Plasma enterostatin: identification and release in rats in response to a meal

Enterostatin and its target mechanisms during regulation of fat intake

A high-fat diet easily promotes hyperphagia giving an impression of an uncontrolled process. Fat digestion itself however provides control of fat intake through the digestion itself, carried out by pancreatic lipase and its protein cofactor colipase, and through enterostatin, a peptide released from procolipase during fat digestion. Procolipase (-/-) knockout mice have a severely reduced fat digestion and fat uptake, pointing to a major role of the digestive process itself. With a normal fat digestion, enterostatin basically restricts fat intake by preventing the overconsumption of fat. The mechanism for enterostatin might be an inhibition of a mu-opioid-mediated pathway, demonstrated through binding studies on SK-N-MC-cells and crude brain membranes. Another target protein of enterostatin is the beta-subunit of F1F0-ATPase, displaying a distinct binding of enterostatin, established through an aqueous two-phase partition system. The binding of enterostatin to F1-ATPase was partially displaced by beta-casomorphin, a peptide stimulating fat intake and acting competitively to enterostatin. We frame a hypothesis that regulation of fat intake through enterostatin contains a reward component, which is an F1-ATPase-mediated pathway, possibly complemented with an opioidergic pathway.

Is the control of fat ingestion sexually differentiated?

Sexual differentiation is a fundamental aspect of human physiology [Wizemann TM, Pardue M-L, editors. Exploring the biological contributions to human health: does sex matter? Washington DC, National Academy Press, 2001]. Therefore, this review considers whether the physiological control of eating, as related to dietary fat, is sexually differentiated. The effects of dietary fat are considered from the perspective of stimuli controlling eating that arise from oral, gastric, intestinal, hepatic, and adipose sites. The data reviewed provide substantial support for hypothesis that many such controls of fat ingestion are sexually differentiated in both humans and laboratory animals. Because as yet little is established definitively, however, the apparently most promising questions and methodologies for future work are emphasized.