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Kores K, Kolenc Z, Furlan V, Bren U. Inverse Molecular Docking Elucidating the Anticarcinogenic Potential of the Hop Natural Product Xanthohumol and Its Metabolites. Foods 2022; 11:foods11091253. [PMID: 35563976 PMCID: PMC9104229 DOI: 10.3390/foods11091253] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2022] [Revised: 04/19/2022] [Accepted: 04/25/2022] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Natural products from plants exert a promising potential to act as antioxidants, antimicrobials, anti-inflammatory, and anticarcinogenic agents. Xanthohumol, a natural compound from hops, is indeed known for its anticarcinogenic properties. Xanthohumol is converted into three metabolites: isoxanthohumol (non-enzymatically) as well as 8- and 6-prenylnaringenin (enzymatically). An inverse molecular docking approach was applied to xanthohumol and its three metabolites to discern their potential protein targets. The aim of our study was to disclose the potential protein targets of xanthohumol and its metabolites in order to expound on the potential anticarcinogenic mechanisms of xanthohumol based on the found target proteins. The investigated compounds were docked into the predicted binding sites of all human protein structures from the Protein Data Bank, and the best docking poses were examined. Top scoring human protein targets with successfully docked compounds were identified, and their experimental connection with the anticarcinogenic function or cancer was investigated. The obtained results were carefully checked against the existing experimental findings from the scientific literature as well as further validated using retrospective metrics. More than half of the human protein targets of xanthohumol with the highest docking scores have already been connected with the anticarcinogenic function, and four of them (including two important representatives of the matrix metalloproteinase family, MMP-2 and MMP-9) also have a known experimental correlation with xanthohumol. Another important protein target is acyl-protein thioesterase 2, to which xanthohumol, isoxanthohumol, and 6-prenylnaringenin were successfully docked with the lowest docking scores. Moreover, the results for the metabolites show that their most promising protein targets are connected with the anticarcinogenic function as well. We firmly believe that our study can help to elucidate the anticarcinogenic mechanisms of xanthohumol and its metabolites as after consumption, all four compounds can be simultaneously present in the organism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katarina Kores
- Laboratory of Physical Chemistry and Chemical Thermodynamics, Faculty for Chemistry and Chemical Technology, University of Maribor, Smetanova 17, SI-2000 Maribor, Slovenia; (K.K.); (Z.K.); (V.F.)
| | - Zala Kolenc
- Laboratory of Physical Chemistry and Chemical Thermodynamics, Faculty for Chemistry and Chemical Technology, University of Maribor, Smetanova 17, SI-2000 Maribor, Slovenia; (K.K.); (Z.K.); (V.F.)
| | - Veronika Furlan
- Laboratory of Physical Chemistry and Chemical Thermodynamics, Faculty for Chemistry and Chemical Technology, University of Maribor, Smetanova 17, SI-2000 Maribor, Slovenia; (K.K.); (Z.K.); (V.F.)
| | - Urban Bren
- Laboratory of Physical Chemistry and Chemical Thermodynamics, Faculty for Chemistry and Chemical Technology, University of Maribor, Smetanova 17, SI-2000 Maribor, Slovenia; (K.K.); (Z.K.); (V.F.)
- Department of Applied Natural Sciences, Faculty of Mathematics, Natural Sciences and Information Technologies, University of Primorska, Glagoljaška 8, SI-6000 Koper, Slovenia
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +386-2-229-4421
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Weng G, Duan Y, Zhong Y, Song B, Zheng J, Zhang S, Yin Y, Deng J. Plant Extracts in Obesity: A Role of Gut Microbiota. Front Nutr 2021; 8:727951. [PMID: 34631766 PMCID: PMC8495072 DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2021.727951] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2021] [Accepted: 08/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Obesity has become one of the most serious chronic diseases threatening human health. Its occurrence and development are closely associated with gut microbiota since the disorders of gut microbiota can promote endotoxin production and induce inflammatory response. Recently, numerous plant extracts have been proven to mitigate lipid dysmetabolism and obesity syndrome by regulating the abundance and composition of gut microbiota. In this review, we summarize the potential roles of different plant extracts including mulberry leaf extract, policosanol, cortex moutan, green tea, honokiol, and capsaicin in regulating obesity via gut microbiota. Based on the current findings, plant extracts may be promising agents for the prevention and treatment of obesity and its related metabolic diseases, and the mechanisms might be associated with gut microbiota.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guangying Weng
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition Regulation, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China.,CAS Key Laboratory of Agro-Ecological Processes in Subtropical Region, Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Nutritional Physiology and Metabolic Process, National Engineering Laboratory for Pollution Control and Waste Utilization in Livestock and Poultry Production, Institute of Subtropical Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changsha, China
| | - Yehui Duan
- CAS Key Laboratory of Agro-Ecological Processes in Subtropical Region, Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Nutritional Physiology and Metabolic Process, National Engineering Laboratory for Pollution Control and Waste Utilization in Livestock and Poultry Production, Institute of Subtropical Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changsha, China
| | - Yinzhao Zhong
- CAS Key Laboratory of Agro-Ecological Processes in Subtropical Region, Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Nutritional Physiology and Metabolic Process, National Engineering Laboratory for Pollution Control and Waste Utilization in Livestock and Poultry Production, Institute of Subtropical Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changsha, China
| | - Bo Song
- CAS Key Laboratory of Agro-Ecological Processes in Subtropical Region, Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Nutritional Physiology and Metabolic Process, National Engineering Laboratory for Pollution Control and Waste Utilization in Livestock and Poultry Production, Institute of Subtropical Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changsha, China.,College of Advanced Agricultural Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Jie Zheng
- CAS Key Laboratory of Agro-Ecological Processes in Subtropical Region, Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Nutritional Physiology and Metabolic Process, National Engineering Laboratory for Pollution Control and Waste Utilization in Livestock and Poultry Production, Institute of Subtropical Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changsha, China.,College of Advanced Agricultural Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Shiyu Zhang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Agro-Ecological Processes in Subtropical Region, Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Nutritional Physiology and Metabolic Process, National Engineering Laboratory for Pollution Control and Waste Utilization in Livestock and Poultry Production, Institute of Subtropical Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changsha, China.,College of Advanced Agricultural Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Yulong Yin
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition Regulation, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China.,CAS Key Laboratory of Agro-Ecological Processes in Subtropical Region, Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Nutritional Physiology and Metabolic Process, National Engineering Laboratory for Pollution Control and Waste Utilization in Livestock and Poultry Production, Institute of Subtropical Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changsha, China
| | - Jinping Deng
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition Regulation, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
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Tuli HS, Aggarwal V, Parashar G, Aggarwal D, Parashar NC, Tuorkey MJ, Varol M, Sak K, Kumar M, Buttar HS. Xanthohumol: A Metabolite with Promising Anti-Neoplastic Potential. Anticancer Agents Med Chem 2021; 22:418-432. [PMID: 33622230 DOI: 10.2174/1871520621666210223095021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2020] [Revised: 12/03/2020] [Accepted: 12/14/2020] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The overwhelming globalburden of cancer has posed numerous challenges and opportunities for developing anti-cancer therapies. Phytochemicalshave emerged as promising synergistic compounds with potential anti-cancer effects to supplement chemo- and immune-therapeutic regimens. Anti cancer synergistic effects have been investigated in the interaction between phytocompounds derived from flavonoids such as quercetin, apigenin, kaempferol, hesperidin, emodin etc., and conventional drugs. Xanthohumol is one of the prenylatedphytoflavonoid that has demonstrated key anti-cancer activities in in vitro (anti proliferation of cancer cell lines) and in vivo(animal models of xenograft tumours)studies, and has been explored from different dimensions for targeting cancer subtypes. In the last decade, xanthohumol has been investigated how it induces the anti-cancer effects at cellular and molecular level.The different signalling cascades and targets of xanthohumolare summarized in thisreview.Overall, this reviewsummarizes the current advances made in the field of natural compounds with special reference to xanthohumol and its promising anti-cancer effectsto inhibit tumour progression.The present review hasalso touched upon the potential of xanthohumol transitioning into a lead candidate from nano-therapy viewpoint along with the challenges which need to be addressed for extensive pre-clinical and clinical anti-cancer studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hardeep S Tuli
- Department of Biotechnology, Maharishi Markandeshwar (Deemed to be University), Mullana-Ambala - 133 207, Haryana. India
| | - Vaishali Aggarwal
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Pittsburgh, PA. United States
| | - Gaurav Parashar
- Department of Biotechnology, Maharishi Markandeshwar (Deemed to be University), Mullana-Ambala - 133 207, Haryana. India
| | - Diwakar Aggarwal
- Department of Biotechnology, Maharishi Markandeshwar (Deemed to be University), Mullana-Ambala - 133 207, Haryana. India
| | - Nidarshana C Parashar
- Department of Biotechnology, Maharishi Markandeshwar (Deemed to be University), Mullana-Ambala - 133 207, Haryana. India
| | - Muobarak J Tuorkey
- Division of Physiology, Zoology Department, Faculty of Science, Damanhour University, Damanhour. Egypt
| | - Mehmet Varol
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Faculty of Science, MuglaSitkiKocman University, Mugla TR48000. Turkey
| | | | - Manoj Kumar
- Department of Chemistry, Maharishi Markandeshwar University, Sadopur. India
| | - Harpal S Buttar
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario. Canada
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Chang E, Kim CY. Natural Products and Obesity: A Focus on the Regulation of Mitotic Clonal Expansion during Adipogenesis. Molecules 2019; 24:molecules24061157. [PMID: 30909556 PMCID: PMC6471203 DOI: 10.3390/molecules24061157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 103] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2019] [Revised: 03/18/2019] [Accepted: 03/18/2019] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Obesity is recognized as a worldwide health crisis. Obesity and its associated health complications such as diabetes, dyslipidemia, hypertension, and cardiovascular diseases impose a big social and economic burden. In an effort to identify safe, efficient, and long-term effective methods to treat obesity, various natural products with potential for inhibiting adipogenesis were revealed. This review aimed to discuss the molecular mechanisms underlying adipogenesis and the inhibitory effects of various phytochemicals, including those from natural sources, on the early stage of adipogenesis. We discuss key steps (proliferation and cell cycle) and their regulators (cell-cycle regulator, transcription factors, and intracellular signaling pathways) at the early stage of adipocyte differentiation as the mechanisms responsible for obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eugene Chang
- Department of Nutritional Science and Food Management, Ewha Womans University, Seoul 03760, Korea.
| | - Choon Young Kim
- Department of Food and Nutrition, Yeungnam University, Gyeongsan 38541, Gyeongbuk, Korea.
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Yao A, Shen Y, Zhang Z, Zou Z, Wang A, Chen S, Zhang H, Chen F, Zhao J, Chen Z, Shan Y, Zhang X. Sulforaphane and myricetin act synergistically to induce apoptosis in 3T3‑L1 adipocytes. Mol Med Rep 2017; 17:2945-2951. [PMID: 29257275 PMCID: PMC5783510 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2017.8235] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2016] [Accepted: 03/09/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The aim of the present study was to investigate whether sulforaphane (SFN) and myricetin (Myr) synergistically induce apoptosis in adipocytes. The viability of mature 3T3-L1 adipocytes treated with 40 µM SFN and/or 100 µM Myr was assessed using an MTT assay. Apoptosis was assessed by Hoechst 33258 nuclear staining, and by detection of single-stranded DNA using an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Compared with the effects of each compound alone, the combination of SFN and Myr synergistically reduced cell viability, induced apoptosis, increased pro-apoptotic Bcl-2 associated X protein expression, decreased anti-apoptotic B-cell lymphoma-2 expression, enhanced Bcl-2-associated death promoter (Bad) translocation from the cytoplasm to the mitochondria, and reduced Bad phosphorylation at Ser112. These effects were accompanied by increased cleavage of caspase 3 and poly-ADP-ribose-polymerase. In addition, combined SFN and Myr treatment significantly decreased the protein expression levels of phosphorylated AKT serine/threonine kinase 1 (Akt) at Ser473, as well as the phosphorylation of the downstream protein ribosomal protein, S6 kinase β-1. Therefore, SFN plus Myr was a more potent inducer of apoptosis in 3T3-L1 adipocytes than either compound alone. The results of the present study suggest that the mechanism of SNF/Myr-induced apoptosis involved activation of the Akt-mediated mitochondrial apoptotic pathway. This may aid treatment of animal models of obesity and preclinical testing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anjun Yao
- Institute of Preventative Medicine, School of Medicine, Ningbo University, Ningbo, Zhejiang 315211, P.R. China
| | - Yingzhuo Shen
- Institute of Preventative Medicine, School of Medicine, Ningbo University, Ningbo, Zhejiang 315211, P.R. China
| | - Zhuangwei Zhang
- Institute of Preventative Medicine, School of Medicine, Ningbo University, Ningbo, Zhejiang 315211, P.R. China
| | - Zuquan Zou
- Institute of Preventative Medicine, School of Medicine, Ningbo University, Ningbo, Zhejiang 315211, P.R. China
| | - Anshi Wang
- Institute of Preventative Medicine, School of Medicine, Ningbo University, Ningbo, Zhejiang 315211, P.R. China
| | - Shiyong Chen
- Institute of Preventative Medicine, School of Medicine, Ningbo University, Ningbo, Zhejiang 315211, P.R. China
| | - Huiqin Zhang
- Institute of Preventative Medicine, School of Medicine, Ningbo University, Ningbo, Zhejiang 315211, P.R. China
| | - Fen Chen
- The Affiliated Hospital of School of Medicine of Ningbo University, Ningbo, Zhejiang 315210, P.R. China
| | - Jinshun Zhao
- Institute of Preventative Medicine, School of Medicine, Ningbo University, Ningbo, Zhejiang 315211, P.R. China
| | - Zhongming Chen
- Ningbo Kangning Hospital, Ningbo, Zhejiang 315210, P.R. China
| | - Yujuan Shan
- School of Food Science and Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, Heilongjiang 150090, P.R. China
| | - Xiaohong Zhang
- Institute of Preventative Medicine, School of Medicine, Ningbo University, Ningbo, Zhejiang 315211, P.R. China
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Zhou WD, Wang X, Sun XZ, Hu J, Zhang RR, Hong Z. Actein induces apoptosis in leukemia cells through suppressing RhoA/ROCK1 signaling pathway. Int J Oncol 2017; 51:1831-1841. [DOI: 10.3892/ijo.2017.4150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2017] [Accepted: 06/23/2017] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
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Miranda CL, Elias VD, Hay JJ, Choi J, Reed RL, Stevens JF. Xanthohumol improves dysfunctional glucose and lipid metabolism in diet-induced obese C57BL/6J mice. Arch Biochem Biophys 2016; 599:22-30. [PMID: 26976708 PMCID: PMC4875845 DOI: 10.1016/j.abb.2016.03.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2016] [Revised: 03/04/2016] [Accepted: 03/07/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Xanthohumol (XN) is a prenylated flavonoid found in hops (Humulus lupulus) and beer. The dose-dependent effects of XN on glucose and lipid metabolism in a preclinical model of metabolic syndrome were the focus of our study. Forty-eight male C57BL/6J mice, 9 weeks of age, were randomly divided into three XN dose groups of 16 animals. The mice were fed a high-fat diet (60% kcal as fat) supplemented with XN at dose levels of 0, 30, or 60 mg/kg body weight/day, for 12 weeks. Dietary XN caused a dose-dependent decrease in body weight gain. Plasma levels of glucose, total triglycerides, total cholesterol, and MCP-1 were significantly decreased in mice on the 60 mg/kg/day treatment regimen. Treatment with XN at 60 mg/kg/day resulted in reduced plasma LDL-cholesterol (LDL-C), IL-6, insulin and leptin levels by 80%, 78%, 42%, and 41%, respectively, compared to the vehicle control group. Proprotein Convertase Subtilisin Kexin 9 (PCSK-9) levels were 44% lower in the 60 mg/kg dose group compared to the vehicle control group (p ≤ 0.05) which may account for the LDL-C lowering activity of XN. Our results show that oral administration of XN improves markers of systemic inflammation and metabolic syndrome in diet-induced obese C57BL/6J mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristobal L Miranda
- Linus Pauling Institute and Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, USA
| | - Valerie D Elias
- Linus Pauling Institute and Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, USA
| | - Joshua J Hay
- Linus Pauling Institute and Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, USA
| | - Jaewoo Choi
- Linus Pauling Institute and Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, USA
| | - Ralph L Reed
- Linus Pauling Institute and Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, USA
| | - Jan F Stevens
- Linus Pauling Institute and Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, USA.
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Pharmacological profile of xanthohumol, a prenylated flavonoid from hops (Humulus lupulus). Molecules 2015; 20:754-79. [PMID: 25574819 PMCID: PMC6272297 DOI: 10.3390/molecules20010754] [Citation(s) in RCA: 145] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2014] [Accepted: 12/30/2014] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The female inflorescences of hops (Humulus lupulus L.), a well-known bittering agent used in the brewing industry, have long been used in traditional medicines. Xanthohumol (XN) is one of the bioactive substances contributing to its medical applications. Among foodstuffs XN is found primarily in beer and its natural occurrence is surveyed. In recent years, XN has received much attention for its biological effects. The present review describes the pharmacological aspects of XN and summarizes the most interesting findings obtained in the preclinical research related to this compound, including the pharmacological activity, the pharmacokinetics, and the safety of XN. Furthermore, the potential use of XN as a food additive considering its many positive biological effects is discussed.
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Tokuhira N, Kitagishi Y, Suzuki M, Minami A, Nakanishi A, Ono Y, Kobayashi K, Matsuda S, Ogura Y. PI3K/AKT/PTEN pathway as a target for Crohn's disease therapy (Review). Int J Mol Med 2014; 35:10-6. [PMID: 25352295 DOI: 10.3892/ijmm.2014.1981] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2014] [Accepted: 10/16/2014] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
The pathogenesis of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), including Crohn's disease, is a subject of increasing interest. Loss-of-function mutations in nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain-containing protein 2 (NOD2) are strong genetic factors linked to Crohn's disease, which eventually leads to an excessive mucosal inflammatory response directed against components of normal gut microbiota. Reactive oxygen species (ROS) play an important role in inflammation processes, as well as in transduction of signals from receptors for several cytokines, such as tumor necrosis factor α (TNFα). ROS activate nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB) via IκB kinase (IKK) through the PI3K/AKT/PTEN pathway. Therefore, this pathway is recognized to play a key role in Crohn's disease. Loss of function has been demonstrated to occur as an early event in a wide variety of diseases. Given this prevalent involvement in a number of diseases, the molecular development that modulates this pathway has been the subject of several studies. In addition, it has been the focus of extensive research and drug discovery activities. A better understanding of the molecular assemblies may reveal novel targets for the therapeutic development against Crohn's disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nana Tokuhira
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, Nara Women's University, Nara 630‑8506, Japan
| | - Yasuko Kitagishi
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, Nara Women's University, Nara 630‑8506, Japan
| | - Miho Suzuki
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, Nara Women's University, Nara 630‑8506, Japan
| | - Akari Minami
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, Nara Women's University, Nara 630‑8506, Japan
| | - Atsuko Nakanishi
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, Nara Women's University, Nara 630‑8506, Japan
| | - Yuna Ono
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, Nara Women's University, Nara 630‑8506, Japan
| | - Keiko Kobayashi
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, Nara Women's University, Nara 630‑8506, Japan
| | - Satoru Matsuda
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, Nara Women's University, Nara 630‑8506, Japan
| | - Yasunori Ogura
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, Nara Women's University, Nara 630‑8506, Japan
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Suzuki M, Minami A, Nakanishi A, Kobayashi K, Matsuda S, Ogura Y, Kitagishi Y. Atherosclerosis and tumor suppressor molecules (review). Int J Mol Med 2014; 34:934-40. [PMID: 25069568 DOI: 10.3892/ijmm.2014.1866] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2014] [Accepted: 07/18/2014] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Atherosclerosis, the major cause of heart attack and stroke, is a chronic inflammatory disease characterized by the formation of atherosclerotic plaque. Oxidized low-density lipoprotein through increased oxidative stress has been identified as one of the primary factors responsible for atherogenesis. Cell proliferation and death are key processes in the progression of atherosclerosis. The oxidative environment in areas of lipid accumulation is mainly created by the production of reactive oxygen species, which are assumed to mediate vascular tissue injury. Oxidative DNA damage and levels of DNA repair are reduced during dietary lipid lowering. The tumor suppressor molecules play a pivotal role in regulating cell proliferation, DNA repair and cell death, which are important processes in regulating the composition of atherosclerotic plaque. Accordingly, in this review, we discuss the fundamental role of tumor suppressor molecules in regulating atherogenesis. In particular, we discuss how tumor suppressor molecules are activated in the complex environment of atherosclerotic plaque, and regulate growth arrest, cell senescence and the apoptosis of vascular smooth muscle cells, which may protect against the progression of atherosclerosis. In addition, we discuss promising alternatives to the use of medications (such as statin) against atherosclerosis, namely diet, with the use of plant-derived supplements to modulate the expression and/or activity of tumor suppressor molecules. We also summarize the progress of research made on herbs with a focus on the modulatory roles of tumor suppressors, and on the molecular mechanisms underlying the prevention if atherosclerosis, supporting designs for further research in this field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miho Suzuki
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, Nara Women's University, Nishimachi, Nara 630-8506, Japan
| | - Akari Minami
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, Nara Women's University, Nishimachi, Nara 630-8506, Japan
| | - Atsuko Nakanishi
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, Nara Women's University, Nishimachi, Nara 630-8506, Japan
| | - Keiko Kobayashi
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, Nara Women's University, Nishimachi, Nara 630-8506, Japan
| | - Satoru Matsuda
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, Nara Women's University, Nishimachi, Nara 630-8506, Japan
| | - Yasunori Ogura
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, Nara Women's University, Nishimachi, Nara 630-8506, Japan
| | - Yasuko Kitagishi
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, Nara Women's University, Nishimachi, Nara 630-8506, Japan
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Kang Y, Park MA, Heo SW, Park SY, Kang KW, Park PH, Kim JA. The radio-sensitizing effect of xanthohumol is mediated by STAT3 and EGFR suppression in doxorubicin-resistant MCF-7 human breast cancer cells. Biochim Biophys Acta Gen Subj 2013; 1830:2638-48. [PMID: 23246576 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbagen.2012.12.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2012] [Revised: 11/20/2012] [Accepted: 12/06/2012] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Chemotherapeutic drug resistance remains a clinical obstacle in cancer management. Drug-resistant cancer cells usually exhibit cross-resistance to ionizing radiation, which has devastating consequences for patients. With a better understanding of the molecular mechanisms, it will be possible to develop strategies to overcome this cross-resistance and to increase therapeutic sensitivity. METHODS Natural and synthetic flavonoid compounds including xanthohumol, the principal flavonoid in hops, were investigated for its radio-sensitizing activity on human breast cancer MCF-7 and adriamycin-resistant MCF-7 (MCF-7/ADR) cells. Chemo-sensitizing or radio-sensitizing effect was analyzed by tetrazolium-based colorimetric assay and flow cytometry. Western blot analysis, confocal microscopy, gene silencing with siRNA transfection and luciferase reporter gene assay were performed to examine signaling molecule activation. RESULTS Among the tested flavonoid compounds, pretreatment of the cells with xanthohumol significantly sensitized MCF-7/ADR cells to the radiation treatment by inducing apoptosis. In MCF-7/ADR cells, treatment with xanthohumol alone or with gamma-rays significantly decreased levels of anti-apoptotic proteins. Multi-drug resistance 1 (MDR1), epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) and signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (STAT3) expression levels in MCF-7/ADR cells were suppressed by xanthohumol treatment. In addition, xanthohumol treatment increased death receptor (DR)-4 and DR5 expression. The xanthohumol-induced changes of these resistance-related molecules in MCF-7/ADR cells were synergistically increased by gamma-ray treatment. CONCLUSIONS Xanthohumol restored sensitivity of MCF-7/ADR cells to doxorubicin and radiation therapies. GENERAL SIGNIFICANCE Our results suggest that xanthohumol may be a potent chemo- and radio-sensitizer, and its actions are mediated through STAT3 and EGFR inhibition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Youra Kang
- College of Pharmacy, Yeungnam University, Gyeongsang 712-749, South Korea
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12
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Doddapattar P, Radović B, Patankar JV, Obrowsky S, Jandl K, Nusshold C, Kolb D, Vujić N, Doshi L, Chandak PG, Goeritzer M, Ahammer H, Hoefler G, Sattler W, Kratky D. Xanthohumol ameliorates atherosclerotic plaque formation, hypercholesterolemia, and hepatic steatosis in ApoE-deficient mice. Mol Nutr Food Res 2013; 57:1718-28. [PMID: 23650230 DOI: 10.1002/mnfr.201200794] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2012] [Revised: 03/05/2013] [Accepted: 03/13/2013] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
SCOPE Xanthohumol (XN), a prenylated antioxidative and anti-inflammatory chalcone from hops, exhibits positive effects on lipid and glucose metabolism. Based on its favorable biological properties, we investigated whether XN attenuates atherosclerosis in western-type diet-fed apolipoprotein-E-deficient (ApoE⁻/⁻) mice. METHODS AND RESULTS XN supplementation markedly reduced plasma cholesterol concentrations, decreased atherosclerotic lesion area, and attenuated plasma concentrations of the proinflammatory cytokine monocyte chemoattractant protein 1. Decreased hepatic triglyceride and cholesterol content, activation of AMP-activated protein kinase, phosphorylation and inactivation of acetyl-CoA carboxylase, and reduced expression levels of mature sterol regulatory element-binding protein (SREBP)-2 and SREBP-1c mRNA indicate reduced lipogenesis in the liver of XN-fed ApoE⁻/⁻ mice. Concomitant induction of hepatic mRNA expression of carnitine palmitoyltransferase-1a in ApoE⁻/⁻ mice-administered XN suggests increased fatty acid beta-oxidation. Fecal cholesterol concentrations were also markedly increased in XN-fed ApoE⁻/⁻ mice compared with mice fed western-type diet alone. CONCLUSION The atheroprotective effects of XN might be attributed to combined beneficial effects on plasma cholesterol and monocyte chemoattractant protein 1 concentrations and hepatic lipid metabolism via activation of AMP-activated protein kinase.
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Affiliation(s)
- Prakash Doddapattar
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Center of Molecular Medicine, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
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Kitagishi Y, Kobayashi M, Matsuda S. Protection against Cancer with Medicinal Herbs via Activation of Tumor Suppressor. JOURNAL OF ONCOLOGY 2012; 2012:236530. [PMID: 23213333 PMCID: PMC3508586 DOI: 10.1155/2012/236530] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2012] [Revised: 10/14/2012] [Accepted: 10/27/2012] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Cancer remains a major cause of death, although research is ongoing for the development of more effective drugs. Some herbs have shown potential in preventing the occurrence and/or progression of cancer and other chronic diseases. They are being screened comprehensively to explore the possibility of development of feasible anticancer drugs. However, more information is required about the response to and the molecular target for specific herbs. It seems that there is a relationship between some medicinal herbs and tumor suppressor molecules which protect a cell from cancer. In this paper, we summarize the progress of recent research on herbs, with a particular focus on its anticancer role and molecular mechanisms underlying the cancer prevention property, supporting design for further research in this field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasuko Kitagishi
- Department of Environmental Health Science, Nara Women's University, Kita-Uoya Nishimachi, Nara 630-8506, Japan
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14
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Highly isoxanthohumol enriched hop extract obtained by pressurized hot water extraction (PHWE). Chemical and functional characterization. INNOV FOOD SCI EMERG 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ifset.2012.04.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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15
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Targeting adipocyte apoptosis: a novel strategy for obesity therapy. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2011; 417:1-4. [PMID: 22172945 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2011.11.158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2011] [Accepted: 11/30/2011] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Obesity is an increasing world problem that may cause several metabolic complications including insulin resistance, hyperlipidemia, hypertension, and atherosclerosis. Development of therapeutic drugs for obesity has been proven difficult. Current strategies for weight reduction are inhibition of food intake through the central nervous system or blocking the absorption of lipids in the gut. These therapies have many side effects, so new treatments are urgently needed. Fat loss could also be achieved through a decrease in the size and number of adipocytes through apoptosis. Apoptosis is a normal phenomenon of cell death for the purpose of maintaining homeostasis. Induction of apoptosis is a reasonable way to remove adipocytes in obese patients. It is reported that several adipokines and natural products play roles in induction of adipocyte apoptosis. Here we review the recent progress of the roles and mechanisms of adipocyte apoptosis induced by leptin, tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), and natural compounds.
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Baile CA, Yang JY, Rayalam S, Hartzell DL, Lai CY, Andersen C, Della-Fera MA. Effect of resveratrol on fat mobilization. Ann N Y Acad Sci 2011; 1215:40-7. [PMID: 21261640 DOI: 10.1111/j.1749-6632.2010.05845.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 109] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Higher levels of body fat are associated with increased risk for development of numerous adverse health conditions. Phytochemicals are potential agents to inhibit differentiation of preadipocytes, stimulate lipolysis, and induce apoptosis of existing adipocytes, thereby reducing adipose tissue mass. Resveratrol decreased adipogenesis and viability in maturing preadipocytes; these effects were mediated not only through down-regulating adipocyte specific transcription factors and enzymes but also by genes that modulate mitochondrial function. Additionally, resveratrol increased lipolysis and reduced lipogenesis in mature adipocytes. In addition, combining resveratrol with other natural products produced synergistic activities from actions on multiple molecular targets in the adipocyte life cycle. Treatment of mice with resveratrol alone was shown to improve resistance to weight gain caused by a high-fat diet. Moreover, dietary supplementation of aged ovariectomized rats with a combination of resveratrol and vitamin D, quercetin, and genistein not only decreased weight gain but also inhibited bone loss. Combining several phytochemicals, including resveratrol, or using them as templates for synthesizing new drugs, provides a large potential for using phytochemicals to target adipocyte adipogenesis, apoptosis, and lipolysis.
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17
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Choi SS, Cha BY, Iida K, Sato M, Lee YS, Teruya T, Yonezawa T, Nagai K, Woo JT. Honokiol enhances adipocyte differentiation by potentiating insulin signaling in 3T3-L1 preadipocytes. J Nat Med 2011; 65:424-30. [PMID: 21327521 DOI: 10.1007/s11418-011-0512-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2010] [Accepted: 01/07/2011] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Adipose tissue plays an essential role in energy homeostasis as a metabolic and endocrine organ. Accordingly, adipocytes are emerging as a major drug target for obesity and obesity-mediated metabolic syndrome. Dysfunction of enlarged adipocytes in obesity is involved in obesity-mediated metabolic syndrome. Adipocytokines, such as adiponectin released from small adipocytes, are able to prevent these disorders. In this study, we found that honokiol, an ingredient of Magnolia officinalis used in traditional Chinese and Japanese medicines, enhanced adipocyte differentiation in 3T3-L1 preadipocytes. Oil Red O staining showed that treatment with honokiol in the presence of insulin dose-dependently increased lipid accumulation in 3T3-L1 preadipoyctes although its activity was weak compared with rosiglitazone. During adipocyte differentiation, the expression of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ2 (PPARγ2) mRNA and PPARγ target genes such as adipocyte protein 2 (aP2), adiponectin, and GLUT4 was induced by treatment with 10 μM honokiol. However, honokiol failed to show direct binding to the PPARγ ligand-binding domain in vitro. In preadipocytes, treatment with honokiol in the presence of insulin increased the phosphorylation of extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) 1/2 protein and Akt protein, early insulin signaling pathways related to adipocyte differentiation, compared with insulin-only treatment. Taken together, our results suggest that honokiol promotes adipocyte differentiation through increased expression of PPARγ2 mRNA and potentiation of insulin signaling pathways such as the Ras/ERK1/2 and phosphoinositide-3-kinase (PI3K)/Akt signaling pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sun-Sil Choi
- Research Institute for Biological Functions, Chubu University, 1200 Matsumoto, Kasugai, Aichi, 487-8501, Japan
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18
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Xuan NT, Shumilina E, Gulbins E, Gu S, Götz F, Lang F. Triggering of dendritic cell apoptosis by xanthohumol. Mol Nutr Food Res 2010; 54 Suppl 2:S214-24. [PMID: 20333722 DOI: 10.1002/mnfr.200900324] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Xanthohumol, a flavonoid from beer with anticancer activity is known to trigger apoptosis in a variety of tumor cells. Xanthohumol further has anti-inflammatory activity. However, little is known about the effect of xanthohumol on survival and function of immune cells. The present study thus addressed the effect of xanthohumol on dendritic cells (DCs), key players in the regulation of innate and adaptive immunity. To this end, mouse bone marrow-derived DCs were treated with xanthohumol with subsequent assessment of enzymatic activity of acid sphingomyelinase (Asm), ceramide formation determined with anti-ceramide antibodies in FACS and immunohistochemical analysis, caspase activity utilizing FITC conjugated anti-active caspase 8 or caspase 3 antibodies in FACS and by Western blotting, DNA fragmentation by determining the percentage of cells in the sub-G1 phase and cell membrane scrambling by annexin V binding in FACS analysis. As a result, xanthohumol stimulated Asm, enhanced ceramide formation, activated caspases 8 and 3, triggered DNA fragmentation and led to cell membrane scrambling, all effects virtually absent in DCs from gene targeted mice lacking functional Asm or in wild-type cells treated with sphingomyelinase inhibitor amitriptyline. In conclusion, xanthohumol stimulated Asm leading to caspase activation and apoptosis of bone marrow-derived DCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nguyen Thi Xuan
- Department of Physiology, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
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Rayalam S, Yang JY, Della-Fera MA, Park HJ, Ambati S, Baile CA. Anti-obesity effects of xanthohumol plus guggulsterone in 3T3-L1 adipocytes. J Med Food 2009; 12:846-53. [PMID: 19735186 DOI: 10.1089/jmf.2008.0158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Xanthohumol (XN) and guggulsterone (GS) have each been shown to inhibit adipogenesis and induce apoptosis in adipocytes. In the present study effects of the combination of XN + GS on 3T3-L1 adipocyte apoptosis and adipogenesis were investigated. Mature adipocytes were treated with XN and GS individually and in combination. XN and GS individually decreased cell viability, but XN + GS caused an enhanced decrease in viability and potentiated induction of apoptosis. Likewise, XN + GS caused a potentiated increase in caspase-3/7 activation, whereas neither of the compounds showed any effect individually. In addition, western blot analysis revealed that XN + GS increased Bax expression and decreased Bcl-2 expression, whereas individual compounds did not show any significant effect. XN and GS both decreased lipid accumulation. Individually, XN at 1.5 microM and GS at 3.12 microM decreased lipid accumulation by 26 +/- 4.5% (P < .001) each, whereas XN1.5 + GS3.12 decreased lipid accumulation by 78.2 +/- 1.8% (P < .001). Moreover, expression of the adipocyte-specific proteins was down-regulated with XN1.5 + GS3.12, but no effect was observed with the individual compounds. Finally, XN + GS caused an enhanced stimulation of lipolysis. Thus, combination of XN and GS is more potent in exerting anti-obesity effects than additive effects of the individual compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Srujana Rayalam
- Department of Animal & Dairy Science, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia 30602-2771, USA
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Magalhães PJ, Carvalho DO, Cruz JM, Guido LF, Barros AA. Fundamentals and Health Benefits of Xanthohumol, a Natural Product Derived from Hops and Beer. Nat Prod Commun 2009. [DOI: 10.1177/1934578x0900400501] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
In recent years, there has been a growing interest in phenolic compounds and their presumed role in the prevention of various degenerative diseases, such as cancer and cardiovascular diseases. Xanthohumol, a prenylated chalcone from hops and beer, is among the phenolic compounds which have received the most attention in recent years. This compound has a range of interesting biological properties that may have therapeutic utility. Based on the health-promoting properties of xanthohumol, the production of a beer enriched in this substance would be of huge interest to the brewing industry, for the benefits this could bring to consumer's health. This paper reviews recent and important data with respect to the health benefits or biological activities of xanthohumol and beer. In addition, an overview of the chemistry and biotechnological aspects of xanthohumol is presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paulo J. Magalhães
- REQUIMTE – Departamento de Química da Faculdade de Ciências da Universidade do Porto, Rua do Campo Alegre, 687, 4169-007 Porto, Portugal
| | - Daniel O. Carvalho
- REQUIMTE – Departamento de Química da Faculdade de Ciências da Universidade do Porto, Rua do Campo Alegre, 687, 4169-007 Porto, Portugal
| | - José M. Cruz
- IBESA – Instituto de Bebidas e Saúde, apartado 1044, 4466-955 S. Mamede de Infesta, Portugal
| | - Luís F. Guido
- REQUIMTE – Departamento de Química da Faculdade de Ciências da Universidade do Porto, Rua do Campo Alegre, 687, 4169-007 Porto, Portugal
| | - Aquiles A. Barros
- REQUIMTE – Departamento de Química da Faculdade de Ciências da Universidade do Porto, Rua do Campo Alegre, 687, 4169-007 Porto, Portugal
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