1
|
Wang Y, Wang C, Zhong R, Wang L, Sun L. Research progress of DNA methylation in colorectal cancer (Review). Mol Med Rep 2024; 30:154. [PMID: 38963030 PMCID: PMC11240861 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2024.13278] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2024] [Accepted: 06/14/2024] [Indexed: 07/05/2024] Open
Abstract
DNA methylation is one of the earliest and most significant epigenetic mechanisms discovered. DNA methylation refers, in general, to the addition of a methyl group to a specific base in the DNA sequence under the catalysis of DNA methyltransferase, with S‑adenosine methionine as the methyl donor, via covalent bonding and chemical modifications. DNA methylation is an important factor in inducing cancer. There are different types of DNA methylation, and methylation at different sites plays different roles. It is well known that the progression of colorectal cancer (CRC) is affected by the methylation of key genes. The present review did not only discuss the potential relationship between DNA methylation and CRC but also discussed how DNA methylation affects the development of CRC by affecting key genes. Furthermore, the clinical significance of DNA methylation in CRC was highlighted, including that of the therapeutic targets and biomarkers of methylation; and the importance of DNA methylation inhibitors was discussed as a novel strategy for treatment of CRC. The present review did not only focus upon the latest research findings, but earlier reviews were also cited as references to older literature.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yuxin Wang
- Emergency Department, The Second Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Dalian, Liaoning 116027, P.R. China
| | - Chengcheng Wang
- Comparative Medicine Department of Researching and Teaching, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, Liaoning 116044, P.R. China
| | - Ruiqi Zhong
- Comparative Medicine Department of Researching and Teaching, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, Liaoning 116044, P.R. China
| | - Liang Wang
- Comparative Medicine Department of Researching and Teaching, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, Liaoning 116044, P.R. China
| | - Lei Sun
- Emergency Department, The Second Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Dalian, Liaoning 116027, P.R. China
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Deng H, Jia Q, Ming X, Sun Y, Lu Y, Liu L, Zhou J. Hippo pathway in intestinal diseases: focusing on ferroptosis. Front Cell Dev Biol 2023; 11:1291686. [PMID: 38130953 PMCID: PMC10734691 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2023.1291686] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2023] [Accepted: 11/22/2023] [Indexed: 12/23/2023] Open
Abstract
The incidence of intestinal diseases, such as inflammatory bowel disease, gastric cancer, and colorectal cancer, has steadily increased over the past decades. The Hippo pathway is involved in cell proliferation, tissue and organ damage, energy metabolism, tumor formation, and other physiologic processes. Ferroptosis is a form of programmed cell death characterized by the accumulation of iron and lipid peroxides. The Hippo pathway and ferroptosis are associated with various intestinal diseases; however, the crosstalk between them is unclear. This review elaborates on the current research on the Hippo pathway and ferroptosis in the context of intestinal diseases. We summarized the connection between the Hippo pathway and ferroptosis to elucidate the underlying mechanism by which these pathways influence intestinal diseases. We speculate that a mutual regulatory mechanism exists between the Hippo pathway and ferroptosis and these two pathways interact in several ways to regulate intestinal diseases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hongwei Deng
- Department of Anesthesiology, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China
- Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine Key Laboratory of Luzhou, Luzhou, China
| | - Qiuting Jia
- Department of Anesthesiology, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China
- Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine Key Laboratory of Luzhou, Luzhou, China
| | - Xin Ming
- Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine Key Laboratory of Luzhou, Luzhou, China
- School of Clinical Medicine, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China
| | - Yuxin Sun
- Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine Key Laboratory of Luzhou, Luzhou, China
- School of Basic Medicine, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China
| | - Yuxuan Lu
- Department of Anesthesiology, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China
- Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine Key Laboratory of Luzhou, Luzhou, China
| | - Li Liu
- Department of Anesthesiology, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China
- Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine Key Laboratory of Luzhou, Luzhou, China
- Department of Anesthesiology, The Affiliated Hospital, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, Sichuan, China
| | - Jun Zhou
- Department of Anesthesiology, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China
- Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine Key Laboratory of Luzhou, Luzhou, China
- Department of Anesthesiology, The Affiliated Hospital, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, Sichuan, China
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Morishita M, Arimoto-Matsuzaki K, Kitamura M, Niimura K, Iwasa H, Maruyama J, Hiraoka Y, Yamamoto K, Kitagawa M, Miyamura N, Nishina H, Hata Y. Characterization of mouse embryonic fibroblasts derived from Rassf6 knockout mice shows the implication of Rassf6 in the regulation of NF-κB signaling. Genes Cells 2021; 26:999-1013. [PMID: 34652874 DOI: 10.1111/gtc.12901] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2021] [Revised: 10/10/2021] [Accepted: 10/13/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
RASSF6 is a member of the tumor suppressor Ras association domain family (RASSF) proteins. We have reported using human cancer cell lines that RASSF6 induces apoptosis and cell cycle arrest via p53 and plays tumor suppressive roles. In this study, we generated Rassf6 knockout mice by CRISPR/Cas technology. Contrary to our expectation, Rassf6 knockout mice were apparently healthy. However, Rassf6-null mouse embryonic fibroblasts (MEF) were resistant against ultraviolet (UV)-induced apoptosis/cell cycle arrest and senescence. UV-induced p53-target gene expression was compromised, and DNA repair was delayed in Rassf6-null MEF. More importantly, KRAS active mutant promoted the colony formation of Rassf6-null MEF but not the wild-type MEF. RNA sequencing analysis showed that NF-κB signaling was enhanced in Rassf6-null MEF. Consistently, 7,12-dimethylbenz(a)anthracene (DMBA) induced skin inflammation in Rassf6 knockout mice more remarkably than in the wild-type mice. Hence, Rassf6 deficiency not only compromises p53 function but also enhances NF-κB signaling to lead to oncogenesis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mayu Morishita
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kyoko Arimoto-Matsuzaki
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Masami Kitamura
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kyohei Niimura
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hiroaki Iwasa
- Department of Molecular Biology, School of Medicine, International University of Health and Welfare, Chiba, Japan
| | - Junichi Maruyama
- Laboratory for Integrated Cellular Systems, RIKEN Center for Integrative Medical Sciences, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Yuichi Hiraoka
- Laboratory of Genome Editing for Biomedical Research, Medical Research Institute, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kohei Yamamoto
- Department of Comprehensive Pathology, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Masanobu Kitagawa
- Department of Comprehensive Pathology, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Norio Miyamura
- Department of Developmental and Regenerative Biology, Medical Research Institute, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Nishina
- Department of Developmental and Regenerative Biology, Medical Research Institute, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yutaka Hata
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan.,Center for Brain Integration Research, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Li N, Lu N, Xie C. The Hippo and Wnt signalling pathways: crosstalk during neoplastic progression in gastrointestinal tissue. FEBS J 2019; 286:3745-3756. [PMID: 31342636 DOI: 10.1111/febs.15017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2019] [Revised: 06/24/2019] [Accepted: 07/22/2019] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
The Hippo and Wnt signalling pathways play crucial roles in maintaining tissue homeostasis and organ size by orchestrating cell proliferation, differentiation and apoptosis. These pathways have been frequently found to be dysregulated in human cancers. While the canonical signal transduction of Hippo and Wnt has been well studied, emerging evidence shows that these two signalling pathways contribute to and exhibit overlapping functions in gastrointestinal (GI) tumorigenesis. In fact, the core effectors YAP/TAZ in Hippo signalling pathway cooperate with β-catenin in Wnt signalling pathway to promote GI neoplasia. Here, we provide a brief review to summarize the molecular mechanisms underlying the crosstalk between these two pathways and elucidate their involvement in GI tumorigenesis, particularly focusing on the intestine, stomach and liver.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nianshuang Li
- Department of Gastroenterology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, China
| | - Nonghua Lu
- Department of Gastroenterology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, China
| | - Chuan Xie
- Department of Gastroenterology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, China
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Abstract
The Hippo signaling pathway is involved in tissue size regulation and tumorigenesis. Genetic deletion or aberrant expression of some Hippo pathway genes lead to enhanced cell proliferation, tumorigenesis, and cancer metastasis. Recently, multiple studies have identified a wide range of upstream regulators of the Hippo pathway, including mechanical cues and ligands of G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs). Through the activation related G proteins and possibly rearrangements of actin cytoskeleton, GPCR signaling can potently modulate the phosphorylation states and activity of YAP and TAZ, two homologous oncogenic transcriptional co-activators, and major effectors of the Hippo pathway. Herein, we summarize the network, regulation, and functions of GPCR-Hippo signaling, and we will also discuss potential anti-cancer therapies targeting GPCR-YAP signaling.
Collapse
|
6
|
Schirosi L, Mazzotta A, Opinto G, Pinto R, Graziano G, Tommasi S, Fucci L, Simone G, Mangia A. β-catenin interaction with NHERF1 and RASSF1A methylation in metastatic colorectal cancer patients. Oncotarget 2018; 7:67841-67850. [PMID: 27765918 PMCID: PMC5356523 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.12280] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2016] [Accepted: 09/21/2016] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
There is an increasing need to identify new biomarkers in colorectal cancer (CRC) to further characterize this malignancy. β-catenin plays a central role in the Wnt signaling pathway. It also binds Na+/H+ exchanger regulating factor 1 (NHERF1) and interacts with the RAS-association domain family 1, isoform A (RASSF1A), but the mechanisms of this possible crosstalk are still not fully understood. In this study, we analyzed for the first time the different subcellular expression of β-catenin, NHERF1, and RASSF1A and their relationships with RASSF1A methylation in the progression of CRC. We assessed immunohistochemical expression and RASSF1A methylation in 51 patients with stage IV colorectal cancer. Biomarker expression analysis was carried out considering the tumor-adjacent normal tissue, the primary tumor, and the paired liver metastases. Regarding the tumor compartment, it was found that cytoplasmic β-catenin expression was positively correlated to membranous (r = 0.3002, p = 0.0323) and nuclear NHERF1 (r = 0.293, p = 0.0368). In the liver metastases, instead, we found a positive correlation of cytoplasmic and nuclear β-catenin expression with RASSF1A methylation (r = 0.4019, p = 0.0068 and r = 0.3194, p = 0.0345, respectively). In conclusion, our results showed that β-catenin was the crucial protagonist in metastatic CRC through different effector proteins involved in this developing process. In tumor tissues, β-catenin was predominantly associated with NHERF1 in a dynamic context, while interestingly in liver metastases, we noted an increase of its oncogenic function through RASSF1A inactivation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Laura Schirosi
- Functional Biomorphology Laboratory, IRCCS Istituto Tumori "Giovanni Paolo II", Bari, Italy
| | - Annalisa Mazzotta
- Functional Biomorphology Laboratory, IRCCS Istituto Tumori "Giovanni Paolo II", Bari, Italy
| | - Giuseppina Opinto
- Functional Biomorphology Laboratory, IRCCS Istituto Tumori "Giovanni Paolo II", Bari, Italy
| | - Rosamaria Pinto
- Molecular Genetics Laboratory, IRCCS Istituto Tumori "Giovanni Paolo II", Bari, Italy
| | - Giusi Graziano
- Scientific Direction, IRCCS Istituto Tumori "Giovanni Paolo II", Bari, Italy
| | - Stefania Tommasi
- Molecular Genetics Laboratory, IRCCS Istituto Tumori "Giovanni Paolo II", Bari, Italy
| | - Livia Fucci
- Pathology Department, IRCCS Istituto Tumori "Giovanni Paolo II", Bari, Italy
| | - Giovanni Simone
- Pathology Department, IRCCS Istituto Tumori "Giovanni Paolo II", Bari, Italy
| | - Anita Mangia
- Functional Biomorphology Laboratory, IRCCS Istituto Tumori "Giovanni Paolo II", Bari, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Tse JWT, Jenkins LJ, Chionh F, Mariadason JM. Aberrant DNA Methylation in Colorectal Cancer: What Should We Target? Trends Cancer 2017; 3:698-712. [PMID: 28958388 DOI: 10.1016/j.trecan.2017.08.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2017] [Revised: 08/10/2017] [Accepted: 08/11/2017] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Colorectal cancers (CRCs) are characterized by global hypomethylation and promoter-specific DNA methylation. A subset of CRCs with extensive and co-ordinate patterns of promoter methylation has also been identified, termed the CpG-island methylator phenotype. Some genes methylated in CRC are established tumor suppressors; however, for the majority, direct roles in disease initiation or progression have not been established. Herein, we examine functional evidence of specific methylated genes contributing to CRC pathogenesis, focusing on components of commonly deregulated signaling pathways. We also review current knowledge of the mechanisms underpinning promoter methylation in CRC, including genetic events, altered transcription factor binding, and DNA damage. Finally, we summarize clinical trials of DNA methyltransferase inhibitors in CRC, and propose strategies for enhancing their efficacy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Janson W T Tse
- Olivia Newton-John Cancer Research Institute, Melbourne, Australia; These authors contributed equally
| | - Laura J Jenkins
- Olivia Newton-John Cancer Research Institute, Melbourne, Australia; School of Cancer Medicine, La Trobe University, Melbourne, Australia; These authors contributed equally
| | - Fiona Chionh
- Olivia Newton-John Cancer Research Institute, Melbourne, Australia
| | - John M Mariadason
- Olivia Newton-John Cancer Research Institute, Melbourne, Australia; School of Cancer Medicine, La Trobe University, Melbourne, Australia.
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Barnoud T, Schmidt ML, Donninger H, Clark GJ. The role of the NORE1A tumor suppressor in Oncogene-Induced Senescence. Cancer Lett 2017; 400:30-36. [PMID: 28455242 PMCID: PMC5502528 DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2017.04.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2017] [Revised: 04/18/2017] [Accepted: 04/19/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The Ras genes are the most frequently mutated oncogenes in human cancer. However, Ras biology is quite complex. While Ras promotes tumorigenesis by regulating numerous growth promoting pathways, activated Ras can paradoxically also lead to cell cycle arrest, death, and Oncogene-Induced Senescence (OIS). OIS is thought to be a critical pathway that serves to protect cells against aberrant Ras signaling. Multiple reports have highlighted the importance of the p53 and Rb tumor suppressors in Ras mediated OIS. However, until recently, the molecular mechanisms connecting Ras to these proteins remained unknown. The RASSF family of tumor suppressors has recently been identified as direct effectors of Ras. One of these members, NORE1A (RASSF5), may be the missing link between Ras-induced senescence and the regulation of p53 and Rb. This occurs both quantitatively, by promoting protein stability, as well as qualitatively via promoting critical pro-senescent post-translational modifications. Here we review the mechanisms by which NORE1A can activate OIS as a barrier against Ras-mediated transformation, and how this could lead to improved therapeutic strategies against cancers having lost NORE1A expression.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Thibaut Barnoud
- Program in Molecular and Cellular Oncogenesis, The Wistar Institute, Philadelphia PA 19104, USA
| | - M Lee Schmidt
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Louisville, KY 40202, USA
| | | | - Geoffrey J Clark
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Louisville, KY 40202, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
RASSF1A Site-Specific Methylation Hotspots in Cancer and Correlation with RASSF1C and MOAP-1. Cancers (Basel) 2016; 8:cancers8060055. [PMID: 27294960 PMCID: PMC4931620 DOI: 10.3390/cancers8060055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2016] [Revised: 05/22/2016] [Accepted: 05/31/2016] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Epigenetic silencing of RASSF1A is frequently observed in numerous cancers and has been previously reported. The promoter region of RASSF1A is predicted to have 75 CpG sites, and very few studies demonstrate how the methylation of these sites affects expression. In addition, the expression relationship between RASSF1A and its downstream target, modulator of apoptosis 1 (MOAP-1), is poorly understood. In this study, we have explored the mRNA expression of RASSF1A, MOAP-1 and the well-characterized splice variant of RASSF1, RASSF1C, in cancer cell lines and primary tumors. We confirmed that the RASSF1A promoter is robustly methylated within a 32-CpG region in solid tumors and results in lower mRNA expression. The MOAP-1 promoter contains ~110 CpG sites, but was not found to be methylated in cancer cell lines when 19 predicted CpG sites were explored. Interestingly, MOAP-1 mRNA expression positively correlated with RASSF1A expression in numerous cancers, whereas RASSF1C expression remained the same or was increased in cell lines or tissues with epigenetic loss of RASSF1A. We speculate that MOAP-1 and RASSF1A may be more intimately connected than originally thought, and the expression of both are warranted in experimental designs exploring the biology of the RASSF1A/MOAP-1 molecular pathway.
Collapse
|
10
|
Parang B, Bradley AM, Mittal MK, Short SP, Thompson JJ, Barrett CW, Naik RD, Bilotta AJ, Washington MK, Revetta FL, Smith JJ, Chen X, Wilson KT, Hiebert SW, Williams CS. Myeloid translocation genes differentially regulate colorectal cancer programs. Oncogene 2016; 35:6341-6349. [PMID: 27270437 PMCID: PMC5140770 DOI: 10.1038/onc.2016.167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2015] [Revised: 03/02/2016] [Accepted: 04/08/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Myeloid translocation genes (MTGs), originally identified as chromosomal translocations in acute myelogenous leukemia, are transcriptional corepressors that regulate hematopoietic stem cell programs. Analysis of The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) database revealed that MTGs were mutated in epithelial malignancy and suggested that loss of function might promote tumorigenesis. Genetic deletion of MTGR1 and MTG16 in the mouse has revealed unexpected and unique roles within the intestinal epithelium. Mtgr1−/− mice have progressive depletion of all intestinal secretory cells, and Mtg16−/− mice have a decrease in goblet cells. Furthermore, both Mtgr1−/− and Mtg16−/− mice have increased intestinal epithelial cell proliferation. We thus hypothesized that loss of MTGR1 or MTG16 would modify Apc1638/+-dependent intestinal tumorigenesis. Mtgr1−/− mice, but not Mtg16−/− mice, had a 10-fold increase in tumor multiplicity. This was associated with more advanced dysplasia, including progression to invasive adenocarcinoma, and augmented intratumoral proliferation. Analysis of ChIP-seq datasets for MTGR1 and MTG16 targets indicated that MTGR1 can regulate Wnt and Notch signaling. In support of this, immunohistochemistry and gene expression analysis revealed that both Wnt and Notch signaling pathways were hyperactive in Mtgr1−/− tumors. Furthermore, in human colorectal cancer (CRC) samples MTGR1 was downregulated at both the transcript and protein level. Overall our data indicates that MTGR1 has a context dependent effect on intestinal tumorigenesis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- B Parang
- Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN, USA.,Department of Cancer Biology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - A M Bradley
- Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN, USA.,Department of Cancer Biology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - M K Mittal
- Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN, USA.,Department of Cancer Biology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - S P Short
- Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN, USA.,Department of Cancer Biology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - J J Thompson
- Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN, USA.,Department of Cancer Biology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - C W Barrett
- Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN, USA.,Department of Cancer Biology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - R D Naik
- Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - A J Bilotta
- Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - M K Washington
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology, and Immunology, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - F L Revetta
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology, and Immunology, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - J J Smith
- Department of Surgery, Division of Surgical Oncology, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - X Chen
- Department of Biostatistics, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - K T Wilson
- Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN, USA.,Department of Cancer Biology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN, USA.,Vanderbilt Ingram Cancer Center, Nashville, TN, USA.,Veterans Affairs Tennessee Valley Health Care System, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - S W Hiebert
- Vanderbilt Ingram Cancer Center, Nashville, TN, USA.,Department of Biochemistry, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - C S Williams
- Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN, USA.,Department of Cancer Biology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN, USA.,Vanderbilt Ingram Cancer Center, Nashville, TN, USA.,Veterans Affairs Tennessee Valley Health Care System, Nashville, TN, USA
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Pefani DE, O'Neill E. Hippo pathway and protection of genome stability in response to DNA damage. FEBS J 2016; 283:1392-403. [PMID: 26607675 DOI: 10.1111/febs.13604] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2015] [Revised: 11/05/2015] [Accepted: 11/19/2015] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
The integrity of DNA is constantly challenged by exposure to the damaging effects of chemical and physical agents. Elucidating the cellular mechanisms that maintain genomic integrity via DNA repair and cell growth control is vital because errors in these processes lead to genomic damage and the development of cancer. By gaining a deep molecular understanding of the signaling pathways regulating genome integrity it is hoped to uncover new therapeutics and treatment designs to combat cancer. Components of the Hippo pathway, a tumor-suppressor cascade, have recently been defined to limit cancer transformation in response to DNA damage. In this review, we briefly introduce the Hippo signaling cascade in mammals and discuss in detail how the Hippo pathway has been established as part of the DNA damage response, activated by apical signaling kinases that recognize breaks in DNA. We also highlight the significance of the Hippo pathway activator RASSF1A tumor suppressor, a direct target of ataxia telangiectasia mutated and ataxia telangiectasia and Rad3 related ATR. Furthermore we discuss how Hippo pathway in response DNA lesions can induce cell death via Yes-associated protein (YAP) (the canonical Hippo pathway effector) or promote maintenance of genome integrity in a YAP-independent manner.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dafni E Pefani
- CRUK/MRC Oxford Institute for Radiation Oncology, Department of Oncology, University of Oxford, UK
| | - Eric O'Neill
- CRUK/MRC Oxford Institute for Radiation Oncology, Department of Oncology, University of Oxford, UK
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Vlahov N, Scrace S, Soto MS, Grawenda AM, Bradley L, Pankova D, Papaspyropoulos A, Yee KS, Buffa F, Goding CR, Timpson P, Sibson N, O'Neill E. Alternate RASSF1 Transcripts Control SRC Activity, E-Cadherin Contacts, and YAP-Mediated Invasion. Curr Biol 2015; 25:3019-34. [PMID: 26549256 PMCID: PMC4683097 DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2015.09.072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2015] [Revised: 07/23/2015] [Accepted: 09/25/2015] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Tumor progression to invasive carcinoma is associated with activation of SRC family kinase (SRC, YES, FYN) activity and loss of cellular cohesion. The hippo pathway-regulated cofactor YAP1 supports the tumorigenicity of RAS mutations but requires both inactivation of hippo signaling and YES-mediated phosphorylation of YAP1 for oncogenic activity. Exactly how SRC kinases are activated and hippo signaling is lost in sporadic human malignancies remains unknown. Here, we provide evidence that hippo-mediated inhibition of YAP1 is lost upon promoter methylation of the RAS effector and hippo kinase scaffold RASSF1A. We find that RASSF1A promoter methylation reduces YAP phospho-S127, which derepresses YAP1, and actively supports YAP1 activation by switching RASSF1 transcription to the independently transcribed RASSF1C isoform that promotes Tyr kinase activity. Using affinity proteomics, proximity ligation, and real-time molecular visualization, we find that RASSF1C targets SRC/YES to epithelial cell-cell junctions and promotes tyrosine phosphorylation of E-cadherin, β-catenin, and YAP1. RASSF1A restricts SRC activity, preventing motility, invasion, and tumorigenesis in vitro and in vivo, with epigenetic inactivation correlating with increased inhibitory pY527-SRC in breast tumors. These data imply that distinct RASSF1 isoforms have opposing functions, which provide a biomarker for YAP1 activation and explain correlations of RASSF1 methylation with advanced invasive disease in humans. The ablation of epithelial integrity together with subsequent YAP1 nuclear localization allows transcriptional activation of β-catenin/TBX-YAP/TEAD target genes, including Myc, and an invasive phenotype. These findings define gene transcript switching as a tumor suppressor mechanism under epigenetic control.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nikola Vlahov
- CRUK/MRC Oxford Institute, Department of Oncology, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7DQ, UK
| | - Simon Scrace
- CRUK/MRC Oxford Institute, Department of Oncology, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7DQ, UK
| | - Manuel Sarmiento Soto
- CRUK/MRC Oxford Institute, Department of Oncology, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7DQ, UK
| | - Anna M Grawenda
- CRUK/MRC Oxford Institute, Department of Oncology, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7DQ, UK
| | - Leanne Bradley
- CRUK/MRC Oxford Institute, Department of Oncology, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7DQ, UK
| | - Daniela Pankova
- CRUK/MRC Oxford Institute, Department of Oncology, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7DQ, UK
| | | | - Karen S Yee
- CRUK/MRC Oxford Institute, Department of Oncology, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7DQ, UK
| | - Francesca Buffa
- Applied Computational Genomics Group, Department of Oncology, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7DQ, UK
| | - Colin R Goding
- CRUK/MRC Oxford Institute, Department of Oncology, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7DQ, UK; Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7DQ, UK
| | - Paul Timpson
- Faculty of Medicine, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, University of New South Wales, Darlinghurst, NSW 2010, Australia
| | - Nicola Sibson
- CRUK/MRC Oxford Institute, Department of Oncology, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7DQ, UK
| | - Eric O'Neill
- CRUK/MRC Oxford Institute, Department of Oncology, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7DQ, UK.
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Pefani DE, O'Neill E. Safeguarding genome stability: RASSF1A tumor suppressor regulates BRCA2 at stalled forks. Cell Cycle 2015; 14:1624-30. [PMID: 25927241 PMCID: PMC4613848 DOI: 10.1080/15384101.2015.1035845] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2015] [Accepted: 03/23/2015] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
While it has been widely established that defective fork restart after exposure to stress results in increased genomic instability, the importance of fork protection during stalling for safeguarding genomic integrity has recently been fully appreciated. BRCA2, Breast tumor suppressor, has dual functionality promoting not only DNA repair but also preventing DNA lesions at stalled forks. In response to replication stress, BRCA2 recruits RAD51 onto nascent DNA at stalled forks, protecting nascent DNA from nucleolitic cleavage. Phosphorylation of the BRCA2 C-terminal RAD51 binding site by CDK2 promotes RAD51 filament disassembly, leading to nucleolitic cleavage of newly synthesized DNA and compromised fork integrity. Recently we uncovered how the core Hippo pathway components RASSF1A, MST2 and LATS1 regulate CDK2 activity towards BRCA2, in response to fork stalling. In complex with LATS1, CDK2 exhibits reduced kinase activity which results in low levels of pBRCA2-S3291 and stable RAD51 filaments protecting nascent DNA from MRE11 cleavage. In the absence of the RASSF1A/MST2/LATS1/CDK2 pathway increased resection of newly synthesized DNA leads to chromosomal instability and malignant transformation. This function of RASSF1A in stalled replication fork protection adds to the role of RASSF1A as a tumor suppressor and builds up evidence for RASSF1A status and its prognostic and predictive value in cancer.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Eric O'Neill
- CRUK/MRC Oxford Institute; Department of Oncology; University of Oxford; Oxford, UK
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Liu MZ, McLeod HL, He FZ, Chen XP, Zhou HH, Shu Y, Zhang W. Epigenetic perspectives on cancer chemotherapy response. Pharmacogenomics 2014; 15:699-715. [PMID: 24798726 DOI: 10.2217/pgs.14.41] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Epigenetic programs are now widely recognized as being critical to the biological processes of cancer genesis. However, it has not been comprehensively understood how and to what degree they can influence anticancer drugs responses. The development of drugs targeting epigenetic regulation has generated great enthusiasm, with a growing number in clinical development. We highlight here that epigenetic modifications can be involved in the regulation of genes responsible for the absorption, distribution, metabolism and excretion of drugs and for the pathological progression of cancer, thereby affecting anticancer drug responses. The major epigenetic regulatory mechanisms are reviewed, including DNA methylation, miRNA regulation and histone modification, with the aim of promoting rational use of anticancer drugs in the clinic and epigenetic drug development.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mou-Ze Liu
- Pharmacogenetics Research Institute, Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Hunan Key Laboratory of Pharmacogenetics, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, 410078, PR China
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
15
|
Combined genomic expressions as a diagnostic factor for oral squamous cell carcinoma. Genomics 2014; 103:317-22. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ygeno.2013.11.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2013] [Revised: 08/05/2013] [Accepted: 11/29/2013] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
|
16
|
Volodko N, Gordon M, Salla M, Ghazaleh HA, Baksh S. RASSF tumor suppressor gene family: Biological functions and regulation. FEBS Lett 2014; 588:2671-84. [DOI: 10.1016/j.febslet.2014.02.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2014] [Revised: 02/25/2014] [Accepted: 02/25/2014] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
|
17
|
Gordon M, El-Kalla M, Zhao Y, Fiteih Y, Law J, Volodko N, Mohamed A, El-Kadi AOS, Liu L, Odenbach J, Thiesen A, Onyskiw C, Ghazaleh HA, Park J, Lee SB, Yu VC, Fernandez-Patron C, Alexander RT, Wine E, Baksh S. The tumor suppressor gene, RASSF1A, is essential for protection against inflammation -induced injury. PLoS One 2013; 8:e75483. [PMID: 24146755 PMCID: PMC3797720 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0075483] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2012] [Accepted: 08/19/2013] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Ras association domain family protein 1A (RASSF1A) is a tumor suppressor gene silenced in cancer. Here we report that RASSF1A is a novel regulator of intestinal inflammation as Rassf1a+/−, Rassf1a−/− and an intestinal epithelial cell specific knockout mouse (Rassf1a IEC-KO) rapidly became sick following dextran sulphate sodium (DSS) administration, a chemical inducer of colitis. Rassf1a knockout mice displayed clinical symptoms of inflammatory bowel disease including: increased intestinal permeability, enhanced cytokine/chemokine production, elevated nuclear factor of kappa light polypeptide gene enhancer in B-cells (NFκB) activity, elevated colonic cell death and epithelial cell injury. Furthermore, epithelial restitution/repair was inhibited in DSS-treated Rassf1a−/− mice with reduction of several makers of proliferation including Yes associated protein (YAP)-driven proliferation. Surprisingly, tyrosine phosphorylation of YAP was detected which coincided with increased nuclear p73 association, Bax-driven epithelial cell death and p53 accumulation resulting in enhanced apoptosis and poor survival of DSS-treated Rassf1a knockout mice. We can inhibit these events and promote the survival of DSS-treated Rassf1a knockout mice with intraperitoneal injection of the c-Abl and c-Abl related protein tyrosine kinase inhibitor, imatinib/gleevec. However, p53 accumulation was not inhibited by imatinib/gleevec in the Rassf1a−/− background which revealed the importance of p53-dependent cell death during intestinal inflammation. These observations suggest that tyrosine phosphorylation of YAP (to drive p73 association and up-regulation of pro-apoptotic genes such as Bax) and accumulation of p53 are consequences of inflammation-induced injury in DSS-treated Rassf1a−/− mice. Mechanistically, we can detect robust associations of RASSF1A with membrane proximal Toll-like receptor (TLR) components to suggest that RASSF1A may function to interfere and restrict TLR-driven activation of NFκB. Failure to restrict NFκB resulted in the inflammation-induced DNA damage driven tyrosine phosphorylation of YAP, subsequent p53 accumulation and loss of intestinal epithelial homeostasis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Marilyn Gordon
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Mohamed El-Kalla
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Yuewen Zhao
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Yahya Fiteih
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Jennifer Law
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Natalia Volodko
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Anwar Mohamed
- Faculty of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Ayman O. S. El-Kadi
- Faculty of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Lei Liu
- The Centre of Excellence for Gastrointestinal Inflammation and Immunity Research (CEGIIR), Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Jeff Odenbach
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Aducio Thiesen
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Christina Onyskiw
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Haya Abu Ghazaleh
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Jikyoung Park
- Genetics of Development and Disease Branch, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Sean Bong Lee
- Genetics of Development and Disease Branch, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Victor C. Yu
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Science, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | | | - R. Todd Alexander
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
- Department of Nephrology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Eytan Wine
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
- The Centre of Excellence for Gastrointestinal Inflammation and Immunity Research (CEGIIR), Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
- Department of Oncology, Cross Cancer Institute, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Shairaz Baksh
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
- Department of Oncology, Cross Cancer Institute, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
- * E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Friedrich T, Richter B, Gaiser T, Weiss C, Janssen KP, Einwächter H, Schmid RM, Ebert MPA, Burgermeister E. Deficiency of caveolin-1 in Apc(min/+) mice promotes colorectal tumorigenesis. Carcinogenesis 2013; 34:2109-18. [PMID: 23640045 DOI: 10.1093/carcin/bgt142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Caveolin-1 (Cav1), a scaffold protein of membrane caveolae and coactivator of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma (PPARg), inhibits oncogenic signaling through Ras and wingless. However, the in vivo role of Cav1 in colorectal cancer (CRC) remained unknown. To test whether loss of Cav1 accelerates tumorigenesis, we generated a novel mouse model of CRC by crossing C57BL/6 Apc(min/+) with B6129 Cav1 knockout (Cav1-/-) mice. Apc(min/+) Cav1-/- mice developed large, microinvasive and vascularized intraepithelial adenocarcinomas in the distal colon and rectum with higher incidence than Apc(min/+) Cav1+/- and Apc(min/+) Cav1+/+ littermates. Intratumoral gene signatures related to Ras and wingless signaling were elevated, nuclear localization of PPARg protein and expression of PPARg-target genes were reduced independently of Cav1. The PPARg-agonist rosiglitazone prevented tumor formation in mice irrespectively of the Cav1 status and upregulated expression of the Ras-inhibitory protein docking protein-1. Thus, codeficiency of Cav1 and adenomatous polyposis coli facilitated formation of CRC, and activation of PPARg may offer novel strategies for treatment of CRC.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Teresa Friedrich
- Department of Internal Medicine II, Universitätsmedizin Mannheim, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, D-68167 Mannheim, Germany
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
19
|
van der Weyden L, Papaspyropoulos A, Poulogiannis G, Rust AG, Rashid M, Adams DJ, Arends MJ, O'Neill E. Loss of RASSF1A synergizes with deregulated RUNX2 signaling in tumorigenesis. Cancer Res 2012; 72:3817-3827. [PMID: 22710434 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-11-3343] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
The tumor suppressor gene RASSF1A is inactivated through point mutation or promoter hypermethylation in many human cancers. In this study, we conducted a Sleeping Beauty transposon-mediated insertional mutagenesis screen in Rassf1a-null mice to identify candidate genes that collaborate with loss of Rassf1a in tumorigenesis. We identified 10 genes, including the transcription factor Runx2, a transcriptional partner of Yes-associated protein (YAP1) that displays tumor suppressive activity through competing with the oncogenic TEA domain family of transcription factors (TEAD) for YAP1 association. While loss of RASSF1A promoted the formation of oncogenic YAP1-TEAD complexes, the combined loss of both RASSF1A and RUNX2 further increased YAP1-TEAD levels, showing that loss of RASSF1A, together with RUNX2, is consistent with the multistep model of tumorigenesis. Clinically, RUNX2 expression was frequently downregulated in various cancers, and reduced RUNX2 expression was associated with poor survival in patients with diffuse large B-cell or atypical Burkitt/Burkitt-like lymphomas. Interestingly, decreased expression levels of RASSF1 and RUNX2 were observed in both precursor T-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia and colorectal cancer, further supporting the hypothesis that dual regulation of YAP1-TEAD promotes oncogenic activity. Together, our findings provide evidence that loss of RASSF1A expression switches YAP1 from a tumor suppressor to an oncogene through regulating its association with transcription factors, thereby suggesting a novel mechanism for RASSF1A-mediated tumor suppression.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Louise van der Weyden
- Experimental Cancer Genetics, The Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Hinxton, Cambridge, CB10 1HH, UK
| | - Angelos Papaspyropoulos
- Gray Institute for Radiation Oncology, Department of Oncology, University of Oxford, Old Road Campus, Oxford OX3 7DQ, UK
| | - George Poulogiannis
- Division of Signal Transduction, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Department of Systems Biology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Alistair G Rust
- Experimental Cancer Genetics, The Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Hinxton, Cambridge, CB10 1HH, UK
| | - Mamunur Rashid
- Experimental Cancer Genetics, The Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Hinxton, Cambridge, CB10 1HH, UK
| | - David J Adams
- Experimental Cancer Genetics, The Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Hinxton, Cambridge, CB10 1HH, UK
| | - Mark J Arends
- Department of Pathology, University of Cambridge, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Hills Road, Cambridge, CB2 2QQ, UK
| | - Eric O'Neill
- Gray Institute for Radiation Oncology, Department of Oncology, University of Oxford, Old Road Campus, Oxford OX3 7DQ, UK
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
The SARAH Domain of RASSF1A and Its Tumor Suppressor Function. Mol Biol Int 2012; 2012:196715. [PMID: 22577552 PMCID: PMC3337622 DOI: 10.1155/2012/196715] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2011] [Revised: 02/01/2012] [Accepted: 02/02/2012] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The Ras association domain family 1A (RASSF1A) tumor suppressor encodes a Sav-RASSF-Hpo domain (SARAH), which is an interaction domain characterized by hWW45 (dSAV) and MST1/2 (dHpo). In our study, the interaction between RASSF1A and RASSF1C with MST1 and MST2 was demonstrated and it was shown that this interaction depends on the SARAH domain. SARAH domain-deleted RASSF1A had a similar growth-reducing effect as full-length RASSF1A and inhibited anchorage independent growth of the lung cancer cell lines A549 significantly. In cancer cells expressing the SARAH deleted form of RASSF1A, reduced mitotic rates (P = 0.001) with abnormal metaphases (P < 0.001) were observed and a significantly increased rate of apoptosis was found (P = 0.006) compared to full-length RASSF1A. Although the association with microtubules and their stabilization was unaffected, mitotic spindle formation was altered by deletion of the SARAH domain of RASSF1A. In summary, our results suggest that the SARAH domain plays an important role in regulating the function of RASSF1A.
Collapse
|
21
|
El-Kalla M, Onyskiw C, Baksh S. Functional importance of RASSF1A microtubule localization and polymorphisms. Oncogene 2010; 29:5729-40. [PMID: 20697344 DOI: 10.1038/onc.2010.316] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Ras association domain family protein 1A (RASSF1A) is one of the more heavily methylated genes in human cancers. In addition to promoter-specific methylation, RASSF1A polymorphisms have been identified in cancer patients. RASSF1A is a tumor suppressor protein involved in death receptor-dependent apoptosis and it is localized to microtubules. Currently, the biological importance of RASSF1A microtubule localization and the functional consequences of RASSF1A polymorphisms is not understood. In this study, we have investigated both RASSF1A microtubule association and polymorphisms. Loss of RASSF1A microtubule association resulted in the nuclear appearance of RASSF1A and the loss of association with α-, γ- and β-tubulin. Moreover, the loss of microtubule localization of RASSF1A resulted in enhanced tumor-promoting potential, as determined by a xenograft transplantation model in nude mice. It is surprising that, several RASSF1A polymorphisms also lost the ability to associate with α-, γ- and β-tubulin and lost the ability to prevent tumor formation in a xenograft nude mouse model when compared with wild-type RASSF1A. Our results demonstrate a role for RASSF1A microtubule localization in eliciting its tumor suppressor function. In addition, some RASSF1A polymorphisms lack the tumor suppressor function of RASSF1A and, if present in patients, may be tumorigenic.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- M El-Kalla
- Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
22
|
Methylation associated inactivation of RASSF1A and its synergistic effect with activated K-Ras in nasopharyngeal carcinoma. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL & CLINICAL CANCER RESEARCH : CR 2009; 28:160. [PMID: 20042089 PMCID: PMC2809060 DOI: 10.1186/1756-9966-28-160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2009] [Accepted: 12/30/2009] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Background Epigenetic silencing of tumor suppressor genes associated with promoter methylation is considered to be a hallmark of oncogenesis. RASSF1A is a candidate tumor suppressor gene which was found to be inactivated in many human cancers. Although we have had a prelimilary cognition about the function of RASSF1A, the exact mechanisms about how RASSF1A functions in human cancers were largely unknown. Moreover, the effect of mutated K-Ras gene on the function of RASSF1A is lacking. The aim of this study was to investigate the expression profile and methylation status of RASSF1A gene, and to explore its concrete mechanisms as a tumor suppressor gene in Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma. Methods We examined the expression profile and methylation status of RASSF1A in two NPC cell lines, 38 primary nasopharyngeal carcinoma and 14 normal nasopharyngeal epithelia using RT-PCR and methylated specific PCR(MSP) respectively. 5-aza-dC was then added to confirm the correlation between hypermethylation status and inactivation of RASSF1A. The NPC cell line CNE-2 was transfected with exogenous pcDNA3.1(+)/RASSF1A plasmid in the presence or absence of mutated K-Ras by liposome-mediated gene transfer method. Flow cytometry was used to examine the effect of RASSF1A on cell cycle modulation and apoptosis. Meanwhile, trypan blue dye exclusion assays was used to detect the effect of RASSF1A transfection alone and the co-transfection of RASSF1A and K-Ras on cell proliferation. Results Promoter methylation of RASSF1A could be detected in 71.05% (27/38) of NPC samples, but not in normal nasopharyngeal epithelia. RASSF1A expression in NPC primary tumors was lower than that in normal nasopharyngeal epithelial (p < 0.01). Expression of RASSF1A was down-regulated in two NPC cell lines. Loss of RASSF1A expression was greatly restored by the methyltransferase inhibitor 5-aza-dC in CNE-2. Ectopic expression of RASSF1A in CNE-2 could increase the percentage of G0/G1 phase cells (p < 0.01), inhibit cell proliferation and induce apoptosis (p < 0.001). Moreover, activated K-Ras could enhance the growth inhibition effect induced by RASSF1A in CNE-2 cells (p < 0.01). Conclusion Expression of RASSF1A is down-regulated in NPC due to the hypermethylation of promoter. Exogenous expression of RASSF1A is able to induce growth inhibition effect and apoptosis in tumor cell lines, and this effect could be enhanced by activated K-Ras.
Collapse
|
23
|
Menigatti M, Cattaneo E, Sabates-Bellver J, Ilinsky VV, Went P, Buffoli F, Marquez VE, Jiricny J, Marra G. The protein tyrosine phosphatase receptor type R gene is an early and frequent target of silencing in human colorectal tumorigenesis. Mol Cancer 2009; 8:124. [PMID: 20015382 PMCID: PMC2801661 DOI: 10.1186/1476-4598-8-124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2009] [Accepted: 12/16/2009] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Tumor development in the human colon is commonly accompanied by epigenetic changes, such as DNA methylation and chromatin modifications. These alterations result in significant, inheritable changes in gene expression that contribute to the selection of tumor cells with enhanced survival potential. Results A recent high-throughput gene expression analysis conducted by our group identified numerous genes whose transcription was markedly diminished in colorectal tumors. One of these, the protein-tyrosine phosphatase receptor type R (PTPRR) gene, was dramatically downregulated from the earliest stages of cellular transformation. Here, we show that levels of both major PTPRR transcript variants are markedly decreased (compared with normal mucosal levels) in precancerous and cancerous colorectal tumors, as well in colorectal cancer cell lines. The expression of the PTPRR-1 isoform was inactivated in colorectal cancer cells as a result of de novo CpG island methylation and enrichment of transcription-repressive histone-tail marks, mainly H3K27me3. De novo methylation of the PTPRR-1 transcription start site was demonstrated in 29/36 (80%) colorectal adenomas, 42/44 (95%) colorectal adenocarcinomas, and 8/8 (100%) liver metastases associated with the latter tumors. Conclusions Epigenetic downregulation of PTPRR seems to be an early alteration in colorectal cell transformation, which is maintained during the clonal selection associated with tumor progression. It may represent a preliminary step in the constitutive activation of the RAS/RAF/MAPK/ERK signalling, an effect that will later be consolidated by mutations in genes encoding key components of this pathway.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mirco Menigatti
- Institute of Molecular Cancer Research, University of Zurich, Switzerland.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
24
|
Richter AM, Pfeifer GP, Dammann RH. The RASSF proteins in cancer; from epigenetic silencing to functional characterization. Biochim Biophys Acta Rev Cancer 2009; 1796:114-28. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbcan.2009.03.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 161] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2008] [Revised: 03/19/2009] [Accepted: 03/21/2009] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
|
25
|
Oceandy D, Cartwright EJ, Neyses L. Ras-Association Domain Family Member 1A (RASSF1A)—Where the Heart and Cancer Meet. Trends Cardiovasc Med 2009; 19:262-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tcm.2010.02.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
|
26
|
van der Weyden L, Happerfield L, Arends MJ, Adams DJ. Megaoesophagus in Rassf1a-null mice. Int J Exp Pathol 2009; 90:101-8. [PMID: 19335548 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2613.2008.00635.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Megaoesophagus, or oesophageal achalasia, is a neuromuscular disorder characterized by an absence of peristalsis and flaccid dilatation of the oesophagus, resulting in the retention of ingesta in the dilated segment. The aetiology and pathogenesis of idiopathic (or primary) megaoesophagus are still poorly understood and very little is known about the genetic causes of megaoesophagus in humans. Attempts to develop animal models of this condition have been largely unsuccessful and although the ICRC/HiCri strain of mice spontaneously develop megaoesophagus, the underlying genetic cause remains unknown. In this report, we show that aged Rassf1a-null mice have an enhanced susceptibility to megaoesophagus compared with wild-type littermates (approximately 20%vs. approximately 2% incidence respectively; P = 0.01). Histological examination of the dilated oesophaguses shows a reduction in the numbers of nerve cells (both ganglia and nerve fibres) in the myenteric plexus of the dilated mid and lower oesophagus that was confirmed by S100 immunohistochemistry. There was also a chronic inflammatory infiltrate and subsequent fibrosis of the myenteric plexus and the muscle layers. These appearances closely mimic the gross and histopathological findings in human cases of megaoesophagus/achalasia, thus demonstrating that this is a representative mouse model of the disease. Thus, we have identified a genetic cause of the development of megaoesophagus/achalasia that could be screened for in patients, and may eventually facilitate the development of therapies that could prevent further progression of the disease once it is diagnosed at an early stage.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Louise van der Weyden
- Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge, UK.
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|