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Abstract
Low plasma testosterone (T) levels correlated with metabolic syndrome, cardiovascular diseases, and increased mortality risk. T exerts a significant effect on the regulation of adipose tissue accumulation, and in the glucose and lipids metabolism. Adipocytes are the primary source of the most important adipokines responsible for inflammation and chronic diseases. This review aims to analyze the possible effect of T on the regulation of the proinflammatory cytokines secretion. A systematic literature search on MEDLINE, Google Scholar, and Cochrane using the combination of the following keywords: “testosterone” with “inflammation,” “cytokines,” “adiponectin, CRP, IL-1B, IL-6, TNFα, leptin” was conducted. Sixteen articles related to the effect of low T level and 18 to the effect of T therapy on proinflammatory cytokine were found. T exerts a significant inhibitory effect on adipose tissue formation and the expression of various adipocytokines, such as leptin, TNF-α, IL-6, IL-1, and is positively correlated with adiponectin level, whereas a low T level is correlated with increased expression of markers of inflammation. Further studies are necessary to investigate the role of T, integrated with weight loss and physical activity, on its action on the mechanisms of production and regulation of proinflammatory cytokines.
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Ryan CP, Georgiev AV, McDade TW, Gettler LT, Eisenberg DTA, Rzhetskaya M, Agustin SS, Hayes MG, Kuzawa CW. Androgen receptor polyglutamine repeat length (AR‐CAGn) modulates the effect of testosterone on androgen‐associated somatic traits in Filipino young adult men. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL ANTHROPOLOGY 2017; 163:317-327. [DOI: 10.1002/ajpa.23208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2016] [Revised: 02/16/2017] [Accepted: 02/25/2017] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Calen P. Ryan
- Department of AnthropologyNorthwestern UniversityEvanston Illinois
| | | | - Thomas W. McDade
- Department of AnthropologyNorthwestern UniversityEvanston Illinois
- Institute for Policy ResearchNorthwestern UniversityEvanston Illinois
| | - Lee T. Gettler
- Department of AnthropologyUniversity of Notre DameNotre Dame Indiana
- The Eck Institute for Global HealthUniversity of Notre DameNotre Dame Indiana
| | - Dan T. A. Eisenberg
- Department of AnthropologyUniversity of WashingtonSeattle Washington
- Center for Studies in Demography and EcologyUniversity of WashingtonSeattle Washington
| | - Margarita Rzhetskaya
- Division of EndocrinologyMetabolism, and Molecular Medicine, Department of Medicine, Northwestern University Feinberg School of MedicineChicago Illinois
| | - Sonny S. Agustin
- USC‐Office of Population Studies FoundationUniversity of San CarlosCebu City Philippines
| | - M. Geoffrey Hayes
- Department of AnthropologyNorthwestern UniversityEvanston Illinois
- Division of EndocrinologyMetabolism, and Molecular Medicine, Department of Medicine, Northwestern University Feinberg School of MedicineChicago Illinois
- Center for Genetic MedicineNorthwestern University Feinberg School of MedicineChicago Illinois
| | - Christopher W. Kuzawa
- Department of AnthropologyNorthwestern UniversityEvanston Illinois
- Institute for Policy ResearchNorthwestern UniversityEvanston Illinois
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Ryan CP, McDade TW, Gettler LT, Eisenberg DTA, Rzhetskaya M, Hayes MG, Kuzawa CW. Androgen receptor CAG repeat polymorphism and hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal function in Filipino young adult males. Am J Hum Biol 2016; 29. [PMID: 27417274 DOI: 10.1002/ajhb.22897] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2016] [Revised: 05/30/2016] [Accepted: 06/22/2016] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Testosterone (T), the primary androgenic hormone in males, is stimulated through pulsatile secretion of LH and regulated through negative feedback inhibition at the hypothalamus and pituitary. The hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal (HPG) axis also controls sperm production through the secretion of follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH). Negative feedback in the HPG axis is achieved in part through the binding of T to the androgen receptor (AR), which contains a highly variable trinucleotide repeat polymorphism (AR-CAGn). The number of repeats in the AR-CAGn inversely correlates with transcriptional activity of the AR. Thus, we predicted longer AR-CAGn to be associated with higher T, LH, and FSH levels. METHODS We examined the relationship between AR-CAGn and total plasma T, LH, and FSH, as well as "bioavailable" morning (AM-T) and evening (PM-T) testosterone in 722 young (21.5 ± 0.5 years) Filipino males. RESULTS There was no relationship between AR-CAGn and total T, AM-T, or LH (P > .25 for all). We did observe a marginally non-significant (P = .066) correlation between AR-CAGn and PM-T in the predicted direction, and a negative correlation between AR-CAGn and FSH (P = .005). CONCLUSIONS Our results both support and differ from previous findings in this area, and study parameters that differ between our study and others, such as participant age, sample time, and the role of other hormones should be considered when interpreting our findings. While our data point to a modest effect of AR-CAGn on HPG regulation at best, the AR-CAGn may still affect somatic traits by regulating androgenic activity at peripheral tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Calen P Ryan
- Department of Anthropology, Northwestern University, Evanston, 60208, Illinois
| | - Thomas W McDade
- Department of Anthropology, Northwestern University, Evanston, 60208, Illinois.,Institute for Policy Research, Northwestern University, Evanston, 60208, Illinois
| | - Lee T Gettler
- Department of Anthropology, University of Notre Dame, South Bend, Indiana
| | - Dan T A Eisenberg
- Department of Anthropology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington
| | - Margarita Rzhetskaya
- Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism, and Molecular Medicine, Department of Medicine, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, 60611, Illinois
| | - M Geoffey Hayes
- Department of Anthropology, Northwestern University, Evanston, 60208, Illinois.,Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism, and Molecular Medicine, Department of Medicine, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, 60611, Illinois.,Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Center for Genetic Medicine, Chicago, 60611, Illinois
| | - Christopher W Kuzawa
- Department of Anthropology, Northwestern University, Evanston, 60208, Illinois.,Institute for Policy Research, Northwestern University, Evanston, 60208, Illinois
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Singh A, Suragani M, Ehtesham NZ, Krishna A. Localization of resistin and its possible roles in the ovary of a vespertilionid bat, Scotophilus heathi. Steroids 2015; 95:17-23. [PMID: 25555474 DOI: 10.1016/j.steroids.2014.12.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2014] [Revised: 11/07/2014] [Accepted: 12/15/2014] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The aim of the present study was to evaluate the expression and effect of resistin on ovarian activities of Scotophilus heathi. Immunohistochemical study showed marked variation in resistin immunostaining during different reproductive phases. Most intense immunostaining of resistin was noticed in thecal-interstitial cells in ovary during the period of delayed ovulation, the period of increased androgen synthesis and suppressed ovulation. The changes in ovarian resistin level also correlated positively with circulating leptin level and body white adipose tissue accumulation. The in vitro study showed that resistin alone preferentially stimulated progesterone synthesis, but with luteinizing hormone (LH) stimulated androgen secretion. Resistin alone dose-dependently increased expression of LH-receptor, steroidogenic acute regulatory protein and insulin receptor proteins in the ovary, whereas together with LH showed dose-dependent stimulatory effect on expression of androgen receptor and insulin receptor proteins in the ovary. In conclusion, during the period of fat accumulation increased ovarian resistin level may be responsible for increased androgen synthesis through insulin receptor mediated pathways in the ovary of S. heathi.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ajit Singh
- Reproductive Endocrinology Lab, Department of Zoology, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi 221005, India
| | - Madhuri Suragani
- Dr. Reddy's Institute of Life Sciences, Hyderabad University Campus, Gachibowly, Hyderabad 500046, India
| | - Nasreen Z Ehtesham
- Inflammation Biology and Cell Signaling Laboratory, National Institute of Pathology, Safdarjung Hospital Campus, New Delhi 110029, India
| | - Amitabh Krishna
- Reproductive Endocrinology Lab, Department of Zoology, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi 221005, India.
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Simmons ZL, Roney JR. Variation in CAG repeat length of the androgen receptor gene predicts variables associated with intrasexual competitiveness in human males. Horm Behav 2011; 60:306-12. [PMID: 21722642 DOI: 10.1016/j.yhbeh.2011.06.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2011] [Revised: 06/09/2011] [Accepted: 06/15/2011] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
An expanding body of research suggests that circulating androgens regulate the allocation of energy between mating and survival effort in human males, with higher androgen levels promoting greater investment in mating effort. Because variations in the number of CAG codon repeats in the human androgen receptor (AR) gene appear to modulate the phenotypic effects of androgens - with shorter repeat lengths associated with greater androgenic effects per unit androgen - polymorphisms in this gene may predict trait-like individual differences in the degree to which men are calibrated toward greater mating effort. Consistent with this, men in the present study with shorter CAG repeat lengths exhibited greater upper body strength and scored higher on self-report measures of dominance and prestige, all of which are argued to be indices of mating effort. Repeat length failed to predict sociosexual orientation (i.e. pursuit of short-term mating relationships), however, suggesting that the traits correlated with this polymorphism may be primarily associated with intrasexual competitiveness in the service of long-term mating effort. None of these measures of mating effort was related to baseline testosterone concentrations (either as main effects or as interactions with CAG repeat length), implying that long-term androgen exposure associated with AR gene polymorphisms may account for more variance in some androgen-dependent traits than does current testosterone concentration. These findings provide further evidence for the importance of the CAG repeat polymorphism in the AR gene in explaining a broad range of individual differences in human males.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zachary L Simmons
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, University of California, Santa Barbara, CA 93106-9660, USA.
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Lenz B, Heberlein A, Weinland C, Frieling H, Kornhuber J, Bleich S, Hillemacher T. Androgen Receptor Polyglutamine Length Does Not Influence Serum Levels of Adipocytokines in Alcoholism: A Preliminary Retrospective Analysis. Alcohol Alcohol 2010; 46:214-6. [DOI: 10.1093/alcalc/agq090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
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Effects of subtotal gastrectomy and Roux-en-Y gastrojejunostomy on the clinical outcome of type 2 diabetes mellitus. J Surg Res 2010; 164:e67-71. [PMID: 20863527 DOI: 10.1016/j.jss.2010.07.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2010] [Revised: 06/01/2010] [Accepted: 07/02/2010] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND To investigate the effects of subtotal gastrectomy and Roux-en-Y gastrojejunostomy on the clinical outcome of patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). METHODS We performed retrospective analysis of 21 patients with T2DM operated due to stomach cancer and upper gastrointestinal tract ulcer between January 2001 and June 2008. RESULTS The body mass index (BMl) of all patients was <30 kg/m(2). The mean postoperative follow-up period was 26.6 mo (range, 6 mo-5 y). Subtotal gastrectomy and Roux-en-Y gastrojejunostomy remarkably lowered the levels of fasting plasma glucose (FPG), 2 h postprandial plasma glucose (2hPG), and glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c). Overall, 12 patients (57.1%) achieved adequate glycemic control (HbA1c < 7%) without antidiabetic medication and five patients (23.8%) showed good improvement. The total effectiveness rate of the surgery in T2DM patients was 81.0%. CONCLUSION Subtotal gastrectomy and Roux-en-Y gastrojejunostomy appear to be effective treatment modalities for controlling T2DM in patients with BMl <30 kg/m(2). However, more studies with long follow-up period and large number of patients are necessary to clarify the benefits of this procedure.
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Roney JR, Simmons ZL, Lukaszewski AW. Androgen receptor gene sequence and basal cortisol concentrations predict men's hormonal responses to potential mates. Proc Biol Sci 2009; 277:57-63. [PMID: 19793749 DOI: 10.1098/rspb.2009.1538] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Exposure to potential mates triggers rapid elevations of testosterone and glucocorticoid concentrations in males of many non-human species, and preliminary studies support similar effects in human males. The human studies have all reported large individual differences in these responses, however, and the present study tested whether specific biological variables may help explain these differences. Replicating past research, the present study found that men's salivary testosterone and cortisol concentrations increased after a brief conversation with a young woman, but did not change (or slightly decreased) after a conversation with a young man. In addition, smaller numbers of CAG repeats in men's androgen receptor gene, and lower baseline cortisol concentrations, each predicted larger testosterone responses to the interactions with women. The CAG repeat finding demonstrates that a specific genetic polymorphism predicts physiological responses to social interactions that may in turn have important downstream consequences on men's mating behaviour. The effects of cortisol are consistent with past demonstrations of glucocorticoid inhibition of testosterone production and show that such inhibition also affects testosterone responses to social stimuli. In sum, the present study both confirms men's hormonal reactions to potential mates and identifies novel biological variables that predict individual differences in these responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- James R Roney
- Department of Psychology, University of California, Santa Barbara, CA 93106, USA.
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