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Liang Z, Diao W, Jiang Y, Zhang Y. G0S2 ameliorates oxidized low-density lipoprotein-induced vascular endothelial cell injury by regulating mitochondrial apoptosis. ANNALS OF TRANSLATIONAL MEDICINE 2022; 10:1383. [PMID: 36660674 PMCID: PMC9843419 DOI: 10.21037/atm-22-5618] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2022] [Accepted: 12/19/2022] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Background Oxidative low-density lipoprotein (ox-LDL)-induced endothelial cell damage is a major risk factor for atherosclerosis and its related cardiovascular diseases. The G0/G1 switch gene 2 (G0S2) is a multifunctional protein which has been poorly studied in atherosclerosis. Methods In this study, ox-LDL was utilized to construct a human aortic endothelial cell (HAEC) injury model. Results It was found that ox-LDL impaired cell viability, augmented lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) release, and reduced G0S2 levels in HAECs in a dose-dependent manner. Further, G0S2 overexpression improved the viability and restrained apoptosis of HAECs treated by ox-LDL. Conversely, G0S2 depletion decreased the viability and aggravated apoptosis of HAECs treated by ox-LDL. At the molecular level, G0S2 overexpression significantly increased the secretion of superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), and glutathione peroxidase (GPH-Px), promoted intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) production and malondialdehyde (MDA) content in HAECs under either normal or ox-LDL conditions. Meanwhile, the ox-LDL-induced mitochondrial dysfunction, as demonstrated by decreased mitochondrial membrane potential, translocation of mitochondrial cytochrome c (Cyt-c) to the cytoplasm, and activation of caspase-3 and caspase-9, was significantly reversed by G0S2 overexpression. In addition, G0S2 overexpression promoted the activation of AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) and increased the expression of nuclear factor erythroid-2-related factor-2 (Nrf2), sirtuin 1 (SIRT1) and heme oxygenase 1 (HO-1) under normal and ox-LDL conditions. Conclusions This study demonstrated that G0S2 protects against ox-LDL-induced vascular endothelial cell injury by regulating oxidative damage and mitochondrial homeostasis and may be a promising target for the treatment of atherosclerosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zenghui Liang
- Department of Vascular Surgery, the Third Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Wenjie Diao
- Department of Cardiac Surgery, the First Affiliated Hospital of Bengbu Medical College, Bengbu, China
| | - Yiyao Jiang
- Department of Cardiac Surgery, the First Affiliated Hospital of Bengbu Medical College, Bengbu, China
| | - Yanrong Zhang
- Department of Vascular Surgery, the Third Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, China
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Chen M, Lu P, Ma Q, Cao Y, Chen N, Li W, Zhao S, Chen B, Shi J, Sun Y, Shen H, Sun L, Shen J, Liao Q, Zhang Y, Hong J, Gu W, Liu R, Ning G, Wang W, Wang J. CTNNB1/β -catenin dysfunction contributes to adiposity by regulating the cross-talk of mature adipocytes and preadipocytes. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2020; 6:eaax9605. [PMID: 31934629 PMCID: PMC6949042 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.aax9605] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2019] [Accepted: 11/11/2019] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
Overnutrition results in adiposity and chronic inflammation with expansion of white adipose tissue (WAT). However, genetic factors controlling fat mass and adiposity remain largely undetermined. We applied whole-exome sequencing in young obese subjects and identified rare gain-of-function mutations in CTNNB1/β-catenin associated with increased obesity risk. Specific ablation of β-catenin in mature adipocytes attenuated high-fat diet-induced obesity and reduced sWAT mass expansion with less proliferated Pdgfrα+ preadipocytes and less mature adipocytes. Mechanistically, β-catenin regulated the transcription of serum amyloid A3 (Saa3), an adipocyte-derived chemokine, through β-catenin-TCF (T-Cell-Specific Transcription Factor) complex in mature adipocytes, and Saa3 activated macrophages to secrete several factors, including Pdgf-aa, which further promoted the proliferation of preadipocytes, suggesting that β-catenin/Saa3/macrophages may mediate mature adipocyte-preadipocyte cross-talk and fat expansion in sWAT. The identification of β-catenin as a key regulator in fat expansion and human adiposity provides the basis for developing drugs targeting Wnt/β-catenin pathway to combat obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maopei Chen
- Shanghai National Clinical Research Center for Metabolic Diseases, Key Laboratory for Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases of Chinese Health Commission, Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Shanghai Key Laboratory for Endocrine Tumors, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine (SJTUSM), Shanghai, China
| | - Peng Lu
- Shanghai National Clinical Research Center for Metabolic Diseases, Key Laboratory for Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases of Chinese Health Commission, Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Shanghai Key Laboratory for Endocrine Tumors, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine (SJTUSM), Shanghai, China
- CAS Key Laboratory of Tissue Microenvironment and Tumor, Shanghai Institute of Nutrition and Health, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Shanghai, China
| | - Qinyun Ma
- Shanghai National Clinical Research Center for Metabolic Diseases, Key Laboratory for Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases of Chinese Health Commission, Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Shanghai Key Laboratory for Endocrine Tumors, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine (SJTUSM), Shanghai, China
| | - Yanan Cao
- Shanghai National Clinical Research Center for Metabolic Diseases, Key Laboratory for Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases of Chinese Health Commission, Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Shanghai Key Laboratory for Endocrine Tumors, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine (SJTUSM), Shanghai, China
| | - Na Chen
- Shanghai National Clinical Research Center for Metabolic Diseases, Key Laboratory for Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases of Chinese Health Commission, Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Shanghai Key Laboratory for Endocrine Tumors, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine (SJTUSM), Shanghai, China
| | - Wen Li
- Shanghai National Clinical Research Center for Metabolic Diseases, Key Laboratory for Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases of Chinese Health Commission, Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Shanghai Key Laboratory for Endocrine Tumors, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine (SJTUSM), Shanghai, China
| | - Shaoqian Zhao
- Shanghai National Clinical Research Center for Metabolic Diseases, Key Laboratory for Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases of Chinese Health Commission, Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Shanghai Key Laboratory for Endocrine Tumors, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine (SJTUSM), Shanghai, China
| | - Banru Chen
- Shanghai National Clinical Research Center for Metabolic Diseases, Key Laboratory for Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases of Chinese Health Commission, Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Shanghai Key Laboratory for Endocrine Tumors, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine (SJTUSM), Shanghai, China
| | - Juan Shi
- Shanghai National Clinical Research Center for Metabolic Diseases, Key Laboratory for Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases of Chinese Health Commission, Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Shanghai Key Laboratory for Endocrine Tumors, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine (SJTUSM), Shanghai, China
| | - Yingkai Sun
- Shanghai National Clinical Research Center for Metabolic Diseases, Key Laboratory for Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases of Chinese Health Commission, Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Shanghai Key Laboratory for Endocrine Tumors, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine (SJTUSM), Shanghai, China
| | - Hongbin Shen
- Institute of Image Processing and Pattern Recognition, SJTU, Shanghai, China
| | - Liangdan Sun
- Institute of Dermatology and Department of Dermatology, No.1 Hospital, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Juan Shen
- BGI Genomics, BGI-Shenzhen, Shenzhen, China
| | - Qijun Liao
- BGI Genomics, BGI-Shenzhen, Shenzhen, China
| | - Yifei Zhang
- Shanghai National Clinical Research Center for Metabolic Diseases, Key Laboratory for Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases of Chinese Health Commission, Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Shanghai Key Laboratory for Endocrine Tumors, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine (SJTUSM), Shanghai, China
| | - Jie Hong
- Shanghai National Clinical Research Center for Metabolic Diseases, Key Laboratory for Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases of Chinese Health Commission, Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Shanghai Key Laboratory for Endocrine Tumors, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine (SJTUSM), Shanghai, China
| | - Weiqiong Gu
- Shanghai National Clinical Research Center for Metabolic Diseases, Key Laboratory for Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases of Chinese Health Commission, Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Shanghai Key Laboratory for Endocrine Tumors, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine (SJTUSM), Shanghai, China
| | - Ruixin Liu
- Shanghai National Clinical Research Center for Metabolic Diseases, Key Laboratory for Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases of Chinese Health Commission, Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Shanghai Key Laboratory for Endocrine Tumors, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine (SJTUSM), Shanghai, China
- Corresponding author. (R.L.); (G.N.); (W.W.); (J.W.)
| | - Guang Ning
- Shanghai National Clinical Research Center for Metabolic Diseases, Key Laboratory for Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases of Chinese Health Commission, Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Shanghai Key Laboratory for Endocrine Tumors, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine (SJTUSM), Shanghai, China
- CAS Key Laboratory of Tissue Microenvironment and Tumor, Shanghai Institute of Nutrition and Health, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Shanghai, China
- Corresponding author. (R.L.); (G.N.); (W.W.); (J.W.)
| | - Weiqing Wang
- Shanghai National Clinical Research Center for Metabolic Diseases, Key Laboratory for Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases of Chinese Health Commission, Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Shanghai Key Laboratory for Endocrine Tumors, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine (SJTUSM), Shanghai, China
- Corresponding author. (R.L.); (G.N.); (W.W.); (J.W.)
| | - Jiqiu Wang
- Shanghai National Clinical Research Center for Metabolic Diseases, Key Laboratory for Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases of Chinese Health Commission, Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Shanghai Key Laboratory for Endocrine Tumors, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine (SJTUSM), Shanghai, China
- Corresponding author. (R.L.); (G.N.); (W.W.); (J.W.)
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Liu Y, Kongsuphol P, Chiam SY, Zhang QX, Gourikutty SBN, Saha S, Biswas SK, Ramadan Q. Adipose-on-a-chip: a dynamic microphysiological in vitro model of the human adipose for immune-metabolic analysis in type II diabetes. LAB ON A CHIP 2019; 19:241-253. [PMID: 30566152 DOI: 10.1039/c8lc00481a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Infiltration of immune cells into adipose tissue is associated with chronic low-grade inflammation in obese individuals. To better understand the crosstalk between immune cells and adipocytes, in vivo-like in vitro models are required. Conventionally transwell culture plates are used for studying the adipocyte-immune cell interaction; however, the static culture nature of this approach falls short of closely recapitulating the physiological environment. Here we present a compartmentalized microfluidic co-culture system which provides a constant-rate of nutrient supply as well as waste removal, resembling the microvascular networks of the in vivo environment. Human adipocytes and U937 cells were co-cultured in close proximity in an enclosed system. The porous barrier between the adjacent compartments comprises an array of microchannels, which enables paracrine interaction between cells in adjacent compartments and improved perfusion-based long term cell feeding. Human pre-adipocytes were fully differentiated into adipocytes on the chip and remained viable for several weeks. Upon co-culturing with immune cells, adipocytes showed a tendency to develop insulin resistance. The immune-metabolic correlation has been studied by monitoring adiponectin and IL-6 expression, as well as glucose uptake upon treatment with insulin. Our microfluidic system can be potentially used to develop physiologically relevant adipose tissue models to study obesity-associated diseases such as insulin resistance and type 2 diabetes and therefore, facilitate drug development to treat these diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yunxiao Liu
- Institute of Microelectronic, A* STAR (Agency for Science, Technology and Research), 2, Fusionopolis Way, #08-02, Innovis Tower, 138635 Singapore.
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Liu LF, Craig CM, Tolentino LL, Choi O, Morton J, Rivas H, Cushman SW, Engleman EG, McLaughlin T. Adipose tissue macrophages impair preadipocyte differentiation in humans. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0170728. [PMID: 28151993 PMCID: PMC5289462 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0170728] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2016] [Accepted: 01/10/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
AIM The physiologic mechanisms underlying the relationship between obesity and insulin resistance are not fully understood. Impaired adipocyte differentiation and localized inflammation characterize adipose tissue from obese, insulin-resistant humans. The directionality of this relationship is not known, however. The aim of the current study was to investigate whether adipose tissue inflammation is causally-related to impaired adipocyte differentiation. METHODS Abdominal subcutaneous(SAT) and visceral(VAT) adipose tissue was obtained from 20 human participants undergoing bariatric surgery. Preadipocytes were isolated, and cultured in the presence or absence of CD14+ macrophages obtained from the same adipose tissue sample. Adipocyte differentiation was quantified after 14 days via immunofluorescence, Oil-Red O, and adipogenic gene expression. Cytokine secretion by mature adipocytes cultured with or without CD14+macrophages was quantified. RESULTS Adipocyte differentiation was significantly lower in VAT than SAT by all measures (p<0.001). With macrophage removal, SAT preadipocyte differentiation increased significantly as measured by immunofluorescence and gene expression, whereas VAT preadipocyte differentiation was unchanged. Adipocyte-secreted proinflammatory cytokines were higher and adiponectin lower in media from VAT vs SAT: macrophage removal reduced inflammatory cytokine and increased adiponectin secretion from both SAT and VAT adipocytes. Differentiation of preadipocytes from SAT but not VAT correlated inversely with systemic insulin resistance. CONCLUSIONS The current results reveal that proinflammatory immune cells in human SAT are causally-related to impaired preadipocyte differentiation, which in turn is associated with systemic insulin resistance. In VAT, preadipocyte differentiation is poor even in the absence of tissue macrophages, pointing to inherent differences in fat storage potential between the two depots.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Fen Liu
- Division of Endocrinology, Department of Medicine, Stanford University, Palo Alto, California, United States of America
| | - Colleen M. Craig
- Division of Endocrinology, Department of Medicine, Stanford University, Palo Alto, California, United States of America
| | | | - Okmi Choi
- Stanford Blood Center, Palo Alto, California, United States of America
| | - John Morton
- Department of Surgery, School of Medicine, Stanford University, Palo Alto, California, United States of America
| | - Homero Rivas
- Department of Surgery, School of Medicine, Stanford University, Palo Alto, California, United States of America
| | - Samuel W. Cushman
- National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Edgar G. Engleman
- Stanford Blood Center, Palo Alto, California, United States of America
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine Stanford University, Palo Alto, California, United States of America
| | - Tracey McLaughlin
- Division of Endocrinology, Department of Medicine, Stanford University, Palo Alto, California, United States of America
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Gagnon A, Ooi TC, Cousins M, Favreau C, Henry K, Landry A, Sorisky A. The anti-adipogenic effect of peripheral blood mononuclear cells is absent with PCSK9 loss-of-function variants. Obesity (Silver Spring) 2016; 24:2384-2391. [PMID: 27662822 DOI: 10.1002/oby.21656] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2016] [Revised: 07/26/2016] [Accepted: 08/04/2016] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To determine the effect of (1) an oral fat load and (2) pro-protein convertase subtilisin/kexin type (PCSK) 9 loss-of-function (LOF) variant status on the ability of peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) to inhibit human adipogenesis. METHODS PBMC from subjects with one or more PCSK9 LOF variants versus non-variant controls were compared in the fasting state and after an oral fat load. RESULTS Fasting triglyceride (TG) levels were lower in the LOF variant versus non-variant group but rose to the same level after the oral fat load. Conditioned medium from PBMC was obtained in fasting (PBMC-CM-F) and 4-h postprandial (PBMC-CM-PP) states. PBMC-CM-PP from non-variant controls inhibited adipogenesis of human preadipocytes more than did PBMC-CM-F. In contrast, PBMC-CM-F or -PP from PCSK9 LOF variant subjects had no effect on adipogenesis. After the oral fat load, PBMC from PCSK9 LOF variant subjects showed significant increases in mRNA levels of interleukin-1β, tumor necrosis factor-α, sterol regulatory element binding protein-1c, CD36, and monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP-1), only MCP-1 mRNA levels increased in PBMC from non-variant controls. CONCLUSIONS The absence of anti-adipogenic action of PBMC from PCSK9 LOF variant subjects points to a novel role for PCSK9 in PBMC-adipose cell interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- AnneMarie Gagnon
- Chronic Disease Program, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Teik C Ooi
- Chronic Disease Program, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Marion Cousins
- Department of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Colette Favreau
- Department of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Kathy Henry
- Department of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Anne Landry
- Chronic Disease Program, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Alexander Sorisky
- Chronic Disease Program, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada.
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada.
- Department of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada.
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Chase K, Sharma RP. Epigenetic developmental programs and adipogenesis. Epigenetics 2014; 8:1133-40. [DOI: 10.4161/epi.26027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
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Vantyghem MC, Balavoine AS, Douillard C, Defrance F, Dieudonne L, Mouton F, Lemaire C, Bertrand-Escouflaire N, Bourdelle-Hego MF, Devemy F, Evrard A, Gheerbrand D, Girardot C, Gumuche S, Hober C, Topolinski H, Lamblin B, Mycinski B, Ryndak A, Karrouz W, Duvivier E, Merlen E, Cortet C, Weill J, Lacroix D, Wémeau JL. How to diagnose a lipodystrophy syndrome. ANNALES D'ENDOCRINOLOGIE 2012; 73:170-89. [PMID: 22748602 DOI: 10.1016/j.ando.2012.04.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2012] [Accepted: 04/25/2012] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
The spectrum of adipose tissue diseases ranges from obesity to lipodystrophy, and is accompanied by insulin resistance syndrome, which promotes the occurrence of type 2 diabetes, dyslipidemia and cardiovascular complications. Lipodystrophy refers to a group of rare diseases characterized by the generalized or partial absence of adipose tissue, and occurs with or without hypertrophy of adipose tissue in other sites. They are classified as being familial or acquired, and generalized or partial. The genetically determined partial forms usually occur as Dunnigan syndrome, which is a type of laminopathy that can also manifest as muscle, cardiac, neuropathic or progeroid involvement. Gene mutations encoding for PPAR-gamma, Akt2, CIDEC, perilipin and the ZMPSTE 24 enzyme are much more rare. The genetically determined generalized forms are also very rare and are linked to mutations of seipin AGPAT2, FBN1, which is accompanied by Marfan syndrome, or of BANF1, which is characterized by a progeroid syndrome without insulin resistance and with early bone complications. Glycosylation disorders are sometimes involved. Some genetically determined forms have recently been found to be due to autoinflammatory syndromes linked to a proteasome anomaly (PSMB8). They result in a lipodystrophy syndrome that occurs secondarily with fever, dermatosis and panniculitis. Then there are forms that are considered to be acquired. They may be iatrogenic (protease inhibitors in HIV patients, glucocorticosteroids, insulin, graft-versus-host disease, etc.), related to an immune system disease (sequelae of dermatopolymyositis, autoimmune polyendocrine syndromes, particularly associated with type 1 diabetes, Barraquer-Simons and Lawrence syndromes), which are promoted by anomalies of the complement system. Finally, lipomatosis is currently classified as a painful form (adiposis dolorosa or Dercum's disease) or benign symmetric multiple form, also known as Launois-Bensaude syndrome or Madelung's disease, which are sometimes related to mitochondrial DNA mutations, but are usually promoted by alcohol. In addition to the medical management of metabolic syndrome and the sometimes surgical treatment of lipodystrophy, recombinant leptin provides hope for genetically determined lipodystrophy syndromes, whereas modifications in antiretroviral treatment and tesamorelin, a GHRH analog, is effective in the metabolic syndrome of HIV patients. Other therapeutic options will undoubtedly be developed, dependent on pathophysiological advances, which today tend to classify genetically determined lipodystrophy as being related to laminopathy or to lipid droplet disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marie-Christine Vantyghem
- Inserm U859, service d'endocrinologie et maladies métaboliques, hôpital Huriez, CHRU de Lille, 1, rue Polonovski, 59000 Lille, France.
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