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Ma Z, Xie T, Sun J, Yu J, Huang S, Zhou Q, Li B. Identification of SPRYD4 as a tumour suppressor predicts prognosis and correlates with immune infiltration in cholangiocarcinoma. BMC Cancer 2023; 23:404. [PMID: 37142983 PMCID: PMC10161465 DOI: 10.1186/s12885-023-10810-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2023] [Accepted: 04/05/2023] [Indexed: 05/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Cholangiocarcinoma (CCA) is an aggressive solid tumour with a 5-year survival rate ranging from 7% to 20%. It is, therefore, urgent to identify novel biomarkers and therapeutic targets to improve the outcomes of patients with CCA. SPRY-domain containing protein 4 (SPRYD4) contains SPRY domains that modulate protein-protein interaction in various biological processes; however, its role in cancer development is insufficiently explored. This study is the first to identify that SPRYD4 is downregulated in CCA tissues using multiple public datasets and a CCA cohort. Furthermore, the low expression of SPRYD4 was significantly associated with unfavourable clinicopathological characteristics and poor prognosis in patients with CCA, indicating that SPRYD4 could be a prognosis indicator of CCA. In vitro experiments revealed that SPRYD4 overexpression inhibited CCA cells proliferation and migration, whereas the proliferative and migratory capacity of CCA cells was enhanced after SPRYD4 deletion. Moreover, flow cytometry showed that SPRYD4 overexpression triggered the S/G2 cell phase arrest and promoted apoptosis in CCA cells. Furthermore, the tumour-inhibitory effect of SPRYD4 was validated in vivo using xenograft mouse models. SPRYD4 also showed a close association with tumour-infiltrating lymphocytes and important immune checkpoints including PD1, PD-L1 and CTLA4 in CCA. In conclusion, this study elucidated the role of SPRYD4 during CCA development and highlighted SPRYD4 as a novel biomarker and tumour suppressor in CCA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zuyi Ma
- Department of General Surgery, State Key Laboratory of Complex Severe and Rare Diseases, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Science and Peking Union Medical College, No. 1 Shuaifuyuan, Dongcheng District, Beijing, 100005, China
| | - Tiange Xie
- Department of General Surgery, State Key Laboratory of Complex Severe and Rare Diseases, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Science and Peking Union Medical College, No. 1 Shuaifuyuan, Dongcheng District, Beijing, 100005, China
| | - Jia Sun
- Department of General Surgery, State Key Laboratory of Complex Severe and Rare Diseases, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Science and Peking Union Medical College, No. 1 Shuaifuyuan, Dongcheng District, Beijing, 100005, China
| | - Jianchun Yu
- Department of General Surgery, State Key Laboratory of Complex Severe and Rare Diseases, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Science and Peking Union Medical College, No. 1 Shuaifuyuan, Dongcheng District, Beijing, 100005, China
| | - Shanzhou Huang
- Department of General Surgery, Guangdong Provincial People's Hospital, Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences, Guangzhou, 510080, China
| | - Qi Zhou
- Department of General Surgery, Hui Ya Hospital of The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Huizhou, 516081, China.
- Department of Liver Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510000, China.
| | - Binglu Li
- Department of General Surgery, State Key Laboratory of Complex Severe and Rare Diseases, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Science and Peking Union Medical College, No. 1 Shuaifuyuan, Dongcheng District, Beijing, 100005, China.
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2
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Babu Reddiar S, Al-Wassiti H, Pouton CW, Nowell CJ, Matthews MA, Rahman A, Barlow N, Norton RS. Assessing the cellular toxicity of peptide inhibitors of intracellular protein-protein interactions by microinjection. Bioorg Med Chem 2021; 29:115906. [PMID: 33310547 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2020.115906] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2020] [Revised: 11/26/2020] [Accepted: 11/29/2020] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Inhibitors of protein-protein interactions can be developed through a number of technologies to provide leads that include cell-impermeable molecules. Redesign of these impermeable leads to provide cell-permeable derivatives can be challenging and costly. We hypothesised that intracellular toxicity of leads could be assessed by microinjection prior to investing in the redesign process. We demonstrate this approach for our development of inhibitors of the protein-protein interaction between inducible nitric-oxide synthase (iNOS) and SPRY domain-containing SOCS box proteins (SPSBs). We microinjected a lead molecule into AD-293 cells and were able to perform an intracellular toxicity assessment. We also investigated the intracellular distribution and localisation of injected inhibitor using a fluorescently-labelled analogue. Our findings show that a lead peptide inhibitor, CP2, had no toxicity even at intracellular concentrations four orders of magnitude higher than its Kd for binding to SPSB2. This early toxicity assessment justifies further development of this cell-impermeable lead to confer cell permeability. Our investigation highlights the utility of microinjection as a tool for assessing toxicity during development of drugs targeting protein-protein interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sanjeevini Babu Reddiar
- Medicinal Chemistry, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Parkville, Vic, Australia
| | - Hareth Al-Wassiti
- Drug Delivery, Disposition and Dynamics, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Parkville, Vic, Australia
| | - Colin W Pouton
- Drug Delivery, Disposition and Dynamics, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Parkville, Vic, Australia
| | - Cameron J Nowell
- Drug Discovery Biology, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Parkville, Vic, Australia
| | - Macgregor A Matthews
- Medicinal Chemistry, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Parkville, Vic, Australia
| | - Arfatur Rahman
- Medicinal Chemistry, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Parkville, Vic, Australia
| | - Nicholas Barlow
- Medicinal Chemistry, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Parkville, Vic, Australia.
| | - Raymond S Norton
- Medicinal Chemistry, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Parkville, Vic, Australia; ARC Centre for Fragment-Based Design, Monash University, Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia.
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3
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Yang J, Guan X, Zhang D, Zhao P, Guo S, Kuang Z. Crystal structure of the SPRY domain-containing protein 7 reveals unique structural features. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2020; 531:350-356. [PMID: 32800543 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2020.07.076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2020] [Accepted: 07/16/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The SPRY/B30.2 domain is one of the most abundant protein domains found in eukaryotes. Vast majority of the SPRY domain-containing proteins are multi-domain proteins. The SPRY domain-containing protein 7 (SPRY7, also named C13orf1, and named chronic lymphocytic leukemia deletion region gene 6 protein, CCLD6, encoded by the spryd7 gene) is the smallest SPRY domain protein in human that does not contain other accessory domains. Here we have determined the crystal structure of human SPRY7 at a resolution of 1.62 Å and found that SPRY7 has some unique structural features that are not present in other previously reported SRPY domain structures. Overall, SPRY7 may represent an evolutionary early version of the SPRY domain, and subsequent loop insertions and expansions, residue substitutions, as well as domain combinations have rendered the SPRY domain versatile binding specificities and broad biological functions. These results serve as a useful basis for a profound characterization of the molecular interactions of SPRY7.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinjin Yang
- Department of Cell Biology, College of Life Science and Technology, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632, China; Institute of Biomedicine, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632, China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Bioengineering Medicine, Guangzhou, 510632, China
| | - Xueyan Guan
- Department of Cell Biology, College of Life Science and Technology, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632, China; Institute of Biomedicine, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632, China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Bioengineering Medicine, Guangzhou, 510632, China
| | - Danting Zhang
- Department of Cell Biology, College of Life Science and Technology, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632, China; Institute of Biomedicine, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632, China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Bioengineering Medicine, Guangzhou, 510632, China
| | - Panqi Zhao
- Department of Cell Biology, College of Life Science and Technology, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632, China; Institute of Biomedicine, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632, China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Bioengineering Medicine, Guangzhou, 510632, China
| | - Shujun Guo
- Department of Cell Biology, College of Life Science and Technology, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632, China; Institute of Biomedicine, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632, China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Bioengineering Medicine, Guangzhou, 510632, China
| | - Zhihe Kuang
- Department of Cell Biology, College of Life Science and Technology, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632, China; Institute of Biomedicine, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632, China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Bioengineering Medicine, Guangzhou, 510632, China.
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4
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Georgana I, Maluquer de Motes C. Cullin-5 Adaptor SPSB1 Controls NF-κB Activation Downstream of Multiple Signaling Pathways. Front Immunol 2020; 10:3121. [PMID: 32038638 PMCID: PMC6985365 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.03121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2019] [Accepted: 12/20/2019] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
The initiation of innate immune responses against pathogens relies on the activation of pattern-recognition receptors (PRRs) and corresponding intracellular signaling cascades. To avoid inappropriate or excessive activation of PRRs, these responses are tightly controlled. Cullin-RING E3 ubiquitin ligases (CRLs) have emerged as critical regulators of many cellular functions including innate immune activation and inflammation. CRLs form multiprotein complexes in which a Cullin protein acts as a scaffold and recruits specific adaptor proteins, which in turn recognize specific substrate proteins for ubiquitylation, hence providing selectivity. CRLs are divided into 5 main groups, each of which uses a specific group of adaptor proteins. Here, we systematically depleted all predicted substrate adaptors for the CRL5 family (the so-called SOCS-box proteins) and assessed the impact on the activation of the inflammatory transcription factor NF-κB. Depletion of SPSB1 resulted in a significant increase in NF-κB activation, indicating the importance of SPSB1 as an NF-κB negative regulator. In agreement, overexpression of SPSB1 suppressed NF-κB activity in a potent, dose-dependent manner in response to various agonists. Inhibition by SPSB1 was specific to NF-κB, because other transcription factors related to innate immunity and interferon (IFN) responses such as IRF-3, AP-1, and STATs remained unaffected by SPSB1. SPSB1 suppressed NF-κB activation induced via multiple pathways including Toll-like receptors and RNA and DNA sensing adaptors, and required the presence of its SOCS-box domain. To provide mechanistic insight, we examined phosphorylation and degradation of the inhibitor of κB (IκBα) and p65 translocation into the nucleus. Both remained unaffected by SPSB1, indicating that SPSB1 exerts its inhibitory activity downstream, or at the level, of the NF-κB heterodimer. In agreement with this, SPSB1 was found to co-precipitate with p65 after over-expression and at endogenous levels. Additionally, A549 cells stably expressing SPSB1 presented lower cytokine levels including type I IFN in response to cytokine stimulation and virus infection. Taken together, our results reveal novel regulatory mechanisms in innate immune signaling and identify the prominent role of SPSB1 in limiting NF-κB activation. Our work thus provides insights into inflammation and inflammatory diseases and new opportunities for the therapeutic targeting of NF-κB transcriptional activity.
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Schnappauf O, Chae JJ, Kastner DL, Aksentijevich I. The Pyrin Inflammasome in Health and Disease. Front Immunol 2019; 10:1745. [PMID: 31456795 PMCID: PMC6698799 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.01745] [Citation(s) in RCA: 197] [Impact Index Per Article: 39.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2019] [Accepted: 07/10/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The pyrin inflammasome has evolved as an innate immune sensor to detect bacterial toxin-induced Rho guanosine triphosphatase (Rho GTPase)-inactivation, a process that is similar to the “guard” mechanism in plants. Rho GTPases act as molecular switches to regulate a variety of signal transduction pathways including cytoskeletal organization. Pathogens can modulate Rho GTPase activity to suppress host immune responses such as phagocytosis. Pyrin is encoded by MEFV, the gene that is mutated in patients with familial Mediterranean fever (FMF). FMF is the prototypic autoinflammatory disease characterized by recurring short episodes of systemic inflammation and is a common disorder in many populations in the Mediterranean basin. Pyrin specifically senses modifications in the activity of the small GTPase RhoA, which binds to many effector proteins including the serine/threonine-protein kinases PKN1 and PKN2 and actin-binding proteins. RhoA activation leads to PKN-mediated phosphorylation-dependent pyrin inhibition. Conversely, pathogen virulence factors downregulate RhoA activity in a variety of ways, and these changes are detected by the pyrin inflammasome irrespective of the type of modifications. MEFV pathogenic variants favor the active state of pyrin and elicit proinflammatory cytokine release and pyroptosis. They can be inherited either as a dominant or recessive trait depending on the variant's location and effect on the protein function. Mutations in the C-terminal B30.2 domain are usually considered recessive, although heterozygotes may manifest a biochemical or even a clinical phenotype. These variants are hypomorphic in regard to their effect on intramolecular interactions, but ultimately accentuate pyrin activity. Heterozygous mutations in other domains of pyrin affect residues critical for inhibition or protein oligomerization, and lead to constitutively active inflammasome. In healthy carriers of FMF mutations who have the subclinical inflammatory phenotype, the increased activity of pyrin might have been protective against endemic infections over human history. This finding is supported by the observation of high carrier frequencies of FMF-mutations in multiple populations. The pyrin inflammasome also plays a role in mediating inflammation in other autoinflammatory diseases linked to dysregulation in the actin polymerization pathway. Therefore, the assembly of the pyrin inflammasome is initiated in response to fluctuations in cytoplasmic homeostasis and perturbations in cytoskeletal dynamics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oskar Schnappauf
- Metabolic, Cardiovascular and Inflammatory Disease Genomics Branch, National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Jae Jin Chae
- Metabolic, Cardiovascular and Inflammatory Disease Genomics Branch, National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Daniel L Kastner
- Metabolic, Cardiovascular and Inflammatory Disease Genomics Branch, National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Ivona Aksentijevich
- Metabolic, Cardiovascular and Inflammatory Disease Genomics Branch, National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States
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Luo Y, Li K, Yang J, Zhang D, Zhou Y, Kuang Z. Crystal structure of the SPRY domain of human SPSB2 in the apo state. Acta Crystallogr F Struct Biol Commun 2019; 75:412-418. [PMID: 31204687 PMCID: PMC6572098 DOI: 10.1107/s2053230x1900623x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2019] [Accepted: 05/02/2019] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
The SPRY domain-containing SOCS box protein 2 (SPSB2) is one of four mammalian SPSB proteins that are characterized by a C-terminal SOCS box and a central SPRY/B30.2 domain. SPSB2 interacts with inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) via the SPRY domain and polyubiquitinates iNOS, resulting in its proteasomal degradation. Inhibitors that can disrupt SPSB2-iNOS interaction and augment NO production may serve as novel anti-infective and anticancer agents. The previously determined murine SPSB2 structure may not reflect the true apo conformation of the iNOS-binding site. Here, the crystal structure of human SPSB2 SPRY domain in the apo state is reported at a resolution of 1.9 Å. Comparison of the apo and ligand-bound structures reveals that the iNOS-binding site is highly preformed and that major conformational changes do not occur upon ligand binding. Moreover, the C-terminal His6 tag of the recombinant protein binds to a shallow pocket adjacent to the iNOS-binding site on a crystallographically related SPSB2 molecule. These findings may help in structure-based and fragment-based SPSB2 inhibitor design in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanhong Luo
- Department of Cell Biology and Institute of Biomedicine, College of Life Science and Technology, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, People’s Republic of China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Bioengineering Medicine, Guangzhou 510632, People’s Republic of China
| | - Kefa Li
- Department of Cell Biology and Institute of Biomedicine, College of Life Science and Technology, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, People’s Republic of China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Bioengineering Medicine, Guangzhou 510632, People’s Republic of China
| | - Jinjin Yang
- Department of Cell Biology and Institute of Biomedicine, College of Life Science and Technology, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, People’s Republic of China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Bioengineering Medicine, Guangzhou 510632, People’s Republic of China
| | - Danting Zhang
- Department of Cell Biology and Institute of Biomedicine, College of Life Science and Technology, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, People’s Republic of China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Bioengineering Medicine, Guangzhou 510632, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yuying Zhou
- Department of Cell Biology and Institute of Biomedicine, College of Life Science and Technology, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, People’s Republic of China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Bioengineering Medicine, Guangzhou 510632, People’s Republic of China
| | - Zhihe Kuang
- Department of Cell Biology and Institute of Biomedicine, College of Life Science and Technology, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, People’s Republic of China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Bioengineering Medicine, Guangzhou 510632, People’s Republic of China
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Wang M, Liu C, Wang W, Dong M, Zhang P, Liu Y, Wang L, Song L. A SPRY domain-containing SOCS box protein 3 (SPSB3) involved in the regulation of cytokine production in granulocytes of Crassostrea gigas. DEVELOPMENTAL AND COMPARATIVE IMMUNOLOGY 2019; 95:28-37. [PMID: 30711451 DOI: 10.1016/j.dci.2019.01.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2018] [Revised: 01/28/2019] [Accepted: 01/28/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
The sp1A/ryanodine receptor (SPRY) family members have been reported to involve in important biological pathways, including innate immune signaling, cytokine signaling suppression, development, cell growth, and retroviral restriction. In the present study, a SPRY domain-containing SOCS box protein (named as CgSPSB3) was identified and characterized from oyster Crassostrea gigas. The open reading frame of CgSPSB3 gene was of 699 bp, encoding a polypeptide of 232 amino acid residues with a central SPRY domain and a C-terminal SOCS box motif. CgSPSB3 mRNA transcripts could be detected in all the examined tissues with the highest level in hemocytes, which was about 82.72-fold (p < 0.05) of that in gonad. Furthermore, the expression level of CgSPSB3 mRNA in granulocytes was significantly higher than that in semi-granulocytes and agranulocytes, which was about 2.04-fold (p < 0.05) of the average level of hemocytes. Immunofluorescence assay further revealed that CgSPSB3 protein was mainly distributed in the cytoplasm of granulocytes. The mRNA expression of CgSPSB3 in hemocytes was up-regulated after lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and Vibrio splendidus stimulations. The mRNA expression of CgIFNLP, CgIL17-5 and CgTNF-1 decreased significantly (p < 0.05) at 24 h after the CgSPSB3 mRNA was knocked down by RNAi. These results collectively indicated that CgSPSB3 might play an important role in regulating cytokines production in granulocytes of C. gigas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min Wang
- Liaoning Key Laboratory of Marine Animal Immunology, Dalian Ocean University, Dalian, 116023, China; Liaoning Key Laboratory of Marine Animal Immunology and Disease Control, Dalian Ocean University, Dalian, 116023, China
| | - Chang Liu
- Liaoning Key Laboratory of Marine Animal Immunology, Dalian Ocean University, Dalian, 116023, China; Liaoning Key Laboratory of Marine Animal Immunology and Disease Control, Dalian Ocean University, Dalian, 116023, China; Dalian Key Laboratory of Disease Control and Prevention of Aquaculture Animals, Dalian Ocean University, Dalian, 116023, China
| | - Weilin Wang
- Liaoning Key Laboratory of Marine Animal Immunology, Dalian Ocean University, Dalian, 116023, China; Laboratory of Marine Fisheries Science and Food Production Processes, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, 266235, China; Liaoning Key Laboratory of Marine Animal Immunology and Disease Control, Dalian Ocean University, Dalian, 116023, China; Dalian Key Laboratory of Disease Control and Prevention of Aquaculture Animals, Dalian Ocean University, Dalian, 116023, China
| | - Miren Dong
- Liaoning Key Laboratory of Marine Animal Immunology, Dalian Ocean University, Dalian, 116023, China
| | - Peng Zhang
- Liaoning Key Laboratory of Marine Animal Immunology, Dalian Ocean University, Dalian, 116023, China
| | - Yu Liu
- Liaoning Key Laboratory of Marine Animal Immunology, Dalian Ocean University, Dalian, 116023, China
| | - Lingling Wang
- Liaoning Key Laboratory of Marine Animal Immunology, Dalian Ocean University, Dalian, 116023, China; Laboratory of Marine Fisheries Science and Food Production Processes, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, 266235, China; Liaoning Key Laboratory of Marine Animal Immunology and Disease Control, Dalian Ocean University, Dalian, 116023, China; Dalian Key Laboratory of Disease Control and Prevention of Aquaculture Animals, Dalian Ocean University, Dalian, 116023, China
| | - Linsheng Song
- Liaoning Key Laboratory of Marine Animal Immunology, Dalian Ocean University, Dalian, 116023, China; Laboratory of Marine Fisheries Science and Food Production Processes, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, 266235, China; Liaoning Key Laboratory of Marine Animal Immunology and Disease Control, Dalian Ocean University, Dalian, 116023, China.
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Sadek MM, Barlow N, Leung EWW, Williams-Noonan BJ, Yap BK, Shariff FM, Caradoc-Davies TT, Nicholson SE, Chalmers DK, Thompson PE, Law RHP, Norton RS. A Cyclic Peptide Inhibitor of the iNOS-SPSB Protein-Protein Interaction as a Potential Anti-Infective Agent. ACS Chem Biol 2018; 13:2930-2938. [PMID: 30226743 DOI: 10.1021/acschembio.8b00561] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
SPRY domain- and SOCS box-containing proteins SPSB1, SPSB2, and SPSB4 interact with inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS), causing the iNOS to be polyubiquitinated and targeted for degradation. Inhibition of this interaction increases iNOS levels, and consequently cellular nitric oxide (NO) concentrations, and has been proposed as a potential strategy for killing intracellular pathogens. We previously described two DINNN-containing cyclic peptides (CP1 and CP2) as potent inhibitors of the murine SPSB-iNOS interaction. In this study, we report the crystal structures of human SPSB4 bound to CP1 and CP2 and human SPSB2 bound to CP2. We then used these structures to design a new inhibitor in which an intramolecular hydrogen bond was replaced with a hydrocarbon linkage to form a smaller macrocycle while maintaining the bound geometry of CP2 observed in the crystal structures. This resulting pentapeptide SPSB-iNOS inhibitor (CP3) has a reduced macrocycle ring size, fewer nonbinding residues, and includes additional conformational constraints. CP3 has a greater affinity for SBSB2 ( KD = 7 nM as determined by surface plasmon resonance) and strongly inhibits the SPSB2-iNOS interaction in macrophage cell lysates. We have also determined the crystal structure of CP3 in complex with human SPSB2, which reveals the structural basis for the increased potency of CP3 and validates the original design.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maiada M. Sadek
- Medicinal Chemistry, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Parkville Victoria 3052, Australia
| | - Nicholas Barlow
- Medicinal Chemistry, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Parkville Victoria 3052, Australia
| | - Eleanor W. W. Leung
- Medicinal Chemistry, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Parkville Victoria 3052, Australia
| | - Billy J. Williams-Noonan
- Medicinal Chemistry, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Parkville Victoria 3052, Australia
| | - Beow Keat Yap
- Medicinal Chemistry, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Parkville Victoria 3052, Australia
| | - Fairolniza Mohd Shariff
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, Universiti Putra, 43400 Seri Kembangan, Selangor, Malaysia
| | | | - Sandra E. Nicholson
- The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville Victoria 3052, Australia
- The Department of Medical Biology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia
| | - David K. Chalmers
- Medicinal Chemistry, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Parkville Victoria 3052, Australia
| | - Philip E. Thompson
- Medicinal Chemistry, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Parkville Victoria 3052, Australia
| | - Ruby H. P. Law
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology and Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence in Advanced Molecular Imaging, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria 3800, Australia
| | - Raymond S. Norton
- Medicinal Chemistry, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Parkville Victoria 3052, Australia
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Novel tumor suppressor SPRYD4 inhibits tumor progression in hepatocellular carcinoma by inducing apoptotic cell death. Cell Oncol (Dordr) 2018; 42:55-66. [PMID: 30238408 DOI: 10.1007/s13402-018-0407-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/29/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is one of the leading causes of cancer-associated deaths worldwide. Although recent studies have proposed different biomarkers for HCC progression and therapy resistance, a better understanding of the molecular mechanisms underlying HCC progression and recurrence, as well as the identification of molecular markers with a higher diagnostic accuracy, are necessary for the development of more effective clinical management strategies. Here, we aimed to identify novel players in HCC progression. METHODS SPRYD4 mRNA and protein expression analyses were carried out on a normal liver-derived cell line (HL-7702) and four HCC-derived cell lines (HepG2, SMMC7721, Huh-7, BEL-7402) using qRT-PCR and Western blotting, respectively. Cell proliferation Cell Counting Kit-8 (CCK-8) assays, protein expression analyses for apoptosis markers using Western blotting, and Caspase-Glo 3/7 apoptosis assays were carried out on the four HCC-derived cell lines. Expression comparison, functional annotation, gene set enrichment, correlation and survival analyses were carried out on patient data retrieved from the NCBI Gene module, the NCBI GEO database and the TCGA database. RESULTS Through a meta-analysis we found that the expression of SPRYD4 was downregulated in primary HCC tissues compared to non-tumor tissues. We also found that the expression of SPRYD4 was downregulated in HCC-derived cells compared to normal liver-derived cells. Subsequently, we found that the expression of SPRYD4 was inversely correlated with a gene signature associated with HCC cell proliferation. Exogenous SPRYD4 expression was found to inhibit HCC cell proliferation by inducing apoptotic cell death. We also found that SPRYD4 expression was associated with a good prognosis and that its expression became downregulated when HCCs progressed towards more aggressive stages and higher grades. Finally, we found that SPRYD4 expression may serve as a biomarker for a good overall and relapse-free survival in HCC patients. CONCLUSIONS Our data indicate that a decreased SPRYD4 expression may serve as an independent predictor for a poor prognosis in patients with HCC and that increased SPRYD4 expression may reduce HCC growth and progression through the induction of apoptotic cell death, thereby providing a potential therapeutic target.
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10
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Liu S, Iaria J, Simpson RJ, Zhu HJ. Ras enhances TGF-β signaling by decreasing cellular protein levels of its type II receptor negative regulator SPSB1. Cell Commun Signal 2018. [PMID: 29534718 PMCID: PMC5850916 DOI: 10.1186/s12964-018-0223-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Transformation by oncogene Ras overcomes TGF-β mediated growth inhibition in epithelial cells. However, it cooperates with each other to mediate epithelial to mesenchymal transition (EMT). The mechanism of how these two pathways interact with each other is controversial. Methods Molecular techniques were used to engineer expression plasmids for Ras, SPRY, TGF-β receptors, type I and II and ubiquitin. Immunoprecipitation and western blots were employed to determine protein-protein interactions, preotein levels, protein phosphorylation while immunofluorecesent staining for molecular co-localization. TGF-β signalling activities is also determined by its luciferase reporter assay. Trans-well assays were used to measure cell migration and invasion. Results Ras interacts with the SPSB1’s SPRY domain to enhance TGF-β signaling. Ras interacts and colocalizes with the TGF-β type II receptor’s (TβRII) negative regulator SPSB1 on the cell membrane, consequently promoting SPSB1 protein degradation via enhanced mono- and di-ubiquitination. Reduced SPSB1 levels result in the stablization of TβRII, in turn the increase of receptor levels significantly enhance Smad2/3 phosphorylation and signaling. Importantly, forced expression of SPSB1 in Ras transformed cells suppresses TGF-β signaling and its mediated migration and invasion. Conclusion Ras positively cooperates with TGF-β signaling by reducing the cellular protein levels of TβRII negative regualtor SPSB1. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s12964-018-0223-4) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sheng Liu
- Department of Surgery (RMH), The University of Melbourne, The Royal Melbourne Hospital, Parkville, VIC, 3010, Australia
| | - Josephine Iaria
- Department of Surgery (RMH), The University of Melbourne, The Royal Melbourne Hospital, Parkville, VIC, 3010, Australia
| | - Richard J Simpson
- Department of Biochemistry, La Trobe Institute for Molecular Science, La Trobe University, Bundoora, VIC, Australia
| | - Hong-Jian Zhu
- Department of Surgery (RMH), The University of Melbourne, The Royal Melbourne Hospital, Parkville, VIC, 3010, Australia.
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11
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D'Cruz AA, Kershaw NJ, Hayman TJ, Linossi EM, Chiang JJ, Wang MK, Dagley LF, Kolesnik TB, Zhang JG, Masters SL, Griffin MDW, Gack MU, Murphy JM, Nicola NA, Babon JJ, Nicholson SE. Identification of a second binding site on the TRIM25 B30.2 domain. Biochem J 2018; 475:429-440. [PMID: 29259080 PMCID: PMC6200327 DOI: 10.1042/bcj20170427] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2017] [Revised: 12/18/2017] [Accepted: 12/19/2017] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
The retinoic acid-inducible gene-I (RIG-I) receptor recognizes short 5'-di- and triphosphate base-paired viral RNA and is a critical mediator of the innate immune response against viruses such as influenza A, Ebola, HIV and hepatitis C. This response is reported to require an orchestrated interaction with the tripartite motif 25 (TRIM25) B30.2 protein-interaction domain. Here, we present a novel second RIG-I-binding interface on the TRIM25 B30.2 domain that interacts with CARD1 and CARD2 (caspase activation and recruitment domains) of RIG-I and is revealed by the removal of an N-terminal α-helix that mimics dimerization of the full-length protein. Further characterization of the TRIM25 coiled-coil and B30.2 regions indicated that the B30.2 domains move freely on a flexible tether, facilitating RIG-I CARD recruitment. The identification of a dual binding mode for the TRIM25 B30.2 domain is a first for the SPRY/B30.2 domain family and may be a feature of other SPRY/B30.2 family members.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akshay A D'Cruz
- The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
- The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Nadia J Kershaw
- The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
- The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Thomas J Hayman
- The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
- The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Edmond M Linossi
- The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
- The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Jessica J Chiang
- Department of Microbiology and Immunobiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, U. S. A
| | - May K Wang
- Department of Microbiology and Immunobiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, U. S. A
| | - Laura F Dagley
- The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
- The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Tatiana B Kolesnik
- The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Jian-Guo Zhang
- The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
- The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Seth L Masters
- The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
- The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | | | - Michaela U Gack
- Department of Microbiology and Immunobiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, U. S. A
| | - James M Murphy
- The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
- The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Nicos A Nicola
- The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
- The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Jeffrey J Babon
- The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
- The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Sandra E Nicholson
- The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
- The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
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12
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You T, Wang Y, Li K, Zhang D, Wei H, Luo Y, Li H, Lu Y, Su X, Kuang Z. Crystal structure of SPSB2 in complex with a rational designed RGD-containing cyclic peptide inhibitor of SPSB2-iNOS interaction. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2017; 489:346-352. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2017.05.122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2017] [Accepted: 05/22/2017] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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13
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Leung EWW, Mulcair MD, Yap BK, Nicholson SE, Scanlon MJ, Norton RS. Molecular Insights into the Interaction Between the SPRY Domain-Containing SOCS Box Protein SPSB2 and Peptides Based on the Binding Motif from iNOS. Aust J Chem 2017. [DOI: 10.1071/ch16510] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
SPRY domain-containing SOCS box proteins SPSB1, 2, and 4 mediate the proteasomal degradation of inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) and thereby modulate the amount of NO available for combating infectious organisms. A highly conserved Asp-Ile-Asn-Asn-Asn (DINNN) motif found at the N-terminus of iNOS binds to SPSB2 with nanomolar affinity. The design of specific and potent inhibitors of iNOS–SPSB interactions will be aided by a better understanding of the interactions of this DINNN sequence with SPSB2. Although crystal structures of SPSB complexes with DINNN peptides are available, aspects of the interaction between peptide and protein are still not fully understood. Here, our results from surface plasmon resonance and NMR spectroscopy indicate that residues flanking the DINNN motif, which make no direct contact with SPSB2 in the available crystal structures, nonetheless play an important role in enhancing the binding affinity to SPSB2, by up to 80-fold. Mutational analysis of the DINNN sequence showed that mutation of the Asp or the first Asn residue to Ala reduced the binding affinity by 200- or 600-fold respectively, whereas mutation of the third Asn made binding undetectable. Ala substitution of the second Asn residue caused a 30-fold drop in binding affinity. Substitution of the Ile had very little effect on the binding affinity and substitutions with bulky residues were tolerated. This provides an opportunity for further modification for therapeutic applications. These results highlight the complex interplay of peptide sequence and protein binding and inform efforts to design peptide therapeutics to disrupt the iNOS–SPSB interaction.
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14
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Hong SK, Kim KH, Song EJ, Kim EE. Structural Basis for the Interaction between the IUS-SPRY Domain of RanBPM and DDX-4 in Germ Cell Development. J Mol Biol 2016; 428:4330-4344. [PMID: 27622290 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmb.2016.09.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2016] [Revised: 08/30/2016] [Accepted: 09/02/2016] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
RanBPM and RanBP10 are non-canonical members of the Ran binding protein family that lack the Ran binding domain and do not associate with Ran GTPase in vivo. Rather, they have been shown to be scaffolding proteins that are important for a variety of cellular processes, and both of these proteins contain a SPRY domain, which has been implicated in mediating protein-protein interactions with a variety of targets including the DEAD-box containing ATP-dependent RNA helicase (DDX-4). In this study, we have determined the crystal structures of the SPIa and the ryanodine receptor domain and of approximately 70 upstream residues (immediate upstream to SPRY motif) of both RanBPM and RanBP10. They are almost identical, composed of a β-sandwich fold with a set of two helices on each side located at the edge of the sheets. A unique shallow binding surface is formed by highly conserved loops on the surface of the β-sheet with two aspartates on one end, a positive patch on the opposite end, and a tryptophan lining at the bottom of the surface. The 20-mer peptide (residues 228-247) of human DDX-4, an ATP-dependent RNA helicase known to regulate germ cell development, binds to this surface with a KD of ~13μM. The crystal structure of the peptide complex and the mutagenesis studies elucidate how RanBPM can recognize its interaction partners to function in gametogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seung Kon Hong
- Biomedical Research Institute, Korea Institute of Science and Technology, Seongbuk-gu Hwarang-ro 14-gil 5, Seoul 02792, Republic of Korea
| | - Kook-Han Kim
- Biomedical Research Institute, Korea Institute of Science and Technology, Seongbuk-gu Hwarang-ro 14-gil 5, Seoul 02792, Republic of Korea
| | - Eun Joo Song
- Molecular Recognition Research Center, Korea Institute of Science and Technology, Seongbuk-gu Hwarang-ro 14-gil 5, Seoul 02792, Republic of Korea
| | - Eunice EunKyeong Kim
- Biomedical Research Institute, Korea Institute of Science and Technology, Seongbuk-gu Hwarang-ro 14-gil 5, Seoul 02792, Republic of Korea.
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15
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Okumura F, Joo-Okumura A, Nakatsukasa K, Kamura T. The role of cullin 5-containing ubiquitin ligases. Cell Div 2016; 11:1. [PMID: 27030794 PMCID: PMC4812663 DOI: 10.1186/s13008-016-0016-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2016] [Accepted: 03/02/2016] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The suppressor of cytokine signaling (SOCS) box consists of the BC box and the cullin 5 (Cul5) box, which interact with Elongin BC and Cul5, respectively. SOCS box-containing proteins have ubiquitin ligase activity mediated by the formation of a complex with the scaffold protein Cul5 and the RING domain protein Rbx2, and are thereby members of the cullin RING ligase superfamily. Cul5-type ubiquitin ligases have a variety of substrates that are targeted for polyubiquitination and proteasomal degradation. Here, we review the current knowledge on the identification of Cul5 and the regulation of its expression, as well as the signaling pathways regulated by Cul5 and how viruses highjack the Cul5 system to overcome antiviral responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fumihiko Okumura
- Division of Biological Science, Graduate School of Science, Nagoya University, Nagoya, Aichi 464-8602 Japan
| | - Akiko Joo-Okumura
- Division of Biological Science, Graduate School of Science, Nagoya University, Nagoya, Aichi 464-8602 Japan
| | - Kunio Nakatsukasa
- Division of Biological Science, Graduate School of Science, Nagoya University, Nagoya, Aichi 464-8602 Japan
| | - Takumi Kamura
- Division of Biological Science, Graduate School of Science, Nagoya University, Nagoya, Aichi 464-8602 Japan
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16
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Diaz-Granados A, Petrescu AJ, Goverse A, Smant G. SPRYSEC Effectors: A Versatile Protein-Binding Platform to Disrupt Plant Innate Immunity. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2016; 7:1575. [PMID: 27812363 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2015.01575] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2016] [Accepted: 10/06/2016] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Persistent infections by sedentary plant-parasitic nematodes are a major threat to important food crops all over the world. These roundworms manipulate host plant cell morphology and physiology to establish sophisticated feeding structures. Key modifications to plant cells during their transition into feeding structures are largely attributed to the activity of effectors secreted by the nematodes. The SPRYSEC effectors were initially identified in the potato cyst nematodes Globodera rostochiensis and G. pallida, and are characterized by a single SPRY domain, a non-catalytic domain present in modular proteins with different functions. The SPRY domain is wide-spread among eukaryotes and thought to be involved in mediating protein-protein interactions. Thus far, the SPRY domain is only reported as a functional domain in effectors of plant-parasitic nematodes, but not of other plant pathogens. SPRYSEC effectors have been implicated in both suppression and activation of plant immunity, but other possible roles in nematode virulence remain undefined. Here, we review the latest reports on the structure, function, and sequence diversity of SPRYSEC effectors, which provide support for a model featuring these effectors as a versatile protein-binding platform for the nematodes to target a wide range of host proteins during parasitism.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Andrei-José Petrescu
- Department of Bioinformatics and Structural Biochemistry, Institute of Biochemistry of the Romanian Academy Bucharest, Romania
| | - Aska Goverse
- Laboratory of Nematology, Wageningen University Wageningen, Netherlands
| | - Geert Smant
- Laboratory of Nematology, Wageningen University Wageningen, Netherlands
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17
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Diaz-Granados A, Petrescu AJ, Goverse A, Smant G. SPRYSEC Effectors: A Versatile Protein-Binding Platform to Disrupt Plant Innate Immunity. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2016; 7:1575. [PMID: 27812363 PMCID: PMC5071358 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2016.01575] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2016] [Accepted: 10/06/2016] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Persistent infections by sedentary plant-parasitic nematodes are a major threat to important food crops all over the world. These roundworms manipulate host plant cell morphology and physiology to establish sophisticated feeding structures. Key modifications to plant cells during their transition into feeding structures are largely attributed to the activity of effectors secreted by the nematodes. The SPRYSEC effectors were initially identified in the potato cyst nematodes Globodera rostochiensis and G. pallida, and are characterized by a single SPRY domain, a non-catalytic domain present in modular proteins with different functions. The SPRY domain is wide-spread among eukaryotes and thought to be involved in mediating protein-protein interactions. Thus far, the SPRY domain is only reported as a functional domain in effectors of plant-parasitic nematodes, but not of other plant pathogens. SPRYSEC effectors have been implicated in both suppression and activation of plant immunity, but other possible roles in nematode virulence remain undefined. Here, we review the latest reports on the structure, function, and sequence diversity of SPRYSEC effectors, which provide support for a model featuring these effectors as a versatile protein-binding platform for the nematodes to target a wide range of host proteins during parasitism.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Andrei-José Petrescu
- Department of Bioinformatics and Structural Biochemistry, Institute of Biochemistry of the Romanian AcademyBucharest, Romania
| | - Aska Goverse
- Laboratory of Nematology, Wageningen UniversityWageningen, Netherlands
| | - Geert Smant
- Laboratory of Nematology, Wageningen UniversityWageningen, Netherlands
- *Correspondence: Geert Smant,
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18
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Liu S, Nheu T, Luwor R, Nicholson SE, Zhu HJ. SPSB1, a Novel Negative Regulator of the Transforming Growth Factor-β Signaling Pathway Targeting the Type II Receptor. J Biol Chem 2015; 290:17894-17908. [PMID: 26032413 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m114.607184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2014] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Appropriate cellular signaling is essential to control cell proliferation, differentiation, and cell death. Aberrant signaling can have devastating consequences and lead to disease states, including cancer. The transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β) signaling pathway is a prominent signaling pathway that has been tightly regulated in normal cells, whereas its deregulation strongly correlates with the progression of human cancers. The regulation of the TGF-β signaling pathway involves a variety of physiological regulators. Many of these molecules act to alter the activity of Smad proteins. In contrast, the number of molecules known to affect the TGF-β signaling pathway at the receptor level is relatively low, and there are no known direct modulators for the TGF-β type II receptor (TβRII). Here we identify SPSB1 (a Spry domain-containing Socs box protein) as a novel regulator of the TGF-β signaling pathway. SPSB1 negatively regulates the TGF-β signaling pathway through its interaction with both endogenous and overexpressed TβRII (and not TβRI) via its Spry domain. As such, TβRII and SPSB1 co-localize on the cell membrane. SPSB1 maintains TβRII at a low level by enhancing the ubiquitination levels and degradation rates of TβRII through its Socs box. More importantly, silencing SPSB1 by siRNA results in enhanced TGF-β signaling and migration and invasion of tumor cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sheng Liu
- Departments of Surgery (the Royal Melbourne Hospital), University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3050, Australia; Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, Victoria 3050, Australia
| | - Thao Nheu
- Departments of Surgery (the Royal Melbourne Hospital), University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3050, Australia
| | - Rodney Luwor
- Departments of Surgery (the Royal Melbourne Hospital), University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3050, Australia
| | - Sandra E Nicholson
- Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, Victoria 3050, Australia; Departments of Medical Biology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3050, Australia
| | - Hong-Jian Zhu
- Departments of Surgery (the Royal Melbourne Hospital), University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3050, Australia.
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19
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Identification and expression analysis of a Spsb gene in planarian Dugesia japonica. Gene 2015; 564:168-75. [DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2015.03.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2014] [Revised: 03/02/2015] [Accepted: 03/14/2015] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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20
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Malfavon-Borja R, Sawyer SL, Wu LI, Emerman M, Malik HS. An evolutionary screen highlights canonical and noncanonical candidate antiviral genes within the primate TRIM gene family. Genome Biol Evol 2014; 5:2141-54. [PMID: 24158625 PMCID: PMC3845644 DOI: 10.1093/gbe/evt163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Recurrent viral pressure has acted on host-encoded antiviral genes during primate and mammalian evolution. This selective pressure has resulted in dramatic episodes of adaptation in host antiviral genes, often detected via positive selection. These evolutionary signatures of adaptation have the potential to highlight previously unrecognized antiviral genes (also called restriction factors). Although the TRIM multigene family is recognized for encoding several bona fide restriction factors (e.g., TRIM5alpha), most members of this expansive gene family remain uncharacterized. Here, we investigated the TRIM multigene family for signatures of positive selection to identify novel candidate antiviral genes. Our analysis reveals previously undocumented signatures of positive selection in 17 TRIM genes, 10 of which represent novel candidate restriction factors. These include the unusual TRIM52 gene, which has evolved under strong positive selection despite its encoded protein lacking a putative viral recognition (B30.2) domain. We show that TRIM52 arose via gene duplication from the TRIM41 gene. Both TRIM52 and TRIM41 have dramatically expanded RING domains compared with the rest of the TRIM multigene family, yet this domain has evolved under positive selection only in primate TRIM52, suggesting that it represents a novel host–virus interaction interface. Our evolutionary-based screen not only documents positive selection in known TRIM restriction factors but also highlights candidate novel restriction factors, providing insight into the interfaces of host–pathogen interactions mediated by the TRIM multigene family.
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21
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D'Cruz AA, Babon JJ, Norton RS, Nicola NA, Nicholson SE. Structure and function of the SPRY/B30.2 domain proteins involved in innate immunity. Protein Sci 2014; 22:1-10. [PMID: 23139046 DOI: 10.1002/pro.2185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2012] [Revised: 10/16/2012] [Accepted: 10/19/2012] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
The SPRY domain is a protein interaction module found in 77 murine and ~100 human proteins, and is implicated in important biological pathways, including those that regulate innate and adaptive immunity. The current definition of the SPRY domain is based on a sequence repeat discovered in the splA kinase and ryanodine receptors. The greater SPRY family is divided into the B30.2 (which contains a PRY extension at the N-terminus) and "SPRY-only" sub-families. In this brief review, we examine the current structural and biochemical literature on SPRY/B30.2 domain involvement in key immune processes and highlight a PRY-like 60 amino acid region in the N-terminus of "SPRY-only" proteins. Phylogenetic, structural, and functional analyses suggest that this N-terminal region is related to the PRY region of B30.2 and should be characterized as part of an extended SPRY domain. Greater understanding of the functional importance of the N-terminal region in "SPRY only" proteins will enhance our ability to interrogate SPRY interactions with their respective binding partners.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akshay A D'Cruz
- The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
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22
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Fbxo45-mediated degradation of the tumor-suppressor Par-4 regulates cancer cell survival. Cell Death Differ 2014; 21:1535-45. [PMID: 24992930 DOI: 10.1038/cdd.2014.92] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2014] [Revised: 05/09/2014] [Accepted: 05/23/2014] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Prostate apoptosis response protein 4 (Par-4) also known as PRKC apoptosis WT1 regulator is a tumor suppressor that selectively induces apoptosis in cancer cells. However, its post-translational regulation by ubiquitin-mediated proteolysis and the cellular machinery that is responsible for its proteasomal degradation are unknown. Using immunopurification and an unbiased mass spectrometry-based approach, we show that Par-4 interacts with the SPRY-domain containing E3 ubiquitin ligase Fbxo45 through a short consensus sequence motif. Fbxo45 interacts with Par-4 in the cytoplasm and mediates its ubiquitylation and proteasomal degradation. Fbxo45 silencing results in stabilization of Par-4 with increased apoptosis. Importantly, a Par-4 mutant that is unable to bind Fbxo45 is stabilized and further enhances staurosporine-induced apoptosis. Co-expression of Fbxo45 with Par-4 protects cancer cells against Par-4-induced apoptosis. Our studies reveal that Fbxo45 is the substrate-receptor subunit of a functional E3 ligase for Par-4 that has a critical role in cancer cell survival.
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23
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Leung EWW, Yagi H, Harjani JR, Mulcair MD, Scanlon MJ, Baell JB, Norton RS. 19F NMR as a Probe of Ligand Interactions with the iNOS Binding site of SPRY Domain-Containing SOCS Box Protein 2. Chem Biol Drug Des 2014; 84:616-25. [DOI: 10.1111/cbdd.12355] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2013] [Revised: 03/12/2014] [Accepted: 04/29/2014] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Eleanor W. W. Leung
- Medicinal Chemistry; Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences; Monash University; Parkville Victoria 3052 Australia
| | - Hiromasa Yagi
- Medicinal Chemistry; Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences; Monash University; Parkville Victoria 3052 Australia
| | - Jitendra R. Harjani
- Medicinal Chemistry; Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences; Monash University; Parkville Victoria 3052 Australia
| | - Mark D. Mulcair
- Medicinal Chemistry; Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences; Monash University; Parkville Victoria 3052 Australia
| | - Martin J. Scanlon
- Medicinal Chemistry; Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences; Monash University; Parkville Victoria 3052 Australia
| | - Jonathan B. Baell
- Medicinal Chemistry; Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences; Monash University; Parkville Victoria 3052 Australia
| | - Raymond S. Norton
- Medicinal Chemistry; Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences; Monash University; Parkville Victoria 3052 Australia
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24
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Crystal structure of the TRIM25 B30.2 (PRYSPRY) domain: a key component of antiviral signalling. Biochem J 2014; 456:231-40. [PMID: 24015671 DOI: 10.1042/bj20121425] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
TRIM (tripartite motif) proteins primarily function as ubiquitin E3 ligases that regulate the innate immune response to infection. TRIM25 [also known as Efp (oestrogen-responsive finger protein)] has been implicated in the regulation of oestrogen receptor α signalling and in the regulation of innate immune signalling via RIG-I (retinoic acid-inducible gene-I). RIG-I senses cytosolic viral RNA and is subsequently ubiquitinated by TRIM25 at its N-terminal CARDs (caspase recruitment domains), leading to type I interferon production. The interaction with RIG-I is dependent on the TRIM25 B30.2 domain, a protein-interaction domain composed of the PRY and SPRY tandem sequence motifs. In the present study we describe the 1.8 Å crystal structure of the TRIM25 B30.2 domain, which exhibits a typical B30.2/SPRY domain fold comprising two N-terminal α-helices, thirteen β-strands arranged into two β-sheets and loop regions of varying lengths. A comparison with other B30.2/SPRY structures and an analysis of the loop regions identified a putative binding pocket, which is likely to be involved in binding target proteins. This was supported by mutagenesis and functional analyses, which identified two key residues (Asp(488) and Trp(621)) in the TRIM25 B30.2 domain as being critical for binding to the RIG-I CARDs.
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25
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James LC. Intracellular antibody immunity and the cytosolic Fc receptor TRIM21. Curr Top Microbiol Immunol 2014; 382:51-66. [PMID: 25116095 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-07911-0_3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Until recently, it was thought that antibody effector mechanisms were mediated purely by Fc receptors expressed on professional cells, following capture of immune complexes in the extracellular space. Recently a new Fc receptor, TRIM21, was discovered that is expressed by cells of all histogenetic lineages and which mediates immune responses intracellularly. This new receptor possesses many unique structural and functional properties. TRIM21 binds both IgG and IgM, interacts primarily with the CH3 rather than CH2 domain and engages two heavy chains simultaneously. This latter property allows TRIM21 to bind antibodies with a higher affinity than any other Fc receptor. TRIM21 is cytosolic, has both effector and signalling functions and is exquisitely conserved in mammals. The discovery of this missing part of humoral immunity has important implications for where and how antibodies work.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leo C James
- MRC Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Cambridge, UK,
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Di Virgilio F. The Therapeutic Potential of Modifying Inflammasomes and NOD-Like Receptors. Pharmacol Rev 2013; 65:872-905. [DOI: 10.1124/pr.112.006171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 112] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
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Exploring the diversity of SPRY/B30.2-mediated interactions. Trends Biochem Sci 2012; 38:38-46. [PMID: 23164942 DOI: 10.1016/j.tibs.2012.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2012] [Revised: 10/02/2012] [Accepted: 10/05/2012] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The SPla/Ryanodine receptor (SPRY)/B30.2 domain is one of the most common folds in higher eukaryotes. The human genome encodes 103 SPRY/B30.2 domains, several of which are involved in the immune response. Approximately 45% of human SPRY/B30.2-containing proteins are E3 ligases. The role and function of the majority of SPRY/B30.2 domains are still poorly understood, however, in several cases mutations in this domain have been linked to congenital disorders. The recent characterization of SPRY/B30.2-mediated protein interactions has provided evidence for a role of this domain as an adaptor module to assemble macromolecular complexes, analogous to Src homology (SH)2, SH3, and WW domains. However, functional and structural evidence suggests that SPRY/B30.2 is a more versatile fold, allowing a wide range of binding modes.
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Oktenli C, Celik S. High frequency of inherited variants in the MEFV gene in patients with hematologic neoplasms: a genetic susceptibility? Int J Hematol 2012; 95:380-5. [PMID: 22453916 DOI: 10.1007/s12185-012-1061-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2011] [Revised: 03/14/2012] [Accepted: 03/14/2012] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Familial Mediterranean fever is an autosomal recessive disease occurring in populations originating from the Mediterranean basin. This autoinflammatory syndrome is caused by mutations in the Mediterranean FeVer (MEFV) gene. MEFV encodes a 781 amino acid protein known as pyrin. Pyrin is an important modulator of apoptosis, inflammation, and cytokine processing. In more recent pilot studies, inherited variant analysis of the MEFV gene in patients with hematologic neoplasm showed an unexpectedly high frequency of these variants in the gene. Here, we summarize the current state of knowledge of the relationship between inherited variants in the MEFV gene and hematologic neoplasms. Although no single underlying defect could be targeted in all hematologic neoplasms, it will be important to fully exploit the mechanisms underlying the neoplasm promoting role of inherited variants in MEFV. However, it is unclear how inherited variants in the MEFV gene are associated with tumor susceptibility or promotion in hematologic neoplasms. Further investigations are needed to determine the actual role of the MEFV gene in pathogenesis of these neoplasms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cagatay Oktenli
- Department of Internal Medicine and Geriatrics, Anadolu Medical Center, 41400 Kocaeli, Turkey.
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29
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Han K, Lou DI, Sawyer SL. Identification of a genomic reservoir for new TRIM genes in primate genomes. PLoS Genet 2011; 7:e1002388. [PMID: 22144910 PMCID: PMC3228819 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1002388] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2011] [Accepted: 09/29/2011] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Tripartite Motif (TRIM) ubiquitin ligases act in the innate immune response against viruses. One of the best characterized members of this family, TRIM5α, serves as a potent retroviral restriction factor with activity against HIV. Here, we characterize what are likely to be the youngest TRIM genes in the human genome. For instance, we have identified 11 TRIM genes that are specific to humans and African apes (chimpanzees, bonobos, and gorillas) and another 7 that are human-specific. Many of these young genes have never been described, and their identification brings the total number of known human TRIM genes to approximately 100. These genes were acquired through segmental duplications, most of which originated from a single locus on chromosome 11. Another polymorphic duplication of this locus has resulted in these genes being copy number variable within the human population, with a Han Chinese woman identified as having 12 additional copies of these TRIM genes compared to other individuals screened in this study. Recently, this locus was annotated as one of 34 "hotspot" regions that are also copy number variable in the genomes of chimpanzees and rhesus macaques. Most of the young TRIM genes originating from this locus are expressed, spliced, and contain signatures of positive natural selection in regions known to determine virus recognition in TRIM5α. However, we find that they do not restrict the same retroviruses as TRIM5α, consistent with the high degree of divergence observed in the regions that control target specificity. We propose that this recombinationally volatile locus serves as a reservoir from which new TRIM genes arise through segmental duplication, allowing primates to continually acquire new antiviral genes that can be selected to target new and evolving pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyudong Han
- Section of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, Institute for Cellular and Molecular Biology, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas, United States of America
| | - Dianne I. Lou
- Section of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, Institute for Cellular and Molecular Biology, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas, United States of America
| | - Sara L. Sawyer
- Section of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, Institute for Cellular and Molecular Biology, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Lewis RS, Kolesnik TB, Kuang Z, D'Cruz AA, Blewitt ME, Masters SL, Low A, Willson T, Norton RS, Nicholson SE. TLR regulation of SPSB1 controls inducible nitric oxide synthase induction. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2011; 187:3798-805. [PMID: 21876038 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1002993] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
The mammalian innate immune system has evolved to recognize foreign molecules derived from pathogens via the TLRs. TLR3 and TLR4 can signal via the TIR domain-containing adapter inducing IFN-β (TRIF), which results in the transcription of a small array of genes, including IFN-β. Inducible NO synthase (iNOS), which catalyzes the production of NO, is induced by a range of stimuli, including cytokines and microbes. NO is a potent source of reactive nitrogen species that play an important role in killing intracellular pathogens and forms a crucial component of host defense. We have recently identified iNOS as a target of the mammalian SPSB2 protein. The SOCS box is a peptide motif, which, in conjunction with elongins B and C, recruits cullin-5 and Rbx-2 to form an active E3 ubiquitin ligase complex. In this study, we show that SPSB1 is the only SPSB family member to be regulated by the same TLR pathways that induce iNOS expression and characterize the interaction between SPSB1 and iNOS. Through the use of SPSB1 transgenic mouse macrophages and short hairpin RNA knockdown of SPSB1, we show that SPSB1 controls both the induction of iNOS and the subsequent production of NO downstream of TLR3 and TLR4. Further, we demonstrate that regulation of iNOS by SPSB1 is dependent on the proteasome. These results suggest that SPSB1 acts through a negative-feedback loop that, together with SPSB2, controls the extent of iNOS induction and NO production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rowena S Lewis
- Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia
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31
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The regulation of MEFV expression and its role in health and familial Mediterranean fever. Genes Immun 2011; 12:497-503. [DOI: 10.1038/gene.2011.53] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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32
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Genetics of monogenic autoinflammatory diseases: past successes, future challenges. Nat Rev Rheumatol 2011; 7:469-78. [DOI: 10.1038/nrrheum.2011.94] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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Lever AML, Jeang KT. Insights into cellular factors that regulate HIV-1 replication in human cells. Biochemistry 2011; 50:920-31. [PMID: 21218853 DOI: 10.1021/bi101805f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Retroviruses integrate into the host cell's chromosome. Accordingly, many aspects of the life cycle of retroviruses like HIV-1 are intimately linked to the functions of cellular proteins and RNAs. In this review, we discuss in brief recent genomewide screens for the identification of cellular proteins that assist HIV-1 replication in human cells. We also review findings for other cellular moieties that help or restrict the viral life cycle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew M L Lever
- Addenbrooke's Hospital, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, U.K
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Kar AK, Mao Y, Bird G, Walensky L, Sodroski J. Characterization of a core fragment of the rhesus monkey TRIM5α protein. BMC BIOCHEMISTRY 2011; 12:1. [PMID: 21205312 PMCID: PMC3025952 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2091-12-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2010] [Accepted: 01/04/2011] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Background Like all tripartite motif (TRIM) proteins, the retroviral restriction factor TRIM5α consists of RING, B-box 2 and coiled-coil domains, with a C-terminal B30.2(SPRY) domain. Although structures have been determined for some individual TRIM domains, the structure of an intact TRIM protein is unknown. Results Here, we express and characterize a protease-resistant 29-kD core fragment containing the B-box 2, coiled coil and adjacent linker (L2) region of TRIM5α. This BCCL2 protein formed dimers and higher-order oligomers in solution. Approximately 40% of the BCCL2 secondary structure consisted of alpha helices. Partial loss of alpha-helical content and dissociation of dimers occurred at 42°C, with the residual alpha helices remaining stable up to 80°C. Conclusions These results indicate that the B-box 2, coiled-coil and linker 2 regions of TRIM5α form a core dimerization motif that exhibits a high level of alpha-helical content.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alak K Kar
- Department of Cancer Immunology and AIDS, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
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Nishiya T, Matsumoto K, Maekawa S, Kajita E, Horinouchi T, Fujimuro M, Ogasawara K, Uehara T, Miwa S. Regulation of inducible nitric-oxide synthase by the SPRY domain- and SOCS box-containing proteins. J Biol Chem 2011; 286:9009-19. [PMID: 21199876 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m110.190678] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Inducible nitric-oxide synthase (iNOS, NOS2) plays a prominent role in macrophage bactericidal and tumoricidal activities. A relatively large amount of NO produced via iNOS, however, also targets the macrophage itself for apoptotic cell death. To uncover the intrinsic mechanisms of iNOS regulation, we have characterized the SPRY domain- and SOCS box-containing protein 1 (SPSB1), SPSB2, and SPSB4 that interact with the N-terminal region of iNOS in a D-I-N-N-N sequence-dependent manner. Fluorescence microscopy revealed that these SPSB proteins can induce the subcellular redistribution of iNOS from dense regions to diffused expression in a SOCS box-dependent manner. In immunoprecipitation studies, both Elongin C and Cullin-5, components of the multi-subunit E3 ubiquitin ligase, were found to bind to iNOS via SPSB1, SPSB2, or SPSB4. Consistently, iNOS was polyubiquitinated and degraded in a proteasome-dependent manner when SPSB1, SPSB2, or SPSB4 was expressed. SPSB1 and SPSB4 had a greater effect on iNOS regulation than SPSB2. The iNOS N-terminal fragment (residues 1-124 of human iNOS) could disrupt iNOS-SPSB interactions and inhibit iNOS degradation. In lipopolysaccharide-treated macrophages, this fragment attenuated iNOS ubiquitination and substantially prolonged iNOS lifetime, resulting in a corresponding increase in NO production and enhanced NO-dependent cell death. These results not only demonstrate the mechanism of SPSB-mediated iNOS degradation and the relative contributions of different SPSB proteins to iNOS regulation, but also show that iNOS levels are sophisticatedly regulated by SPSB proteins in activated macrophages to prevent overproduction of NO that could trigger detrimental effects, such as cytotoxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tadashi Nishiya
- Department of Cellular Pharmacology, Hokkaido University Graduate School of Medicine, Sapporo 060-8638, Japan.
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Kuang Z, Lewis RS, Curtis JM, Zhan Y, Saunders BM, Babon JJ, Kolesnik TB, Low A, Masters SL, Willson TA, Kedzierski L, Yao S, Handman E, Norton RS, Nicholson SE. The SPRY domain-containing SOCS box protein SPSB2 targets iNOS for proteasomal degradation. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2010; 190:129-41. [PMID: 20603330 PMCID: PMC2911665 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.200912087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Macrophages lacking SPSB2 have increased NO production and enhanced pathogen-killing capabilities due to decreased ubiquitin-mediated destruction of iNOS. Inducible nitric oxide (NO) synthase (iNOS; NOS2) produces NO and related reactive nitrogen species, which are critical effectors of the innate host response and are required for the intracellular killing of pathogens such as Mycobacterium tuberculosis and Leishmania major. We have identified SPRY domain–containing SOCS (suppressor of cytokine signaling) box protein 2 (SPSB2) as a novel negative regulator that recruits an E3 ubiquitin ligase complex to polyubiquitinate iNOS, resulting in its proteasomal degradation. SPSB2 interacts with the N-terminal region of iNOS via a binding interface on SPSB2 that has been mapped by nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy and mutational analyses. SPSB2-deficient macrophages showed prolonged iNOS expression, resulting in a corresponding increase in NO production and enhanced killing of L. major parasites. These results lay the foundation for the development of small molecule inhibitors that could disrupt the SPSB–iNOS interaction and thus prolong the intracellular lifetime of iNOS, which may be beneficial in chronic and persistent infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhihe Kuang
- The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville 3052, Victoria, Australia
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Filippakopoulos P, Low A, Sharpe TD, Uppenberg J, Yao S, Kuang Z, Savitsky P, Lewis RS, Nicholson SE, Norton RS, Bullock AN. Structural basis for Par-4 recognition by the SPRY domain- and SOCS box-containing proteins SPSB1, SPSB2, and SPSB4. J Mol Biol 2010; 401:389-402. [PMID: 20561531 PMCID: PMC2923778 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmb.2010.06.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2010] [Revised: 06/04/2010] [Accepted: 06/08/2010] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The mammalian SPRY domain- and SOCS box-containing proteins, SPSB1 to SPSB4, belong to the SOCS box family of E3 ubiquitin ligases. Substrate recognition sites for the SPRY domain are identified only for human Par-4 (ELNNNL) and for the Drosophila orthologue GUSTAVUS binding to the DEAD-box RNA helicase VASA (DINNNN). To further investigate this consensus motif, we determined the crystal structures of SPSB1, SPSB2, and SPSB4, as well as their binding modes and affinities for both Par-4 and VASA. Mutation of each of the three Asn residues in Par-4 abrogated binding to all three SPSB proteins, while changing EL to DI enhanced binding. By comparison to SPSB1 and SPSB4, the more divergent protein SPSB2 showed only weak binding to Par-4 and was hypersensitive to DI substitution. Par-4(59–77) binding perturbed NMR resonances from a number of SPSB2 residues flanking the ELNNN binding site, including loop D, which binds the EL/DI sequence. Although interactions with the consensus peptide motif were conserved in all structures, flanking sites in SPSB2 were identified as sites of structural change. These structural changes limit high-affinity interactions for SPSB2 to aspartate-containing sequences, whereas SPSB1 and SPSB4 bind strongly to both Par-4 and VASA peptides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Panagis Filippakopoulos
- Structural Genomics Consortium, University of Oxford, Old Road Campus, Roosevelt Drive, Oxford OX3 7DQ, UK
| | - Andrew Low
- Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, 1G Royal Parade, Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia
| | - Timothy D. Sharpe
- Structural Genomics Consortium, University of Oxford, Old Road Campus, Roosevelt Drive, Oxford OX3 7DQ, UK
| | - Jonas Uppenberg
- Structural Genomics Consortium, University of Oxford, Old Road Campus, Roosevelt Drive, Oxford OX3 7DQ, UK
| | - Shenggen Yao
- Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, 1G Royal Parade, Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia
| | - Zhihe Kuang
- Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, 1G Royal Parade, Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia
| | - Pavel Savitsky
- Structural Genomics Consortium, University of Oxford, Old Road Campus, Roosevelt Drive, Oxford OX3 7DQ, UK
| | - Rowena S. Lewis
- Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, 1G Royal Parade, Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia
| | - Sandra E. Nicholson
- Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, 1G Royal Parade, Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia
| | - Raymond S. Norton
- Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, 1G Royal Parade, Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia
- Corresponding authors.
| | - Alex N. Bullock
- Structural Genomics Consortium, University of Oxford, Old Road Campus, Roosevelt Drive, Oxford OX3 7DQ, UK
- Corresponding authors.
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Jeong J, Rao AU, Xu J, Ogg SL, Hathout Y, Fenselau C, Mather IH. The PRY/SPRY/B30.2 domain of butyrophilin 1A1 (BTN1A1) binds to xanthine oxidoreductase: implications for the function of BTN1A1 in the mammary gland and other tissues. J Biol Chem 2009; 284:22444-22456. [PMID: 19531472 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m109.020446] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Butyrophilin 1A1 (BTN1A1) and xanthine oxidoreductase (XOR) are highly expressed in the lactating mammary gland and are secreted into milk associated with the milk fat globule membrane (MFGM). Ablation of the genes encoding either protein causes severe defects in the secretion of milk lipid droplets, suggesting that the two proteins may function in the same pathway. Therefore, we determined whether BTN1A1 and XOR directly interact using protein binding assays, surface plasmon resonance analysis, and gel filtration. Bovine XOR bound with high affinity in a pH- and salt-sensitive manner (KD=101+/-31 nM in 10 mM HEPES, 150 mM NaCl, pH 7.4) to the PRY/SPRY/B30.2 domain in the cytoplasmic region of bovine BTN1A1. Binding was stoichiometric, with one XOR dimer binding to either two BTN1A1 monomers or one dimer. XOR bound to BTN1A1 orthologs from mice, humans, or cows but not to the cytoplasmic domains of the closely related human paralogs, BTN2A1 or BTN3A1, or to the B30.2 domain of human RoRet (TRIM 38), a protein in the TRIM family. Analysis of the protein composition of the MFGM of wild type and BTN1A1 null mice showed that most of the XOR in mice lacking BTN1A1 was released from the MFGM in a soluble form when the milk lipid droplets were disrupted to prepare membrane, compared with wild-type mice, in which most of the XOR remained membrane-bound. Thus BTN1A1 functions in vivo to stabilize the association of XOR with the MFGM by direct interactions through the PRY/SPRY/B30.2 domain. The potential significance of BTN1A1/XOR interactions in the mammary gland and other tissues is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jaekwang Jeong
- Departments of Animal and Avian Sciences, College Park, Maryland 20742
| | - Anita U Rao
- Departments of Animal and Avian Sciences, College Park, Maryland 20742
| | - Jinling Xu
- Departments of Animal and Avian Sciences, College Park, Maryland 20742
| | - Sherry L Ogg
- Departments of Animal and Avian Sciences, College Park, Maryland 20742
| | - Yetrib Hathout
- Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742
| | - Catherine Fenselau
- Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742
| | - Ian H Mather
- Departments of Animal and Avian Sciences, College Park, Maryland 20742
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Libich DS, Schwalbe M, Kate S, Venugopal H, Claridge JK, Edwards PJB, Dutta K, Pascal SM. Intrinsic disorder and coiled-coil formation in prostate apoptosis response factor 4. FEBS J 2009; 276:3710-28. [PMID: 19490121 DOI: 10.1111/j.1742-4658.2009.07087.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Prostate apoptosis response factor-4 (Par-4) is an ubiquitously expressed pro-apoptotic and tumour suppressive protein that can both activate cell-death mechanisms and inhibit pro-survival factors. Par-4 contains a highly conserved coiled-coil region that serves as the primary recognition domain for a large number of binding partners. Par-4 is also tightly regulated by the aforementioned binding partners and by post-translational modifications. Biophysical data obtained in the present study indicate that Par-4 primarily comprises an intrinsically disordered protein. Bioinformatic analysis of the highly conserved Par-4 reveals low sequence complexity and enrichment in polar and charged amino acids. The high proteolytic susceptibility and an increased hydrodynamic radius are consistent with a largely extended structure in solution. Spectroscopic measurements using CD and NMR also reveal characteristic features of intrinsic disorder. Under physiological conditions, the data obtained show that Par-4 self-associates via the C-terminal domain, forming a coiled-coil. Interruption of self-association by urea also resulted in loss of secondary structure. These results are consistent with the stabilization of the coiled-coil motif through an intramolecular association.
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Affiliation(s)
- David S Libich
- Centre for Structural Biology, Institute of Fundamental Sciences, Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand.
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Masters SL, Simon A, Aksentijevich I, Kastner DL. Horror autoinflammaticus: the molecular pathophysiology of autoinflammatory disease (*). Annu Rev Immunol 2009; 27:621-68. [PMID: 19302049 DOI: 10.1146/annurev.immunol.25.022106.141627] [Citation(s) in RCA: 756] [Impact Index Per Article: 50.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The autoinflammatory diseases are characterized by seemingly unprovoked episodes of inflammation, without high-titer autoantibodies or antigen-specific T cells. The concept was proposed ten years ago with the identification of the genes underlying hereditary periodic fever syndromes. This nosology has taken root because of the dramatic advances in our knowledge of the genetic basis of both mendelian and complex autoinflammatory diseases, and with the recognition that these illnesses derive from genetic variants of the innate immune system. Herein we propose an updated classification scheme based on the molecular insights garnered over the past decade, supplanting a clinical classification that has served well but is opaque to the genetic, immunologic, and therapeutic interrelationships now before us. We define six categories of autoinflammatory disease: IL-1beta activation disorders (inflammasomopathies), NF-kappaB activation syndromes, protein misfolding disorders, complement regulatory diseases, disturbances in cytokine signaling, and macrophage activation syndromes. A system based on molecular pathophysiology will bring greater clarity to our discourse while catalyzing new hypotheses both at the bench and at the bedside.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seth L Masters
- The National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA.
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Ubiquitous SPRY domains and their role in the skeletal type ryanodine receptor. EUROPEAN BIOPHYSICS JOURNAL: EBJ 2009; 39:51-9. [DOI: 10.1007/s00249-009-0455-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2009] [Revised: 03/28/2009] [Accepted: 04/07/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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Tae HS, Norris NC, Cui Y, Karunasekara Y, Board PG, Dulhunty AF, Casarotto MG. MOLECULAR RECOGNITION OF THE DISORDERED DIHYDROPYRIDINE RECEPTOR II-III LOOP BY A CONSERVED SPRY DOMAIN OF THE TYPE 1 RYANODINE RECEPTOR. Clin Exp Pharmacol Physiol 2009; 36:346-9. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1440-1681.2008.05130.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
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Rehman S, Postma W, Tytgat T, Prins P, Qin L, Overmars H, Vossen J, Spiridon LN, Petrescu AJ, Goverse A, Bakker J, Smant G. A secreted SPRY domain-containing protein (SPRYSEC) from the plant-parasitic nematode Globodera rostochiensis interacts with a CC-NB-LRR protein from a susceptible tomato. MOLECULAR PLANT-MICROBE INTERACTIONS : MPMI 2009; 22:330-40. [PMID: 19245327 DOI: 10.1094/mpmi-22-3-0330] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Esophageal gland secretions from nematodes are believed to include effectors that play important roles in plant parasitism. We have identified a novel gene family encoding secreted proteins specifically expressed in the dorsal esophageal gland of Globodera rostochiensis early in the parasitic cycle, and which contain the B30.2/SPRY domain. The secondary structure of these proteins, named the secreted SPRY domain-containing proteins (SPRYSEC), includes highly conserved regions folding into beta-strands interspersed with loops varying in sequence and in length. Mapping sequence diversity onto a three-dimensional structure model of the SPRYSEC indicated that most of the variability is in the extended loops that shape the so-called surface A in the SPRY domains. Seven of nine amino acid sites subjected to diversifying selection in the SPRYSEC are also at this surface. In both yeast-two-hybrid screening using a library from a susceptible tomato and in an in vitro pull-down assay, one of the SPRYSEC interacted with the leucine-rich repeat (LRR) region of a novel coiled-coil nucleotide-binding LRR protein, which is highly similar to members of the SW5 resistance gene cluster. Given that the tomato cultivar used is susceptible to nematode infection, this SPRYSEC could be an evolutionary intermediate that binds to a classical immune receptor but does not yet, or no longer, triggers a resistance response. Alternatively, this SPRYSEC may bind to the immune receptor to downregulate its activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sajid Rehman
- Laboratory of Nematology, Wageningen University, Binnenhaven 5, 6709PD Wageningen, The Netherlands
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Johnson WE, Sawyer SL. Molecular evolution of the antiretroviral TRIM5 gene. Immunogenetics 2009; 61:163-76. [PMID: 19238338 DOI: 10.1007/s00251-009-0358-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2009] [Accepted: 01/28/2009] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
In 2004, the first report of TRIM5alpha as a cellular antiretroviral factor triggered intense interest among virologists, particularly because some primate orthologs of TRIM5alpha have activity against HIV. Since that time, a complex and eventful evolutionary history of the TRIM5 locus has emerged. A review of the TRIM5 literature constitutes a veritable compendium of evolutionary phenomena, including elevated rates of nonsynonymous substitution, divergence in subdomains due to short insertions and deletions, expansions and contractions in gene copy number, pseudogenization, balanced polymorphism, trans-species polymorphism, convergent evolution, and the acquisition of new domains by exon capture. Unlike most genes, whose history is dominated by long periods of purifying selection interspersed with rare instances of genetic innovation, analysis of restriction factor loci is likely to be complicated by the unpredictable and more-or-less constant influence of positive selection. In this regard, the molecular evolution and population genetics of restriction factor loci most closely resemble patterns that have been documented for immunity genes, such as class I and II MHC genes, whose products interact directly with microbial targets. While the antiretroviral activity encoded by TRIM5 provides plausible mechanistic hypotheses for these unusual evolutionary observations, evolutionary analyses have reciprocated by providing significant insights into the structure and function of the TRIM5alpha protein. Many of the lessons learned from TRIM5 should be applicable to the study of other restriction factor loci, and molecular evolutionary analysis could facilitate the discovery of new antiviral factors, particularly among the many TRIM genes whose functions remain as yet unidentified.
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Affiliation(s)
- Welkin E Johnson
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, New England Primate Research Center, Harvard Medical School, Southborough, MA, USA.
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Kleiber ML, Singh SM. Divergence of the vertebrate sp1A/ryanodine receptor domain and SOCS box-containing (Spsb) gene family and its expression and regulation within the mouse brain. Genomics 2009; 93:358-66. [PMID: 19101625 DOI: 10.1016/j.ygeno.2008.11.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2008] [Accepted: 11/19/2008] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
The Spsb family of genes encode well-conserved proteins of unknown function. Mammalian Spsb genes are likely the result of three separate duplication and divergence events during vertebrate evolution. The phylogenetic relationship along with expression and regulation of Spsb genes may offer insight into the evolution and function of this gene family in vertebrates. We have established that Spsb genes are expressed in numerous tissues, however their pattern and level of expression is tissue-dependent. Further, only Spsb1 is responsive to stress caused by ethanol exposure in the mouse brain, which suggests that Spsb genes have acquired different regulatory mechanisms. Analysis of cis-regulatory elements supports this, but also reveals some common regulatory modules involved in cell proliferation and stress response. Our results contribute to the growing body of data on the expression and function of Spsb genes, which serve as a model for studies on the origin, divergence and specialization of eukaryotic gene families.
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Affiliation(s)
- Morgan L Kleiber
- Molecular Genetics Laboratories, Department of Biology, University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada N6A 5B7.
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Kuang Z, Yao S, Xu Y, Lewis RS, Low A, Masters SL, Willson TA, Kolesnik TB, Nicholson SE, Garrett TJP, Norton RS. SPRY domain-containing SOCS box protein 2: crystal structure and residues critical for protein binding. J Mol Biol 2009; 386:662-74. [PMID: 19154741 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmb.2008.12.078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2008] [Revised: 12/17/2008] [Accepted: 12/18/2008] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
The four mammalian SPRY (a sequence repeat in dual-specificity kinase splA and ryanodine receptors) domain-containing suppressor of cytokine signalling (SOCS) box proteins (SSB-1 to -4) are characterised by a C-terminal SOCS box and a central SPRY domain. The latter is a protein interaction module found in over 1600 proteins, with more than 70 encoded in the human genome. Here we report the crystal structure of the SPRY domain of murine SSB-2 and compare it with the SSB-2 solution structure and crystal structures of other B30.2/SPRY domain-containing family proteins. The structure is a bent beta-sandwich, consisting of two seven-stranded beta-sheets wrapped around a long loop that extends from the centre strands of the inner or concave beta-sheet; it closely matches those of GUSTAVUS and SSB-4. The structure is also similar to those of two recently determined Neuralized homology repeat (NHR) domains (also known as NEUZ domains), with detailed comparisons, suggesting that the NEUZ/NHR domains form a subclass of SPRY domains. The binding site on SSB-2 for the prostate apoptosis response-4 (Par-4) protein has been mapped in finer detail using mutational analyses. Moreover, SSB-1 was shown to have a Par-4 binding surface similar to that identified for SSB-2. Structural perturbations of SSB-2 induced by mutations affecting its interaction with Par-4 and/or c-Met have been characterised by NMR. These comparisons, in conjunction with previously published dynamics data from NMR relaxation studies and coarse-grained dynamics simulation using normal mode analysis, further refine our understanding of the structural basis for protein recognition of SPRY domain-containing proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhihe Kuang
- The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, 1G Royal Parade, Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia
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Abstract
TRIM5alpha protein blocks retroviral replication at early postentry stage reducing the accumulation of reverse transcriptase products. TRIM5alpha proteins of Old World primates restrict HIV-1 infection whereas TRIM5alpha proteins of most New World monkeys restrict SIV(mac) infection. TRIM5alpha protein has a RING domain, B-box 2 domain, coiled-coil domain, and PRYSPRY domain. The PRYSPRY domain of TRIM5alpha determines viral specificity and restriction potency by mediating recognition of the retroviral capsid. The coiled-coil domain is essential for TRIM5alpha oligomerization, which contributes to binding avidity for the viral capsid. The RING domain and B-box 2 domain are required for efficient restriction activity of TRIM5alpha protein but the mechanisms remain to be defined.
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Affiliation(s)
- Byeongwoon Song
- Division of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Emory University School of Medicine, 2015 Uppergate Drive, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA.
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Park EY, Kwon OB, Jeong BC, Yi JS, Lee CS, Ko YG, Song HK. Crystal structure of PRY-SPRY domain of human TRIM72. Proteins 2009; 78:790-5. [DOI: 10.1002/prot.22647] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Biochemical and biophysical characterization of a chimeric TRIM21-TRIM5alpha protein. J Virol 2008; 82:11669-81. [PMID: 18799572 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01559-08] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The tripartite motif (TRIM) protein, TRIM5alpha, is an endogenous factor in primates that recognizes the capsids of certain retroviruses after virus entry into the host cell. TRIM5alpha promotes premature uncoating of the capsid, thus blocking virus infection. Low levels of expression and tendencies to aggregate have hindered the biochemical, biophysical, and structural characterization of TRIM proteins. Here, a chimeric TRIM5alpha protein (TRIM5(Rh)-21R) with a RING domain derived from TRIM21 was expressed in baculovirus-infected insect cells and purified. Although a fraction of the TRIM5(Rh)-21R protein formed large aggregates, soluble fractions of the protein formed oligomers (mainly dimers), exhibited a protease-resistant core, and contained a high percentage of helical secondary structure. Cross-linking followed by negative staining and electron microscopy suggested a globular structure. The purified TRIM5(Rh)-21R protein displayed E3-ligase activity in vitro and also self-ubiquitylated in the presence of ubiquitin-activating and -conjugating enzymes. The purified TRIM5(Rh)-21R protein specifically associated with human immunodeficiency virus type 1 capsid-like complexes; a deletion within the V1 variable region of the B30.2(SPRY) domain decreased capsid binding. Thus, the TRIM5(Rh)-21R restriction factor can directly recognize retroviral capsid-like complexes in the absence of other mammalian proteins.
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Balci-Peynircioglu B, Waite AL, Schaner P, Taskiran ZE, Richards N, Orhan D, Gucer S, Ozen S, Gumucio D, Yilmaz E. Expression of ASC in renal tissues of familial mediterranean fever patients with amyloidosis: postulating a role for ASC in AA type amyloid deposition. Exp Biol Med (Maywood) 2008; 233:1324-33. [PMID: 18791131 DOI: 10.3181/0803-rm-106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Familial Mediterranean fever (FMF) is characterized by recurrent attacks of fever and serositis; in some cases, ensuing amyloidosis results in kidney damage. Treatment with colchicine reduces the frequency and severity of FMF attacks and prevents amyloidosis, although the mechanisms behind these effects are unknown. Pyrin, the protein product of the MEFV gene, interacts with ASC, a key molecule in apoptotic and inflammatory processes. ASC forms intracellular speck-like aggregates that presage cell death. Here we show that cell death after ASC speck formation is much slower in nonmyeloid cells than in myeloid cells. Additionally, we demonstrate that colchicine prevents speck formation and show that specks can survive in the extracellular space after cell death. Because we also found that ASC is expressed in renal glomeruli of patients with FMF but not in those of control patients, we posit that high local ASC expression may result in speck formation and that specks from dying cells may persist in the extracellular space where they have the potential (perhaps in association with pyrin) to nucleate amyloid. The fact that speck formation requires an intact microtubule network as shown here could potentially account for the ability of prophylactic colchicine to prevent or reverse amyloidosis in patients with FMF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Banu Balci-Peynircioglu
- Hacettepe University, Tip Fakultesi, Tibbi Biyoloji AD, Rektorluk Binasi, A Kapisi, 4. Kat, 06100 Sihhiye, Ankara, Turkey
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