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Mir RH, Mir PA, Uppal J, Chawla A, Patel M, Bardakci F, Adnan M, Mohi-ud-din R. Evolution of Natural Product Scaffolds as Potential Proteasome Inhibitors in Developing Cancer Therapeutics. Metabolites 2023; 13:metabo13040509. [PMID: 37110167 PMCID: PMC10142660 DOI: 10.3390/metabo13040509] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2023] [Revised: 03/28/2023] [Accepted: 03/29/2023] [Indexed: 04/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Homeostasis between protein synthesis and degradation is a critical biological function involving a lot of precise and intricate regulatory systems. The ubiquitin-proteasome pathway (UPP) is a large, multi-protease complex that degrades most intracellular proteins and accounts for about 80% of cellular protein degradation. The proteasome, a massive multi-catalytic proteinase complex that plays a substantial role in protein processing, has been shown to have a wide range of catalytic activity and is at the center of this eukaryotic protein breakdown mechanism. As cancer cells overexpress proteins that induce cell proliferation, while blocking cell death pathways, UPP inhibition has been used as an anticancer therapy to change the balance between protein production and degradation towards cell death. Natural products have a long history of being used to prevent and treat various illnesses. Modern research has shown that the pharmacological actions of several natural products are involved in the engagement of UPP. Over the past few years, numerous natural compounds have been found that target the UPP pathway. These molecules could lead to the clinical development of novel and potent anticancer medications to combat the onslaught of adverse effects and resistance mechanisms caused by already approved proteasome inhibitors. In this review, we report the importance of UPP in anticancer therapy and the regulatory effects of diverse natural metabolites, their semi-synthetic analogs, and SAR studies on proteasome components, which may aid in discovering a new proteasome regulator for drug development and clinical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Reyaz Hassan Mir
- Pharmaceutical Chemistry Division, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Kashmir, Hazratbal, Srinagar 190006, Jammu and Kashmir, India
| | - Prince Ahad Mir
- Khalsa College of Pharmacy, G.T. Road, Amritsar 143001, Punjab, India
| | - Jasreen Uppal
- Khalsa College of Pharmacy, G.T. Road, Amritsar 143001, Punjab, India
| | - Apporva Chawla
- Khalsa College of Pharmacy, G.T. Road, Amritsar 143001, Punjab, India
| | - Mitesh Patel
- Department of Biotechnology, Parul Institute of Applied Sciences and Centre of Research for Development, Parul University, Vadodara 391760, Gujarat, India
| | - Fevzi Bardakci
- Department of Biology, College of Science, University of Ha’il, Ha’il P.O. Box 2440, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohd Adnan
- Department of Biology, College of Science, University of Ha’il, Ha’il P.O. Box 2440, Saudi Arabia
| | - Roohi Mohi-ud-din
- Department of General Medicine, Sher-I-Kashmir Institute of Medical Sciences (SKIMS), Srinagar 190001, Jammu and Kashmir, India
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Liao CL, Ma YS, Hsia TC, Chou YC, Lien JC, Peng SF, Kuo CL, Hsu FT. Tetrandrine Suppresses Human Brain Glioblastoma GBM 8401/ luc2 Cell-Xenografted Subcutaneous Tumors in Nude Mice In Vivo. Molecules 2021; 26:molecules26237105. [PMID: 34885686 PMCID: PMC8659155 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26237105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2021] [Revised: 11/17/2021] [Accepted: 11/18/2021] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Tetrandrine (TET), a bisbenzylisoquinoline (BBI) alkaloid, is isolated from the plant Stephania tetrandra S. Moore and has a wide range of biological activity, including anticancer properties in vitro and in vivo. At first, we established a luciferase-expressing stable clone that was named GBM 8401/luc2 cells. Herein, the primary results indicated that TET reduced the total cell viability and induced cell apoptosis in GBM 8401/luc2 human glioblastoma cells. However, there is no available information showing that TET suppresses glioblastoma cells in vivo. Thus, we investigated the effects and mechanisms of TET on a GBM 8401/luc2 cell-generated tumor in vivo. After the tumor volume reached 100-120 mm3 in subcutaneously xenografted nude mice, all of the mice were randomly divided into three groups: Group I was treated with phosphate-buffered solution (PBS) containing 0.1% dimethyl sulfoxide, Group II with 25 mg/kg of TET, and Group III with 50 mg/kg of TET. All mice were given the oral treatment of PBS or TET by gavage for 21 days, and the body weight and tumor volumes were recorded every 5 days. After treatment, individual tumors, kidneys, livers, and spleens were isolated from each group. The results showed that TET did not affect the body weights, but it significantly decreased the tumor volumes. The TET treatment at 50 mg/kg had a two-fold decrease in tumor volumes than that at 25 mg/kg when compared to the control. TET decreased the total photon flux, and treatment with TET at 50 mg/kg had a lower total photon flux than that at 25 mg/kg, as measured by a Xenogen IVIS imaging system. Moreover, the higher TET treatment had lower tumor volumes and weights than those of the lower dose. The apoptosis-associated protein expression in the tumor section was examined by immunohistochemical analysis, and the results showed that TET treatment reduced the levels of c-FLIP, MCL-1, and XIAP but increased the signals of cleaved-caspase-3, -8, and -9. Furthermore, the hematoxylin and eosin (H & E) staining of kidney, liver, and spleen tissues showed no significant difference between the TET-treated and control groups. Overall, these observations demonstrated that TET suppressed subcutaneous tumor growth in a nude-mice model via the induction of cell apoptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ching-Lung Liao
- School of Chinese Medicine, College of Chinese Medicine, China Medical University, Taichung 40604, Taiwan;
| | - Yi-Shih Ma
- School of Chinese Medicine for Post-Baccalaureate, I-Shou University, Kaohsiung 840, Taiwan;
- Department of Chinese Medicine, E-Da Hospital, Kaohsiung 824, Taiwan
| | - Te-Chun Hsia
- Department of Respiratory Therapy, China Medical University, Taichung 404, Taiwan;
- Department of Internal Medicine, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung 404, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Cheng Chou
- Department of Neurosurgery, Neurological Institute, Taichung Veterans General Hospital, Taichung 407, Taiwan;
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Tri-Service General Hospital, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei 114, Taiwan
| | - Jin-Cherng Lien
- School of Pharmacy, China Medical University, Taichung 404, Taiwan;
| | - Shu-Fen Peng
- Department of Medical Research, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung 404, Taiwan;
- Department of Biological Science and Technology, China Medical University, Taichung 404, Taiwan
| | - Chao-Lin Kuo
- Department of Chinese Pharmaceutical Sciences and Chinese Medicine Resources, China Medical University, Taichung 404, Taiwan
- Correspondence: (C.-L.K.); (F.-T.H.); Tel.: +886-4-2205-3366 (ext. 5202) (C.-L.K.); +886-4-2205-3366 (ext. 2531) (F.-T.H.); Fax: +886-4-2205-3764 (C.-L.K. & F.-T.H.)
| | - Fei-Ting Hsu
- Department of Biological Science and Technology, China Medical University, Taichung 404, Taiwan
- Correspondence: (C.-L.K.); (F.-T.H.); Tel.: +886-4-2205-3366 (ext. 5202) (C.-L.K.); +886-4-2205-3366 (ext. 2531) (F.-T.H.); Fax: +886-4-2205-3764 (C.-L.K. & F.-T.H.)
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Xu S, Ma Y, Tong Q, Yang J, Liu J, Wang Y, Li G, Zeng J, Fang S, Li F, Xie X, Zhang J. Cullin-5 neddylation-mediated NOXA degradation is enhanced by PRDX1 oligomers in colorectal cancer. Cell Death Dis 2021; 12:265. [PMID: 33712558 PMCID: PMC7954848 DOI: 10.1038/s41419-021-03557-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2020] [Revised: 02/23/2021] [Accepted: 02/25/2021] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
NOXA, a BH3-only proapoptotic protein involved in regulating cell death decisions, is highly expressed but short-lived in colorectal cancer (CRC). Neddylated cullin-5 (CUL5)-mediated ubiquitination and degradation of NOXA is crucial to prevent its overaccumulation and maintain an appropriate action time. However, how this process is manipulated by CRC cells commonly exposed to oxidative stress remain unknown. The peroxiredoxin PRDX1, a conceivable antioxidant overexpressed in CRC tissues, has been shown to inhibit apoptosis and TRAF6 ubiquitin-ligase activity. In this study, we found that PRDX1 inhibits CRC cell apoptosis by downregulating NOXA. Mechanistically, PRDX1 promotes NOXA ubiquitination and degradation, which completely depend on CUL5 neddylation. Further studies have demonstrated that PRDX1 oligomers bind with both the Nedd8-conjugating enzyme UBE2F and CUL5 and that this tricomplex is critical for CUL5 neddylation, since silencing PRDX1 or inhibiting PRDX1 oligomerization greatly dampens CUL5 neddylation and NOXA degradation. An increase in reactive oxygen species (ROS) is not only a hallmark of cancer cells but also the leading driving force for PRDX1 oligomerization. As shown in our study, although ROS play a role in upregulating NOXA mRNA transcription, ROS scavenging in CRC cells by N-acetyl-L-cysteine (NAC) can significantly reduce CUL5 neddylation and extend the NOXA protein half-life. Therefore, in CRC, PRDX1 plays a key role in maintaining intracellular homeostasis under conditions of high metabolic activity by reinforcing UBE2F-CUL5-mediated degradation of NOXA, which is also evidenced in the resistance of CRC cells to etoposide treatment. Based on these findings, targeting PRDX1 could be an effective strategy to overcome the resistance of CRC to DNA damage-inducing chemotherapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shoufang Xu
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, P.R. China
- Key Laboratory of Biotherapy of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, P.R. China
| | - Yilei Ma
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, P.R. China
- Key Laboratory of Biotherapy of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, P.R. China
| | - Qingchao Tong
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, P.R. China
- Key Laboratory of Biotherapy of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, P.R. China
| | - Jun Yang
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, P.R. China
- Department of Cytopathology, Ningbo Diagnostic Pathology Center, Ningbo, Zhejiang, P.R. China
- Ningbo Medical Center Lihuili Hospital, Ningbo, Zhejiang, P. R. China
| | - Jia Liu
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, P.R. China
- Key Laboratory of Biotherapy of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, P.R. China
| | - Yanzhong Wang
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, P.R. China
- Key Laboratory of Biotherapy of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, P.R. China
| | - Guoli Li
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, P.R. China
- Key Laboratory of Biotherapy of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, P.R. China
| | - Jin Zeng
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, P.R. China
- Key Laboratory of Biotherapy of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, P.R. China
| | - Sining Fang
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, P.R. China
- Key Laboratory of Biotherapy of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, P.R. China
| | - Fengying Li
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, P.R. China
- Key Laboratory of Biotherapy of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, P.R. China
| | - Xinyou Xie
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, P.R. China.
- Key Laboratory of Biotherapy of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, P.R. China.
| | - Jun Zhang
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, P.R. China.
- Key Laboratory of Biotherapy of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, P.R. China.
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Na T, Zhang K, Yuan BZ. The DLC-1 tumor suppressor is involved in regulating immunomodulation of human mesenchymal stromal /stem cells through interacting with the Notch1 protein. BMC Cancer 2020; 20:1064. [PMID: 33148199 PMCID: PMC7640439 DOI: 10.1186/s12885-020-07542-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2019] [Accepted: 10/20/2020] [Indexed: 03/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Immunomodulatory activities of human mesenchymal stromal /stem cells (hMSCs) has been widely recognized as the most critical function of hMSCs for exerting its therapeutic effects. However, the detailed mechanisms responsible for regulating the immunomodulation of hMSCs still remain largely unknown. Previous studies revealed that the Notch1 protein exerted a pro-immunomodulatory function probably through interacting with the protein(s) subjective to proteasome-mediated protein degradation. The DLC-1 protein represents a well characterized tumor suppressor subjective to proteasome-mediated degradation. However, the detailed signaling pathway of Notch1 and the involvement of DLC-1 in regulating the immunomodulation of hMSCs have not been studied before. Methods The transfection with cDNA or siRNA into hMSCs assisted by co-culture of hMSCs with peripheral blood mononuclear cells and small molecule inhibitors of signaling proteins, followed by immunoprecipitation, Western blotting, RT-PCR, and flowcytometry, were employed to characterize the Notch1 signaling, to identify DLC-1 as a candidate proteasome-targeted protein, and to characterize DLC-1 signaling pathway and its interaction with the Notch1 signaling, in the regulation of immunomodulation of hMSCs, specifically, the inhibition of pro-inflammatory CD4+-Th1 lymphocytes, and the release of immunomodulatory molecule IDO1. Statistical analysis One-way ANOVA was utilized as a statistical tool to analyze the data presented as means ± SEM of at least three separate experiments. Results The present study revealed that the Notch1-Hey1 axis, but not the Notch1-Hes1 axis, was likely responsible for mediating the pro-immunomodulatory function of the Notch1 signaling. The DLC-1 protein was found subjective to proteasome-mediated protein degradation mediated by the DDB1 and FBXW5 E3 ligases and served as an inhibitor of the immunomodulation of hMSCs through inhibiting Rock1, but not Rock2, downstream the DLC-1 signaling. The Notch1 signaling in the Notch1-Hey1 pathway and the DLC-1 signaling in the DLC-1-Rock1-FBXW5 pathway exhibited a mutual exclusion interaction in the regulation of immunomodulation of hMSCs. Conclusions The present study uncovers a novel function of DLC-1 tumor suppressor in regulating the immunomodulation of hMSCs. It also proposes a novel mutual exclusion mechanism between the DLC-1 signaling and the Notch1 signaling that is possibly responsible for fine-tuning the immunomodulation of hMSCs with different clinical implications in hMSCs therapy. Supplementary Information Supplementary information accompanies this paper at 10.1186/s12885-020-07542-5.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tao Na
- The Cell Collection and Research Center, National Institutes for Food and Drug Control, No. 2 Tiantan Xili, Dongcheng District, Beijing, 100050, China
| | - Kehua Zhang
- The Cell Collection and Research Center, National Institutes for Food and Drug Control, No. 2 Tiantan Xili, Dongcheng District, Beijing, 100050, China
| | - Bao-Zhu Yuan
- The Cell Collection and Research Center, National Institutes for Food and Drug Control, No. 2 Tiantan Xili, Dongcheng District, Beijing, 100050, China.
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Fan Q, Wang Q, Cai R, Yuan H, Xu M. The ubiquitin system: orchestrating cellular signals in non-small-cell lung cancer. Cell Mol Biol Lett 2020; 25:1. [PMID: 31988639 PMCID: PMC6966813 DOI: 10.1186/s11658-019-0193-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2019] [Accepted: 11/25/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The ubiquitin system, known as a common feature in eukaryotes, participates in multiple cellular processes, such as signal transduction, cell-cycle progression, receptor trafficking and endocytosis, and even the immune response. In lung cancer, evidence has revealed that aberrant events in ubiquitin-mediated processes can cause a variety of pathological outcomes including tumorigenesis and metastasis. Likewise, ubiquitination on the core components contributing to the activity of cell signaling controls bio-signal turnover and cell final destination. Given this, inhibitors targeting the ubiquitin system have been developed for lung cancer therapies and have shown great prospects for clinical application. However, the exact biological effects and physiological role of the drugs used in lung cancer therapies are still not clearly elucidated, which might seriously impede the progress of treatment. In this work, we summarize current research advances in cell signal regulation processes mediated through the ubiquitin system during the development of lung cancer, with the hope of improving the therapeutic effects by means of aiming at efficient targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiang Fan
- 1Department of Oncology, Shanghai 9th People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, 280 Mohe Road, Shanghai, China.,2Department of General Surgery, Shanghai 9th People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, 280 Mohe Road, Shanghai, China
| | - Qian Wang
- 1Department of Oncology, Shanghai 9th People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, 280 Mohe Road, Shanghai, China
| | - Renjie Cai
- 1Department of Oncology, Shanghai 9th People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, 280 Mohe Road, Shanghai, China.,2Department of General Surgery, Shanghai 9th People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, 280 Mohe Road, Shanghai, China
| | - Haihua Yuan
- 1Department of Oncology, Shanghai 9th People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, 280 Mohe Road, Shanghai, China
| | - Ming Xu
- 1Department of Oncology, Shanghai 9th People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, 280 Mohe Road, Shanghai, China
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Strategies to Overcome Resistance Mechanisms in T-Cell Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20123021. [PMID: 31226848 PMCID: PMC6627878 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20123021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2019] [Revised: 06/14/2019] [Accepted: 06/17/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Chemoresistance is a major cause of recurrence and death from T-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia (T-ALL), both in adult and pediatric patients. In the majority of cases, drug-resistant disease is treated by selecting a combination of other drugs, without understanding the molecular mechanisms by which malignant cells escape chemotherapeutic treatments, even though a more detailed genomic characterization and the identification of actionable disease targets may enable informed decision of new agents to improve patient outcomes. In this work, we describe pathways of resistance to common chemotherapeutic agents including glucocorticoids and review the resistance mechanisms to targeted therapy such as IL7R, PI3K-AKT-mTOR, NOTCH1, BRD4/MYC, Cyclin D3: CDK4/CDK6, BCL2 inhibitors, and selective inhibitors of nuclear export (SINE). Finally, to overcome the limitations of the current trial-and-error method, we summarize the experiences of anti-cancer drug sensitivity resistance profiling (DSRP) approaches as a rapid and relevant strategy to infer drug activity and provide functional information to assist clinical decision one patient at a time.
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Grant S. Rational combination strategies to enhance venetoclax activity and overcome resistance in hematologic malignancies. Leuk Lymphoma 2018; 59:1292-1299. [PMID: 28838268 PMCID: PMC5826810 DOI: 10.1080/10428194.2017.1366999] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Venetoclax (ABT-199) is a Bcl-2-specific BH3-mimetic that has shown significant promise in certain subtypes of CLL as well as in several other hematologic malignancies. As in the case of essentially all targeted agents, intrinsic or acquired resistance to this agent generally occurs, prompting the search for new strategies capable of circumventing this problem. A logical approach to this challenge involves rational combination strategies designed to disable preexisting or induced compensatory survival pathways. Many of these strategies involve downregulation of Mcl-1, a pro-survival Bcl-2 family member that is not targeted by venetoclax, and which often confers resistance to this agent. Given encouraging clinical results involving venetoclax in both lymphoid and myeloid malignancies, it is likely that such combination approaches will be incorporated into the therapeutic armamentarium for multiple hematologic malignancies in the near future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steven Grant
- Department of Medicine, Biochemistry, Pharmacology, and Human and Molecular Genetics, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, USA
- Department of Translational Research, Developmental Therapeutics Program, Massey Cancer Center, Richmond, VA, USA
- Shirley Carter and Sture Gordon Olsson Professor of Oncology, Virginia Commonwealth University Medical Center, Richmond, VA, USA
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Hsu FT, Liu HS, Ali AAA, Tsai PH, Kao YC, Lu CF, Huang HS, Chen CY. Assessing the selective therapeutic efficacy of superparamagnetic erlotinib nanoparticles in lung cancer by using quantitative magnetic resonance imaging and a nuclear factor kappa-B reporter gene system. NANOMEDICINE-NANOTECHNOLOGY BIOLOGY AND MEDICINE 2018; 14:1019-1031. [PMID: 29391212 DOI: 10.1016/j.nano.2018.01.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2017] [Revised: 01/03/2018] [Accepted: 01/15/2018] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC) is the most common type of lung cancer. Epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) tyrosine kinase inhibitors are commonly used as the first-line treatment for advanced NSCLC; however, the efficacy of drug delivery remains unknown. Hence, we successfully developed erlotinib-conjugated iron oxide nanoparticles (FeDC-E NPs) as theranostic probe that can potentially provide a new avenue for monitoring drug delivering through noninvasive magnetic resonance imaging. MRI ΔR2* relaxivity measurements offer an opportunity to quantitatively evaluate the uptake of FeDC-E NPs at cellular and tumoral levels. Additionally, NF-κB reporter gene system provides NF-κB activation status monitoring to validate the therapeutic efficiency of FeDC-E NPs. FeDC-E NPs not only inhibit the tumor growth and NF-κB-modulated antiapoptotic mechanism but also trigger extrinsic and intrinsic apoptotic pathways. Taken together, dual functional FeDC-E NPs offer diagnostic and therapeutic benefits against lung cancers, indicating that our presented probe could be applied in clinical.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fei-Ting Hsu
- Department of Radiology, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan; Department of Medical Imaging, Taipei Medical University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan; Research Center of Translational Imaging, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan; Translational Laboratory, Department of Medical Research, Taipei Medical University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Hua-Shan Liu
- School of Biomedical Engineering, College of Biomedical Engineering, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan; International Ph.D. Program in Biomedical Engineering, College of Biomedical Engineering, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Ahmed Atef Ahmed Ali
- Research Center of Translational Imaging, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan; Translational Laboratory, Department of Medical Research, Taipei Medical University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan; School of Pharmacy, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Ping-Huei Tsai
- Department of Radiology, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan; Department of Medical Imaging, Taipei Medical University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan; Research Center of Translational Imaging, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Chieh Kao
- Department of Radiology, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan; Research Center of Translational Imaging, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Chia-Feng Lu
- Department of Radiology, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan; Research Center of Translational Imaging, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Hsu-Shan Huang
- School of Pharmacy, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan; Graduate Institute for Cancer Biology & Drug Discovery, College of Medical Science and Technology, Taipei Medical University, Taiwan
| | - Cheng-Yu Chen
- Department of Radiology, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan; Department of Medical Imaging, Taipei Medical University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan; Research Center of Translational Imaging, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan; Translational Laboratory, Department of Medical Research, Taipei Medical University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan.
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Bae K, Park KE, Han J, Kim J, Kim K, Yoon KA. Mitotic cell death caused by follistatin-like 1 inhibition is associated with up-regulated Bim by inactivated Erk1/2 in human lung cancer cells. Oncotarget 2017; 7:18076-84. [PMID: 26716515 PMCID: PMC4951272 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.6729] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2015] [Accepted: 11/25/2015] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Follistatin-like 1 (FSTL1) was identified as a novel pro-inflammatory protein showing high-level expression in rheumatoid arthritis. The protective effect of FSTL1 via the inhibition of apoptosis was reported in myocardial injury. However, the functional mechanism of FSTL1 in cancer is poorly characterized, and its proliferative effects are ambiguous. Here, we examined the effects of FSTL1 on cellular proliferation and cell cycle checkpoints in lung cancer cells. FSTL1 inhibition induced the cellular portion of G2/M phase in human lung cancer cells via the accumulation of regulators of the transition through the G2/M phase, including the cyclin-dependent kinase 1 (Cdk1)-cyclin B1 complex. An increase in histone H3 phosphorylation (at Ser10), another hallmark of mitosis, indicated that the knockdown of FSTL1 in lung cancer cells stimulated a mitotic arrest. After that, apoptosis was promoted by the activation of caspase-3 and -9. Protein level of Bim, a BH3 domain-only, pro-apoptotic member and its isoforms, BimL, BimS, and BimEL were up-regulated by FSTL1 inhibition. Degradation of Bim was blocked in FSTL1-knockdown cells by decreased phosphorylation of Bim. Increased BimEL as well as decreased phosphorylated Erk1/2 is essential for cell death by FSTL1 inhibition in NCI-H460 cells. Taken together, our results suggest that the knockdown of FSTL1 induces apoptosis through a mitotic arrest and caspase-dependent cell death. FSTL1 plays the important roles in cellular proliferation and apoptosis in lung cancer cells, and thus can be a new target for lung cancer treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kieun Bae
- Research Institute and Hospital, National Cancer Center, Goyang, Gyeonggi, Korea
| | - Kyoung Eun Park
- Research Institute and Hospital, National Cancer Center, Goyang, Gyeonggi, Korea
| | - Jihye Han
- Research Institute and Hospital, National Cancer Center, Goyang, Gyeonggi, Korea
| | - Jongkwang Kim
- Research Institute and Hospital, National Cancer Center, Goyang, Gyeonggi, Korea
| | - Kyungtae Kim
- Research Institute and Hospital, National Cancer Center, Goyang, Gyeonggi, Korea
| | - Kyong-Ah Yoon
- Research Institute and Hospital, National Cancer Center, Goyang, Gyeonggi, Korea.,College of Veterinary Medicine, Konkuk University, Gwangjin-gu, Seoul, Korea
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The notch signaling regulates CD105 expression, osteogenic differentiation and immunomodulation of human umbilical cord mesenchymal stem cells. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0118168. [PMID: 25692676 PMCID: PMC4334899 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0118168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2014] [Accepted: 01/08/2015] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) are a group of multipotent cells with key properties of multi-lineage differentiation, expressing a set of relatively specific surface markers and unique immunomodulatory functions. IDO1, a catabolic enzyme of tryptophan, represents a critical molecule mediating immunomodulatory functions of MSCs. However, the signaling pathways involved in regulating these key properties still remain elusive. To investigate the involvement of Notch signaling as well as other potential signaling pathway(s) in regulating these critical properties of MSCs, we treated human umbilical cord-derived mesenchymal stem cells (hUC-MSCs) with γ-secreatase inhibitor I (GSI-I), which inhibits both Notch signaling and ubiquitin-proteasome activities. It was shown that the GSI-I treatment resulted in apoptosis, reduced expression of surface markers CD73, CD90 and CD105, reduced osteogenic differentiation, and reduction of the hUC-MSCs-mediated suppression of Th1 lymphocyte proliferation and the IFN-γ-induced IDO1 expression. Through distinguishing the effects of GSI-I between Notch inhibition and proteasome inhibition, it was further observed that, whereas both Notch inhibition and proteasome inhibition were attributable to the reduced CD105 expression and osteogenic differentiation, but not to the induced apoptosis. However, Notch inhibition, but not proteasome inhibition, only contributed to the significant effect of GSI-I on Th1 proliferation probably through reducing IDO1 promoter activity. In conclusion, the Notch signaling may represent a very important cell signaling capable of regulating multiple critical properties, especially the immunomodulatory functions of MSCs.
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Regulators of carcinogenesis: emerging roles beyond their primary functions. Cancer Lett 2014; 357:75-82. [PMID: 25448403 DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2014.11.048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2014] [Revised: 11/23/2014] [Accepted: 11/24/2014] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Cancers are characterized by aberrant cell signaling that results in accelerated proliferation, suppressed cell death, and reprogrammed metabolism to provide sufficient energy and intermediate metabolites for macromolecular biosynthesis. Here, we summarize the emerging "unconventional" roles of these regulators based on their newly identified interaction partners, different subcellular localizations, and/or structural variants. For example, the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) regulates DNA synthesis, microRNA maturation and drug resistance by interacting with previously undescribed partners; cyclins and cyclin-dependent kinases (CDKs) crosstalk with multiple canonical pathways by phosphorylating novel substrates or by functioning as transcriptional factors; apoptosis executioners play extensive roles in necroptosis, autophagy, and in the self-renewal of stem cells; and various metabolic enzymes and their mutants control carcinogenesis independently of their enzymatic activity. These recent findings will supplement the systemic functional annotation of cancer regulators and provide new rationales for potential molecular targeted cancer treatments.
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Liu G, Wang R, Wang Y, Li P, Zhao G, Zhao L, Jing Y. Ethacrynic Acid Oxadiazole Analogs Induce Apoptosis in Malignant Hematologic Cells through Downregulation of Mcl-1 and c-FLIP, Which Was Attenuated by GSTP1-1. Mol Cancer Ther 2013; 12:1837-47. [DOI: 10.1158/1535-7163.mct-12-1224] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Pietkiewicz S, Sohn D, Piekorz RP, Grether-Beck S, Budach W, Sabapathy K, Jänicke RU. Oppositional regulation of Noxa by JNK1 and JNK2 during apoptosis induced by proteasomal inhibitors. PLoS One 2013; 8:e61438. [PMID: 23593480 PMCID: PMC3623862 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0061438] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2012] [Accepted: 03/14/2013] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Proteasome inhibitors (PIs) potently induce apoptosis in a variety of tumor cells, but the underlying mechanisms are not fully elucidated. Comparing PI-induced apoptosis susceptibilities of various mouse embryonic fibroblast (MEF) lines differing in their c-jun N-terminal kinase (JNK) 1 and 2 status, we show that several hallmarks of apoptosis were most rapidly detectable in JNK2-/- cells, whereas they appeared only delayed and severely reduced in their intensities in cells expressing JNK2. Consistent with our finding that PI-induced apoptosis requires de novo protein synthesis, the proteasomal inhibitor MG-132 induced expression of the BH3-only protein Noxa at the transcriptional level in a JNK1-dependent, but JNK2-opposing manner. As the knockdown of Noxa blocked only the rapid PI-induced apoptosis of JNK2-/- cells, but not the delayed death occurring in JNK1-/- and JNK1+/+ cells, our data uncover a novel PI-induced apoptosis pathway that is regulated by the JNK1/2-dependent expression of Noxa. Furthermore, several transcription factors known to modulate Noxa expression including ATF3, ATF4, c-Jun, c-Myc, HIF1α, and p53 were found upregulated following MG-132 exposure. From those, only knockdown of c-Myc rescued JNK2-/- cells from PI-induced apoptosis, however, without affecting expression of Noxa. Together, our data not only show that a rapid execution of PI-induced apoptosis requires JNK1 for upregulation of Noxa via an as yet unknown transcription factor, but also that JNK2 controls this event in an oppositional manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sabine Pietkiewicz
- Laboratory of Molecular Radiooncology, Clinic and Policlinic for Radiation Therapy and Radiooncology, University of Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Dennis Sohn
- Laboratory of Molecular Radiooncology, Clinic and Policlinic for Radiation Therapy and Radiooncology, University of Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Roland P. Piekorz
- Institute for Biochemistry and Molecular Biology II, University of Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | | | - Wilfried Budach
- Laboratory of Molecular Radiooncology, Clinic and Policlinic for Radiation Therapy and Radiooncology, University of Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Kanaga Sabapathy
- Division of Cellular & Molecular Research, Humphrey Oei Institute of Cancer Research, National Cancer Centre, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Reiner U. Jänicke
- Laboratory of Molecular Radiooncology, Clinic and Policlinic for Radiation Therapy and Radiooncology, University of Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
- * E-mail:
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Yuan BZ, Chapman J, Ding M, Wang J, Jiang B, Rojanasakul Y, Reynolds SH. TRAIL and proteasome inhibitors combination induces a robust apoptosis in human malignant pleural mesothelioma cells through Mcl-1 and Akt protein cleavages. BMC Cancer 2013; 13:140. [PMID: 23517112 PMCID: PMC3665596 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2407-13-140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2012] [Accepted: 03/12/2013] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Malignant pleural mesothelioma (MPM) is an aggressive malignancy closely associated with asbestos exposure and extremely resistant to current treatments. It exhibits a steady increase in incidence, thus necessitating an urgent development of effective new treatments. METHODS Proteasome inhibitors (PIs) and TNFα-Related Apoptosis Inducing Ligand (TRAIL), have emerged as promising new anti-MPM agents. To develop effective new treatments, the proapoptotic effects of PIs, MG132 or Bortezomib, and TRAIL were investigated in MPM cell lines NCI-H2052, NCI-H2452 and NCI-H28, which represent three major histological types of human MPM. RESULTS Treatment with 0.5-1 μM MG132 alone or 30 ng/mL Bortezomib alone induced a limited apoptosis in MPM cells associated with the elevated Mcl-1 protein level and hyperactive PI3K/Akt signaling. However, whereas 10-20 ng/ml TRAIL alone induced a limited apoptosis as well, TRAIL and PI combination triggered a robust apoptosis in all three MPM cell lines. The robust proapoptotic activity was found to be the consequence of a positive feedback mechanism-governed amplification of caspase activation and cleavage of both Mcl-1 and Akt proteins, and exhibited a relative selectivity in MPM cells than in non-tumorigenic Met-5A mesothelial cells. CONCLUSION The combinatorial treatment using TRAIL and PI may represent an effective new treatment for MPMs.
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de Wilt LHAM, Kroon J, Jansen G, de Jong S, Peters GJ, Kruyt FAE. Bortezomib and TRAIL: a perfect match for apoptotic elimination of tumour cells? Crit Rev Oncol Hematol 2012; 85:363-72. [PMID: 22944363 DOI: 10.1016/j.critrevonc.2012.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2012] [Revised: 07/13/2012] [Accepted: 08/06/2012] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Tumour necrosis factor-related apoptosis-inducing ligand (TRAIL) is a cytokine that selectively eradicates tumour cells via specific cell surface receptors and is intensively explored for use as a novel anticancer approach. To enhance the efficacy of TRAIL receptor agonists the proteasome inhibitor bortezomib is one of the most potent sensitizers. Here we review the main mechanisms underlying bortezomib-dependent TRAIL sensitization, including stimulation of apoptosis by increasing expression of TRAIL receptors, reduction of cFLIP and enhancement of caspase 8 activation, and modulation of Bcl-2 family proteins and inhibitor of apoptosis proteins (IAPs). Concomitantly, pro-survival signals are suppressed such as elicited by NF-κB and Akt. The different preclinical tumour models explored with this combination, including primary tumour (stem) cells, stroma co-culture and mice models, are discussed, as well as possible hurdles for clinical activity. Collectively, anticipating a solid rationale for bortezomib-TRAIL combination and very promising preclinical results, its clinical activity remains to be demonstrated.
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Affiliation(s)
- L H A M de Wilt
- Department of Medical Oncology, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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Spagnuolo C, Russo M, Bilotto S, Tedesco I, Laratta B, Russo GL. Dietary polyphenols in cancer prevention: the example of the flavonoid quercetin in leukemia. Ann N Y Acad Sci 2012; 1259:95-103. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1749-6632.2012.06599.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 102] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
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Yakovlev AA, Peregud DI, Panchenko LF, Gulyaeva NV. Involvement of brain intracellular proteolytic systems in the effects of opiates: Caspases. NEUROCHEM J+ 2011. [DOI: 10.1134/s1819712411040192] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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18
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Small interfering RNA targeting mcl-1 enhances proteasome inhibitor-induced apoptosis in various solid malignant tumors. BMC Cancer 2011; 11:485. [PMID: 22078414 PMCID: PMC3226681 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2407-11-485] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2011] [Accepted: 11/14/2011] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Targeting the ubiquitin-proteasome pathway is a promising approach for anticancer strategies. Recently, we found Bik accumulation in cancer cell lines after they were treated with bortezomib. However, recent evidence indicates that proteasome inhibitors may also induce the accumulation of anti-apoptotic Bcl-2 family members. The current study was designed to analyze the levels of several anti-apoptotic members of Bcl-2 family in different human cancer cell lines after they were treated with proteasome inhibitors. Methods Different human cancer cell lines were treated with proteasome inhibitors. Western blot were used to investigate the expression of Mcl-1 and activation of mitochondrial apoptotic signaling. Cell viability was investigated using SRB assay, and induction of apoptosis was measured using flow cytometry. Results We found elevated Mcl-1 level in human colon cancer cell lines DLD1, LOVO, SW620, and HCT116; human ovarian cancer cell line SKOV3; and human lung cancer cell line H1299, but not in human breast cancer cell line MCF7 after they were treated with bortezomib. This dramatic Mcl-1 accumulation was also observed when cells were treated with other two proteasome inhibitors, MG132 and calpain inhibitor I (ALLN). Moreover, our results showed Mcl-1 accumulation was caused by stabilization of the protein against degradation. Reducing Mcl-1 accumulation by Mcl-1 siRNA reduced Mcl-1 accumulation and enhanced proteasome inhibitor-induced cell death and apoptosis, as evidenced by the increased cleavage of caspase-9, caspase-3, and poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase. Conclusions Our results showed that it was not only Bik but also Mcl-1 accumulation during the treatment of proteasome inhibitors, and combining proteasome inhibitors with Mcl-1 siRNA would enhance the ultimate anticancer effect suggesting this combination might be a more effective strategy for cancer therapy.
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Wensveen FM, Alves NL, Derks IAM, Reedquist KA, Eldering E. Apoptosis induced by overall metabolic stress converges on the Bcl-2 family proteins Noxa and Mcl-1. Apoptosis 2011; 16:708-21. [PMID: 21516346 PMCID: PMC3098366 DOI: 10.1007/s10495-011-0599-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/31/2022]
Abstract
Apoptosis provoked by glucose shortage in dividing T cells is mediated via the BH3-only protein Noxa and inhibition of its binding partner Mcl-1. It is unknown how signals from cellular metabolism can affect the balance between Mcl-1 and Noxa and to what extent other Bcl-2 members are involved in this apoptosis cascade. Here, we defined the mechanism underlying apoptosis in relation to various types of metabolic stress. First, we established that the Noxa/Mcl-1 balance is regulated by glucose deprivation as well as by general metabolic stress, via changes in proteasome-mediated degradation of Mcl-1. Second, in contrast with cytokine-deprivation, no transcriptional modulation of Mcl-1, Puma, Bim or Noxa was observed during glucose deprivation. Third, no changes in PKB or GSK3 activity occurred and no clear role for AMPK was detected. Fourth, apoptosis triggered by nutrient deprivation was executed without signs of overt autophagy and independent of ROS production or p38 MAP kinase activity. Lastly, apoptosis under nutrient limitation could also be delayed by knock-down of Bim or overexpression of Bcl-2. In conclusion, Noxa functions in a specific apoptotic pathway that integrates overall nutrient stress, independent from attenuated PI3K/PKB signaling and without clear involvement of autophagy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Felix M. Wensveen
- Department of Experimental Immunology, Academic Medical Center, Meibergdreef 9, Room K0-144, 1105 AZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Nuno L. Alves
- Department of Experimental Immunology, Academic Medical Center, Meibergdreef 9, Room K0-144, 1105 AZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Present Address: Cell Activation and Gene Expression Group, Instituto de Biologia Molecular e Celular, Porto, Portugal
| | - Ingrid A. M. Derks
- Department of Experimental Immunology, Academic Medical Center, Meibergdreef 9, Room K0-144, 1105 AZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Kris A. Reedquist
- Department of Clinical Immunology and Rheumatology, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Eric Eldering
- Department of Experimental Immunology, Academic Medical Center, Meibergdreef 9, Room K0-144, 1105 AZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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Proteasome inhibitor MG-132 induces C6 glioma cell apoptosis via oxidative stress. Acta Pharmacol Sin 2011; 32:619-25. [PMID: 21499287 DOI: 10.1038/aps.2011.16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
AIM Proteasome inhibitors have been found to suppress glioma cell proliferation and induce apoptosis, but the mechanisms are not fully elucidated. In this study we investigated the mechanisms underlying the apoptosis induced by the proteasome inhibitor MG-132 in glioma cells. METHODS C6 glioma cells were used. MTT assay was used to analyze cell proliferation. Proteasome activity was assayed using Succinyl-LLVY-AMC, and intracellular ROS level was evaluated with the redox-sensitive dye DCFH-DA. Apoptosis was detected using fluorescence and transmission electron microscopy as well as flow cytometry. The expression of apoptosis-related proteins was investigated using Western blot analysis. RESULTS MG-132 inhibited C6 glioma cell proliferation in a time- and dose-dependent manner (the IC(50) value at 24 h was 18.5 μmol/L). MG-132 (18.5 μmol/L) suppressed the proteasome activity by about 70% at 3 h. It induced apoptosis via down-regulation of antiapoptotic proteins Bcl-2 and XIAP, up-regulation of pro-apoptotic protein Bax and caspase-3, and production of cleaved C-terminal 85 kDa PARP). It also caused a more than 5-fold increase of reactive oxygen species. Tiron (1 mmol/L) effectively blocked oxidative stress induced by MG-132 (18.5 μmol/L), attenuated proliferation inhibition and apoptosis in C6 glioma cells, and reversed the expression pattern of apoptosis-related proteins. CONCLUSION MG-132 induced apoptosis of C6 glioma cells via the oxidative stress.
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A Study on The Mechanism of The Inhibition of Bel-7404 Hepatocarcinoma Cell Growth by MG132*. PROG BIOCHEM BIOPHYS 2010. [DOI: 10.3724/sp.j.1206.2009.00575] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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