is modulated by a larger, more complex network of regulatory factors. Of particular interest are a subset of candidate genes with previously characterized neuronal functions including neurogenesis, neurodegeneration, photoreceptor development, axon growth and guidance, synaptogenesis, and synaptic function.
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Affiliation(s)
- John C. Aldrich
- Department of Neurology, Department of Ophthalmology, Dell Medical School; University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78712
- Department of Psychology, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78712
| | - Lauren A. Vanderlinden
- Department of Biostatistics and Informatics, Colorado School of Public Health, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045
| | - Thomas L. Jacobsen
- Department of Neurology, Department of Ophthalmology, Dell Medical School; University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78712
| | - Cheyret Wood
- Department of Biostatistics and Informatics, Colorado School of Public Health, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045
| | - Laura M. Saba
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045
| | - Steven G. Britt
- Department of Neurology, Department of Ophthalmology, Dell Medical School; University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78712
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Sun SH, Killian NJ, Pezaris JS. More than expected: extracellular waveforms and functional responses in monkey LGN. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2024:2023.11.22.568065. [PMID: 38798485 PMCID: PMC11118448 DOI: 10.1101/2023.11.22.568065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/29/2024]
Abstract
Unlike the exhaustive determination of cell types in the retina, key populations in the lateral geniculate nucleus of the thalamus (LGN) may have been missed. Here, we have begun to characterize the full range of extracellular neuronal responses in the LGN of awake monkeys using multi-electrodes during the presentation of colored noise visual stimuli to identify any previously overlooked signals. Extracellular spike waveforms of single units were classified into seven distinct classes, revealing previously unrecognized diversity: four negative-dominant classes that were narrow or broad, one triphasic class, and two positive-dominant classes. Based on their mapped receptive field (RF), these units were further categorized into either magnocellular (M), parvocellular (P), koniocellular (K), or non-RF (N). We found correlations between spike shape and mapped RF and response characteristics, with negative and narrow spiking waveform units predominantly associated with P and N RFs, and positive waveforms mostly linked to M RFs. Responses from positive waveforms exhibited shorter latencies, larger RF sizes, and were associated with larger eccentricities in the visual field than the other waveform classes. Additionally, N cells, those without an estimated RF, were consistently responsive to the visually presented mapping stimulus at a lower and more sustained rate than units with an RF. These findings suggest that the LGN cell population may be more diverse than previously believed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shi Hai Sun
- Department of Neurosurgery, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Neurosurgery, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Nathaniel J Killian
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, USA
| | - John S Pezaris
- Department of Neurosurgery, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Neurosurgery, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
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Wendt G, Faul F. Binocular luster elicited by isoluminant chromatic stimuli relies on mechanisms similar to those in the achromatic case. J Vis 2024; 24:7. [PMID: 38536184 PMCID: PMC10985784 DOI: 10.1167/jov.24.3.7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2023] [Accepted: 02/05/2024] [Indexed: 04/04/2024] Open
Abstract
The phenomenon of binocular luster can be evoked by simple dichoptic center-surround stimuli showing a luminance contrast difference between the eyes. Previous findings support the idea that this phenomenon is mediated by a low-level conflict mechanism that integrates the monocular signals from different types of contrast detector cells. Also, isoluminant stimuli with different chromatic contrasts between eyes can trigger sensations of luster. Here, we investigate whether the lustrous impression in such purely chromatic stimuli depends on interocular contrast differences and in particular on interocular contrast polarity pairings in a similar way as in the achromatic case. In our experiments, we measured the magnitude of the lustrous response using a series of isoluminant dichoptic center-ring-surround stimuli with varying ring width whose chromatic properties were varied along the red-green and blue-yellow cardinal directions. The trends in the data were very similar to those of our former study with achromatic stimuli, indicating similar mechanisms in both cases. The empirical luster data could also be predicted fairly well by a chromatic version of our interocular conflict model (with overall R2 values between 0.577 and 0.639), for which two different receptive field models were used, simulating the behavior of color-sensitive double-opponent cells in V1.
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Xu K, Peng B, Mao H, Wang Z, Gong H, Fu C, Ren FF, Yang Y, Wan C, Wan Q, Ye J. Ga 2O 3 Bipolar Heterojunction-Based Optoelectronic Synapse Array with Visual Attention. J Phys Chem Lett 2024; 15:556-564. [PMID: 38198134 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.3c02898] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2024]
Abstract
The human brain efficiently processes only a fraction of visual information, a phenomenon termed attentional control, resulting in energy savings and heightened adaptability. Translating this mechanism into artificial visual neurons holds promise for constructing energy-efficient, bioinspired visual systems. Here, we propose a self-rectifying artificial visual neuron (SEVN) based on a NiO/Ga2O3 bipolar heterojunction with attentional control on patterns with a target color. The device exhibits short-term potentiation (STP) with quantum point contact (QPC) traits at low bias and transitions to long-term potentiation (LTP) at high bias, particularly facilitated by electron capture in deep defects upon ultraviolet (UV) exposure. With the utilization of two wavelengths of light upon the target and interference part of CAPTCHA to simulate top-down attentional control, the recognition accuracy is enhanced from 74 to 84%. These findings have the potential to augment the visual capability of neuromorphic systems with implications for diverse applications, including cybersecurity, healthcare, and machine vision.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ke Xu
- School of Electronic Science and Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210093, People's Republic of China
| | - Baocheng Peng
- School of Electronic Science and Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210093, People's Republic of China
| | - Huiwu Mao
- School of Electronic Science and Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210093, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhengpeng Wang
- School of Electronic Science and Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210093, People's Republic of China
| | - Hehe Gong
- School of Electronic Science and Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210093, People's Republic of China
| | - Chuanyu Fu
- School of Electronic Science and Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210093, People's Republic of China
| | - Fang-Fang Ren
- School of Electronic Science and Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210093, People's Republic of China
| | - Yi Yang
- School of Electronic Science and Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210093, People's Republic of China
| | - Changjin Wan
- School of Electronic Science and Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210093, People's Republic of China
| | - Qing Wan
- School of Electronic Science and Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210093, People's Republic of China
- Yongjiang Laboratory (Y-LAB), Ningbo, Zhejiang 315202, People's Republic of China
| | - Jiandong Ye
- School of Electronic Science and Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210093, People's Republic of China
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Khanh TQ, Bodrogi P, Zandi B, Vinh TQ. Brightness perception under photopic conditions: experiments and modeling with contributions of S-cone and ipRGC. Sci Rep 2023; 13:14542. [PMID: 37666893 PMCID: PMC10477289 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-41084-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2023] [Accepted: 08/22/2023] [Indexed: 09/06/2023] Open
Abstract
In 1924, the CIE published and standardized the photopic luminous efficiency function. Based on the standardized curve, luminous flux in lumens, luminance in cd/m[Formula: see text], and illuminance in lux are determined by an integral of the curve and the incident light spectra in photometers and are considered physical brightness. However, human brightness perception is not only weighted by this simple determination, but is a more complicated combination of all L-cones, M-cones, S-cones, rods and later ipRGCs, which was partly described by the equivalent brightness of Fotios et al. with the correction factor [Formula: see text]. Recently, new research has demonstrated the role of ipRGCs in human light perception. However, it is still unclear how these signal components of the human visual system are involved in the overall human brightness perception. In this work, human brightness perception under photopic conditions was investigated by visual experiments with 28 subjects under 25 different light spectra. In this way, the contributions of the signal components can be investigated. An optimization process was then performed on the resulting database. The results show that not only the [Formula: see text] component, but also the S-cones and ipRGC play a role, although it is smaller. Thus, the visually scaled brightness model based on the database optimization was constructed using not only illuminance but also S-cones and ipRGC with [Formula: see text] of 0.9554 and RMSE of 4.7802. These results are much better than the brightness model after Fotios et al. using only S-cones ([Formula: see text] = 0.8161, RMSE = 9.7123) and the traditional model without S-cones and ipRGC ([Formula: see text] = 0.8121, RMSE = 9.8171).
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Affiliation(s)
- Tran Quoc Khanh
- Laboratory of Adaptive Lighting Systems and Visual Processing, Department of Electrical Engineering and Information Technology, Technical University of Darmstadt, 64289, Darmstadt, Germany
| | | | - Babak Zandi
- Laboratory of Adaptive Lighting Systems and Visual Processing, Department of Electrical Engineering and Information Technology, Technical University of Darmstadt, 64289, Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Trinh Quang Vinh
- Laboratory of Adaptive Lighting Systems and Visual Processing, Department of Electrical Engineering and Information Technology, Technical University of Darmstadt, 64289, Darmstadt, Germany.
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Liang J, Tian P, Wang J, Fan S, Deng X, Zhang J, Zhang J, Wang M, Zeng P. A diagnostic model based on color vision examination for dysthyroid optic neuropathy using Hardy-Rand-Rittler color plates. Graefes Arch Clin Exp Ophthalmol 2023; 261:2669-2678. [PMID: 37103624 DOI: 10.1007/s00417-023-06062-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2022] [Revised: 03/25/2023] [Accepted: 04/05/2023] [Indexed: 04/28/2023] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE To investigate color vision deficiency and the value of Hardy-Rand-Rittler (HRR) color plates in monitoring dysthyroid optic neuropathy (DON) to improve the diagnosis of DON. METHODS The participants were divided into DON and non-DON (mild and moderate-to-severe) groups. All the subjects underwent HRR color examination and comprehensive ophthalmic examinations. The random forest and decision tree models based on the HRR score were constructed by R software. The ROC curve and accuracy of different models in diagnosing DON were calculated and compared. RESULTS Thirty DON patients (57 eyes) and sixty non-DON patients (120 eyes) were enrolled. The HRR score was lower in DON patients than in non-DON patients (12.1 ± 6.2 versus 18.7 ± 1.8, p < 0.001). The major color deficiency was red-green deficiency in DON using HRR test. The HRR score, CAS, RNFL, and AP100 were found to be important factors in predicting DON from random forest and selected by decision tree to construct the multifactor model. The sensitivity, specificity, and the area under the curve (AUC) of the HRR score were 86%, 72%, and 0.87, respectively. The HRR score decision tree had a sensitivity, specificity, and AUC of 93%, 57%, and 0.75, respectively, with an accuracy of 82%. The data of the multifactor decision tree were 90%, 89%, and 0.93 for sensitivity, specificity, and AUC, respectively, with an accuracy of 91%. CONCLUSION The HRR test was valid as screening method for DON. The multifactor decision tree based on the HRR test improved the diagnostic efficacy for DON. An HRR score of less than 12 and red-green deficiency may be characteristic of DON.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiaqi Liang
- Department of Ophthalmology, Sun Yat-Sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, 107 Yanjiang West Road, Guangzhou, 510000, People's Republic of China
| | - Peng Tian
- Department of Otolaryngology, Sun Yat-Sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, 107 Yanjiang West Road, Guangzhou, 510000, People's Republic of China
| | - Jing Wang
- Department of Ophthalmology, Sun Yat-Sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, 107 Yanjiang West Road, Guangzhou, 510000, People's Republic of China
| | - Shuxian Fan
- Department of Ophthalmology, Sun Yat-Sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, 107 Yanjiang West Road, Guangzhou, 510000, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaowen Deng
- Department of Ophthalmology, Sun Yat-Sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, 107 Yanjiang West Road, Guangzhou, 510000, People's Republic of China
| | - Jiafeng Zhang
- Department of Ophthalmology, Sun Yat-Sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, 107 Yanjiang West Road, Guangzhou, 510000, People's Republic of China
| | - Jia Zhang
- Department of Ophthalmology, Sun Yat-Sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, 107 Yanjiang West Road, Guangzhou, 510000, People's Republic of China
| | - Mei Wang
- Department of Ophthalmology, Sun Yat-Sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, 107 Yanjiang West Road, Guangzhou, 510000, People's Republic of China.
| | - Peng Zeng
- Department of Ophthalmology, Sun Yat-Sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, 107 Yanjiang West Road, Guangzhou, 510000, People's Republic of China.
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7
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Kovoor JG, Marschner S, Amarasekera A, Nageswaran M, Page GJ, Chow CK, Thiagalingam A, Kovoor P. Public attitudes towards automated external defibrillators: results of a survey in the Australian general population. Front Cardiovasc Med 2023; 10:1178148. [PMID: 37332575 PMCID: PMC10272715 DOI: 10.3389/fcvm.2023.1178148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2023] [Accepted: 05/16/2023] [Indexed: 06/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Swift defibrillation by lay responders using automated external defibrillators (AEDs) increases survival in out-of-hospital cardiac arrest (OHCA). This study evaluated newly designed yellow-red vs. commonly used green-white signage for AEDs and cabinets and assessed public attitudes to using AEDs during OHCA. Methods New yellow-red signage was designed to enable easy identification of AEDs and cabinets. A prospective, cross-sectional study of the Australian public was conducted using an electronic, anonymised questionnaire between November 2021 and June 2022. The validated net promoter score investigated public engagement with the signage. Likert scales and binary comparisons evaluated preference, comfort and likelihood of using AEDs for OHCA. Results The yellow-red signage for AED and cabinet was preferred by 73.0% and 88%, respectively, over the green-white counterparts. Only 32% were uncomfortable with using AEDs, and only 19% indicated a low likelihood of using AEDs in OHCA. Conclusion The majority of the Australian public surveyed preferred yellow-red over green-white signage for AED and cabinet and indicated comfort and likelihood of using AEDs in OHCA. Steps are necessary to standardise yellow-red signage of AED and cabinet and enable widespread availability of AEDs for public access defibrillation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joshua G. Kovoor
- The Queen Elizabeth Hospital, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia
- Heart of the Nation, Sydney, NSW, Australia
- Health and Information, Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | - Simone Marschner
- Westmead Applied Research Centre, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Anjalee Amarasekera
- Westmead Applied Research Centre, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Meera Nageswaran
- Westmead Applied Research Centre, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | | | - Clara K. Chow
- Westmead Applied Research Centre, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Aravinda Thiagalingam
- Westmead Applied Research Centre, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Pramesh Kovoor
- Heart of the Nation, Sydney, NSW, Australia
- Health and Information, Adelaide, SA, Australia
- Westmead Applied Research Centre, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
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8
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Jones MW, Hunt T. Electromagnetic-field theories of qualia: can they improve upon standard neuroscience? Front Psychol 2023; 14:1015967. [PMID: 37325753 PMCID: PMC10267331 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1015967] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2022] [Accepted: 04/24/2023] [Indexed: 06/17/2023] Open
Abstract
How do brains create all our different colors, pains, and other conscious qualities? These various qualia are the most essential aspects of consciousness. Yet standard neuroscience (primarily based on synaptic information processing) has not found the synaptic-firing codes, sometimes described as the "spike code," to account for how these qualia arise and how they unite to form complex perceptions, emotions, et cetera. Nor is it clear how to get from these abstract codes to the qualia we experience. But electromagnetic field (versus synaptic) approaches to how qualia arise have been offered in recent years by Pockett, McFadden, Jones, Bond, Ward and Guevera, Keppler and Shani, Hunt and Schooler, et cetera. These EM-field approaches show promise in offering more viable accounts of qualia. Yet, until now, they have not been evaluated together. We review various EM field theories of qualia, highlight their strengths and weaknesses, and contrast these theories with standard neuroscience approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Tam Hunt
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, University of California, Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, CA, United States
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9
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Troscianko J, Osorio D. A model of colour appearance based on efficient coding of natural images. PLoS Comput Biol 2023; 19:e1011117. [PMID: 37319266 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pcbi.1011117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2022] [Accepted: 04/20/2023] [Indexed: 06/17/2023] Open
Abstract
An object's colour, brightness and pattern are all influenced by its surroundings, and a number of visual phenomena and "illusions" have been discovered that highlight these often dramatic effects. Explanations for these phenomena range from low-level neural mechanisms to high-level processes that incorporate contextual information or prior knowledge. Importantly, few of these phenomena can currently be accounted for in quantitative models of colour appearance. Here we ask to what extent colour appearance is predicted by a model based on the principle of coding efficiency. The model assumes that the image is encoded by noisy spatio-chromatic filters at one octave separations, which are either circularly symmetrical or oriented. Each spatial band's lower threshold is set by the contrast sensitivity function, and the dynamic range of the band is a fixed multiple of this threshold, above which the response saturates. Filter outputs are then reweighted to give equal power in each channel for natural images. We demonstrate that the model fits human behavioural performance in psychophysics experiments, and also primate retinal ganglion responses. Next, we systematically test the model's ability to qualitatively predict over 50 brightness and colour phenomena, with almost complete success. This implies that much of colour appearance is potentially attributable to simple mechanisms evolved for efficient coding of natural images, and is a well-founded basis for modelling the vision of humans and other animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jolyon Troscianko
- Centre for Ecology & Conservation, University of Exeter, Penryn, United Kingdom
| | - Daniel Osorio
- School of Life Sciences, University of Sussex, Brighton, United Kingdom
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Marques DN, Gomes AE, Linhares JMM, Nascimento SMC. Discrimination of natural colors in anomalous trichromacy and the effects of EnChroma and Vino filters. OPTICS EXPRESS 2023; 31:18075-18087. [PMID: 37381526 DOI: 10.1364/oe.451326] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2021] [Accepted: 05/19/2022] [Indexed: 06/30/2023]
Abstract
It is still unclear how well anomalous trichromats discriminate natural colors and whether commercial spectral filters improve performance in these conditions. We show that anomalous trichromats have good color discrimination with colors drawn from natural environments. It is only about 14% poorer, on average, than normal trichromats in our sample of thirteen anomalous trichromats. No measurable effect of the filters on discrimination was found, even after 8 hours of continuous use. Computations of cone and post-receptoral signals show only a modest increase in medium-to-long-wavelength difference signals, which may explain the absent effect of the filters.
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Kim YJ, Packer O, Pollreisz A, Martin PR, Grünert U, Dacey DM. Comparative connectomics reveals noncanonical wiring for color vision in human foveal retina. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2023; 120:e2300545120. [PMID: 37098066 PMCID: PMC10160961 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2300545120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2023] [Accepted: 03/31/2023] [Indexed: 04/26/2023] Open
Abstract
The Old World macaque monkey and New World common marmoset provide fundamental models for human visual processing, yet the human ancestral lineage diverged from these monkey lineages over 25 Mya. We therefore asked whether fine-scale synaptic wiring in the nervous system is preserved across these three primate families, despite long periods of independent evolution. We applied connectomic electron microscopy to the specialized foveal retina where circuits for highest acuity and color vision reside. Synaptic motifs arising from the cone photoreceptor type sensitive to short (S) wavelengths and associated with "blue-yellow" (S-ON and S-OFF) color-coding circuitry were reconstructed. We found that distinctive circuitry arises from S cones for each of the three species. The S cones contacted neighboring L and M (long- and middle-wavelength sensitive) cones in humans, but such contacts were rare or absent in macaques and marmosets. We discovered a major S-OFF pathway in the human retina and established its absence in marmosets. Further, the S-ON and S-OFF chromatic pathways make excitatory-type synaptic contacts with L and M cone types in humans, but not in macaques or marmosets. Our results predict that early-stage chromatic signals are distinct in the human retina and imply that solving the human connectome at the nanoscale level of synaptic wiring will be critical for fully understanding the neural basis of human color vision.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yeon Jin Kim
- Department of Biological Structure, University of Washington, Seattle, WA98195
| | - Orin Packer
- Department of Biological Structure, University of Washington, Seattle, WA98195
| | - Andreas Pollreisz
- Department of Ophthalmology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna1090, Austria
| | - Paul R. Martin
- Save Sight Institute and Department of Ophthalmology, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW2000, Australia
| | - Ulrike Grünert
- Save Sight Institute and Department of Ophthalmology, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW2000, Australia
| | - Dennis M. Dacey
- Department of Biological Structure, University of Washington, Seattle, WA98195
- Washington National Primate Research Center, University of Washington, Seattle, WA98195
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12
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Rhim I, Nauhaus I. Joint representations of color and form in mouse visual cortex described by random pooling from rods and cones. J Neurophysiol 2023; 129:619-634. [PMID: 36696968 PMCID: PMC9988525 DOI: 10.1152/jn.00138.2022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2022] [Revised: 12/30/2022] [Accepted: 01/18/2023] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Spatial transitions in color can aid any visual perception task, and its neural representation, the "integration of color and form," is thought to begin at primary visual cortex (V1). Integration of color and form is untested in mouse V1, yet studies show that the ventral retina provides the necessary substrate from green-sensitive rods and ultraviolet-sensitive cones. Here, we used two-photon imaging in V1 to measure spatial frequency (SF) tuning along four axes of rod and cone contrast space, including luminance and color. We first reveal that V1's sensitivity to color is similar to luminance, yet average SF tuning is significantly shifted lowpass for color. Next, guided by linear models, we used SF tuning along all four color axes to estimate the proportion of neurons that fall into classic models of color opponency, i.e., "single-," "double-," and "non-opponent." Few neurons (∼6%) fit the criteria for double opponency, which are uniquely tuned for chromatic borders. Most of the population can be described as a unimodal distribution ranging from strongly single-opponent to non-opponent. Consistent with recent studies of the rodent and primate retina, our V1 data are well-described by a simple model in which ON and OFF channels to V1 sample the photoreceptor mosaic randomly. Finally, an analysis comparing color opponency to preferred orientation and retinotopy further validates rods, and not cone M-opsin, as opponent with cone S-opsin in the upper visual field.NEW & NOTEWORTHY This study is the first to show that mouse V1 is highly sensitive to UV-green color contrast. Furthermore, it provides a detailed characterization of "color opponency," which is the putative neural basis for color perception. Finally, using an extremely simple yet novel random wiring model, we account for our observations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Issac Rhim
- Department of Psychology, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas, United States
- Center for Perceptual Systems, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas, United States
- Institute of Neuroscience, University of Oregon, Eugene, Oregon, United States
| | - Ian Nauhaus
- Department of Psychology, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas, United States
- Department of Neuroscience, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas, United States
- Center for Perceptual Systems, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas, United States
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13
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Murray IJ, Parry NRA. Reaction time measures of non-chromatic contamination in opponent stimuli. JOURNAL OF THE OPTICAL SOCIETY OF AMERICA. A, OPTICS, IMAGE SCIENCE, AND VISION 2023; 40:A114-A120. [PMID: 37133021 DOI: 10.1364/josaa.478273] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Simple visual reaction times (RTs) are highly sensitive to the presence of transient activity. Transient and sustained visual mechanisms generate different RT versus contrast functions because they have different gains. To identify non-chromatic (transient) activity, we can compare RT versus contrast functions obtained with either fast or slow onset stimuli. To test this, the stimulus adopted was a temporal modulation along the red-green axis, introducing non-chromatic components by varying the red-green ratio. The technique was sensitive to departures from isoluminance for all observers; therefore, we present this method as a way to detect transient contamination in a chromatic stimulus.
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14
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Wilson R, Cooper CEC, Meah RJ, Wakefield A, Roberts NW, Jones G. The spectral composition of a white light influences its attractiveness to Culex pipiens mosquitoes. Ecol Evol 2023; 13:e9714. [PMID: 36620423 PMCID: PMC9817194 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.9714] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2022] [Revised: 12/10/2022] [Accepted: 12/16/2022] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Insect attraction to artificial light can potentially facilitate disease transmission by increasing contact between humans and vectors. Previous research has identified specific wavelength bands, such as yellow and red, that are unattractive to biting flies. However, narrow-band, non-white lights are unsuitable for home lighting use as their very poor color rendering is often considered aesthetically undesirable. The creation of a white light that is unattractive to insects has so far remained elusive. White light can be created by combining a number of narrow-band light-emitting diodes (LEDs). Through choice chamber experiments on Culex pipiens (Cx. pipiens) mosquitoes, we examine whether combining specific wavelength bands has an additive, subtractive or synergistic effect on insect attraction. We show that a white light created by combining narrow-band red, green and blue (RGB) LEDs is less attractive to Cx. pipiens than a broad-spectrum white light; and that a white light created by combining narrow-band blue and yellow LEDs is more attractive than a broad-spectrum white light. White light produced by RGB combinations could therefore serve as a safer and cheaper light in countries where phototactic vectors and vector-borne disease are endemic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roksana Wilson
- School of Biological SciencesUniversity of BristolBristolUK
| | - Christopher E. C. Cooper
- School of Computer Science, Electrical and Electronic Engineering, and Engineering MathsUniversity of BristolBristolUK
| | | | | | | | - Gareth Jones
- School of Biological SciencesUniversity of BristolBristolUK
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15
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Rozhkova G, Belokopytov A, Gracheva M, Ershov E, Nikolaev P. A simple method for comparing peripheral and central color vision by means of two smartphones. Behav Res Methods 2023; 55:38-57. [PMID: 35260965 DOI: 10.3758/s13428-021-01783-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/24/2021] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Information on peripheral color perception is far from sufficient, since it has predominantly been obtained using small stimuli, limited ranges of eccentricities, and sophisticated experimental conditions. Our goal was to consider the possibility of facilitating technical realization of the classical method of asymmetric color matching (ACM) developed by Moreland and Cruz (1959) for assessing appearance of color stimuli in the peripheral visual field (VF). We adopted the ACM method by employing two smartphones to implement matching procedure at various eccentricities. Although smartphones were successfully employed in vision studies, we are aware that some photometric parameters of smartphone displays are not sufficiently precise to ensure accurate color matching in foveal vision; moreover, certain technical characteristics of commercially available devices are variable. In the present study we provided evidence that, despite these shortages, smartphones can be applied for general and wide investigations of the peripheral vision. In our experiments, the smartphones were mounted on a mechanical perimeter to simultaneously present colored stimuli foveally and peripherally. Trying to reduce essential discomfort and fatigue experienced by most observers in peripheral vision studies, we did not apply bite bars, pupil dilatation, and Maxwellian view. The ACM measurements were performed without prior training of observers and in a wide range of eccentricities, varying between 0 and 95°. The results were presented in the HSV (hue, saturation, value) color space coordinates as a function of eccentricity and stimulus luminance. We demonstrated that our easy-to-conduct method provided a convenient means to investigate color appearance in the peripheral vision and to assess inter-individual differences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Galina Rozhkova
- Institute for Information Transmission Problems, RAS, Bolshoy Karetny 19, 127051, Moscow, Russia.
| | - Alexander Belokopytov
- Institute for Information Transmission Problems, RAS, Bolshoy Karetny 19, 127051, Moscow, Russia
| | - Maria Gracheva
- Institute for Information Transmission Problems, RAS, Bolshoy Karetny 19, 127051, Moscow, Russia
| | - Egor Ershov
- Institute for Information Transmission Problems, RAS, Bolshoy Karetny 19, 127051, Moscow, Russia
| | - Petr Nikolaev
- Institute for Information Transmission Problems, RAS, Bolshoy Karetny 19, 127051, Moscow, Russia
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16
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Jiang Z, Sanders DMW, Cowell RA. Visual and semantic similarity norms for a photographic image stimulus set containing recognizable objects, animals and scenes. Behav Res Methods 2022; 54:2364-2380. [PMID: 35088365 PMCID: PMC9325926 DOI: 10.3758/s13428-021-01732-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/21/2021] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
We collected visual and semantic similarity norms for a set of photographic images comprising 120 recognizable objects/animals and 120 indoor/outdoor scenes. Human observers rated the similarity of pairs of images within four categories of stimuli-inanimate objects, animals, indoor scenes and outdoor scenes-via Amazon's Mechanical Turk. We performed multidimensional scaling (MDS) on the collected similarity ratings to visualize the perceived similarity for each image category, for both visual and semantic ratings. The MDS solutions revealed the expected similarity relationships between images within each category, along with intuitively sensible differences between visual and semantic similarity relationships for each category. Stress tests performed on the MDS solutions indicated that the MDS analyses captured meaningful levels of variance in the similarity data. These stimuli, associated norms and naming data are made available to all researchers, and should provide a useful resource for researchers of vision, memory and conceptual knowledge wishing to run experiments using well-parameterized stimulus sets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhuohan Jiang
- Neuroscience Program, Smith College, Northampton, MA, USA
- Integrated Program in Neuroscience, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - D Merika W Sanders
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, University of Massachusetts Amherst, 135 Hicks Way, Amherst, MA, 01003, USA
- Department of Psychology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Rosemary A Cowell
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, University of Massachusetts Amherst, 135 Hicks Way, Amherst, MA, 01003, USA.
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17
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Li B, Todo Y, Tang Z, Tang C. The mechanism of orientation detection based on color-orientation jointly selective cells. Knowl Based Syst 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.knosys.2022.109715] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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18
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Weirich C, Lin Y, Khanh TQ. Evidence for human-centric in-vehicle lighting: Part 2-Modeling illumination based on color-opponents. Front Neurosci 2022; 16:969125. [PMID: 36238081 PMCID: PMC9552885 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2022.969125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2022] [Accepted: 08/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Illumination preference models are usually defined in a static scenery, rating common-colored objects by a single scale or semantic differentials. Recently, it was reported that two to three illumination characteristics are necessary to define a high correlation in a bright office-like environment. However, white-light illumination preferences for vehicle-occupants in a dynamic semi- to full automated modern driving context are missing. Here we conducted a global free access online survey using VR engines to create 360° sRGB static in-vehicle sceneries. A total of 164 participants from China and Europe answered three levels in our self-hosted questionnaire by using mobile access devices. First, the absolute perceptional difference should be defined by a variation of CCT for 3,000, 4,500, and 6,000 K or combinations, and light distribution, either in a spot- or spatial way. Second, psychological light attributes should be associated with the same illumination and scenery settings. Finally, we created four driving environments with varying external levels of interest and time of the day. We identified three key results: (1) Four illumination groups could be classified by applying nMDS. (2) Combinations of mixed CCTs and spatial light distributions outperformed compared single light settings (p < 0.05), suggesting that also during daylight conditions artificial light supplements are necessary. (3) By an image transformation in the IPT and CAM16 color appearance space, comparing external and in-vehicle scenery, individual illumination working areas for each driving scenery could be identified, especially in the dimension of chroma-, partially following the Hunt-Effect, and lightness contrast, which synchronizes the internal and external brightness level. We classified our results as a starting point, which we intend to prove in a follow-up-controlled laboratory study with real object arrangements. Also, by applying novel methods to display high fidelity 360° rendered images on mobile access devices, our approach can be used in the future interdisciplinary research since high computational mobile devices with advanced equipped sensory systems are the new standard of our daily life.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher Weirich
- Department of Illuminating Engineering and Light Sources, School of Information Science and Technology, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
- Laboratory of Adaptive Lighting Systems and Visual Processing, Department of Electrical Engineering and Information Technology, Technical University of Darmstadt, Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Yandan Lin
- Department of Illuminating Engineering and Light Sources, School of Information Science and Technology, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Tran Quoc Khanh
- Laboratory of Adaptive Lighting Systems and Visual Processing, Department of Electrical Engineering and Information Technology, Technical University of Darmstadt, Darmstadt, Germany
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19
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Li Y, Tregillus KEM, Engel SA. Visual mode switching: Improved general compensation for environmental color changes requires only one exposure per day. J Vis 2022; 22:12. [PMID: 36098963 PMCID: PMC9482319 DOI: 10.1167/jov.22.10.12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
When the visual environment changes, vision adapts in order to maintain accurate perception. For repeatedly encountered environmental changes, the visual system may learn to adjust immediately, a process called "visual mode switching." For example, following experience with red glasses, participants report that the glasses' redness fades instantly when they put the glasses on. Here we tested (1) whether once-daily experience suffices for learning to switch visual modes and (2) whether effects of mode switching apply to most stimuli affected by the environmental change. In Experiment 1, 12 participants wore bright red glasses for a single 5-hr period each day for 5 days, and we tested for changes in the perception of unique yellow, which contains neither red nor green. In Experiment 2, we tested how mode switching affects larger parts of the color space. Thirteen participants donned and removed the glasses multiple times a day for 5 days, and we used a dissimilarity rating task to measure and track perception of many different colors. Across days, immediately upon donning the glasses, the world appeared less and less reddish (Experiment 1), and colors across the whole color space appeared more and more normal (Experiment 2). These results indicate that mode switching can be acquired from a once-daily experience, and it applies to most stimuli in a given environment. These findings may help to predict when and how mode switching occurs outside the laboratory.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanjun Li
- Department of Psychology, University of Minnesota, MN, USA.,
| | | | - Stephen A Engel
- Department of Psychology, University of Minnesota, MN, USA.,
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20
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Rezeanu D, Neitz M, Neitz J. How We See Black and White: The Role of Midget Ganglion Cells. Front Neuroanat 2022; 16:944762. [PMID: 35864822 PMCID: PMC9294633 DOI: 10.3389/fnana.2022.944762] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2022] [Accepted: 06/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
According to classical opponent color theory, hue sensations are mediated by spectrally opponent neurons that are excited by some wavelengths of light and inhibited by others, while black-and-white sensations are mediated by spectrally non-opponent neurons that respond with the same sign to all wavelengths. However, careful consideration of the morphology and physiology of spectrally opponent L vs. M midget retinal ganglion cells (RGCs) in the primate retina indicates that they are ideally suited to mediate black-and-white sensations and poorly suited to mediate color. Here we present a computational model that demonstrates how the cortex could use unsupervised learning to efficiently separate the signals from L vs. M midget RGCs into distinct signals for black and white based only correlation of activity over time. The model also reveals why it is unlikely that these same ganglion cells could simultaneously mediate our perception of red and green, and shows how, in theory, a separate small population of midget RGCs with input from S, M, and L cones would be ideally suited to mediating hue perception.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Jay Neitz
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States
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21
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Joly S, Mdzomba JB, Rodriguez L, Morin F, Vallières L, Pernet V. B cell-dependent EAE induces visual deficits in the mouse with similarities to human autoimmune demyelinating diseases. J Neuroinflammation 2022; 19:54. [PMID: 35197067 PMCID: PMC8867627 DOI: 10.1186/s12974-022-02416-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2021] [Accepted: 02/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND In the field of autoimmune demyelinating diseases, visual impairments have extensively been studied using the experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) mouse model, which is classically induced by immunization with myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein peptide (MOG35-55). However, this model does not involve B cells like its human analogs. New antigens have thus been developed to induce a B cell-dependent form of EAE that better mimics human diseases. METHODS The present study aimed to characterize the visual symptoms of EAE induced with such an antigen called bMOG. After the induction of EAE with bMOG in C57BL/6J mice, visual function changes were studied by electroretinography and optomotor acuity tests. Motor deficits were assessed in parallel with a standard clinical scoring method. Histological examinations and Western blot analyses allowed to follow retinal neuron survival, gliosis, microglia activation, opsin photopigment expression in photoreceptors and optic nerve demyelination. Disease effects on retinal gene expression were established by RNA sequencing. RESULTS We observed that bMOG EAE mice exhibited persistent loss of visual acuity, despite partial recovery of electroretinogram and motor functions. This loss was likely due to retinal inflammation, gliosis and synaptic impairments, as evidenced by histological and transcriptomic data. Further analysis suggests that the M-cone photoreceptor pathway was also affected. CONCLUSION Therefore, by documenting visual changes induced by bMOG and showing similarities to those seen in diseases such as multiple sclerosis and neuromyelitis optica, this study offers a new approach to test protective or restorative ophthalmic treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandrine Joly
- Department of Ophthalmology, Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
- Regenerative Medicine Unit, University Hospital Center of Quebec, Laval University, Quebec City, QC Canada
| | - Julius Baya Mdzomba
- Regenerative Medicine Unit, University Hospital Center of Quebec, Laval University, Quebec City, QC Canada
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Laval University, Quebec City, QC Canada
| | - Léa Rodriguez
- Regenerative Medicine Unit, University Hospital Center of Quebec, Laval University, Quebec City, QC Canada
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Laval University, Quebec City, QC Canada
| | - Françoise Morin
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Laval University, Quebec City, QC Canada
- Neuroscience Unit, University Hospital Center of Quebec, Laval University, Quebec City, QC Canada
| | - Luc Vallières
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Laval University, Quebec City, QC Canada
- Neuroscience Unit, University Hospital Center of Quebec, Laval University, Quebec City, QC Canada
| | - Vincent Pernet
- Regenerative Medicine Unit, University Hospital Center of Quebec, Laval University, Quebec City, QC Canada
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Laval University, Quebec City, QC Canada
- Center for Experimental Neurology (ZEN), University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
- Department of Neurology, Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, Sahli Haus 1, UG Büro 1, Freiburgstrasse 14, 3010 Bern, Switzerland
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22
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Simunovic MP, Grigg J, Mahroo O. Vision at the limits: absolute threshold, visual function, and outcomes in clinical trials. Surv Ophthalmol 2022; 67:1270-1286. [DOI: 10.1016/j.survophthal.2022.01.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2021] [Revised: 01/20/2022] [Accepted: 01/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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23
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Barreiro-González A, Sanz MT, Carratalà-Boscà S, Pérez-Miralles F, Alcalá C, España-Gregori E, Casanova B. Dyschromatopsia in multiple sclerosis reflects diffuse chronic neurodegeneration beyond anatomical landmarks. Acta Neurol Belg 2021; 121:1767-1775. [PMID: 33044738 DOI: 10.1007/s13760-020-01516-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2020] [Accepted: 09/28/2020] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
To formulate and validate a dyschromatopsia linear regression model in patients with multiple sclerosis (MS). 64 MS patients (50 to formulate the model and 14 for its validation) underwent neurological (Expanded Disability Status Scale, EDSS), color vision (Farnsworth D15 test), and peripapillary retinal nerve fiber layer (pRNFL) and retinal evaluation with spectral-domain optical coherence tomography (SD-OCT). Neuroradiological examination permitted to obtain brain parenchymal fraction (BPF) and cervical spinal cord volume (SC). Ophthalmic parameters were calculated as the average of both non-optic neuritis (ON) eyes, and in case the patient had previous ON, the value of the fellow non-ON eye was taken. The influence of sex, age, disease duration, and history of disease-modifying treatment (first- or second-line DMT) was tested as covariables that could influence color perception. Color confusion index (log CCI) correlated with pRNFL (r = - 0.322, p = 0.009), ganglion cell layer (GCL, r = - 0.321, p = 0.01), BPF (r = - 0.287, p = 0.021), SC volume (r = - 0.33, p = 0.008), patients' age (r = 0.417, p = 0.001), disease duration (r = 0.371, p = 0.003), and EDSS (r = 0.44, p = 0.001). The following CCI equation was obtained: log (CCI) = 0.316-0.224 BPF - 0.187 SC volume (mm3) + 0.226 age (years) + 0.012 disease duration (years) - 0.372 GCL (µm). CCI correlates with MS clinical and paraclinical established biomarkers suggesting chronic diffuse neurodegeneration in MS operates at brain, SC, and retina linking all three compartments. Color vision outcome can be calculated through the aforementioned variables for clinical and research purposes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonio Barreiro-González
- Ophthalmology Department, University and Polytechnic Hospital La Fe, Avenida Fernando Abril Martorell 106, 46026, Valencia, Spain.
| | - Maria T Sanz
- Departamento de Didáctica de La Matemática, Universidad de Valencia, Valencia, Spain
| | - Sara Carratalà-Boscà
- Neurology Department, University and Polytechnic Hospital La Fe, Valencia, Spain
| | | | - Carmen Alcalá
- Neurology Department, University and Polytechnic Hospital La Fe, Valencia, Spain
| | - Enrique España-Gregori
- Ophthalmology Department, University and Polytechnic Hospital La Fe, Avenida Fernando Abril Martorell 106, 46026, Valencia, Spain
- Surgery Department, Faculty of Medicine, University of Valencia, Valencia, Spain
| | - Bonaventura Casanova
- Neurology Department, University and Polytechnic Hospital La Fe, Valencia, Spain
- Medicine Department, Faculty of Medicine, University of Valencia, Valencia, Spain
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24
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Jolly JK, Simunovic MP, Dubis AM, Josan AS, Robson AG, Bellini MP, Bloch E, Georgiadis O, da Cruz L, Bridge H, MacLaren RE. Structural and Functional Characteristics of Color Vision Changes in Choroideremia. Front Neurosci 2021; 15:729807. [PMID: 34690675 PMCID: PMC8529211 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2021.729807] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2021] [Accepted: 09/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Color vision is considered a marker of cone function and its assessment in patients with retinal pathology is complementary to the assessments of spatial vision [best-corrected visual acuity (BCVA)] and contrast detection (perimetry). Rod-cone and chorioretinal dystrophies—such as choroideremia—typically cause alterations to color vision, making its assessment a potential outcome measure in clinical trials. However, clinical evaluation of color vision may be compromised by pathological changes to spatial vision and the visual field. The low vision Cambridge Color Test (lvCCT) was developed specifically to address these latter issues. We used the trivector version of the lvCCT to quantify color discrimination in a cohort of 53 patients with choroideremia. This test enables rapid and precise characterization of color discrimination along protan, deutan, and tritan axes more reliably than the historically preferred test for clinical trials, namely the Farnsworth Munsell 100 Hue test. The lvCCT demonstrates that color vision defects—particularly along the tritan axis—are seen early in choroideremia, and that this occurs independent of changes in visual acuity, pattern electroretinography and ellipsoid zone area on optical coherence tomography (OCT). We argue that the selective loss of tritan color discrimination can be explained by our current understanding of the machinery of color vision and the pathophysiology of choroideremia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jasleen K Jolly
- Nuffield Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom.,Oxford Eye Hospital and NIHR Oxford Biomedical Research Centre, Oxford University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Oxford, United Kingdom.,Oxford Centre for Functional MRI of the Brain (FMRIB), Wellcome Centre for Integrative Neuroimaging, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Matthew P Simunovic
- Save Sight Institute, Discipline of Ophthalmology, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia.,Retinal Unit Sydney Eye Hospital, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Adam M Dubis
- NIHR Biomedical Resource Centre at Moorfields Eye Hospital and UCL Institute of Ophthalmology, London, United Kingdom
| | - Amandeep S Josan
- Nuffield Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom.,Oxford Eye Hospital and NIHR Oxford Biomedical Research Centre, Oxford University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Anthony G Robson
- Electrophysiology Department, Moorfields Eye Hospital, London, United Kingdom.,University College London Institute of Ophthalmology, London, United Kingdom
| | - Marco P Bellini
- Nuffield Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Edward Bloch
- NIHR Biomedical Resource Centre at Moorfields Eye Hospital and UCL Institute of Ophthalmology, London, United Kingdom
| | - Odysseas Georgiadis
- NIHR Biomedical Resource Centre at Moorfields Eye Hospital and UCL Institute of Ophthalmology, London, United Kingdom
| | - Lyndon da Cruz
- NIHR Biomedical Resource Centre at Moorfields Eye Hospital and UCL Institute of Ophthalmology, London, United Kingdom
| | - Holly Bridge
- Oxford Centre for Functional MRI of the Brain (FMRIB), Wellcome Centre for Integrative Neuroimaging, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Robert E MacLaren
- Nuffield Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom.,Oxford Eye Hospital and NIHR Oxford Biomedical Research Centre, Oxford University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Oxford, United Kingdom
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25
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González Bardeci N, Lagorio MG. A mathematical approach to assess the ability of light filters to improve color discriminability of color vision deficient persons. Heliyon 2021; 7:e08058. [PMID: 34622063 PMCID: PMC8482439 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2021.e08058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2021] [Revised: 06/26/2021] [Accepted: 09/20/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Color vision deficiency (CVD) is a frequent condition that alters color perception to such an extent that many people encounter serious difficulties on their everyday lives. In this work, we present a strategy to analyze the effectiveness of light filters aimed to improve color discriminability of persons with CVD. The calculations are based on a simple model of color discrimination which has been successfully applied to several animal species. We first tested the calculations on three well-known commercial lenses designed for persons with CVD. In agreement with results of clinical studies, the calculations show that the highly colored lenses (VINO® and X-Chrom®) enhance chromaticity contrasts between problematic colors, whereas the more neutral Enchroma® do not provide any benefit. Also, we predict that two light filters proposed in recent works for novel lenses would not improve the performance of the commercial ones. Since the mathematical approach presented in this work enables predictive filter assessment, it opens the door to future research on the design of more effective lenses to improve color discriminability of persons with CVD. The calculations allow for large-scale screening of numerous light filters and different colored stimuli, CVD conditions, light sources, etc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicolás González Bardeci
- CONICET, Universidad de Buenos Aires, INQUIMAE, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Buenos Aires, Argentina.,Universidad de Buenos Aires, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Departamento de Química Inorgánica, Analítica y Química Física, Ciudad Universitaria. Pabellón II, 1er piso, C1428EHA, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - María Gabriela Lagorio
- CONICET, Universidad de Buenos Aires, INQUIMAE, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Buenos Aires, Argentina.,Universidad de Buenos Aires, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Departamento de Química Inorgánica, Analítica y Química Física, Ciudad Universitaria. Pabellón II, 1er piso, C1428EHA, Buenos Aires, Argentina
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26
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de Assis LVM, Moraes MN, Mendes D, Silva MM, Menck CFM, Castrucci AMDL. Loss of Melanopsin (OPN4) Leads to a Faster Cell Cycle Progression and Growth in Murine Melanocytes. Curr Issues Mol Biol 2021; 43:1436-1450. [PMID: 34698095 PMCID: PMC8929055 DOI: 10.3390/cimb43030101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2021] [Revised: 09/14/2021] [Accepted: 09/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Skin melanocytes harbor a complex photosensitive system comprised of opsins, which were shown, in recent years, to display light- and thermo-independent functions. Based on this premise, we investigated whether melanopsin, OPN4, displays such a role in normal melanocytes. In this study, we found that murine Opn4KO melanocytes displayed a faster proliferation rate compared to Opn4WT melanocytes. Cell cycle population analysis demonstrated that OPN4KO melanocytes exhibited a faster cell cycle progression with reduced G0–G1, and highly increased S and slightly increased G2/M cell populations compared to the Opn4WT counterparts. Expression of specific cell cycle-related genes in Opn4KO melanocytes exhibited alterations that corroborate a faster cell cycle progression. We also found significant modification in gene and protein expression levels of important regulators of melanocyte physiology. PER1 protein level was higher while BMAL1 and REV-ERBα decreased in Opn4KO melanocytes compared to Opn4WT cells. Interestingly, the gene expression of microphthalmia-associated transcription factor (MITF) was upregulated in Opn4KO melanocytes, which is in line with a higher proliferative capability. Taken altogether, we demonstrated that OPN4 regulates cell proliferation, cell cycle, and affects the expression of several important factors of the melanocyte physiology; thus, arguing for a putative tumor suppression role in melanocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leonardo Vinícius Monteiro de Assis
- Laboratory of Comparative Physiology of Pigmentation, Department of Physiology, Institute of Biosciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo 05508-090, Brazil; (M.N.M.); (A.M.d.L.C.)
- Correspondence:
| | - Maria Nathália Moraes
- Laboratory of Comparative Physiology of Pigmentation, Department of Physiology, Institute of Biosciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo 05508-090, Brazil; (M.N.M.); (A.M.d.L.C.)
| | - Davi Mendes
- DNA Repair Lab, Department of Microbiology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo 05508-000, Brazil; (D.M.); (M.M.S.); (C.F.M.M.)
| | - Matheus Molina Silva
- DNA Repair Lab, Department of Microbiology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo 05508-000, Brazil; (D.M.); (M.M.S.); (C.F.M.M.)
| | - Carlos Frederico Martins Menck
- DNA Repair Lab, Department of Microbiology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo 05508-000, Brazil; (D.M.); (M.M.S.); (C.F.M.M.)
| | - Ana Maria de Lauro Castrucci
- Laboratory of Comparative Physiology of Pigmentation, Department of Physiology, Institute of Biosciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo 05508-090, Brazil; (M.N.M.); (A.M.d.L.C.)
- Department of Biology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22904, USA
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27
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Ahmed I, Johnston RJ, Singh MS. Pluripotent stem cell therapy for retinal diseases. ANNALS OF TRANSLATIONAL MEDICINE 2021; 9:1279. [PMID: 34532416 PMCID: PMC8421932 DOI: 10.21037/atm-20-4747] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2020] [Accepted: 12/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Pluripotent stem cells (PSCs), which include human embryonic stem cells (hESCs) and induced pluripotent stem cell (iPSC), have been used to study development of disease processes, and as potential therapies in multiple organ systems. In recent years, there has been increasing interest in the use of PSC-based transplantation to treat disorders of the retina in which retinal cells have been functionally damaged or lost through degeneration. The retina, which consists of neuronal tissue, provides an excellent system to test the therapeutic utility of PSC-based transplantation due to its accessibility and the availability of high-resolution imaging technology to evaluate effects. Preclinical trials in animal models of retinal diseases have shown improvement in visual outcomes following subretinal transplantation of PSC-derived photoreceptors or retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) cells. This review focuses on preclinical studies and clinical trials exploring the use of PSCs for retinal diseases. To date, several phase I/II clinical trials in patients with age-related macular degeneration (AMD) and Stargardt disease (STGD1) have demonstrated the safety and feasibility of PSC-derived RPE transplantation. Additional phase I/II clinical trials using PSC-derived RPE or photoreceptor cells for the treatment of AMD, STGD1, and also retinitis pigmentosa (RP) are currently in the pipeline. As this field continues to evolve, additional technologies may enhance PSC-derived cell transplantation through gene-editing of autologous cells, transplantation of more complex cellular structures such as organoids, and monitoring of transplanted cells through novel imaging technologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ishrat Ahmed
- Wilmer Eye Institute, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | | | - Mandeep S Singh
- Wilmer Eye Institute, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
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28
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Varkevisser JM, Simon R, Mendoza E, How M, van Hijlkema I, Jin R, Liang Q, Scharff C, Halfwerk WH, Riebel K. Adding colour-realistic video images to audio playbacks increases stimulus engagement but does not enhance vocal learning in zebra finches. Anim Cogn 2021; 25:249-274. [PMID: 34405288 PMCID: PMC8940817 DOI: 10.1007/s10071-021-01547-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2021] [Revised: 07/28/2021] [Accepted: 08/05/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Bird song and human speech are learned early in life and for both cases engagement with live social tutors generally leads to better learning outcomes than passive audio-only exposure. Real-world tutor–tutee relations are normally not uni- but multimodal and observations suggest that visual cues related to sound production might enhance vocal learning. We tested this hypothesis by pairing appropriate, colour-realistic, high frame-rate videos of a singing adult male zebra finch tutor with song playbacks and presenting these stimuli to juvenile zebra finches (Taeniopygia guttata). Juveniles exposed to song playbacks combined with video presentation of a singing bird approached the stimulus more often and spent more time close to it than juveniles exposed to audio playback only or audio playback combined with pixelated and time-reversed videos. However, higher engagement with the realistic audio–visual stimuli was not predictive of better song learning. Thus, although multimodality increased stimulus engagement and biologically relevant video content was more salient than colour and movement equivalent videos, the higher engagement with the realistic audio–visual stimuli did not lead to enhanced vocal learning. Whether the lack of three-dimensionality of a video tutor and/or the lack of meaningful social interaction make them less suitable for facilitating song learning than audio–visual exposure to a live tutor remains to be tested.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ralph Simon
- Institute of Biology Leiden, Leiden University, Leiden, The Netherlands.,Department of Ecological Science, VU University Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.,Nuremberg Zoo, Nuremberg, Germany
| | - Ezequiel Mendoza
- Institut für Biologie, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Martin How
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - Idse van Hijlkema
- Institute of Biology Leiden, Leiden University, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Rozanda Jin
- Institute of Biology Leiden, Leiden University, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Qiaoyi Liang
- Evolution of Sensory Systems, Max Planck Institute for Ornithology, Seewiesen, Germany
| | | | - Wouter H Halfwerk
- Department of Ecological Science, VU University Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Katharina Riebel
- Institute of Biology Leiden, Leiden University, Leiden, The Netherlands
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29
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Barnett MA, Aguirre GK, Brainard D. A quadratic model captures the human V1 response to variations in chromatic direction and contrast. eLife 2021; 10:65590. [PMID: 34342580 PMCID: PMC8452309 DOI: 10.7554/elife.65590] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2020] [Accepted: 07/27/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
An important goal for vision science is to develop quantitative models of the representation of visual signals at post-receptoral sites. To this end, we develop the quadratic color model (QCM) and examine its ability to account for the BOLD fMRI response in human V1 to spatially-uniform, temporal chromatic modulations that systematically vary in chromatic direction and contrast. We find that the QCM explains the same, cross-validated variance as a conventional general linear model, with far fewer free parameters. The QCM generalizes to allow prediction of V1 responses to a large range of modulations. We replicate the results for each subject and find good agreement across both replications and subjects. We find that within the LM cone contrast plane, V1 is most sensitive to L-M contrast modulations and least sensitive to L+M contrast modulations. Within V1, we observe little to no change in chromatic sensitivity as a function of eccentricity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael A Barnett
- Department of Psychology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, United States
| | | | - David Brainard
- Neurology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, United States
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30
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Chen J, Gegenfurtner KR. Electrophysiological evidence for higher-level chromatic mechanisms in humans. J Vis 2021; 21:12. [PMID: 34357373 PMCID: PMC8354086 DOI: 10.1167/jov.21.8.12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2020] [Accepted: 07/13/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Color vision in humans starts with three types of cones (short [S], medium [M], and long [L] wavelengths) in the retina and three retinal and subcortical cardinal mechanisms, which linearly combine cone signals into the luminance channel (L + M), the red-green channel (L - M), and the yellow-blue channel (S-(L + M)). Chromatic mechanisms at the cortical level, however, are less well characterized. The present study investigated such higher-order chromatic mechanisms by recording electroencephalograms (EEGs) on human observers in a noise masking paradigm. Observers viewed colored stimuli that consisted of a target embedded in noise. Color directions of the target and noise varied independently and systematically in an isoluminant plane of color space. The target was flickering on-off at 3 Hz, eliciting steady-state visual evoked potential (SSVEP) responses. As a result, the masking strength could be estimated from the SSVEP amplitude in the presence of 6 Hz noise. Masking was strongest (i.e. target eliciting smallest SSVEPs) when the target and noise were along the same color direction, and was weakest (i.e. target eliciting highest SSVEPs) when the target and noise were along orthogonal directions. This pattern of results was observed both when the target color varied along the cardinal and intermediate directions, which is evidence for higher-order chromatic mechanisms tuned to intermediate axes. The SSVEP result can be well predicted by a model with multiple broadly tuned chromatic mechanisms. In contrast, a model with only cardinal mechanisms failed to account for the data. These results provide strong electrophysiological evidence for multiple chromatic mechanisms in the early visual cortex of humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Chen
- School of Psychology, Shanghai University of Sport, Shanghai, China
- https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3038-1786
| | - Karl R Gegenfurtner
- Abteilung Allgemeine Psychologie and Center for Mind, Brain & Behavior, Justus-Liebig-Universität Gießen, Gießen, Germany
- https://www.allpsych.uni-giessen.de/karl/
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31
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Zlatkova MB, Racheva K, Totev T, Mihaylova M, Hristov I, Anderson RS. Resolution acuity and spatial summation of chromatic mechanisms in the peripheral retina. JOURNAL OF THE OPTICAL SOCIETY OF AMERICA. A, OPTICS, IMAGE SCIENCE, AND VISION 2021; 38:1003-1014. [PMID: 34263756 DOI: 10.1364/josaa.418073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2020] [Accepted: 05/28/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Green stimuli are more difficult to detect than red stimuli in the retinal periphery, as reported previously. We examined the spatial characteristics of chromatic mechanisms using stimuli, modulated from an achromatic background to each pole of the "red-green" cardinal axis in DKL space at 20 deg eccentricity. The "blue-yellow" cardinal axis was also studied for comparison. By measuring both grating discrimination at the resolution limit (resolution acuity) and spatial summation, assessed by the Michaelis-Menten function, we demonstrated a marked "red-green" asymmetry. The resolution acuity was worse and spatial summation more extended for "green" compared to "red" stimuli, while showing significant individual variations. Ricco's area was also measured, but not determined for "green" spots because of the poor small stimuli detection. These results cannot be explained by differences in L- and M-cone numerosity and/or spatial arrangement, but rather have postreceptoral origin, probably at the cortical level.
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32
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Zandi B, Lode M, Herzog A, Sakas G, Khanh TQ. PupilEXT: Flexible Open-Source Platform for High-Resolution Pupillometry in Vision Research. Front Neurosci 2021; 15:676220. [PMID: 34220432 PMCID: PMC8249868 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2021.676220] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2021] [Accepted: 04/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The human pupil behavior has gained increased attention due to the discovery of the intrinsically photosensitive retinal ganglion cells and the afferent pupil control path's role as a biomarker for cognitive processes. Diameter changes in the range of 10-2 mm are of interest, requiring reliable and characterized measurement equipment to accurately detect neurocognitive effects on the pupil. Mostly commercial solutions are used as measurement devices in pupillometry which is associated with high investments. Moreover, commercial systems rely on closed software, restricting conclusions about the used pupil-tracking algorithms. Here, we developed an open-source pupillometry platform consisting of hardware and software competitive with high-end commercial stereo eye-tracking systems. Our goal was to make a professional remote pupil measurement pipeline for laboratory conditions accessible for everyone. This work's core outcome is an integrated cross-platform (macOS, Windows and Linux) pupillometry software called PupilEXT, featuring a user-friendly graphical interface covering the relevant requirements of professional pupil response research. We offer a selection of six state-of-the-art open-source pupil detection algorithms (Starburst, Swirski, ExCuSe, ElSe, PuRe and PuReST) to perform the pupil measurement. A developed 120-fps pupillometry demo system was able to achieve a calibration accuracy of 0.003 mm and an averaged temporal pupil measurement detection accuracy of 0.0059 mm in stereo mode. The PupilEXT software has extended features in pupil detection, measurement validation, image acquisition, data acquisition, offline pupil measurement, camera calibration, stereo vision, data visualization and system independence, all combined in a single open-source interface, available at https://github.com/openPupil/Open-PupilEXT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Babak Zandi
- Laboratory of Lighting Technology, Department of Electrical Engineering and Information Technology, Technical University of Darmstadt, Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Moritz Lode
- Laboratory of Lighting Technology, Department of Electrical Engineering and Information Technology, Technical University of Darmstadt, Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Alexander Herzog
- Laboratory of Lighting Technology, Department of Electrical Engineering and Information Technology, Technical University of Darmstadt, Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Georgios Sakas
- Interactive Graphic Systems, Department of Computer Science, Technical University of Darmstadt, Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Tran Quoc Khanh
- Laboratory of Lighting Technology, Department of Electrical Engineering and Information Technology, Technical University of Darmstadt, Darmstadt, Germany
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33
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How does the skin sense sun light? An integrative view of light sensing molecules. JOURNAL OF PHOTOCHEMISTRY AND PHOTOBIOLOGY C-PHOTOCHEMISTRY REVIEWS 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jphotochemrev.2021.100403] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
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34
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Garcia JE, Rohr DH, Dyer AG. Colour Discrimination From Perceived Differences by Birds. Front Ecol Evol 2021. [DOI: 10.3389/fevo.2021.639513] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The ability of visual generalists to see and perceive displayed colour signals is essential to understanding decision making in natural environments. Whilst modelling approaches have typically considered relatively simple physiological explanations of how colour may be processed, data on key bee species reveals that colour is a complex multistage perception largely generated by opponent neural representations in a brain. Thus, a biologically meaningful unit of colour information must consider the psychophysics responses of an animal engaged in colour decision making. We extracted previously collected psychophysics data for a Violet-Sensitive (VS) bird, the pigeon (Columba livia), and used a non-linear function that reliably represents the behavioural choices of hymenopteran and dipteran pollinators to produce the first behaviourally validated and biologically meaningful representation of how VS birds use colour information in a probabilistic way. The function describes how similar or dis-similar spectral information can lead to different choice behaviours in birds, even though all such spectral information is above discrimination threshold. This new representation of bird vision will enable enhanced modelling representations of how bird vision can sense and use colour information in complex environments.
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35
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Alzahrani HS, Khuu SK, Roy M. Modelling the effect of commercially available blue‐blocking lenses on visual and non‐visual functions. Clin Exp Optom 2021; 103:339-346. [DOI: 10.1111/cxo.12959] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2018] [Revised: 07/18/2019] [Accepted: 07/25/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Hind S Alzahrani
- School of Optometry and Vision Science, The University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia,
| | - Sieu K Khuu
- School of Optometry and Vision Science, The University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia,
| | - Maitreyee Roy
- School of Optometry and Vision Science, The University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia,
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36
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Vitevitch MS, Ng JW, Hatley E, Castro N. Phonological but not semantic influences on the speech-to-song illusion. Q J Exp Psychol (Hove) 2021; 74:585-597. [PMID: 33089742 PMCID: PMC8287799 DOI: 10.1177/1747021820969144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
In the speech to song illusion, a spoken phrase begins to sound as if it is being sung after several repetitions. Castro et al. (2018) used Node Structure Theory (NST; MacKay, 1987), a model of speech perception and production, to explain how the illusion occurs. Two experiments further test the mechanisms found in NST-priming, activation, and satiation-as an account of the speech to song illusion. In Experiment 1, words varying in the phonological clustering coefficient influenced how quickly a lexical node could recover from satiation, thereby influencing the song-like ratings to lists of words that were high versus low in phonological clustering coefficient. In Experiment 2, we used equivalence testing (i.e., the TOST procedure) to demonstrate that once lexical nodes are satiated the higher level semantic information associated with the word cannot differentially influence song-like ratings to lists of words varying in emotional arousal. The results of these two experiments further support the NST account of the speech to song illusion.
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37
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van Dijk EHC, Boon CJF. Serous business: Delineating the broad spectrum of diseases with subretinal fluid in the macula. Prog Retin Eye Res 2021; 84:100955. [PMID: 33716160 DOI: 10.1016/j.preteyeres.2021.100955] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2020] [Revised: 02/14/2021] [Accepted: 02/19/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
A wide range of ocular diseases can present with serous subretinal fluid in the macula and therefore clinically mimic central serous chorioretinopathy (CSC). In this manuscript, we categorise the diseases and conditions that are part of the differential diagnosis into 12 main pathogenic subgroups: neovascular diseases, vitelliform lesions, inflammatory diseases, ocular tumours, haematological malignancies, paraneoplastic syndromes, genetic diseases, ocular developmental anomalies, medication-related conditions and toxicity-related diseases, rhegmatogenous retinal detachment and tractional retinal detachment, retinal vascular diseases, and miscellaneous diseases. In addition, we describe 2 new clinical pictures associated with macular subretinal fluid accumulation, namely serous maculopathy with absence of retinal pigment epithelium (SMARPE) and serous maculopathy due to aspecific choroidopathy (SMACH). Differentiating between these various diseases and CSC can be challenging, and obtaining the correct diagnosis can have immediate therapeutic and prognostic consequences. Here, we describe the key differential diagnostic features of each disease within this clinical spectrum, including representative case examples. Moreover, we discuss the pathogenesis of each disease in order to facilitate the differentiation from typical CSC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elon H C van Dijk
- Department of Ophthalmology, Leiden University Medical Center, Albinusdreef 2, 2333 ZA, Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Camiel J F Boon
- Department of Ophthalmology, Leiden University Medical Center, Albinusdreef 2, 2333 ZA, Leiden, the Netherlands; Department of Ophthalmology, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, University of Amsterdam, Meibergdreef 9, 1105 AZ, Amsterdam, the Netherlands.
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38
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Zhang X, Alhasani RH, Zhou X, Reilly J, Zeng Z, Strang N, Shu X. Oxysterols and retinal degeneration. Br J Pharmacol 2021; 178:3205-3219. [PMID: 33501641 DOI: 10.1111/bph.15391] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2020] [Revised: 01/13/2021] [Accepted: 01/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Retinal degeneration, characterised by the progressive death of retinal neurons, is the most common cause of visual impairment. Oxysterols are the cholesterol derivatives produced via enzymatic and/or free radical oxidation that regulate cholesterol homeostasis in the retina. Preclinical and clinical studies have suggested a connection between oxysterols and retinal degeneration. Here, we summarise early and recent work related to retina oxysterol-producing enzymes and the distribution of oxysterols in the retina. We examine the impact of loss of oxysterol-producing enzymes on retinal pathology and explore the molecular mechanisms associated with the toxic or protective roles of individual oxysterols in different types of retinal degeneration. We conclude that increased efforts to better understand the oxysterol-associated pathophysiology will help in the development of effective retinal degeneration therapies. LINKED ARTICLES: This article is part of a themed issue on Oxysterols, Lifelong Health and Therapeutics. To view the other articles in this section visit http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/bph.v178.16/issuetoc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xun Zhang
- Department of Biological and Biomedical Sciences, Glasgow Caledonian University, Glasgow, UK
| | - Reem Hasaballah Alhasani
- Department of Biological and Biomedical Sciences, Glasgow Caledonian University, Glasgow, UK.,Department of Biology, Faculty of Applied Science, Umm Al-Qura University, Makkah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Xinzhi Zhou
- Department of Biological and Biomedical Sciences, Glasgow Caledonian University, Glasgow, UK
| | - James Reilly
- Department of Biological and Biomedical Sciences, Glasgow Caledonian University, Glasgow, UK
| | - Zhihong Zeng
- College of Biological and Environmental Engineering, Changsha University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Niall Strang
- Department of Vision Science, Glasgow Caledonian University, Glasgow, UK
| | - Xinhua Shu
- Department of Biological and Biomedical Sciences, Glasgow Caledonian University, Glasgow, UK.,Department of Vision Science, Glasgow Caledonian University, Glasgow, UK.,School of Basic Medical Sciences, Shaoyang University, Shaoyang, Hunan, China
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Tyagi R, Arvind H, Goyal M, Anand A, Mohanty M. Working Memory Alterations Plays an Essential Role in Developing Global Neuropsychological Impairment in Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy. Front Psychol 2021; 11:613242. [PMID: 33519636 PMCID: PMC7843380 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2020.613242] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2020] [Accepted: 12/01/2020] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Neuropsychological profile of Indian Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD) subjects remains unidentified and needs to be evaluated. Methods A total of 69 DMD and 66 controls were subjected to detailed intelligence and neuropsychological assessment. The factor indexes were derived from various components of Malin's Intelligence Scale for Indian Children (MISIC) and Rey Auditory Verbal Learning Test (RAVLT). Results Poor verbal and visual memory profiles were demonstrated by DMDs, which include RAVLT-immediate recall (IR) (p = 0.042), RAVLT-delayed recall (DR) (p = 0.009), Rey-Osterrieth complex figure test (RCFT)-IR (p = 0.001), and RCFT-DR (p = 0.001). RAVLT-memory efficiency index demonstrated poor verbal memory efficiency (p = 0.008). Significant differences in the functioning of working memory axis [RAVLT T1 (p = 0.015), recency T1 (p = 0.004), Digit Span Backward (p = 0.103)] were observed along with reduced performance in visuomotor coordination, visuospatial, and visual recognition abilities. Block designing efficiency index and attention fraction showed a normal performance in DMD kids. Conclusion Working memory deficits were found to be the crucial element of cognitive functioning in DMD cases. Working memory interventions may be beneficial to improve the neuropsychological profile in DMD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rahul Tyagi
- Neuroscience Research Lab, Department of Neurology, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, India
| | - Harshita Arvind
- Neuroscience Research Lab, Department of Neurology, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, India
| | - Manoj Goyal
- Department of Neurology, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, India
| | - Akshay Anand
- Neuroscience Research Lab, Department of Neurology, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, India
| | - Manju Mohanty
- Department of Neurosurgery, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, India
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40
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Nigam S, Pojoga S, Dragoi V. A distinct population of heterogeneously color-tuned neurons in macaque visual cortex. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2021; 7:7/8/eabc5837. [PMID: 33608266 PMCID: PMC7895441 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.abc5837] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2020] [Accepted: 01/06/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Color is a key feature of natural environments that higher mammals routinely use to detect food, avoid predators, and interpret social signals. The distribution of color signals in natural scenes is widely variable, ranging from uniform patches to highly nonuniform regions in which different colors lie in close proximity. Whether individual neurons are tuned to this high degree of variability of color signals is unknown. Here, we identified a distinct population of cells in macaque visual cortex (area V4) that have a heterogeneous receptive field (RF) structure in which individual subfields are tuned to different colors even though the full RF is only weakly tuned. This spatial heterogeneity in color tuning indicates a higher degree of complexity of color-encoding mechanisms in visual cortex than previously believed to efficiently extract chromatic information from the environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sunny Nigam
- Department of Neurobiology and Anatomy, McGovern Medical School, University of Texas at Houston, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Sorin Pojoga
- Department of Neurobiology and Anatomy, McGovern Medical School, University of Texas at Houston, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Valentin Dragoi
- Department of Neurobiology and Anatomy, McGovern Medical School, University of Texas at Houston, Houston, TX 77030, USA.
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Rice University, Houston, TX 77005, USA
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41
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Lankford CK, Laird JG, Inamdar SM, Baker SA. A Comparison of the Primary Sensory Neurons Used in Olfaction and Vision. Front Cell Neurosci 2020; 14:595523. [PMID: 33250719 PMCID: PMC7676898 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2020.595523] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2020] [Accepted: 10/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Vision, hearing, smell, taste, and touch are the tools used to perceive and navigate the world. They enable us to obtain essential resources such as food and highly desired resources such as mates. Thanks to the investments in biomedical research the molecular unpinning’s of human sensation are rivaled only by our knowledge of sensation in the laboratory mouse. Humans rely heavily on vision whereas mice use smell as their dominant sense. Both modalities have many features in common, starting with signal detection by highly specialized primary sensory neurons—rod and cone photoreceptors (PR) for vision, and olfactory sensory neurons (OSN) for the smell. In this chapter, we provide an overview of how these two types of primary sensory neurons operate while highlighting the similarities and distinctions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Colten K Lankford
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, United States
| | - Joseph G Laird
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, United States
| | - Shivangi M Inamdar
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, United States
| | - Sheila A Baker
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, United States.,Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, United States
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Berga D, Otazu X. Modeling bottom-up and top-down attention with a neurodynamic model of V1. Neurocomputing 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neucom.2020.07.047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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43
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Kanazawa N, Goto M, Harada Y, Takimoto C, Sasaki Y, Uchikawa T, Kamei Y, Matsuo M, Fukamachi S. Changes in a Cone Opsin Repertoire Affect Color-Dependent Social Behavior in Medaka but Not Behavioral Photosensitivity. Front Genet 2020; 11:801. [PMID: 32903371 PMCID: PMC7434946 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2020.00801] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2020] [Accepted: 07/06/2020] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Common ancestors of vertebrates had four types of cone opsins: short-wavelength sensitive 1 (SWS1), SWS2, rhodopsin 2 (RH2), and long-wavelength sensitive (LWS) types. Whereas fish and birds retain all the types, mammals have lost two of them (SWS2 and RH2) possibly because of their nocturnal lifestyle during the Mesozoic Era. Considering that the loss of cone opsin types causes so-called color blindness in humans (e.g., protanopia), the ability to discriminate color by trichromatic humans could be lower than that in potentially tetrachromatic birds and fish. Behavioral studies using color-blind (cone opsin-knockout) animals would be helpful to address such questions, but it is only recently that the genome-editing technologies have opened up this pathway. Using medaka as a model, we introduced frameshift mutations in SWS2 (SWS2a and/or SWS2b) after detailed characterization of the loci in silico, which unveiled the existence of a GC-AG intron and non-optic expressed-sequence-tags (ESTs) that include SWS2a in part. Transcripts from the mutated SWS2 loci are commonly reduced, suggesting that the SWS2a/b-double mutants could produce, if any, severely truncated (likely dysfunctional) SWS2s in small amounts. The mutants exhibited weakened body color preferences during mate choice. However, the optomotor response (OMR) test under monochromatic light revealed that the mutants had no defect in spectral sensitivity, even at the absorbance maxima (λmax) of SWS2s. Evolutionary diversification of cone opsins has often been discussed in relation to adaptation to dominating light in habitats (i.e., changes in the repertoire or λmax are for increasing sensitivity to the dominating light). However, the present results seem to provide empirical evidence showing that acquiring or losing a type of cone opsin (or changes in λmax) need not substantially affect photopic or mesopic sensitivity. Other points of view, such as color discrimination of species-specific mates/preys/predators against habitat-specific backgrounds, may be necessary to understand why cone opsin repertories are so various among animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nodoka Kanazawa
- Department of Chemical and Biological Sciences, Japan Women's University, Bunkyō, Japan
| | - Mayuko Goto
- Department of Chemical and Biological Sciences, Japan Women's University, Bunkyō, Japan
| | - Yumi Harada
- Department of Chemical and Biological Sciences, Japan Women's University, Bunkyō, Japan
| | - Chiaki Takimoto
- Department of Chemical and Biological Sciences, Japan Women's University, Bunkyō, Japan
| | - Yuuka Sasaki
- Department of Chemical and Biological Sciences, Japan Women's University, Bunkyō, Japan
| | - Tamaki Uchikawa
- Department of Chemical and Biological Sciences, Japan Women's University, Bunkyō, Japan.,National Institute for Basic Biology, Okazaki, Japan
| | - Yasuhiro Kamei
- National Institute for Basic Biology, Okazaki, Japan.,School of Life Sciences, The Graduate University for Advanced Studies (SOKENDAI), Okazaki, Japan
| | - Megumi Matsuo
- Department of Chemical and Biological Sciences, Japan Women's University, Bunkyō, Japan
| | - Shoji Fukamachi
- Department of Chemical and Biological Sciences, Japan Women's University, Bunkyō, Japan
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Zhou M, Bear J, Roberts PA, Janiak FK, Semmelhack J, Yoshimatsu T, Baden T. Zebrafish Retinal Ganglion Cells Asymmetrically Encode Spectral and Temporal Information across Visual Space. Curr Biol 2020; 30:2927-2942.e7. [PMID: 32531283 PMCID: PMC7416113 DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2020.05.055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2020] [Revised: 03/31/2020] [Accepted: 05/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
In vertebrate vision, the tetrachromatic larval zebrafish permits non-invasive monitoring and manipulating of neural activity across the nervous system in vivo during ongoing behavior. However, despite a perhaps unparalleled understanding of links between zebrafish brain circuits and visual behaviors, comparatively little is known about what their eyes send to the brain via retinal ganglion cells (RGCs). Major gaps in knowledge include any information on spectral coding and information on potentially critical variations in RGC properties across the retinal surface corresponding with asymmetries in the statistics of natural visual space and behavioral demands. Here, we use in vivo two-photon imaging during hyperspectral visual stimulation as well as photolabeling of RGCs to provide a functional and anatomical census of RGCs in larval zebrafish. We find that RGCs' functional and structural properties differ across the eye and include a notable population of UV-responsive On-sustained RGCs that are only found in the acute zone, likely to support visual prey capture of UV-bright zooplankton. Next, approximately half of RGCs display diverse forms of color opponency, including many that are driven by a pervasive and slow blue-Off system-far in excess of what would be required to satisfy traditional models of color vision. In addition, most information on spectral contrast was intermixed with temporal information. Taken together, our results suggest that zebrafish RGCs send a diverse and highly regionalized time-color code to the brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingyi Zhou
- School of Life Sciences, University of Sussex, Brighton BN19QG, UK
| | - John Bear
- School of Life Sciences, University of Sussex, Brighton BN19QG, UK; Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Hong Kong
| | - Paul A Roberts
- School of Life Sciences, University of Sussex, Brighton BN19QG, UK
| | - Filip K Janiak
- School of Life Sciences, University of Sussex, Brighton BN19QG, UK
| | | | | | - Tom Baden
- School of Life Sciences, University of Sussex, Brighton BN19QG, UK; Institute for Ophthalmic Research, University of Tübingen, Tübingen 72076, Germany.
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Tyagi R, Aggarwal P, Mohanty M, Dutt V, Anand A. Computational cognitive modeling and validation of Dp140 induced alteration of working memory in Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy. Sci Rep 2020; 10:11989. [PMID: 32686699 PMCID: PMC7371893 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-68381-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2020] [Accepted: 06/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy has emerged as a model to assess cognitive domains. The DMD gene variant location and its association with variable degrees of cognitive impairment necessitate identification of a common denominator. Computer architectures provide a framework to delineate the mechanisms involved in the cognitive functioning of the human brain. Copy number variations in the 79 exons of DMD gene were screened in 84 DMD subjects by Multiplex Ligation-dependent Probe Amplification (MLPA). DMD subjects were categorized based on the presence or absence of DP140 isoform. The cognitive and neuropsychological assessments were carried out as per inclusion criteria using standard scales. Instance-based learning theory (IBLT) based on the partial matching process was developed to mimic Stroop Color and Word Task (SCWT) performance on Adaptive Control of Thought-Rational (ACT-R) cognitive architecture based on IBLT. Genotype-phenotype correlation was conducted based on the mutation location in DMD gene. Assessment of specific cognitive domains in DP140 - ve group corresponded to the involvement of multiple brain lobes including temporal (verbal and visual learning and memory), parietal (visuo-conceptual and visuo-constructive abilities) and frontal (sustained and focused attention, verbal fluency, cognitive control). Working memory axis was found to be the central domain through tasks including RAVLT trial 1, recency effect, digit span backward, working memory index, arithmetic subtests in the Dp140 - ve group. IBLT validated the non-reliance of DMD subjects on recency indicating affected working memory domain. Modeling strategy revealed altered working memory processes in DMD cases with affected Dp140 isoform. DMD brain was observed to rely on primacy than the recency suggesting alterations in working memory capacity. Modeling revealed lowered activation of DMD brain with Dp140 - ve in order to retrieve the instances.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rahul Tyagi
- Neuroscience Research Lab, Department of Neurology, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, India
| | - Palvi Aggarwal
- Indian Institute of Technology, Mandi, Himachal Pradesh, India
| | - Manju Mohanty
- Department of Neurosurgery, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, India
| | - Varun Dutt
- Indian Institute of Technology, Mandi, Himachal Pradesh, India
| | - Akshay Anand
- Neuroscience Research Lab, Department of Neurology, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, India.
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Retter TL, Gwinn OS, O'Neil SF, Jiang F, Webster MA. Neural correlates of perceptual color inferences as revealed by #thedress. J Vis 2020; 20:7. [PMID: 32232377 PMCID: PMC7405681 DOI: 10.1167/jov.20.3.7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Color constancy involves disambiguating the spectral characteristics of lights and surfaces, for example to distinguish red in white light from white in red light. Solving this problem appears especially challenging for bluish tints, which may be attributed more often to shading, and this bias may underlie the individual differences in whether people described the widely publicized image of #thedress as blue-black or white-gold. To probe these higher-level color inferences, we examined neural correlates of the blue-bias, using frequency-tagging and high-density electroencephalography to monitor responses to 3-Hz alternations between different color versions of #thedress. Specifically, we compared relative neural responses to the original “blue” dress image alternated with the complementary “yellow” image (formed by inverting the chromatic contrast of each pixel). This image pair produced a large modulation of the electroencephalography amplitude at the alternation frequency, consistent with a perceived contrast difference between the blue and yellow images. Furthermore, decoding topographical differences in the blue-yellow asymmetries over occipitoparietal channels predicted blue-black and white-gold observers with over 80% accuracy. The blue-yellow asymmetry was stronger than for a “red” versus “green” pair matched for the same component differences in L versus M or S versus LM chromatic contrast as the blue-yellow pair and thus cannot be accounted for by asymmetries within either precortical cardinal mechanism. Instead, the results may point to neural correlates of a higher-level perceptual representation of surface colors.
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Greenwood JA, Parsons MJ. Dissociable effects of visual crowding on the perception of color and motion. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2020; 117:8196-8202. [PMID: 32193344 PMCID: PMC7149457 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1909011117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Our ability to recognize objects in peripheral vision is fundamentally limited by crowding, the deleterious effect of clutter that disrupts the recognition of features ranging from orientation and color to motion and depth. Previous research is equivocal on whether this reflects a singular process that disrupts all features simultaneously or multiple processes that affect each independently. We examined crowding for motion and color, two features that allow a strong test of feature independence. "Cowhide" stimuli were presented 15° in peripheral vision, either in isolation or surrounded by flankers to give crowding. Observers reported either the target direction (clockwise/counterclockwise from upward) or its hue (blue/purple). We first established that both features show systematic crowded errors (biased predominantly toward the flanker identities) and selectivity for target-flanker similarity (with reduced crowding for dissimilar target/flanker elements). The multiplicity of crowding was then tested with observers identifying both features. Here, a singular object-selective mechanism predicts that when crowding is weak for one feature and strong for the other that crowding should be all-or-none for both. In contrast, when crowding was weak for color and strong for motion, errors were reduced for color but remained for motion, and vice versa with weak motion and strong color crowding. This double dissociation reveals that crowding disrupts certain combinations of visual features in a feature-specific manner, ruling out a singular object-selective mechanism. Thus, the ability to recognize one aspect of a cluttered scene, like color, offers no guarantees for the correct recognition of other aspects, like motion.
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Affiliation(s)
- John A Greenwood
- Department of Experimental Psychology, University College London, London WC1H 0AP, United Kingdom
| | - Michael J Parsons
- Department of Experimental Psychology, University College London, London WC1H 0AP, United Kingdom
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Parry NRA, Rodrigo-Diaz E, Murray IJ. Anomalous pupillary responses to M-cone onsets are linked to ${\rm L}{:}{\rm M}$L:M ratio. JOURNAL OF THE OPTICAL SOCIETY OF AMERICA. A, OPTICS, IMAGE SCIENCE, AND VISION 2020; 37:A163-A169. [PMID: 32400539 DOI: 10.1364/josaa.382262] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2019] [Accepted: 02/23/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
M-cone stimulation induces a pupil constriction to stimulus offset, whereas, with L cones, the pupil responds conventionally with a constriction to onset. To test the possibility that this paradox is linked to the ${\rm L}{:}{\rm M}$L:M ratio, we measured the strength of the effect by injecting a variable amount of positive or negative luminance contamination on either side of M-cone isolation and identifying a balance point at which the pupil responded equally to onset and offset. Nineteen individuals were recruited. In observers with low ${\rm L}{:}{\rm M}$L:M ratio, the paradoxical effect was weak. There was a significant relationship (${{r}^2} = {0.561}$r2=0.561) between the balance point and ${\rm L}{:}{\rm M}$L:M ratio. The effect is likely to be linked to strong inhibitory signals associated with cone-opponent pathways.
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49
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Schnaitmann C, Pagni M, Reiff DF. Color vision in insects: insights from Drosophila. J Comp Physiol A Neuroethol Sens Neural Behav Physiol 2020; 206:183-198. [PMID: 32020291 PMCID: PMC7069916 DOI: 10.1007/s00359-019-01397-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2019] [Revised: 12/12/2019] [Accepted: 12/17/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Color vision is an important sensory capability that enhances the detection of contrast in retinal images. Monochromatic animals exclusively detect temporal and spatial changes in luminance, whereas two or more types of photoreceptors and neuronal circuitries for the comparison of their responses enable animals to differentiate spectral information independent of intensity. Much of what we know about the cellular and physiological mechanisms underlying color vision comes from research on vertebrates including primates. In insects, many important discoveries have been made, but direct insights into the physiology and circuit implementation of color vision are still limited. Recent advances in Drosophila systems neuroscience suggest that a complete insect color vision circuitry, from photoreceptors to behavior, including all elements and computations, can be revealed in future. Here, we review fundamental concepts in color vision alongside our current understanding of the neuronal basis of color vision in Drosophila, including side views to selected other insects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher Schnaitmann
- Department for Animal Physiology and Neurobiology, Institute of Biology I, Albert-Ludwigs-University Freiburg, Freiburg, 79104, Germany
| | - Manuel Pagni
- Department for Animal Physiology and Neurobiology, Institute of Biology I, Albert-Ludwigs-University Freiburg, Freiburg, 79104, Germany
| | - Dierk F Reiff
- Department for Animal Physiology and Neurobiology, Institute of Biology I, Albert-Ludwigs-University Freiburg, Freiburg, 79104, Germany.
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50
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Zhang X, Zhang K, Lin D, Zhu Y, Chen C, He L, Guo X, Chen K, Wang R, Liu Z, Wu X, Long E, Huang K, He Z, Liu X, Lin H. Artificial intelligence deciphers codes for color and odor perceptions based on large-scale chemoinformatic data. Gigascience 2020; 9:giaa011. [PMID: 32101298 PMCID: PMC7043059 DOI: 10.1093/gigascience/giaa011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2019] [Revised: 10/19/2019] [Accepted: 01/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Color vision is the ability to detect, distinguish, and analyze the wavelength distributions of light independent of the total intensity. It mediates the interaction between an organism and its environment from multiple important aspects. However, the physicochemical basis of color coding has not been explored completely, and how color perception is integrated with other sensory input, typically odor, is unclear. RESULTS Here, we developed an artificial intelligence platform to train algorithms for distinguishing color and odor based on the large-scale physicochemical features of 1,267 and 598 structurally diverse molecules, respectively. The predictive accuracies achieved using the random forest and deep belief network for the prediction of color were 100% and 95.23% ± 0.40% (mean ± SD), respectively. The predictive accuracies achieved using the random forest and deep belief network for the prediction of odor were 93.40% ± 0.31% and 94.75% ± 0.44% (mean ± SD), respectively. Twenty-four physicochemical features were sufficient for the accurate prediction of color, while 39 physicochemical features were sufficient for the accurate prediction of odor. A positive correlation between the color-coding and odor-coding properties of the molecules was predicted. A group of descriptors was found to interlink prominently in color and odor perceptions. CONCLUSIONS Our random forest model and deep belief network accurately predicted the colors and odors of structurally diverse molecules. These findings extend our understanding of the molecular and structural basis of color vision and reveal the interrelationship between color and odor perceptions in nature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiayin Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Xian Lie South Road 54#, Guangzhou 510060, China
| | - Kai Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Xian Lie South Road 54#, Guangzhou 510060, China
- School of Computer Science and Technology, Xidian University, Tai Bai South Road 2#, Xi'an 710000, China
| | - Duoru Lin
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Xian Lie South Road 54#, Guangzhou 510060, China
| | - Yi Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Xian Lie South Road 54#, Guangzhou 510060, China
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Pharmacology, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, 1120 NW 14th Street, Miami, FL 33136, USA
| | - Chuan Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Xian Lie South Road 54#, Guangzhou 510060, China
- Sylvester Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, 1120 NW 14th Street, Miami, FL 33136, USA
| | - Lin He
- School of Computer Science and Technology, Xidian University, Tai Bai South Road 2#, Xi'an 710000, China
| | - Xusen Guo
- Key Laboratory of Machine Intelligence and Advanced Computing, Ministry of Education School of Data and Computer Science, Sun Yat-Sen University, Wai Huan East Road 132#, Guangzhou 510000, China
| | - Kexin Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Xian Lie South Road 54#, Guangzhou 510060, China
| | - Ruixin Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Xian Lie South Road 54#, Guangzhou 510060, China
| | - Zhenzhen Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Xian Lie South Road 54#, Guangzhou 510060, China
| | - Xiaohang Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Xian Lie South Road 54#, Guangzhou 510060, China
| | - Erping Long
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Xian Lie South Road 54#, Guangzhou 510060, China
| | - Kai Huang
- Key Laboratory of Machine Intelligence and Advanced Computing, Ministry of Education School of Data and Computer Science, Sun Yat-Sen University, Wai Huan East Road 132#, Guangzhou 510000, China
| | - Zhiqiang He
- Key Laboratory of Universal Wireless Communications, Beijing University of Posts and Telecommunications, West Tu Cheng Road 10#, Beijing 100876, China
| | - Xiyang Liu
- School of Computer Science and Technology, Xidian University, Tai Bai South Road 2#, Xi'an 710000, China
| | - Haotian Lin
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Xian Lie South Road 54#, Guangzhou 510060, China
- Center of Precision Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Xin Guang West Road 135#, Guangzhou 510080, China
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