1
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Mercado NM, Szarowicz C, Stancati JA, Sortwell CE, Boezwinkle SA, Collier TJ, Caulfield ME, Steece-Collier K. Advancing age and the rs6265 BDNF SNP are permissive to graft-induced dyskinesias in parkinsonian rats. NPJ Parkinsons Dis 2024; 10:163. [PMID: 39179609 PMCID: PMC11344059 DOI: 10.1038/s41531-024-00771-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2024] [Accepted: 08/05/2024] [Indexed: 08/26/2024] Open
Abstract
The rs6265 single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) in the gene for brain-derived neurotrophic factor is a common variant that alters therapeutic outcomes for individuals with Parkinson's disease (PD). We previously investigated the effects of this SNP on the experimental therapeutic approach of neural grafting, demonstrating that young adult parkinsonian rats carrying the variant Met allele exhibited enhanced graft function compared to wild-type rats and also exclusively developed aberrant graft-induced dyskinesias (GID). Aging is the primary risk factor for PD and reduces graft efficacy. Here we investigated whether aging interacts with this SNP to further alter cell transplantation outcomes. We hypothesized that aging would reduce enhancement of graft function associated with this genetic variant and exacerbate GID in all grafted subjects. Unexpectedly, beneficial graft function was maintained in aged rs6265 subjects. However, aging was permissive to GID induction, regardless of genotype, with the greatest incidence and severity found in rs6265-expressing animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natosha M Mercado
- Department of Translational Neuroscience, College of Human Medicine, Michigan State University, Grand Rapids, MI, 49503, USA
| | - Carlye Szarowicz
- Department of Translational Neuroscience, College of Human Medicine, Michigan State University, Grand Rapids, MI, 49503, USA
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA
| | - Jennifer A Stancati
- Department of Translational Neuroscience, College of Human Medicine, Michigan State University, Grand Rapids, MI, 49503, USA
| | - Caryl E Sortwell
- Department of Translational Neuroscience, College of Human Medicine, Michigan State University, Grand Rapids, MI, 49503, USA
- Hauenstein Neuroscience Center, Mercy Health Saint Mary's, Grand Rapids, MI, 49503, USA
| | - Samuel A Boezwinkle
- College of Literature, Science, and the Arts, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA
| | - Timothy J Collier
- Department of Translational Neuroscience, College of Human Medicine, Michigan State University, Grand Rapids, MI, 49503, USA
- Hauenstein Neuroscience Center, Mercy Health Saint Mary's, Grand Rapids, MI, 49503, USA
| | - Margaret E Caulfield
- Department of Translational Neuroscience, College of Human Medicine, Michigan State University, Grand Rapids, MI, 49503, USA
| | - Kathy Steece-Collier
- Department of Translational Neuroscience, College of Human Medicine, Michigan State University, Grand Rapids, MI, 49503, USA.
- Hauenstein Neuroscience Center, Mercy Health Saint Mary's, Grand Rapids, MI, 49503, USA.
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2
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Csergeová L, Krbušek D, Janoštiak R. CIP/KIP and INK4 families as hostages of oncogenic signaling. Cell Div 2024; 19:11. [PMID: 38561743 PMCID: PMC10985988 DOI: 10.1186/s13008-024-00115-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2023] [Accepted: 03/25/2024] [Indexed: 04/04/2024] Open
Abstract
CIP/KIP and INK4 families of Cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitors (CKIs) are well-established cell cycle regulatory proteins whose canonical function is binding to Cyclin-CDK complexes and altering their function. Initial experiments showed that these proteins negatively regulate cell cycle progression and thus are tumor suppressors in the context of molecular oncology. However, expanded research into the functions of these proteins showed that most of them have non-canonical functions, both cell cycle-dependent and independent, and can even act as tumor enhancers depending on their posttranslational modifications, subcellular localization, and cell state context. This review aims to provide an overview of canonical as well as non-canonical functions of CIP/KIP and INK4 families of CKIs, discuss the potential avenues to promote their tumor suppressor functions instead of tumor enhancing ones, and how they could be utilized to design improved treatment regimens for cancer patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucia Csergeová
- BIOCEV-First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, Prague, Czechia
| | - David Krbušek
- BIOCEV-First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, Prague, Czechia
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3
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Villalonga E, Mosrin C, Normand T, Girardin C, Serrano A, Žunar B, Doudeau M, Godin F, Bénédetti H, Vallée B. LIM Kinases, LIMK1 and LIMK2, Are Crucial Node Actors of the Cell Fate: Molecular to Pathological Features. Cells 2023; 12:cells12050805. [PMID: 36899941 PMCID: PMC10000741 DOI: 10.3390/cells12050805] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2023] [Revised: 02/28/2023] [Accepted: 03/02/2023] [Indexed: 03/08/2023] Open
Abstract
LIM kinase 1 (LIMK1) and LIM kinase 2 (LIMK2) are serine/threonine and tyrosine kinases and the only two members of the LIM kinase family. They play a crucial role in the regulation of cytoskeleton dynamics by controlling actin filaments and microtubule turnover, especially through the phosphorylation of cofilin, an actin depolymerising factor. Thus, they are involved in many biological processes, such as cell cycle, cell migration, and neuronal differentiation. Consequently, they are also part of numerous pathological mechanisms, especially in cancer, where their involvement has been reported for a few years and has led to the development of a wide range of inhibitors. LIMK1 and LIMK2 are known to be part of the Rho family GTPase signal transduction pathways, but many more partners have been discovered over the decades, and both LIMKs are suspected to be part of an extended and various range of regulation pathways. In this review, we propose to consider the different molecular mechanisms involving LIM kinases and their associated signalling pathways, and to offer a better understanding of their variety of actions within the physiology and physiopathology of the cell.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elodie Villalonga
- Centre de Biophysique Moléculaire; UPR4301, CNRS, University of Orleans and INSERM, CEDEX 2, 45071 Orleans, France
| | - Christine Mosrin
- Centre de Biophysique Moléculaire; UPR4301, CNRS, University of Orleans and INSERM, CEDEX 2, 45071 Orleans, France
| | - Thierry Normand
- Centre de Biophysique Moléculaire; UPR4301, CNRS, University of Orleans and INSERM, CEDEX 2, 45071 Orleans, France
| | - Caroline Girardin
- Centre de Biophysique Moléculaire; UPR4301, CNRS, University of Orleans and INSERM, CEDEX 2, 45071 Orleans, France
| | - Amandine Serrano
- Centre de Biophysique Moléculaire; UPR4301, CNRS, University of Orleans and INSERM, CEDEX 2, 45071 Orleans, France
| | - Bojan Žunar
- Laboratory for Biochemistry, Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Faculty of Food Technology and Biotechnology, University of Zagreb, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Michel Doudeau
- Centre de Biophysique Moléculaire; UPR4301, CNRS, University of Orleans and INSERM, CEDEX 2, 45071 Orleans, France
| | - Fabienne Godin
- Centre de Biophysique Moléculaire; UPR4301, CNRS, University of Orleans and INSERM, CEDEX 2, 45071 Orleans, France
| | - Hélène Bénédetti
- Centre de Biophysique Moléculaire; UPR4301, CNRS, University of Orleans and INSERM, CEDEX 2, 45071 Orleans, France
| | - Béatrice Vallée
- Centre de Biophysique Moléculaire; UPR4301, CNRS, University of Orleans and INSERM, CEDEX 2, 45071 Orleans, France
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +33-(0)2-38-25-76-11
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4
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Stampone E, Bencivenga D, Barone C, Di Finizio M, Della Ragione F, Borriello A. A Beckwith-Wiedemann-Associated CDKN1C Mutation Allows the Identification of a Novel Nuclear Localization Signal in Human p57 Kip2. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22147428. [PMID: 34299047 PMCID: PMC8305445 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22147428] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2021] [Revised: 07/06/2021] [Accepted: 07/07/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
p57Kip2 protein is a member of the CIP/Kip family, mainly localized in the nucleus where it exerts its Cyclin/CDKs inhibitory function. In addition, the protein plays key roles in embryogenesis, differentiation, and carcinogenesis depending on its cellular localization and interactors. Mutations of CDKN1C, the gene encoding human p57Kip2, result in the development of different genetic diseases, including Beckwith–Wiedemann, IMAGe and Silver–Russell syndromes. We investigated a specific Beckwith–Wiedemann associated CDKN1C change (c.946 C>T) that results in the substitution of the C-terminal amino acid (arginine 316) with a tryptophan (R316W-p57Kip2). We found a clear redistribution of R316W-p57Kip2, in that while the wild-type p57Kip2 mostly occurs in the nucleus, the mutant form is also distributed in the cytoplasm. Transfection of two expression constructs encoding the p57Kip2 N- and C-terminal domain, respectively, allows the mapping of the nuclear localization signal(s) (NLSs) between residues 220–316. Moreover, by removing the basic RKRLR sequence at the protein C-terminus (from 312 to 316 residue), p57Kip2 was confined in the cytosol, implying that this sequence is absolutely required for nuclear entry. In conclusion, we identified an unreported p57Kip2 NLS and suggest that its absence or mutation might be of relevance in CDKN1C-associated human diseases determining significant changes of p57Kip2 localization/regulatory roles.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Fulvio Della Ragione
- Correspondence: (F.D.R.); (A.B.); Tel.: +39-(081)-5665812 (F.D.R.); +39-(081)-5667554 (A.B.)
| | - Adriana Borriello
- Correspondence: (F.D.R.); (A.B.); Tel.: +39-(081)-5665812 (F.D.R.); +39-(081)-5667554 (A.B.)
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5
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Creff J, Besson A. Functional Versatility of the CDK Inhibitor p57 Kip2. Front Cell Dev Biol 2020; 8:584590. [PMID: 33117811 PMCID: PMC7575724 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2020.584590] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2020] [Accepted: 09/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The cyclin/CDK inhibitor p57Kip2 belongs to the Cip/Kip family, with p21Cip1 and p27Kip1, and is the least studied member of the family. Unlike the other family members, p57Kip2 has a unique role during embryogenesis and is the only CDK inhibitor required for embryonic development. p57Kip2 is encoded by the imprinted gene CDKN1C, which is the gene most frequently silenced or mutated in the genetic disorder Beckwith-Wiedemann syndrome (BWS), characterized by multiple developmental anomalies. Although initially identified as a cell cycle inhibitor based on its homology to other Cip/Kip family proteins, multiple novel functions have been ascribed to p57Kip2 in recent years that participate in the control of various cellular processes, including apoptosis, migration and transcription. Here, we will review our current knowledge on p57Kip2 structure, regulation, and its diverse functions during development and homeostasis, as well as its potential implication in the development of various pathologies, including cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Justine Creff
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Laboratoire de Biologie Cellulaire et Moléculaire du Contrôle de la Prolifération, Centre de Biologie Intégrative, Université de Toulouse, Toulouse, France
| | - Arnaud Besson
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Laboratoire de Biologie Cellulaire et Moléculaire du Contrôle de la Prolifération, Centre de Biologie Intégrative, Université de Toulouse, Toulouse, France
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6
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Russo GL, Stampone E, Cervellera C, Borriello A. Regulation of p27 Kip1 and p57 Kip2 Functions by Natural Polyphenols. Biomolecules 2020; 10:biom10091316. [PMID: 32933137 PMCID: PMC7564754 DOI: 10.3390/biom10091316] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2020] [Revised: 09/01/2020] [Accepted: 09/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
In numerous instances, the fate of a single cell not only represents its peculiar outcome but also contributes to the overall status of an organism. In turn, the cell division cycle and its control strongly influence cell destiny, playing a critical role in targeting it towards a specific phenotype. Several factors participate in the control of growth, and among them, p27Kip1 and p57Kip2, two proteins modulating various transitions of the cell cycle, appear to play key functions. In this review, the major features of p27 and p57 will be described, focusing, in particular, on their recently identified roles not directly correlated with cell cycle modulation. Then, their possible roles as molecular effectors of polyphenols’ activities will be discussed. Polyphenols represent a large family of natural bioactive molecules that have been demonstrated to exhibit promising protective activities against several human diseases. Their use has also been proposed in association with classical therapies for improving their clinical effects and for diminishing their negative side activities. The importance of p27Kip1 and p57Kip2 in polyphenols’ cellular effects will be discussed with the aim of identifying novel therapeutic strategies for the treatment of important human diseases, such as cancers, characterized by an altered control of growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gian Luigi Russo
- National Research Council, Institute of Food Sciences, 83100 Avellino, Italy;
- Correspondence: (G.L.R.); (A.B.); Tel.: +39-0825-299-331 (G.L.R.)
| | - Emanuela Stampone
- Department of Precision Medicine, University of Campania “Luigi Vanvitelli”, 81031 Napoli, Italy;
| | - Carmen Cervellera
- National Research Council, Institute of Food Sciences, 83100 Avellino, Italy;
| | - Adriana Borriello
- Department of Precision Medicine, University of Campania “Luigi Vanvitelli”, 81031 Napoli, Italy;
- Correspondence: (G.L.R.); (A.B.); Tel.: +39-0825-299-331 (G.L.R.)
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7
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Kullmann MK, Podmirseg SR, Roilo M, Hengst L. The CDK inhibitor p57 Kip2 enhances the activity of the transcriptional coactivator FHL2. Sci Rep 2020; 10:7140. [PMID: 32346031 PMCID: PMC7188849 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-62641-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2019] [Accepted: 12/19/2019] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
The eukaryotic cell cycle is negatively regulated by cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitors (CKIs). p57Kip2 is a member of the Cip/Kip family of CKIs and frequently inactivated by genomic mutations associated with human overgrowth disorders. There is increasing evidence for p57 to control cellular processes in addition to cell cycle and CDK regulation including transcription, apoptosis, migration or development. In order to obtain molecular insights to unknown functions of p57, we performed a protein interaction screen. We identified the transcription regulator four-and-a-half LIM-only protein 2 (FHL2) as a novel p57-binding protein. Co-immunoprecipitation and reporter gene assays were used to elucidate the physiological and functional relevance of p57/FHL2 interaction. We found in cancer cells that endogenous p57 and FHL2 are in a complex. We observed a substantial induction of established FHL2-regulated gene promoters by p57 in reporter gene experiments and detected strong induction of the intrinsic transactivation activity of FHL2. Treatment of cells with histone deacetylase (HDAC) inhibitors and binding of exogenous FHL2 to HDACs indicated repression of FHL2 transcription activity by HDACs. In the presence of the HDAC inhibitor sodium butyrate activation of FHL2 by p57 is abrogated suggesting that p57 shares a common pathway with HDAC inhibitors. p57 competes with HDACs for FHL2 binding which might partly explain the mechanism of FHL2 activation by p57. These results suggest a novel function of p57 in transcription regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Keith Kullmann
- Institute of Medical Biochemistry, Biocenter, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innrain 80-82, A-6020, Innsbruck, Austria.
| | - Silvio Roland Podmirseg
- Institute of Medical Biochemistry, Biocenter, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innrain 80-82, A-6020, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Martina Roilo
- Institute of Medical Biochemistry, Biocenter, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innrain 80-82, A-6020, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Ludger Hengst
- Institute of Medical Biochemistry, Biocenter, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innrain 80-82, A-6020, Innsbruck, Austria
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8
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Rampioni Vinciguerra GL, Citron F, Segatto I, Belletti B, Vecchione A, Baldassarre G. p27kip1 at the crossroad between actin and microtubule dynamics. Cell Div 2019; 14:2. [PMID: 30976290 PMCID: PMC6442415 DOI: 10.1186/s13008-019-0045-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2019] [Accepted: 03/19/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The p27kip1 protein, mainly known as a negative regulator of cell proliferation, has also been involved in the control of other cellular processes, including the regulation of cytoskeleton dynamics. Notably, these two functions involve distinct protein domains, residing in the N- and C-terminal halves, respectively. In the last two decades, p27kip1 has been reported to interact with microtubule and acto-myosin cytoskeletons, both in direct and indirect ways, overall drawing a picture in which several factors play their role either in synergy or in contrast one with another. As a result, the role of p27kip1 in cytoskeleton dynamics has been implicated in cell migration, both in physiologic and in neoplastic contexts, modulating cytokinesis, lipid raft trafficking, and neuronal development. Recently, two distinct papers have further reported a central role for p27kip1 in the control of microtubule stability and post-translational modifications, dissecting the interaction between p27kip1 and α-tubulin-acetyl-transferase (α-TAT), an enzyme involved in the stability of microtubules, and protein-regulator of cytokinesis 1 (PRC1), a nuclear regulator of the central spindle during mitosis. In light of these recent evidences, we will comment on the role of p27kip1 on cytoskeleton regulation and its implication for cancer progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gian Luca Rampioni Vinciguerra
- 1Division of Molecular Oncology, Centro di Riferimento Oncologico di Aviano (CRO), IRCCS, National Cancer Institute, 33081 Aviano, Italy.,2Faculty of Medicine and Psychology, Department of Clinical and Molecular Medicine, University of Rome "Sapienza", Santo Andrea Hospital, 00189 Rome, Italy
| | - Francesca Citron
- 1Division of Molecular Oncology, Centro di Riferimento Oncologico di Aviano (CRO), IRCCS, National Cancer Institute, 33081 Aviano, Italy
| | - Ilenia Segatto
- 1Division of Molecular Oncology, Centro di Riferimento Oncologico di Aviano (CRO), IRCCS, National Cancer Institute, 33081 Aviano, Italy
| | - Barbara Belletti
- 1Division of Molecular Oncology, Centro di Riferimento Oncologico di Aviano (CRO), IRCCS, National Cancer Institute, 33081 Aviano, Italy
| | - Andrea Vecchione
- 2Faculty of Medicine and Psychology, Department of Clinical and Molecular Medicine, University of Rome "Sapienza", Santo Andrea Hospital, 00189 Rome, Italy
| | - Gustavo Baldassarre
- 1Division of Molecular Oncology, Centro di Riferimento Oncologico di Aviano (CRO), IRCCS, National Cancer Institute, 33081 Aviano, Italy
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9
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Mademtzoglou D, Asakura Y, Borok MJ, Alonso-Martin S, Mourikis P, Kodaka Y, Mohan A, Asakura A, Relaix F. Cellular localization of the cell cycle inhibitor Cdkn1c controls growth arrest of adult skeletal muscle stem cells. eLife 2018; 7:33337. [PMID: 30284969 PMCID: PMC6172026 DOI: 10.7554/elife.33337] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2017] [Accepted: 09/02/2018] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Adult skeletal muscle maintenance and regeneration depend on efficient muscle stem cell (MuSC) functions. The mechanisms coordinating cell cycle with activation, renewal, and differentiation of MuSCs remain poorly understood. Here, we investigated how adult MuSCs are regulated by CDKN1c (p57kip2), a cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor, using mouse molecular genetics. In the absence of CDKN1c, skeletal muscle repair is severely impaired after injury. We show that CDKN1c is not expressed in quiescent MuSCs, while being induced in activated and proliferating myoblasts and maintained in differentiating myogenic cells. In agreement, isolated Cdkn1c-deficient primary myoblasts display differentiation defects and increased proliferation. We further show that the subcellular localization of CDKN1c is dynamic; while CDKN1c is initially localized to the cytoplasm of activated/proliferating myoblasts, progressive nuclear translocation leads to growth arrest during differentiation. We propose that CDKN1c activity is restricted to differentiating myoblasts by regulated cyto-nuclear relocalization, coordinating the balance between proliferation and growth arrest.
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Affiliation(s)
- Despoina Mademtzoglou
- Inserm, IMRB U955-E10, F-94010, Créteil, France.,Ecole Nationale Veterinaire d'Alfort, Faculté de medecine, F-94000, Université Paris-Est Creteil, Maison Alfort, France
| | - Yoko Asakura
- Stem Cell Institute, Paul and Sheila Wellstone Muscular Dystrophy Center, Department of Neurology, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, United States
| | - Matthew J Borok
- Inserm, IMRB U955-E10, F-94010, Créteil, France.,Ecole Nationale Veterinaire d'Alfort, Faculté de medecine, F-94000, Université Paris-Est Creteil, Maison Alfort, France
| | - Sonia Alonso-Martin
- Inserm, IMRB U955-E10, F-94010, Créteil, France.,Ecole Nationale Veterinaire d'Alfort, Faculté de medecine, F-94000, Université Paris-Est Creteil, Maison Alfort, France
| | - Philippos Mourikis
- Inserm, IMRB U955-E10, F-94010, Créteil, France.,Ecole Nationale Veterinaire d'Alfort, Faculté de medecine, F-94000, Université Paris-Est Creteil, Maison Alfort, France
| | - Yusaku Kodaka
- Stem Cell Institute, Paul and Sheila Wellstone Muscular Dystrophy Center, Department of Neurology, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, United States
| | - Amrudha Mohan
- Stem Cell Institute, Paul and Sheila Wellstone Muscular Dystrophy Center, Department of Neurology, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, United States
| | - Atsushi Asakura
- Stem Cell Institute, Paul and Sheila Wellstone Muscular Dystrophy Center, Department of Neurology, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, United States
| | - Frederic Relaix
- Inserm, IMRB U955-E10, F-94010, Créteil, France.,Ecole Nationale Veterinaire d'Alfort, Faculté de medecine, F-94000, Université Paris-Est Creteil, Maison Alfort, France.,Etablissement Français du Sang, Créteil, France.,APHP, Hopitaux Universitaires Henri Mondor, DHU Pepsy & Centre de Référence des Maladies Neuromusculaires GNMH, Créteil, France
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10
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Qiu Z, Li Y, Zeng B, Guan X, Li H. Downregulated CDKN1C/p57 kip2 drives tumorigenesis and associates with poor overall survival in breast cancer. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2018; 497:187-193. [PMID: 29428729 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2018.02.052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2018] [Accepted: 02/06/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
CDKN1C, also known as p57kip2, is considered to be a potential tumor suppressor implicated in several kinds of human cancers. However, the current knowledge of CDKN1C in breast cancer remains obscure. In the present study, we demonstrated that CDKN1C was dramatically downregulated in breast cancer compared with normal tissues by using real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction, western blot and two public data portals: The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) and Oncomine datasets. Moreover, the expression of CDKN1C was correlated with age and tumor size in the TCGA cohort containing 708 cases of breast cancer. Low expression of CDKN1C was significantly associated with poor overall survival (OS) in the TCGA cohort and validated cohort composed of 1402 patients. Multivariate Cox regression analysis indicated that CDKN1C was an independent prognostic factor for worse OS (HR = 1.78, 95% CI: 1.09-2.89, p = 0.020). Furthermore, gene set enrichment analysis (GSEA) revealed that CDKN1C was significantly correlated with gene signatures involving DNA repair, cell cycle, glycolysis, adipogenesis, and two critical signaling pathways mTORC1 and PI3K/Akt/mTOR. In conclusion, our data suggested an essential role of CDKN1C in the tumorgenesis of breast cancer. Targeting CDKN1C may be a promising strategy for anticancer therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhu Qiu
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Molecular Oncology and Epigenetics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Yunhai Li
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Molecular Oncology and Epigenetics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China; Department of Endocrine and Breast Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Beilei Zeng
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Molecular Oncology and Epigenetics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Xiaoqin Guan
- Department of Pathology, Molecular Medicine and Cancer Research Center, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Hongzhong Li
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Molecular Oncology and Epigenetics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China; Department of Endocrine and Breast Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China.
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11
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Phillips AH, Ou L, Gay A, Besson A, Kriwacki RW. Mapping Interactions between p27 and RhoA that Stimulate Cell Migration. J Mol Biol 2018; 430:751-758. [PMID: 29410088 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmb.2018.01.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2017] [Revised: 01/24/2018] [Accepted: 01/24/2018] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
p27 mediates cell cycle arrest by binding to and inhibiting cyclin-dependent kinase/cyclin complexes, but p27 can also contribute to pro-oncogenic signaling upon mislocalization to the cytoplasm. Cytoplasmic p27 stimulates cell migration by associating with RhoA and interfering with the exchange of GDP from RhoA stimulated by guanine nucleotide exchange factors. We used biophysical methods to show that the N-terminus of p27 directly interacts with RhoA in vitro. The affinity of p27 for RhoA is low, with an equilibrium dissociation constant of hundreds of micromolar; however, at high concentrations, p27 interfered with guanine nucleotide exchange factor-mediated nucleotide exchange from RhoA. We also show that promotion of cell migration in scratch wound cell healing assays requires full-length p27 despite the C-terminus being dispensable for the direct interaction between p27 and RhoA in vitro. These results suggest that there may be an unidentified factor(s) that associates with the C-terminus of p27 to enhance its interactions with RhoA and promote cell migration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aaron H Phillips
- Department of Structural Biology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, 262 Danny Thomas Place, Memphis, TN 38105, United States
| | - Li Ou
- Department of Structural Biology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, 262 Danny Thomas Place, Memphis, TN 38105, United States
| | - Alexandre Gay
- Cancer Research Center of Toulouse, INSERM UMR1037/Université Toulouse III Paul Sabatier, Toulouse, France
| | - Arnaud Besson
- Cancer Research Center of Toulouse, INSERM UMR1037/Université Toulouse III Paul Sabatier, Toulouse, France
| | - Richard W Kriwacki
- Department of Structural Biology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, 262 Danny Thomas Place, Memphis, TN 38105, United States.
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12
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Pfurr S, Chu YH, Bohrer C, Greulich F, Beattie R, Mammadzada K, Hils M, Arnold SJ, Taylor V, Schachtrup K, Uhlenhaut NH, Schachtrup C. The E2A splice variant E47 regulates the differentiation of projection neurons via p57(KIP2) during cortical development. Development 2017; 144:3917-3931. [PMID: 28939666 DOI: 10.1242/dev.145698] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2016] [Accepted: 09/11/2017] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
During corticogenesis, distinct classes of neurons are born from progenitor cells located in the ventricular and subventricular zones, from where they migrate towards the pial surface to assemble into highly organized layer-specific circuits. However, the precise and coordinated transcriptional network activity defining neuronal identity is still not understood. Here, we show that genetic depletion of the basic helix-loop-helix (bHLH) transcription factor E2A splice variant E47 increased the number of Tbr1-positive deep layer and Satb2-positive upper layer neurons at E14.5, while depletion of the alternatively spliced E12 variant did not affect layer-specific neurogenesis. While ChIP-Seq identified a big overlap for E12- and E47-specific binding sites in embryonic NSCs, including sites at the cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor (CDKI) Cdkn1c gene locus, RNA-Seq revealed a unique transcriptional regulation by each splice variant. E47 activated the expression of the CDKI Cdkn1c through binding to a distal enhancer. Finally, overexpression of E47 in embryonic NSCs in vitro impaired neurite outgrowth, and overexpression of E47 in vivo by in utero electroporation disturbed proper layer-specific neurogenesis and upregulated p57(KIP2) expression. Overall, this study identifies E2A target genes in embryonic NSCs and demonstrates that E47 regulates neuronal differentiation via p57(KIP2).
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Affiliation(s)
- Sabrina Pfurr
- Institute of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg 79104, Germany.,Faculty of Biology, University of Freiburg, Freiburg 79104, Germany
| | - Yu-Hsuan Chu
- Institute of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg 79104, Germany.,Faculty of Biology, University of Freiburg, Freiburg 79104, Germany
| | - Christian Bohrer
- Institute of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg 79104, Germany.,Faculty of Biology, University of Freiburg, Freiburg 79104, Germany
| | - Franziska Greulich
- Helmholtz Diabetes Center (HDC) and German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), Helmholtz Zentrum München, Neuherberg 85764, Germany
| | - Robert Beattie
- Department of Biomedicine, Embryology and Stem Cell Biology, University of Basel, Basel 4058, Switzerland
| | - Könül Mammadzada
- Institute of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg 79104, Germany.,Faculty of Biology, University of Freiburg, Freiburg 79104, Germany
| | - Miriam Hils
- Faculty of Biology, University of Freiburg, Freiburg 79104, Germany.,Center for Chronic Immunodeficiency (CCI), Medical Center - University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg 79106, Germany
| | - Sebastian J Arnold
- Institute of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg 79104, Germany.,BIOSS Centre of Biological Signalling Studies, Albert-Ludwigs-University, Freiburg 79104, Germany
| | - Verdon Taylor
- Department of Biomedicine, Embryology and Stem Cell Biology, University of Basel, Basel 4058, Switzerland
| | - Kristina Schachtrup
- Faculty of Biology, University of Freiburg, Freiburg 79104, Germany.,Center for Chronic Immunodeficiency (CCI), Medical Center - University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg 79106, Germany
| | - N Henriette Uhlenhaut
- Helmholtz Diabetes Center (HDC) and German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), Helmholtz Zentrum München, Neuherberg 85764, Germany
| | - Christian Schachtrup
- Institute of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg 79104, Germany
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13
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Qin C, Ren L, Ji M, Lv S, Wei Y, Zhu D, Lin Q, Xu P, Chang W, Xu J. CDKL1 promotes tumor proliferation and invasion in colorectal cancer. Onco Targets Ther 2017; 10:1613-1624. [PMID: 28352193 PMCID: PMC5360398 DOI: 10.2147/ott.s133014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND CDKL1 is a member of the cell division cycle 2 (CDC2)-related serine threonine protein kinase family and is overexpressed in malignant tumors such as melanoma, breast cancer, and gastric cancer. OBJECTIVE This study aimed to evaluate whether CDKL1 can serve as a potential molecular target for colorectal cancer therapy. MATERIALS AND METHODS Expression of CDKL1 in colorectal cancer tissues and cell lines was measured by immunohistochemistry and Western blot, respectively. To investigate the role of CDKL1 in colorectal cancer, CDKL1-small hairpin RNA-expressing lentivirus was constructed and infected into HCT116 and Caco2 cells. The effects of RNA interference (RNAi)-mediated CDKL1 downregulation on cell proliferation and invasion were assessed by CCK-8, colony formation, transwell, and tumorigenicity assays in nude mice. The effects of CDKL1 downregulation on cell cycle and apoptosis were analyzed by flow cytometry. Furthermore, microarray method and data analysis elucidated the molecular mechanisms underlying the phenomenon. RESULTS CDKL1 protein was overexpressed in colorectal cancer tissues compared with paired normal tissues. Knockdown of CDKL1 in HCT116 and Caco2 significantly inhibited cell growth, colony formation ability, tumor invasion, and G1-S phase transition of the cell cycle. The knockdown of CDKL1 stimulated the upregulation of p15 and retinoblastoma protein. CONCLUSION CDKL1 plays a vital role in tumor proliferation and invasion in colorectal cancer in vitro and in vivo and, thus, may be considered as a valuable target for therapeutic intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chunzhi Qin
- Department of General Surgery, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai
| | - Li Ren
- Department of General Surgery, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai
| | - Meiling Ji
- Department of General Surgery, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai
| | - Shixu Lv
- Department of Surgical Oncology, First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Ye Wei
- Department of General Surgery, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai
| | - Dexiang Zhu
- Department of General Surgery, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai
| | - Qi Lin
- Department of General Surgery, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai
| | - Pingping Xu
- Department of General Surgery, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai
| | - Wenju Chang
- Department of General Surgery, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai
| | - Jianmin Xu
- Department of General Surgery, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai
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14
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Lee JH, Zhao XM, Yoon I, Lee JY, Kwon NH, Wang YY, Lee KM, Lee MJ, Kim J, Moon HG, In Y, Hao JK, Park KM, Noh DY, Han W, Kim S. Integrative analysis of mutational and transcriptional profiles reveals driver mutations of metastatic breast cancers. Cell Discov 2016; 2:16025. [PMID: 27625789 PMCID: PMC5004232 DOI: 10.1038/celldisc.2016.25] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2016] [Accepted: 06/21/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite the explosion in the numbers of cancer genomic studies, metastasis is still the major cause of cancer mortality. In breast cancer, approximately one-fifth of metastatic patients survive 5 years. Therefore, detecting the patients at a high risk of developing distant metastasis at first diagnosis is critical for effective treatment strategy. We hereby present a novel systems biology approach to identify driver mutations escalating the risk of metastasis based on both exome and RNA sequencing of our collected 78 normal-paired breast cancers. Unlike driver mutations occurring commonly in cancers as reported in the literature, the mutations detected here are relatively rare mutations occurring in less than half metastatic samples. By supposing that the driver mutations should affect the metastasis gene signatures, we develop a novel computational pipeline to identify the driver mutations that affect transcription factors regulating metastasis gene signatures. We identify driver mutations in ADPGK, NUP93, PCGF6, PKP2 and SLC22A5, which are verified to enhance cancer cell migration and prompt metastasis with in vitro experiments. The discovered somatic mutations may be helpful for identifying patients who are likely to develop distant metastasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ji-Hyun Lee
- Medicinal Bioconvergence Research Center, College of Pharmacy, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea; Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Xing-Ming Zhao
- Department of Computer Science and Technology, Tongji University , Shanghai, China
| | - Ina Yoon
- Medicinal Bioconvergence Research Center, College of Pharmacy, Seoul National University , Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Jin Young Lee
- Medicinal Bioconvergence Research Center, College of Pharmacy, Seoul National University , Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Nam Hoon Kwon
- Medicinal Bioconvergence Research Center, College of Pharmacy, Seoul National University , Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Yin-Ying Wang
- Department of Computer Science and Technology, Tongji University , Shanghai, China
| | - Kyung-Min Lee
- Department of Surgery, Seoul National University College of Medicine , Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Min-Joo Lee
- Department of Surgery, Seoul National University College of Medicine , Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Jisun Kim
- Department of Surgery, Seoul National University College of Medicine , Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyeong-Gon Moon
- Department of Surgery, Seoul National University College of Medicine , Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Yongho In
- Medicinal Bioconvergence Research Center, College of Pharmacy, Seoul National University , Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Jin-Kao Hao
- LERIA, University of Angers , Angers, France
| | - Kyung-Mii Park
- Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Seoul National University , Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Dong-Young Noh
- Department of Surgery, Seoul National University College of Medicine , Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Wonshik Han
- Department of Surgery, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea; Cancer Research Institute, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Sunghoon Kim
- Medicinal Bioconvergence Research Center, College of Pharmacy, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea; Department of Molecular Medicine and Biopharmaceutical Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
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15
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Bendris N, Lemmers B, Blanchard JM. Cell cycle, cytoskeleton dynamics and beyond: the many functions of cyclins and CDK inhibitors. Cell Cycle 2016; 14:1786-98. [PMID: 25789852 DOI: 10.1080/15384101.2014.998085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 123] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
While targeting experiments carried out on the genes encoding many cell cycle regulators have challenged our views of cell cycle control, they also suggest that redundancy might not be the only explanation for the observed perplexing phenotypes. Indeed, several observations hint at functions of cyclins and CDK inhibitors that cannot be accounted for by their sole role as kinase regulators. They are found involved in many cellular transactions, depending or not on CDKs that are not directly linked to cell cycle control, but participating to general mechanisms such as transcription, DNA repair or cytoskeleton dynamics. In this review we discuss the roles that these alternative functions might have in cancer cell proliferation and migration that sometime even challenge their definition as proliferation markers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nawal Bendris
- a Institut de Génétique Moléculaire de Montpellier; CNRS; Montpellier; France; Université Montpellier 2 ; Place Eugène Bataillon; Montpellier , France
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16
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Guo H, Jing L, Cheng Y, Atsaves V, Lv Y, Wu T, Su R, Zhang Y, Zhang R, Liu W, Rassidakis GZ, Wei Y, Nan K, Claret FX. Down-regulation of the cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor p57 is mediated by Jab1/Csn5 in hepatocarcinogenesis. Hepatology 2016; 63:898-913. [PMID: 26606000 DOI: 10.1002/hep.28372] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2015] [Accepted: 11/23/2015] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Down-regulation of p57 (KIP2) cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitors accelerates the growth and invasion of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), suggesting that p57 may play an important role in liver carcinogenesis. However, the mechanism or oncogenic signal leading to p57 down-regulation in HCC remains to be determined. Herein, we demonstrated that Jab1/Csn5 expression is negatively correlated with p57 levels in HCC tissues. Kaplan-Meier analysis of tumor samples revealed that high Jab1/Csn5 expression with concurrent low p57 expression is associated with poor overall survival. The inverse pattern of Jab1 and p57 expression was also observed during carcinogenesis in a chemically induced rat HCC model. We also found that mechanistically, Jab1-mediated p57 proteolysis in HCC cells is dependent on 26S-proteasome inhibitors. We further demonstrated that direct physical interaction between Jab1 and p57 triggers p57 down-regulation, independently of Skp2 and Akt pathways, in HCC cells. These data suggest that Jab1 is an important upstream negative regulator of p57 and that aberrant expression of Jab1 in HCC could lead to a significant decrease in p57 levels and contribute to tumor cell growth. Furthermore, restoration of p57 levels induced by loss of Jab1 inhibited tumor cell growth and further increased cell apoptosis in HCC cells. Moreover, silencing Jab1 expression further enhanced the antitumor effects of cisplatin-induced apoptosis in HCC cells. CONCLUSION Jab1-p57 pathway confers resistance to chemotherapy and may represent a potential target for investigational therapy in HCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Guo
- Department of Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, P. R. China.,Department of Systems Biology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX
| | - Li Jing
- Department of Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, P. R. China
| | - Yangzi Cheng
- Department of Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, P. R. China
| | - Vassilis Atsaves
- Department of Medicine, Division of Critical Care Medicine & Pulmonary Services, University of Athens School of Health Sciences, Athens, Greece
| | - Yi Lv
- Department of Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, P. R. China.,Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, P. R. China
| | - Tao Wu
- Department of Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, P. R. China
| | - Rujuan Su
- Department of Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, P. R. China
| | - Yamin Zhang
- Department of Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, P. R. China
| | - Ronghua Zhang
- Department of Systems Biology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX
| | - Wenbin Liu
- Department of Bioinformatics & Computational Biology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX
| | - George Z Rassidakis
- Department of Pathology and Cytology, Karolinska University Hospital & Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Yongchang Wei
- Department of Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, P. R. China
| | - Kejun Nan
- Department of Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, P. R. China
| | - Francois X Claret
- Department of Systems Biology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX.,Experimental Therapeutics Academic Program and Cancer Biology Program, The University of Texas Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences at Houston, Houston, TX
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17
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Cellular Response upon Stress: p57 Contribution to the Final Outcome. Mediators Inflamm 2015; 2015:259325. [PMID: 26491224 PMCID: PMC4600511 DOI: 10.1155/2015/259325] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2014] [Revised: 04/17/2015] [Accepted: 05/05/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Progression through the cell cycle is one of the most important decisions during the life of a cell and several kinds of stress are able to influence this choice. p57 is a cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor belonging to the CIP/KIP family and is a well-known regulator of the cell cycle during embryogenesis and tissue differentiation. p57 loss has been reported in a variety of cancers and great effort has been spent during the past years studying the mechanisms of p57 regulation and the effects of p57 reexpression on tumor growth. Recently, growing amount of evidence points out that p57 has a specific function in cell cycle regulation upon cellular stress that is only partially shared by the other CIP/KIP inhibitors p21 and p27. Furthermore, it is nowadays emerging that p57 plays a role in the induction of apoptosis and senescence after cellular stress independently of its cell cycle related functions. This review focuses on the contribution that p57 holds in regulating cell cycle arrest, apoptosis, and senescence after cellular stress with particular attention to the response of cancer cells.
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18
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Guo H, Li Y, Tian T, Han L, Ruan Z, Liang X, Wang W, Nan K. The role of cytoplasmic p57 in invasion of hepatocellular carcinoma. BMC Gastroenterol 2015; 15:104. [PMID: 26271467 PMCID: PMC4542127 DOI: 10.1186/s12876-015-0319-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2015] [Accepted: 07/16/2015] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Our previous research suggested that p57 downregulation could accelerate the growth and invasion of hepatocellular carcinoma in vitro and in vivo. Aim To evaluate the role of cytoplasmic p57 and its regulatory mechanism during hepatocellular carcinoma invasion. Methods We examined the subcellular localization of p57 by immunohistochemistry in 45 pairs of cancerous tissues and adjacent non-cancerous tissues. Moreover, we generated stable p57 knockdown hepatoma cell lines to investigate the mechanism of cytoplasmic p57-mediated regulation of invasion by immunoprecipitation, confocal immunofluorescence microscopy and western blot of nuclear and cytoplasmic extracts. Results Our results showed that cytoplasmic expression of p57 was reduced in specimens from patients with capsular invasion and metastasis (P < 0.05). Moreover, the level of p-cofilin was decreased in the group lacking cytoplasmic p57 expression (P < 0.05). Co-expression of p57 and p-cofilin was reduced in specimens from patients with tumors at later stages (III + IV), tumors showing capsular invasion and metastatic tumors. We further observed that p57 downregulation decreased the assembly of p57 and LIM domain kinase 1 and its kinase activity, subsequently reducing the level of p-cofilin in the cytoplasm. Conclusions Cytoplasmic p57 might be a key regulator in hepatocellular carcinoma invasion via the LIM domain kinase 1/p-cofilin pathway. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12876-015-0319-x) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Guo
- Department of Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine of Xi'an Jiaotong University, No. 277 Yanta West Road, Yanta District, Xi'an, Shaanxi Province, 710061, P.R. China.
| | - Yi Li
- Department of Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine of Xi'an Jiaotong University, No. 277 Yanta West Road, Yanta District, Xi'an, Shaanxi Province, 710061, P.R. China.
| | - Tao Tian
- Department of Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine of Xi'an Jiaotong University, No. 277 Yanta West Road, Yanta District, Xi'an, Shaanxi Province, 710061, P.R. China.
| | - Lili Han
- Department of Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine of Xi'an Jiaotong University, No. 277 Yanta West Road, Yanta District, Xi'an, Shaanxi Province, 710061, P.R. China.
| | - Zhiping Ruan
- Department of Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine of Xi'an Jiaotong University, No. 277 Yanta West Road, Yanta District, Xi'an, Shaanxi Province, 710061, P.R. China.
| | - Xuan Liang
- Department of Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine of Xi'an Jiaotong University, No. 277 Yanta West Road, Yanta District, Xi'an, Shaanxi Province, 710061, P.R. China.
| | - Wenjuan Wang
- Department of Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine of Xi'an Jiaotong University, No. 277 Yanta West Road, Yanta District, Xi'an, Shaanxi Province, 710061, P.R. China.
| | - Kejun Nan
- Department of Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine of Xi'an Jiaotong University, No. 277 Yanta West Road, Yanta District, Xi'an, Shaanxi Province, 710061, P.R. China.
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19
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Kimura T, Kitaura H, Masuda H, Kameyama S, Saito Y, Sugai K, Otsuki T, Nakazawa A, Morota N, Yamamoto T, Iida K, Nakagawa M, Mizuno T, Takahashi H, Kakita A. Characteristic expression of p57/Kip2 in balloon cells in focal cortical dysplasia. Neuropathology 2015; 35:401-9. [PMID: 25950494 DOI: 10.1111/neup.12199] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2014] [Revised: 01/18/2015] [Accepted: 01/19/2015] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Balloon cells are a pathognomonic cellular feature of various cortical malformations, including focal cortical dysplasia type IIb (FCD IIb), cortical tubers of tuberous sclerosis (TSC) and hemimegalencephaly (HME). In the present study, we investigated the immunohistochemical expression of p57/Kip2, a member of the Cip/Kip family of cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitory proteins, in balloon cells in surgical specimens taken from 26, 17 and six patients with FCD IIb, TSC and HME, respectively. Characteristic dot-like reactivity with a faint, intense, reticular and process-like pattern was confined to the proximal portion of the cytoplasmic processes of the cells. Immunoelectron microscopy revealed the p57/Kip2 reactivity on intermediate filaments in the proximal portion of the processes. The immunohistochemical profile appeared similar to that of CD34; however, a double immunofluorescence study demonstrated that no cells showed reactivity for both p57/Kip2 and CD34. The frequencies of the p57/Kip2-positive cells in FCD IIb and HME were significantly higher than those in TSC, suggesting that the balloon cells may be heterogeneous. These findings suggest some functional significance of the protein on the cytoplasmic processes of balloon cells and appear consistent with the notion that the cells are abnormally differentiated progenitor cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tadashi Kimura
- Department of Pathology, Brain Research Institute, University of Niigata, Niigata, Japan.,Department of Neurology, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Hiroki Kitaura
- Department of Pathology, Brain Research Institute, University of Niigata, Niigata, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Masuda
- Department of Functional Neurosurgery, Epilepsy Center, Nishi-Niigata Chuo National Hospital, Niigata, Japan
| | - Shigeki Kameyama
- Department of Functional Neurosurgery, Epilepsy Center, Nishi-Niigata Chuo National Hospital, Niigata, Japan
| | - Yuko Saito
- National Center of Neurology and Psychiatry, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kenji Sugai
- National Center of Neurology and Psychiatry, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Taisuke Otsuki
- National Center of Neurology and Psychiatry, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Atsuko Nakazawa
- National Medical Center for Children and Mothers, National Center for Child Health and Development, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Nobuhito Morota
- National Medical Center for Children and Mothers, National Center for Child Health and Development, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Takamichi Yamamoto
- Comprehensive Epilepsy Center, Seirei Hamamatsu General Hospital, Hamamatsu, Japan
| | - Kouji Iida
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Hiroshima, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Masanori Nakagawa
- Department of Neurology, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Toshiki Mizuno
- Department of Neurology, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Hitoshi Takahashi
- Department of Pathology, Brain Research Institute, University of Niigata, Niigata, Japan
| | - Akiyoshi Kakita
- Department of Pathology, Brain Research Institute, University of Niigata, Niigata, Japan
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20
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Abstract
Multiple sclerosis is an autoimmune disease of the CNS resulting in degeneration of myelin sheaths and loss of oligodendrocytes, which means that protection and electrical insulation of axons and rapid signal propagation are impaired, leading to axonal damage and permanent disabilities. Partial replacement of lost oligodendrocytes and remyelination can occur as a result of activation and recruitment of resident oligodendroglial precursor cells. However, the overall remyelination capacity remains inefficient because precursor cells often fail to generate new oligodendrocytes. Increasing evidence points to the existence of several molecular inhibitors that act on these cells and interfere with their cellular maturation. The p57kip2 gene encodes one such potent inhibitor of oligodendroglial differentiation and this study sheds light on the underlying mode of action. We found that subcellular distribution of the p57kip2 protein changed during differentiation of rat, mouse, and human oligodendroglial cells both in vivo and in vitro. Nuclear export of p57kip2 was correlated with promoted myelin expression, higher morphological phenotypes, and enhanced myelination in vitro. In contrast, nuclear accumulation of p57kip2 resulted in blocked oligodendroglial differentiation. Experimental evidence suggests that the inhibitory role of p57kip2 depends on specific interactions with binding proteins such as LIMK-1, CDK2, Mash1, and Hes5 either by controlling their site of action or their activity. Because functional restoration in demyelinating diseases critically depends on the successful generation of oligodendroglial cells, a therapeutic need that is currently unmet, the regulatory mechanism described here might be of particular interest for identifying suitable drug targets and devising novel therapeutic approaches.
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21
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Zhang J, Gong X, Tian K, Chen D, Sun J, Wang G, Guo M. miR-25 promotes glioma cell proliferation by targeting CDKN1C. Biomed Pharmacother 2015; 71:7-14. [PMID: 25960208 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2015.02.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2015] [Accepted: 02/09/2015] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
MicroRNAs (miRNA) have oncogenic or tumor-suppressive roles in the development and growth of human glioma. Glioma development is also associated with alteration in the activities and expression of cell cycle regulators, and miRNAs are emerging as important regulators of cell cycle progression. Here, we show that miR-25 is overexpressed in 91% of examined human glioma tissues and 4 out of 6 human glioma cell lines. MiR-25 increases cell proliferation in two independent glioma cell lines. Ectopic expression of miR-25 was found to reduce CDKN1C protein levels by directly targeting its 3'-untranslated region (UTR). Notably, ablation of endogenous miR-25 rescued CDKN1C expression and significantly decreased glioma cell proliferation by facilitating normal cell cycle progression. Our clinical investigation found CDKN1C and miR-25 levels were inversely correlated. Lastly, downregulation of CDKN1 by siRNA blocked the activity of miR-25 on promoting glioma cell proliferation. Overall, our results for the first time show an oncogenic role of miR-25 in human glioma by targeting CDKN1C and that miR-25 could potentially be a therapeutic target for glioma intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jihong Zhang
- Department of Neurology, Daqing Oilfield General Hospital, Daqing, Heilongjiang, China
| | - Xuhai Gong
- Department of Neurology, Daqing Oilfield General Hospital, Daqing, Heilongjiang, China
| | - Kaiyu Tian
- Department of Health Care, Daqing Oilfield General Hospital, Daqing, Heilongjiang, China
| | - Dongkai Chen
- Department of Heath Care, The Children Hospital of Harbin City, Harbin, Heilongjiang, China
| | - Jiahang Sun
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang, China
| | - Guangzhi Wang
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang, China; Department of Medical Service Management, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang, China.
| | - Mian Guo
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang, China.
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Yin Y, Zheng K, Eid N, Howard S, Jeong JH, Yi F, Guo J, Park CM, Bibian M, Wu W, Hernandez P, Park H, Wu Y, Luo JL, LoGrasso PV, Feng Y. Bis-aryl urea derivatives as potent and selective LIM kinase (Limk) inhibitors. J Med Chem 2015; 58:1846-61. [PMID: 25621531 DOI: 10.1021/jm501680m] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
The discovery/optimization of bis-aryl ureas as Limk inhibitors to obtain high potency and selectivity and appropriate pharmacokinetic properties through systematic SAR studies is reported. Docking studies supported the observed SAR. Optimized Limk inhibitors had high biochemical potency (IC50 < 25 nM), excellent selectivity against ROCK and JNK kinases (>400-fold), potent inhibition of cofilin phosphorylation in A7r5, PC-3, and CEM-SS T cells (IC50 < 1 μM), and good in vitro and in vivo pharmacokinetic properties. In the profiling against a panel of 61 kinases, compound 18b at 1 μM inhibited only Limk1 and STK16 with ≥80% inhibition. Compounds 18b and 18f were highly efficient in inhibiting cell-invasion/migration in PC-3 cells. In addition, compound 18w was demonstrated to be effective on reducing intraocular pressure (IOP) on rat eyes. Taken together, these data demonstrated that we had developed a novel class of bis-aryl urea derived potent and selective Limk inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Yin
- Medicinal Chemistry, ‡Discovery Biology, §Crystallography/Modeling Facility, Translational Research Institute, ∥Department of Molecular Therapeutics, and ⊥Department of Cancer Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, Scripps Florida , 130 Scripps Way, No. 2A1, Jupiter, Florida 33458, United States
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Rodhe J, Kavanagh E, Joseph B. TAp73β-mediated suppression of cell migration requires p57Kip2 control of actin cytoskeleton dynamics. Oncotarget 2014; 4:289-97. [PMID: 23470527 PMCID: PMC3712574 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.833] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
The TP73 gene, a member of the p53 family, due to the use of different promoters and alternative splicing, is transcribed into different isoforms with contrasting attributes and which contribute to its functional diversity. Considerable efforts are made to identify the functional diversity of the p73 splicing variants during tumorigenesis.TAp73α and TAp73β isoforms have been shown to differentially regulate cell cycle progression, differentiation and apoptosis. Interestingly, a particular increase in expression of the TAp73 isoform, in favor of the α splicing variant, has been reported in multiple tumour types. Here, we report a distinctive role for TAp73β isoform in the control of cell migration and invasion. In fact, TAp73β-dependent induction of p57Kip2 expression accounted for inhibitory effects on the actin cytoskeleton dynamics and thereby cancer cell motility. In contrast, TAp73α is not able to induce p57Kip2 expression, and exhibits a positive effect on actin cytoskeleton dynamics as well as cell migration and invasion. In conclusion, the inhibitory effect on cell migration and invasion of TAp73β would qualify this distinct p73 isoform as tumor suppressor gene. In contrast, the promoting effect of TAp73α on cell motility and invasion strengthens the potential oncogenic activities of this p73 isoform.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johanna Rodhe
- Department of Oncology-Pathology, Cancer Centrum Karolinska, Karolinska Institutet, 171 76 Stockholm, Sweden
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24
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Epigenetic and genetic alterations of the imprinting disorder Beckwith–Wiedemann syndrome and related disorders. J Hum Genet 2013; 58:402-9. [DOI: 10.1038/jhg.2013.51] [Citation(s) in RCA: 106] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2013] [Revised: 04/23/2013] [Accepted: 04/26/2013] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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Yatsuki H, Higashimoto K, Jozaki K, Koide K, Okada J, Watanabe Y, Okamoto N, Tsuno Y, Yoshida Y, Ueda K, Shimizu K, Ohashi H, Mukai T, Soejima H. Novel mutations of CDKN1C in Japanese patients with Beckwith-Wiedemann syndrome. Genes Genomics 2013. [DOI: 10.1007/s13258-013-0079-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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Kawano T, Zhu M, Troiano N, Horowitz M, Bian J, Gundberg C, Kolodziejczak K, Insogna K. LIM kinase 1 deficient mice have reduced bone mass. Bone 2013; 52:70-82. [PMID: 23017662 PMCID: PMC3688839 DOI: 10.1016/j.bone.2012.09.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2011] [Revised: 09/17/2012] [Accepted: 09/19/2012] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
The cytoskeleton determines cell shape and is involved in cell motility. It also plays a role in differentiation and in modulating specialized cellular functions. LIM kinase 1 (LIMK1) participates in cytoskeletal remodeling by phosphorylating and inactivating the actin-severing protein, cofilin. Severing F-actin to release G-actin monomers is required for actin cytoskeletal remodeling. Although less well established, LIMK1 may also influence the cell cycle and modulate metalloproteinase activity. Since the role of LIMK1 in bone cell biology has not been reported, the skeletal phenotype of LIMK1(-/-) mice was examined. LIMK1(-/-) mice had significantly reduced trabecular bone mass when analyzed by microCT (p<0.01). Histomorphometric analyses demonstrated a 31% reduction in the number of osteoblasts (p=0.0003) and a 23% reduction in osteoid surface (p=0.0005). The number of osteoclasts was no different in control and knock out animals. Consistent with the in vivo findings in osteoblasts, the number of osteoblast colony forming units in LIMK1(-/-) bone marrow was reduced by nearly 50%. Further, osteoblasts isolated from LIMK1(-/-) mice showed significantly reduced rates of mineralization in vitro. Osteoclasts from LIMK1(-/-) mice evidenced more rapid cytoskeletal remodeling in response to treatment with CSF1. In keeping with this latter finding, basal levels of phospho-cofilin were reduced in LIMK1(-/-) osteoclasts. LIMK1(-/-) osteoclasts also resorbed dentine slices to a greater extent in vitro and were more active in a pit assay. These data support the hypothesis that LIMK1 is required for normal osteoblast differentiation. In addition, its absence leads to increased cytoskeletal remodeling and bone resorption in osteoclasts.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Meiling Zhu
- Department of Medicine, Yale School of Medicine
| | - Nancy Troiano
- Department of Orthopaedics and Rehabilitation, Yale School of Medicine
| | - Mark Horowitz
- Department of Orthopaedics and Rehabilitation, Yale School of Medicine
| | - Jessica Bian
- Department of Internal Medicine, Yale School of Medicine
| | - Caren Gundberg
- Department of Orthopaedics and Rehabilitation, Yale School of Medicine
| | | | - Karl Insogna
- to whom correspondence and reprint requests should be addressed at, Karl Insogna, M.D. PO Box 208020, Yale School of Medicine, 333 Cedar St. New Haven CT, 06520-8020,
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Tury A, Mairet-Coello G, DiCicco-Bloom E. The multiple roles of the cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitory protein p57(KIP2) in cerebral cortical neurogenesis. Dev Neurobiol 2012; 72:821-42. [PMID: 22076965 DOI: 10.1002/dneu.20999] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
The members of the CIP/KIP family of cyclin-dependent kinase (CDK) inhibitory proteins (CKIs), including p57(KIP2), p27(KIP1), and p21(CIP1), block the progression of the cell cycle by binding and inhibiting cyclin/CDK complexes of the G1 phase. In addition to this well-characterized function, p57(KIP2) and p27(KIP1) have been shown to participate in an increasing number of other important cellular processes including cell fate and differentiation, cell motility and migration, and cell death/survival, both in peripheral and central nervous systems. Increasing evidence over the past few years has characterized the functions of the newest CIP/KIP member p57(KIP2) in orchestrating cell proliferation, differentiation, and migration during neurogenesis. Here, we focus our discussion on the multiple roles played by p57(KIP2) during cortical development, making comparisons to p27(KIP1) as well as the INK4 family of CKIs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Tury
- Department of Neuroscience and Cell Biology, UMDNJ-Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, Piscataway, New Jersey, USA
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Kavanagh E, Vlachos P, Emourgeon V, Rodhe J, Joseph B. p57(KIP2) control of actin cytoskeleton dynamics is responsible for its mitochondrial pro-apoptotic effect. Cell Death Dis 2012; 3:e311. [PMID: 22592318 PMCID: PMC3366085 DOI: 10.1038/cddis.2012.51] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
p57 (Kip2, cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor 1C), often found downregulated in cancer, is reported to hold tumor suppressor properties. Originally described as a cyclin-dependent kinase (cdk) inhibitor, p57(KIP2) has since been shown to influence other cellular processes, beyond cell cycle regulation, including cell death and cell migration. Inhibition of cell migration by p57(KIP2) is attributed to the stabilization of the actin cytoskeleton through the activation of LIM domain kinase-1 (LIMK-1). Furthermore, p57(KIP2) is able to enhance mitochondrial-mediated apoptosis. Here, we report that the cell death promoting effect of p57(KIP2) is linked to its effect on the actin cytoskeleton. Indeed, whereas Jasplakinolide, an actin cytoskeleton-stabilizing agent, mimicked p57(KIP2)'s pro-apoptotic effect, destabilizing the actin cytoskeleton with cytochalsin D reversed p57(KIP2)'s pro-apoptotic function. Conversely, LIMK-1, the enzyme mediating p57(KIP2)'s effect on the actin cytoskeleton, was required for p57(KIP2)'s death promoting effect. Finally, p57(KIP2-)mediated stabilization of the actin cytoskeleton was associated with the displacement of hexokinase-1, an inhibitor of the mitochondrial voltage-dependent anion channel, from the mitochondria, providing a possible mechanism for the promotion of the mitochondrial apoptotic cell death pathway. Altogether, our findings link together two tumor suppressor properties of p57(KIP2), by showing that the promotion of cell death by p57(KIP2) requires its actin cytoskeleton stabilization function.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Kavanagh
- Department of Oncology-Pathology, Cancer Centrum Karolinska, R8:03, Karolinska Institutet, SE-171 76 Stockholm, Sweden
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Chow SE, Wang JS, Lin MR, Lee CL. Downregulation of p57kip² promotes cell invasion via LIMK/cofilin pathway in human nasopharyngeal carcinoma cells. J Cell Biochem 2012; 112:3459-68. [PMID: 21769918 DOI: 10.1002/jcb.23277] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
The members of Rho family are well known for their regulation of actin cytoskeleton to control cell migration. The Cip/kip members of cyclin-dependent (CDK) inhibitors have shown to implicate in cell migration and cytoskeletal dynamics. p57(kip2) , a CDK inhibitor, is frequently down-regulated in several malignancy tumors. However, its biological roles in human nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC) cells remained to be investigated. Here, we found p57(kip2) has nuclear and cytoplasm distributions and depletion of endogenous p57(kip2) did not change the cell-cycle progression. Inhibition of cell proliferation by mitomycin C promoted FBS-mediated cell migration and accompanied with the downregulation of ΔNp63α and p57(kip2), but did not change the level of p27(kip1) , another CDK inhibitor. By using siRNA transfection and cell migration/invasion assays, we found that knockdown of p57(kip2) , but not ΔNp63α, involved in promotion of NPC cell migration and invasion via decrease of phospho-cofilin (p-cofilin). Treatment with Y-27632, a specific ROCK inhibitor, we found that dysregulation of ROCK/cofilin pathway decreased p-cofilin expression and induced cell migration. This change of p-cofilin induced actin remodeling and pronounced increase of membrane protrusions. Further, silence of p57(kip2) not only decreased the interaction between p57(kip2) and LIMK-1 assayed by immunoprecipitation but also reduced the level of phospho-LIMK1/2. Therefore, this study indicated that dysregulation of p57(kip2) promoted cell migration and invasion through modulation of LIMK/cofilin signaling and suggested this induction of inappropriate cell motility might contribute to promoting tumor cell for metastasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shu-Er Chow
- Center for General Studies, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan.
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Multiple degradation pathways regulate versatile CIP/KIP CDK inhibitors. Trends Cell Biol 2011; 22:33-41. [PMID: 22154077 DOI: 10.1016/j.tcb.2011.10.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 119] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2011] [Revised: 10/18/2011] [Accepted: 10/24/2011] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
The mammalian CIP/KIP family of cyclin-dependent kinase (CDK) inhibitors (CKIs) comprises three proteins--p21(Cip1/WAF1), p27(Kip1), and p57(Kip2)--that bind and inhibit cyclin-CDK complexes, which are key regulators of the cell cycle. CIP/KIP CKIs have additional independent functions in regulating transcription, apoptosis and actin cytoskeletal dynamics. These divergent functions are performed in distinct cellular compartments and contribute to the seemingly contradictory observation that the CKIs can both suppress and promote cancer. Multiple ubiquitin ligases (E3s) direct the proteasome-mediated degradation of p21, p27 and p57. This review analyzes recent data highlighting our current understanding of how distinct E3 pathways regulate subpopulations of the CKIs to control their diverse functions.
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Guo H, Lv Y, Tian T, Hu TH, Wang WJ, Sui X, Jiang L, Ruan ZP, Nan KJ. Downregulation of p57 accelerates the growth and invasion of hepatocellular carcinoma. Carcinogenesis 2011; 32:1897-904. [PMID: 22002319 DOI: 10.1093/carcin/bgr220] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
p57 is a multifunctional protein involved in the regulation of tumor formation and development; however, the biological role of p57 in the pathogenesis of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is poorly understood. To explore the role of p57 in the development of HCC, we examined p57 messenger RNA (mRNA) and protein levels in HCC tissues and adjacent non-cancerous tissues by immunohistochemistry, real-time polymerase chain reaction and western blot analysis. Moreover, we generated stable p57 knockdown HCC cell lines to investigate the impact of p57 downregulation on the growth and invasion of HCC in vitro and in vivo. Our results showed that p57 mRNA and protein levels were significantly decreased in human HCC tissues. In addition, this reduction in p57 expression was associated with increased tumor size, more advanced TNM stages, the presence of capsule invasion and extrahepatic metastasis and decreased overall survival time. In human HCC cell lines, p57 downregulation increased the expression of cyclin D1 and CDK2 and enhanced the activities of CDK4/cyclin D1 and CDK2/cyclin E complexes, resulting in increased cellular proliferation and growth of xenografts. Furthermore, p57 downregulation accelerated the invasion of HCC cells in vitro and in vivo by controlling the activity of LIMK1. In conclusion, the downregulation of p57 accelerates the growth and invasion of HCC, indicating that p57 is an important tumor suppressor in HCC. Based on these findings, p57 may be a potential target for HCC prevention and therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Guo
- Department of Oncology, First Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710061, Shaanxi Province, People's Republic of China
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Borriello A, Caldarelli I, Bencivenga D, Criscuolo M, Cucciolla V, Tramontano A, Oliva A, Perrotta S, Della Ragione F. p57(Kip2) and cancer: time for a critical appraisal. Mol Cancer Res 2011; 9:1269-84. [PMID: 21816904 DOI: 10.1158/1541-7786.mcr-11-0220] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
p57(Kip2) is a cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor belonging to the Cip/Kip family, which also includes p21(Cip1) and p27(Kip1). So far, p57(Kip2) is the least-studied Cip/Kip protein, and for a long time its relevance has been related mainly to its unique role in embryogenesis. Moreover, genetic and molecular studies on animal models and patients with Beckwith-Wiedemann syndrome have shown that alterations in CDKN1C (the p57(Kip2) encoding gene) have functional relevance in the pathogenesis of this disease. Recently, a number of investigations have identified and characterized heretofore unexpected roles for p57(Kip2). The protein appears to be critically involved in initial steps of cell and tissue differentiation, and particularly in neuronal development and erythropoiesis. Intriguingly, p27(Kip1), the Cip/Kip member that is most homologous to p57(Kip2), is primarily involved in the process of cell cycle exit. p57(Kip2) also plays a critical role in controlling cytoskeletal organization and cell migration through its interaction with LIMK-1. Furthermore, p57(Kip2) appears to modulate genome expression. Finally, accumulating evidence indicates that p57(Kip2) protein is frequently downregulated in different types of human epithelial and nonepithelial cancers as a consequence of genetic and epigenetic events. In summary, the emerging picture is that several aspects of p57(Kip2)'s functions are only poorly clarified. This review represents an appraisal of the data available on the p57(Kip2) gene and protein structure, and its role in human physiology and pathology. We particularly focus our attention on p57(Kip2) changes in cancers and pharmacological approaches for modulating p57(Kip2) levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adriana Borriello
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Second University of Naples, Naples, Italy
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Tunster SJ, Van de Pette M, John RM. Fetal overgrowth in the Cdkn1c mouse model of Beckwith-Wiedemann syndrome. Dis Model Mech 2011; 4:814-21. [PMID: 21729874 PMCID: PMC3209650 DOI: 10.1242/dmm.007328] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Mutations in the imprinted CDKN1C gene are associated with the childhood developmental disorder Beckwith-Wiedemann syndrome (BWS). Multiple mouse models with deficiency of Cdkn1c recapitulate some aspects of BWS but do not exhibit overgrowth of the newborn, a cardinal feature of patients with BWS. In this study, we found that Cdkn1c mutants attained a 20% increase in weight during gestation but experienced a rapid reversal of this positive growth trajectory very late in gestation. We observed a marked effect on placental development concurrently with this loss of growth potential, with the appearance of large thrombotic lesions in the labyrinth zone. The trilaminar trophoblast layer that separates the maternal blood sinusoids from fetal capillaries was disordered with a loss of sinusoidal giant cells, suggesting a role for Cdkn1c in maintaining the integrity of the maternal-fetal interface. Furthermore, the overgrowth of mutant pups decreased in the face of increasing intrauterine competition, identifying a role for Cdkn1c in the allocation of the maternal resources via the placenta. This work explains one difficulty in precisely replicating BWS in this animal model: the differences in reproductive strategies between the multiparous mouse, in which intrauterine competition is high, and humans, in which singleton pregnancies are more common.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simon J Tunster
- Cardiff School of Biosciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff, CF10 3AX, UK
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McConnell BV, Koto K, Gutierrez-Hartmann A. Nuclear and cytoplasmic LIMK1 enhances human breast cancer progression. Mol Cancer 2011; 10:75. [PMID: 21682918 PMCID: PMC3131252 DOI: 10.1186/1476-4598-10-75] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2011] [Accepted: 06/18/2011] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Background LIM kinase 1 (LIMK1) is expressed in both cytoplasmic and nuclear compartments, and is a key regulator of cytoskeletal organization involved in cell migration and proliferation. LIMK1 levels are increased in several human cancers, with LIMK1 over-expression in prostate and breast cancer cells leading to tumor progression. While it has been presumed that the mechanism by which LIMK1 promotes cancer progression is via its cytoplasmic effects, the role of nuclear vs cytoplasmic LIMK1 in the tumorigenic process has not been examined. Results To determine if cytoplasmic or nuclear LIMK1 expression correlated with breast cancer, we performed immunohistochemical (IHC) analysis of breast tissue microarrays (TMAs), The IHC analysis of breast TMAs revealed that 76% of malignant breast tissue samples strongly expressed LIMK1 in the cytoplasm, with 52% of these specimens also expressing nuclear LIMK1. Only 48% of benign breast samples displayed strong cytoplasmic LIMK1 expression and 27% of these expressed nuclear LIMK1. To investigate the respective roles of cytoplamsic and nuclear LIMK1 in breast cancer progression, we targeted GFP-LIMK1 to cytoplasmic and nuclear subcellular compartments by fusing nuclear export signals (NESs) or nuclear localization sequences (NLS), respectively, to the amino-terminus of GFP-LIMK1. Stable pools of MDA-MB-231 cells were generated by retroviral transduction, and fluorescence microscopy revealed that GFP alone (control) and GFP-LIMK1 were each expressed in both the cytoplasm and nucleus of MDA-MB-231 cells, whereas NLS-GFP-LIMK1 was expressed in the nucleus and NES-GFP-LIMK1 was expressed in the cytoplasm. Western blot analyses revealed equal expression of GFP-LIMK1 and NES-GFP-LIMK1, with NLS-GFP-LIMK1 expression being less but equal to endogenous LIMK1. Also, Western blotting revealed increased levels of phospho-cofilin, phospho-FAK, phospho-paxillin, phospho-Src, phospho-AKT, and phospho-Erk1/2 in cells expressing all GFP-LIMK1 fusions, compared to GFP alone. Invasion assays revealed that all GFP-LIMK1 fusions increased MDA-MB-231 cell invasion ~1.5-fold, compared to GFP-only control cells. Tumor xenograft studies in nude mice revealed that MDA-MB-231 cells stably expressing GFP-LIMK, NLS-GFP-LIMK1 and NES-GFP-LIMK1 enhanced tumor growth 2.5-, 1.6- and 4.7-fold, respectively, compared to GFP-alone. Conclusion Taken together, these data demonstrate that LIMK1 activity in both the cytoplasmic and nuclear compartments promotes breast cancer progression, underscoring that nuclear LIMK1 contributes to the transforming function of LIMK1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brice V McConnell
- Molecular Biology Program, University of Colorado Denver, 12801 East 17th Ave, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
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The hallmarks of CDKN1C (p57, KIP2) in cancer. Biochim Biophys Acta Rev Cancer 2011; 1816:50-6. [PMID: 21447370 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbcan.2011.03.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2011] [Revised: 03/18/2011] [Accepted: 03/22/2011] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor 1C CDKN1C (p57(KIP2)) regulates several hallmarks of cancer, including apoptosis, cell invasion and metastasis, tumor differentiation and angiogenesis. p57(KIP2) is generally not mutated in cancer, but its expression is downregulated through epigenetic changes such as DNA methylation and repressive histone marks at the promoter. This opens up possibilities for therapeutic intervention through reactivation of p57(KIP2) gene expression. Furthermore, p57(KIP2) has been tested as a prognostic factor for many types of cancer, even differentiating between early and late stage cancer. In this review, the multifunctional tumor suppressor capabilities of p57(KIP2), the mechanisms of p57(KIP2) transcriptional repression in cancer, and the therapeutic potential of reactivation of p57(KIP2) protein expression will be discussed.
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MicroRNA-221 inhibits CDKN1C/p57 expression in human colorectal carcinoma. Acta Pharmacol Sin 2011; 32:375-84. [PMID: 21278784 DOI: 10.1038/aps.2010.206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
AIM To investigate the regulatory effect of microRNA-221 (miR-221) on CDKN1C/p57 expression in colorectal carcinoma (CRC). METHODS Thirty four CRC and adjacent non-tumorous tissue samples were collected individually. Total RNA and protein were isolatedand from these samples and four human CRC-derived cell lines (including HT-29, Lovo, SW-480 and Caco2). MiR-221 expression was examined using real-time RT-PCR. CRC cells were treated with or without anti-p57-siRNA prior to the addition of pre-miR-221 or anti-miR-221. The mRNA and protein levels of CDKN1C/p57 were examined using semi-quantitative RT-PCR and Western blot, respectively. CRC cell proliferation and apoptosis were assessed using MTT assay and flow cytometry, respectively. The CDKN1C/p57 3'-UTR fragment was amplified using PCR from the genomic DNA of human colon cells and inserted into a luciferase reporter construct. The reporter construct was then transfected into CRC cells together with pre-miR-221 or anti-miR-221, and the luciferase activity in the transfected cells was examined. RESULTS MiR-221 expression was significantly up-regulated in 90% of CRC samples compared to that in the adjacent non-tumorous tissue, and the expression level was positively correlated to an advanced TNM stage and local invasion. There was no significant difference in CDKN1C/p57 mRNA expression between CRC and corresponding non-tumorous tissues, whereas CDKN1C/p57 protein expression was markedly decreased in the CRC samples. A significant inverse correlation between miR-221 and CDKN1C/p57 expression was found in CRC cells. Moreover, a miR-221-specific inhibitor significantly increased CDKN1C/p57 protein expression in CRC cells. Anti-miR-221 markedly inhibited CRC cell proliferation and induced apoptosis. This inhibitory effect was abolished by pretreatment with anti-p57-siRNA, suggesting that the inhibition was mediated by CDKN1C/p57. A significant increase of the luciferase activity was observed in CRC cells co-transfected with the luciferase reporter construct and anti-miR-221. CONCLUSION MiR-221 binds to the target site in the 3'-UTR of the CDKN1C/p57 mRNA to inhibit CDKN1C/p57 expression by post-transcriptional gene silencing to promote CRC occurrence and progress, therefore serving as a potential therapeutic target for the prevention and treatment of CRC.
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Manetti F. LIM kinases are attractive targets with many macromolecular partners and only a few small molecule regulators. Med Res Rev 2011; 32:968-98. [PMID: 22886629 DOI: 10.1002/med.20230] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
The LIM kinases 1 and 2 (LIMK1 and LIMK2) are dual specificity (serine/threonine and tyrosine) kinases. Although they show significant structural similarity, LIMK1 and LIMK2 show different expression, subcellular localization, and functions. They are involved in many cellular functions, such as migration, cycle, and neuronal differentiation and also have a role in pathological processes, such as cancer cell invasion and metastatis, as well as in neurodevelopmental disorders (namely, the William's syndrome). LIM kinases have a relevant number of known partners that are able to induce or limit the ability of LIMK1 and LIMK2 to phosphorylate and inactivate their major substrate, cofilin. On the contrary, only a limited number of small molecules that interact with the two proteins to modulate their kinase activity have been identified. In this review, the most important partners of LIM kinases and their modulating activity toward LIMKs are described. The small compounds identified as LIMK1 and LIMK2 modulators are also reported, as well as their role as possible therapeutic agents for LIMK-induced diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabrizio Manetti
- Dipartimento Farmaco Chimico Tecnologico, Università degli Studi di Siena, via Alcide de Gasperi 2, I-53100 Siena, Italy.
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Guo H, Nan K, Hu T, Meng J, Hui W, Zhang X, Qin H, Sui C. Prognostic significance of co-expression of nm23 and p57 protein in hepatocellular carcinoma. Hepatol Res 2010; 40:1107-16. [PMID: 20880063 DOI: 10.1111/j.1872-034x.2010.00721.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
AIM To investigate the unbalance of proliferation and apoptosis and the functions of cell-cycle proteins and apoptotic factor in metastasis of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) and their effect in prognosis. METHODS Proliferation index and apoptosis index, as well as seven relatively molecular markers, namely p15, p34, p53, p57, p73, survivin and nm23, were evaluated by immunohistochemistry and TUNEL in HCC tissues and compared to adjacent non-cancerous tissues and normal liver tissues. Furthermore, the prognostic significance by follow-up and mutual relationships for each clinicopathologic factor and molecular marker were analysed. RESULTS The dysregulation between proliferation and apoptosis and the abnormal expression of seven molecular markers were observed in HCC tissues. The unbalance of proliferation and apoptosis and abnormal expressions of p15, p34, p57 and nm23 were correlated with TNM stage and extrahepatic metastasis. In particular, the abnormal co-expression of nm23/p57 correlated with advanced TNM stage and bigger tumor size and was an independent prognostic factor of HCC. CONCLUSION The unbalance of proliferation and apoptosis and abnormal expression of cell-cycle proteins promote metastasis of HCC. Moreover, the abnormal co-expression of nm23/p57 may be a useful molecular marker for metastasis and unfavourable prognosis for HCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Guo
- Department of Oncology, The First Affiliated HospitalThe Second Affiliated Hospital, College Of Medicine of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi Department of Oncology, The First People Hospital, Changzhou, Jiangsu Department of Pulmonary Medicine, Kiang Wu Hospital, Macao, China
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Pateras IS, Apostolopoulou K, Niforou K, Kotsinas A, Gorgoulis VG. p57KIP2: "Kip"ing the cell under control. Mol Cancer Res 2009; 7:1902-19. [PMID: 19934273 DOI: 10.1158/1541-7786.mcr-09-0317] [Citation(s) in RCA: 117] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
p57(KIP2) is an imprinted gene located at the chromosomal locus 11p15.5. It is a cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor belonging to the CIP/KIP family, which includes additionally p21(CIP1/WAF1) and p27(KIP1). It is the least studied CIP/KIP member and has a unique role in embryogenesis. p57(KIP2) regulates the cell cycle, although novel functions have been attributed to this protein including cytoskeletal organization. Molecular analysis of animal models and patients with Beckwith-Wiedemann Syndrome have shown its nodal implication in the pathogenesis of this syndrome. p57(KIP2) is frequently down-regulated in many common human malignancies through several mechanisms, denoting its anti-oncogenic function. This review is a thorough analysis of data available on p57(KIP2), in relation to p21(CIP1/WAF1) and p27(KIP1), on gene and protein structure, its transcriptional and translational regulation, and its role in human physiology and pathology, focusing on cancer development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ioannis S Pateras
- Molecular Carcinogenesis Group, Laboratory of Histology-Embryology, Medical School, University of Athens, Greece
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