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Wang C, Zhang Y, Kong W, Rong X, Zhong Z, Jiang L, Chen S, Li C, Zhang F, Jiang J. Delivery of miRNAs Using Nanoparticles for the Treatment of Osteosarcoma. Int J Nanomedicine 2024; 19:8641-8660. [PMID: 39188861 PMCID: PMC11346496 DOI: 10.2147/ijn.s471900] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2024] [Accepted: 07/31/2024] [Indexed: 08/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Osteosarcoma is the predominant primary malignant bone tumor that poses a significant global health challenge. MicroRNAs (miRNAs) that regulate gene expression are associated with osteosarcoma pathogenesis. Thus, miRNAs are potential therapeutic targets for osteosarcoma. Nanoparticles, widely used for targeted drug delivery, facilitate miRNA-based osteosarcoma treatment. Numerous studies have focused on miRNA delivery using nanoparticles to inhibit the progress of osteosarcoma. Polymer-based, lipid-based, inorganic-based nanoparticles and extracellular vesicles were used to deliver miRNAs for the treatment of osteosarcoma. They can be modified to enhance drug loading and delivery capabilities. Also, miRNA delivery was combined with traditional therapies, for example chemotherapy, to treat osteosarcoma. Consequently, miRNA delivery offers promising therapeutic avenues for osteosarcoma, providing renewed hope for patients. This review emphasizes the studies utilizing nanoparticles for miRNA delivery in osteosarcoma treatment, then introduced and summarized the nanoparticles in detail. And it also discusses the prospects for clinical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chengran Wang
- Department of Scientific Research Center, China–Japan Union Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin Province, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yihong Zhang
- Department of Scientific Research Center, China–Japan Union Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin Province, People’s Republic of China
| | - Weihui Kong
- Department of Stomatology, the First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin Province, People’s Republic of China
| | - Xin’ao Rong
- Department of Scientific Research Center, China–Japan Union Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin Province, People’s Republic of China
| | - Ziming Zhong
- Department of Scientific Research Center, China–Japan Union Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin Province, People’s Republic of China
| | - Lei Jiang
- Department of Geriatric Medicine, Changchun Central Hospital, Changchun, Jilin Province, People’s Republic of China
| | - Shuhan Chen
- Department of Scientific Research Center, China–Japan Union Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin Province, People’s Republic of China
| | - Chuang Li
- Department of Scientific Research Center, China–Japan Union Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin Province, People’s Republic of China
| | - Fuqiang Zhang
- Department of Scientific Research Center, China–Japan Union Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin Province, People’s Republic of China
| | - Jinlan Jiang
- Department of Scientific Research Center, China–Japan Union Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin Province, People’s Republic of China
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Chen L, He L, Liu B, Zhou Y, Lv L, Wang Z. Intelligent structure prediction and visualization analysis of non-coding RNA in osteosarcoma research. Front Oncol 2024; 14:1255061. [PMID: 38532928 PMCID: PMC10964489 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2024.1255061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2023] [Accepted: 02/23/2024] [Indexed: 03/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Background Osteosarcoma (OS) is the most common bone malignant tumor in children and adolescents. Recent research indicates that non-coding RNAs (ncRNAs) have been associated with OS occurrence and development, with significant progress made in this field. However, there is no intelligent structure prediction and literature visualization analysis in this research field. From the perspective of intelligent knowledge structure construction and bibliometrics, this study will comprehensively review the role of countries, institutions, journals, authors, literature citation relationships and subject keywords in the field of ncRNAs in OS. Based on this analysis, we will systematically analyze the characteristics of the knowledge structure of ncRNAs in OS disease research and identify the current research hotspots and trends. Methods The Web of Science Core Collection (WoSCC) database was searched for articles on ncRNAs in OS between 2001 and 2023. This bibliometric analysis was performed using VOSviewers, CiteSpace, and Pajek. Results This study involved 15,631 authors from 2,631 institutions across 57 countries/regions, with a total of 3,642 papers published in 553 academic journals. China has the highest number of published papers in this research field. The main research institutions include Nanjing Medical University (n = 129, 3.54%), Shanghai Jiao Tong University (n = 128, 3.51%), Zhengzhou University (n = 110, 3.02%), and China Medical University (n = 109, 2.99%). Oncology Letters (n =139, 3.82%), European Review for Medical Pharmacological Sciences (120, 3.31%), and Molecular Medicine Reports (n = 95, 2.61%) are the most popular journals in this field, with Oncotarget being the most co-cited journal (Co-Citation = 4,268). Wei Wang, Wei Liu, and Zhenfeng Duan published the most papers, with Wang Y being the most co-cited author. "miRNA", "lncRNA" and "circRNA" are the main focuses of ncRNAs in OS studies. Key themes include "migration and invasion", "apoptosis and proliferation", "prognosis", "biomarkers" and "chemoresistance". Since 2020, hotspots and trends in ncRNA research in OS include "tumor microenvironment", "immune" and "exosome". Conclusion This study represents the first comprehensive bibliometric analysis of the knowledge structure and development of ncRNAs in OS. These findings highlight current research hotspots and frontier directions, offering valuable insights for future studies on the role of ncRNAs in OS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Longhao Chen
- The Third Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
- The Third Clinical Medical College, Zhejiang University of Chinese Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Liuji He
- Faculty of Orthopedics and Traumatology, Guangxi University of Chinese Medicine, Nanning, Guangxi, China
| | - Baijie Liu
- Faculty of Orthopedics and Traumatology, Guangxi University of Chinese Medicine, Nanning, Guangxi, China
| | - Yinghua Zhou
- First Affiliated Hospital, Guangxi University of Chinese Medicine, Nanning, Guangxi, China
| | - Lijiang Lv
- The Third Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
- The Third Clinical Medical College, Zhejiang University of Chinese Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Zhiguang Wang
- First Affiliated Hospital, Guangxi University of Chinese Medicine, Nanning, Guangxi, China
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Liao X, Wei R, Zhou J, Wu K, Li J. Emerging roles of long non-coding RNAs in osteosarcoma. Front Mol Biosci 2024; 11:1327459. [PMID: 38516191 PMCID: PMC10955361 DOI: 10.3389/fmolb.2024.1327459] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2023] [Accepted: 02/12/2024] [Indexed: 03/23/2024] Open
Abstract
Osteosarcoma (OS) is a highly aggressive and lethal malignant bone tumor that primarily afflicts children, adolescents, and young adults. However, the molecular mechanisms underlying OS pathogenesis remain obscure. Mounting evidence implicates dysregulated long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) in tumorigenesis and progression. These lncRNAs play a pivotal role in modulating gene expression at diverse epigenetic, transcriptional, and post-transcriptional levels. Uncovering the roles of aberrant lncRNAs would provide new insights into OS pathogenesis and novel tools for its early diagnosis and treatment. In this review, we summarize the significance of lncRNAs in controlling signaling pathways implicated in OS development, including the Wnt/β-catenin, PI3K/AKT/mTOR, NF-κB, Notch, Hippo, and HIF-1α. Moreover, we discuss the multifaceted contributions of lncRNAs to drug resistance in OS, as well as their potential to serve as biomarkers and therapeutic targets. This review aims to encourage further research into lncRNA field and the development of more effective therapeutic strategies for patients with OS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xun Liao
- Frontiers Medical Center, Tianfu Jincheng Laboratory, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Rong Wei
- Laboratory of Molecular Oncology, Frontiers Science Center for Disease-related Molecular Network, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Junxiu Zhou
- Frontiers Medical Center, Tianfu Jincheng Laboratory, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Ke Wu
- Laboratory of Molecular Oncology, Frontiers Science Center for Disease-related Molecular Network, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Jiao Li
- Laboratory of Molecular Oncology, Frontiers Science Center for Disease-related Molecular Network, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
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Zhang H, Du Z, Tu C, Zhou X, Menu E, Wang J. Hypoxic Bone Marrow Stromal Cells Secrete miR-140-5p and miR-28-3p That Target SPRED1 to Confer Drug Resistance in Multiple Myeloma. Cancer Res 2024; 84:39-55. [PMID: 37756570 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-23-0189] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2023] [Revised: 07/19/2023] [Accepted: 09/22/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023]
Abstract
Bone marrow stromal cell (BMSC)-derived small extracellular vesicles (sEV) promote drug resistance to bortezomib in multiple myeloma cells. Elucidating the components of BMSC sEV that induce drug resistance in multiple myeloma cells could help identify strategies to overcome resistance. Considering the hypoxic nature of the myeloma microenvironment, we explored the role of hypoxia in regulating BMSC sEV cargo and investigated whether hypoxia-driven sEV miRNAs contribute to the drug resistance in multiple myeloma cells. Hypoxia increased the release of sEVs from BMSCs, and these sEVs more strongly attenuated bortezomib sensitivity in multiple myeloma cells than sEVs from BMSCs under normoxic conditions. RNA sequencing revealed that significantly elevated levels of miR-140-5p and miR-28-3p were enclosed in hypoxic BMSC-derived sEVs. Both miR-140-5p and miR-28-3p conferred bortezomib resistance in multiple myeloma cells by synergistically targeting SPRED1, a member of the Sprouty protein family that regulates MAPK activation. SPRED1 inhibition reduced sensitivity to bortezomib in multiple myeloma cells through activating MAPK-related pathways and significantly promoted multiple myeloma bortezomib resistance and tumor growth in a mouse model. These findings shed light on the role of hypoxia-induced miRNAs shuttled in BMSC-derived sEVs to multiple myeloma cells in inducing drug resistance and identify the miR-140-5p/miR-28-3p/SPRED1/MAPK pathway as a potential targetable axis for treating multiple myeloma. SIGNIFICANCE Hypoxia induces stromal cells to secrete extracellular vesicles with increased miR-140-5p and miR-28-3p that are transferred to multiple myeloma cells and drive drug resistance by increasing the MAPK signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Zhang
- Affiliated Cancer Hospital & Institute of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
- Guangzhou Municipal and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Protein Modification and Degradation, State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Zhimin Du
- Affiliated Cancer Hospital & Institute of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
- Guangzhou Municipal and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Protein Modification and Degradation, State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
- School of Nursing, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Chenggong Tu
- Affiliated Cancer Hospital & Institute of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
- Guangzhou Municipal and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Protein Modification and Degradation, State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
- Department of Hematology and Immunology, Myeloma Center Brussels, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Xinyan Zhou
- Affiliated Cancer Hospital & Institute of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
- Guangzhou Municipal and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Protein Modification and Degradation, State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Eline Menu
- Department of Hematology and Immunology, Myeloma Center Brussels, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Jinheng Wang
- Affiliated Cancer Hospital & Institute of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
- Guangzhou Municipal and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Protein Modification and Degradation, State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
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Sheikhnia F, Maghsoudi H, Majidinia M. The Critical Function of microRNAs in Developing Resistance against 5- Fluorouracil in Cancer Cells. Mini Rev Med Chem 2024; 24:601-617. [PMID: 37642002 DOI: 10.2174/1389557523666230825144150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2023] [Revised: 07/06/2023] [Accepted: 07/13/2023] [Indexed: 08/31/2023]
Abstract
Although there have been significant advancements in cancer treatment, resistance and recurrence in patients make it one of the leading causes of death worldwide. 5-fluorouracil (5-FU), an antimetabolite agent, is widely used in treating a broad range of human malignancies. The cytotoxic effects of 5-FU are mediated by the inhibition of thymidylate synthase (TYMS/TS), resulting in the suppression of essential biosynthetic activity, as well as the misincorporation of its metabolites into RNA and DNA. Despite its huge benefits in cancer therapy, the application of 5-FU in the clinic is restricted due to the occurrence of drug resistance. MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are small, non-coding RNAs that act as negative regulators in many gene expression processes. Research has shown that changes in miRNA play a role in cancer progression and drug resistance. This review examines the role of miRNAs in 5-FU drug resistance in cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Farhad Sheikhnia
- Student Research Committee, Urmia University of Medical Sciences, Urmia, Iran
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, School of Medicine, Urmia University of Medical Sciences, Urmia, Iran
| | - Hossein Maghsoudi
- Student Research Committee, Urmia University of Medical Sciences, Urmia, Iran
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, School of Medicine, Urmia University of Medical Sciences, Urmia, Iran
| | - Maryam Majidinia
- Solid Tumor Research Center, Cellular and Molecular Medicine Institute, Urmia University of Medical Sciences, Urmia, Iran
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Yu H, Zhang B, Qi L, Han J, Guan M, Li J, Meng Q. AP003352.1/miR-141-3p axis enhances the proliferation of osteosarcoma by LPAR3. PeerJ 2023; 11:e15937. [PMID: 37727685 PMCID: PMC10506581 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.15937] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2023] [Accepted: 07/31/2023] [Indexed: 09/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Osteosarcoma (OS) is a highly malignant tumor with a poor prognosis and a growing incidence. LncRNAs and microRNAs control the occurrence and development process of osteosarcoma through ceRNA patterns. The LPAR3 gene is important in cancer cell proliferation, apoptosis and disease development. However, the regulatory mechanism of the ceRNA network through which LPAR3 participates in osteosarcoma has not been clarified. Herein, our study demonstrated that the AP003352.1/miR-141-3p axis drives LPAR3 expression to induce the malignant progression of osteosarcoma. First, the expression of LPAR3 is regulated by the changes in AP003352.1 and miR-141-3p. Similar to the ceRNA of miR-141-3p, AP003352.1 regulates the expression of LPAR3 through this mechanism. In addition, the regulation of AP003352.1 in malignant osteosarcoma progression depends to a certain degree on miR-141-3p. Importantly, the AP003352.1/miR-141-3p/LPAR3 axis can better serve as a multi-gene diagnostic marker for osteosarcoma. In conclusion, our research reveals a new ceRNA regulatory network, which provides a novel potential target for the diagnosis and treatment of osteosarcoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongde Yu
- Department of Orthopedics, Dalian NO.3 People’s Hospital, Dalian, China
| | - Bolun Zhang
- Department of Orthopedics, Dalian NO.3 People’s Hospital, Dalian, China
| | - Lin Qi
- Department of Orthopedics, Dalian NO.3 People’s Hospital, Dalian, China
| | - Jian Han
- Department of Orthopedics, Dalian NO.3 People’s Hospital, Dalian, China
| | - Mingyang Guan
- Department of Orthopedics, Dalian NO.3 People’s Hospital, Dalian, China
| | - Jiaze Li
- Department of Orthopedics, Dalian NO.3 People’s Hospital, Dalian, China
| | - Qingtao Meng
- Department of Orthopedics, Dalian NO.3 People’s Hospital, Dalian, China
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Cuttini E, Goi C, Pellarin E, Vida R, Brancolini C. HDAC4 in cancer: A multitasking platform to drive not only epigenetic modifications. Front Mol Biosci 2023; 10:1116660. [PMID: 36762207 PMCID: PMC9902726 DOI: 10.3389/fmolb.2023.1116660] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2022] [Accepted: 01/09/2023] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Controlling access to genomic information and maintaining its stability are key aspects of cell life. Histone acetylation is a reversible epigenetic modification that allows access to DNA and the assembly of protein complexes that regulate mainly transcription but also other activities. Enzymes known as histone deacetylases (HDACs) are involved in the removal of the acetyl-group or in some cases of small hydrophobic moieties from histones but also from the non-histone substrate. The main achievement of HDACs on histones is to repress transcription and promote the formation of more compact chromatin. There are 18 different HDACs encoded in the human genome. Here we will discuss HDAC4, a member of the class IIa family, and its possible contribution to cancer development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emma Cuttini
- Scuola Superiore Universitaria di Toppo Wassermann, Università degli Studi di Udine, Udine, Italy
| | - Camilla Goi
- Scuola Superiore Universitaria di Toppo Wassermann, Università degli Studi di Udine, Udine, Italy
| | - Ester Pellarin
- Scuola Superiore Universitaria di Toppo Wassermann, Università degli Studi di Udine, Udine, Italy
| | - Riccardo Vida
- Scuola Superiore Universitaria di Toppo Wassermann, Università degli Studi di Udine, Udine, Italy
| | - Claudio Brancolini
- Scuola Superiore Universitaria di Toppo Wassermann, Università degli Studi di Udine, Udine, Italy,Laboratory of Epigenomics, Department of Medicine, Università degli Studi di Udine, Udine, Italy,*Correspondence: Claudio Brancolini,
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Alotaibi F. Exosomal microRNAs in cancer: Potential biomarkers and immunotherapeutic targets for immune checkpoint molecules. Front Genet 2023; 14:1052731. [PMID: 36873941 PMCID: PMC9982116 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2023.1052731] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2022] [Accepted: 02/07/2023] [Indexed: 02/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Exosomes are small extracellular vesicles with a lipid bilayer structure secreted from different cell types which can be found in various body fluids including blood, pleural fluid, saliva and urine. They carry different biomolecules including proteins, metabolites, and amino acids such as microRNAs which are small non-coding RNAs that regulate gene expression and promote cell-to-cell communication. One main function of the exosomal miRNAs (exomiRs) is their role in cancer pathogenesis. Alternation in exomiRs expression could indicate disease progression and can regulate cancer growth and facilitate drug response/resistance. It can also influence the tumour microenvironment by controlling important signaling that regulating immune checkpoint molecules leading to activation of T cell anti-tumour immunity. Therefore, they can be used as potential novel cancer biomarkers and innovative immunotherapeutic agents. This review highlights the use of exomiRs as potential reliable biomarkers for cancer diagnosis, treatment response and metastasis. Finally, discuses their potential as immunotherapeutic agents to regulate immune checkpoint molecules and promote T cell anti-tumour immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Faizah Alotaibi
- College of Science and Health Professions, King Saud bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences and King Abdullah International Medical Research Center, Ministry of National Guard Health Affairs, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
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Taheri F, Ebrahimi SO, Heidari R, Pour SN, Reiisi S. Mechanism and function of miR-140 in human cancers: A review and in silico study. Pathol Res Pract 2023; 241:154265. [PMID: 36509008 DOI: 10.1016/j.prp.2022.154265] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2022] [Revised: 11/27/2022] [Accepted: 12/03/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
MicroRNA-140 (miR-140) acts as a tumor suppressor and plays a vital role in cell biological functions such as cell proliferation, apoptosis, and DNA repair. The expression of this miRNA has been shown to be considerably decreased in cancer tissues and cell lines compared with normal adjacent tissues. Consequently, aberrant expression of some miR-140 target genes can lead to the initiation and progression of various human cancers, such as breast cancer, gastrointestinal cancers, lung cancer, and prostate cancer. The dysregulation of the miR-140 network also affects cell proliferation, invasion, metastasis, and apoptosis of cancer cells by affecting various signaling pathways. Besides, up-regulation of miR-140 could enhance the efficacy of chemotherapeutic agents in different cancer. We aimed to cover most aspects of miR-140 function in cancer development and address its importance in different stages of cancer progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Forough Taheri
- Department of Genetics, Sharekord Branch, Islamic Azad University, Sharekord, Iran
| | - Seyed Omar Ebrahimi
- Department of Genetics, Faculty of Basic Sciences, Shahrekord University, Shahrekord, Iran
| | - Razieh Heidari
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, School of Advanced Technologies, Shahrekord University of Medical Sciences, Shahrekord, Iran
| | - Somaye Nezamabadi Pour
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, School of Medicine, Bam University of Medical Sciences, Bam, Iran
| | - Somayeh Reiisi
- Department of Genetics, Faculty of Basic Sciences, Shahrekord University, Shahrekord, Iran.
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MicroRNA-140-5p inhibits cellular proliferation, migration and invasion by downregulating AKT/STAT3/NF-κB pathway in breast carcinoma cells. ACTA PHARMACEUTICA (ZAGREB, CROATIA) 2022; 72:587-597. [PMID: 36651361 DOI: 10.2478/acph-2022-0039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/29/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
MicroRNA-140-5p (miR-140-5p) plays a pivotal role in human cancers. However, its role and molecular mechanisms in breast carcinoma are not fully explored. Using miR-140-5p transfected breast cancer cell line MDA-MB-231, several in vitro experiments were performed and described in this paper. They consist of the cell proliferation assay, wound healing assay, transwell assay, colony formation assays and qRTPCR. Expression levels of target proteins were determined using Western blotting. In addition, experiments on animal models were performed to study the possible role of miR-140-5p in tumorigenesis of breast carcinoma cells. The induction of experimental breast tumor in mice model was achieved through the incorporation of MDA-MB-231 tumor cells subcutaneously into the middle left side of the mice. The results showed that miR-140-5p up-regulation significantly suppresses proliferation, cellular invasion and migration of breast carcinoma cells. Furthermore, miR-140-5p up-regulation stops breast cancer cells at G0/G1 phase. The results of the animal model indicated that up-regulation of miR-140-5p suppresses its tumorigenic ability. Moreover, we also found that miR-140-5p up-regulation reduces the phosphorylation level of STAT3, p65, and AKT. In addition, miR-140-5p overexpression significantly decreases CDK2 expression while increasing E-cadherin expression level. These data revealed that miR-140-5p suppressed tumor progression of breast carcinoma cells through inhibition of the AKT/STAT3/NF-κB pathway. Taken the present study results together, we can conclude that miR-140-5p may act as a novel target in microRNA-targeting anticancer strategy for the treatment of breast cancer.
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Chuang JP, Tsai HL, Chen PJ, Chang TK, Su WC, Yeh YS, Huang CW, Wang JY. Comprehensive Review of Biomarkers for the Treatment of Locally Advanced Colon Cancer. Cells 2022; 11:cells11233744. [PMID: 36497002 PMCID: PMC9740797 DOI: 10.3390/cells11233744] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2022] [Revised: 11/16/2022] [Accepted: 11/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite the implementation of global screening programs, colorectal cancer (CRC) remains the second leading cause of cancer-related deaths worldwide. More than 10% of patients with colon cancer are diagnosed as having locally advanced disease with a relatively poor five-year survival rate. Locally advanced colon cancer (LACC) presents surgical challenges to R0 resection. The advantages and disadvantages of preoperative radiotherapy for LACC remain undetermined. Although several reliable novel biomarkers have been proposed for the prediction and prognosis of CRC, few studies have focused solely on the treatment of LACC. This comprehensive review highlights the role of predictive biomarkers for treatment and postoperative oncological outcomes for patients with LACC. Moreover, this review discusses emerging needs and approaches for the discovery of biomarkers that can facilitate the development of new therapeutic targets and surveillance of patients with LACC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jen-Pin Chuang
- Pingtung Hospital, Ministry of Health and Welfare, Pingtung 90054, Taiwan
- Department of Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan 70101, Taiwan
- Department of Surgery, National Cheng Kung University Hospital, Tainan 70101, Taiwan
| | - Hsiang-Lin Tsai
- Division of Colorectal Surgery, Department of Surgery, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 80708, Taiwan
- Department of Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 80708, Taiwan
| | - Po-Jung Chen
- Division of Colorectal Surgery, Department of Surgery, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 80708, Taiwan
- Department of Surgery, Faculty of Post-Baccalaureate Medicine, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 80708, Taiwan
| | - Tsung-Kun Chang
- Division of Colorectal Surgery, Department of Surgery, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 80708, Taiwan
- Department of Surgery, Faculty of Post-Baccalaureate Medicine, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 80708, Taiwan
- Graduate Institute of Clinical Medicine, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 80708, Taiwan
- Division of Trauma and Surgical Critical Care, Department of Surgery, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 80708, Taiwan
| | - Wei-Chih Su
- Division of Colorectal Surgery, Department of Surgery, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 80708, Taiwan
- Graduate Institute of Clinical Medicine, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 80708, Taiwan
| | - Yung-Sung Yeh
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Faculty of Post-Baccalaureate Medicine, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 80708, Taiwan
- Graduate Institute of Injury Prevention and Control, College of Public Health, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 11031, Taiwan
- Graduate Institute of Medicine, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 80708, Taiwan
| | - Ching-Wen Huang
- Division of Colorectal Surgery, Department of Surgery, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 80708, Taiwan
- Department of Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 80708, Taiwan
| | - Jaw-Yuan Wang
- Pingtung Hospital, Ministry of Health and Welfare, Pingtung 90054, Taiwan
- Division of Colorectal Surgery, Department of Surgery, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 80708, Taiwan
- Department of Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 80708, Taiwan
- Graduate Institute of Clinical Medicine, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 80708, Taiwan
- Graduate Institute of Medicine, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 80708, Taiwan
- Center for Cancer Research, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 80708, Taiwan
- Correspondence: or
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Fan L, Zhong Z, Lin Y, Li J. Non-coding RNAs as potential biomarkers in osteosarcoma. Front Genet 2022; 13:1028477. [PMID: 36338952 PMCID: PMC9627036 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2022.1028477] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2022] [Accepted: 10/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Osteosarcoma (OS) is a primary solid malignant tumor that occurs most frequently in the metaphysis of long bones. More likely to happen to children and adolescents. OS has high mortality and disability rate. However, the etiology and pathogenesis of OS have not been fully understood till now. Due to the lack of effective biomarkers, OS cannot be precisely detected in the early stage. With the application of next-generation and high-throughput sequencing, more and more abnormally expressed non-coding RNAs(ncRNAs) have been identified in OS. Growing evidences have suggested the ncRNAs, such as microRNAs (miRNAs), long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs), circular RNAs (circRNAs), have played an important role in the tumorigenesis and progression of OS. Thus, they can be served as novel biomarkers for diagnosis, treatment and prognosis. This review summarized the application of ncRNA as biomarkers in OS in detail, and discussed the limitation and future improvement of the potential biomarkers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lijuan Fan
- Henan Luoyang Orthopedic Hospital (Henan Provincial Orthopedic Hospital), Zhengzhou, Henan, China
- Luoyang Postgraduate Training Department, Henan University of Chinese Medicine, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| | - Zhenhao Zhong
- Department of Spinal Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Hainan Medical University, Haikou, Hainan, China
| | - Yubo Lin
- School of Clinical Medicine, Guilin Medical University, Guilin, Guangxi, China
| | - Jitian Li
- Henan Luoyang Orthopedic Hospital (Henan Provincial Orthopedic Hospital), Zhengzhou, Henan, China
- Luoyang Postgraduate Training Department, Henan University of Chinese Medicine, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
- The First College for Clinical Medicine, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
- *Correspondence: Jitian Li,
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13
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Matuszyk J. MALAT1-miRNAs network regulate thymidylate synthase and affect 5FU-based chemotherapy. Mol Med 2022; 28:89. [PMID: 35922756 PMCID: PMC9351108 DOI: 10.1186/s10020-022-00516-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2022] [Accepted: 07/22/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The active metabolite of 5-Fluorouracil (5FU), used in the treatment of several types of cancer, acts by inhibiting the thymidylate synthase encoded by the TYMS gene, which catalyzes the rate-limiting step in DNA replication. The major failure of 5FU-based cancer therapy is the development of drug resistance. High levels of TYMS-encoded protein in cancerous tissues are predictive of poor response to 5FU treatment. Expression of TYMS is regulated by various mechanisms, including involving non-coding RNAs, both miRNAs and long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs). Aim To delineate the miRNAs and lncRNAs network regulating the level of TYMS-encoded protein. Main body Several miRNAs targeting TYMS mRNA have been identified in colon cancers, the levels of which can be regulated to varying degrees by lncRNAs. Due to their regulation by the MALAT1 lncRNA, these miRNAs can be divided into three groups: (1) miR-197-3p, miR-203a-3p, miR-375-3p which are downregulated by MALAT1 as confirmed experimentally and the levels of these miRNAs are actually reduced in colon and gastric cancers; (2) miR-140-3p, miR-330-3p that could potentially interact with MALAT1, but not yet supported by experimental results; (3) miR-192-5p, miR-215-5p whose seed sequences do not recognize complementary response elements within MALAT1. Considering the putative MALAT1-miRNAs interaction network, attention is drawn to the potential positive feedback loop causing increased expression of MALAT1 in colon cancer and hepatocellular carcinoma, where YAP1 acts as a transcriptional co-factor which, by binding to the TCF4 transcription factor/ β-catenin complex, may increase the activation of the MALAT1 gene whereas the MALAT1 lncRNA can inhibit miR-375-3p which in turn targets YAP1 mRNA. Conclusion The network of non-coding RNAs may reduce the sensitivity of cancer cells to 5FU treatment by upregulating the level of thymidylate synthase.
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Affiliation(s)
- Janusz Matuszyk
- Hirszfeld Institute of Immunology and Experimental Therapy, Polish Academy of Sciences, 12 R. Weigla Street, 53-114, Wroclaw, Poland.
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14
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Origin and Therapies of Osteosarcoma. Cancers (Basel) 2022; 14:cancers14143503. [PMID: 35884563 PMCID: PMC9322921 DOI: 10.3390/cancers14143503] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2022] [Revised: 07/13/2022] [Accepted: 07/15/2022] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Osteosarcoma is the most common malignant bone tumor in children, with a 5-year survival rate ranging from 70% to 20% depending on the aggressiveness of the disease. The current treatments have not evolved over the past four decades due in part to the genetic complexity of the disease and its heterogeneity. This review will summarize the current knowledge of OS origin, diagnosis and therapies. Abstract Osteosarcoma (OS) is the most frequent primary bone tumor, mainly affecting children and young adults. Despite therapeutic advances, the 5-year survival rate is 70% but drastically decreases to 20–30% for poor responders to therapies or for patients with metastasis. No real evolution of the survival rates has been observed for four decades, explained by poor knowledge of the origin, difficulties related to diagnosis and the lack of targeted therapies for this pediatric tumor. This review will describe a non-exhaustive overview of osteosarcoma disease from a clinical and biological point of view, describing the origin, diagnosis and therapies.
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15
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Yang F, Zhang Y. Apoptosis-related genes-based prognostic signature for osteosarcoma. Aging (Albany NY) 2022; 14:3813-3825. [PMID: 35504036 PMCID: PMC9134960 DOI: 10.18632/aging.204042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2022] [Accepted: 04/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Osteosarcoma (OS) is a common malignant primary tumor of skeleton, especially in children and adolescents, characterized by high lung metastasis rate. Apoptosis has been studied in various tumors, while the prognostic role of apoptosis-related genes in OS has been seldom studied. Three OS related datasets were downloaded from Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO) database. Univariate Cox and LASSO Cox regression analysis identified optimal genes, which were used for building prognostic Risk score. Subsequent multivariate Cox regression analysis and Kaplan-Meier survival analysis determined the independent prognostic factors for OS. The immune cell infiltration was analyzed in CIBERSORT. Basing on 680 apoptosis-related genes, the OS patients could be divided into 2 clusters with significantly different overall survival. Among which, 6 optimal genes were identified to construct Risk score. In both training set (GSE21257) and validation set (meta-GEO dataset), high risk OS patients had significantly worse overall survival compared with the low risk patients. Besides, high Risk score was an independent poor prognostic factor for OS with various ages or genders. Three immune cells were differentially infiltrated between high and low risk OS patients. In conclusion, a six-gene (TERT, TRAP1, DNM1L, BAG5, PLEKHF1 and PPP3CB) based prognostic Risk score signature is probably conducive to distinguish different prognosis of OS patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fei Yang
- Department of Orthopaedics, Zibo Central Hospital, Zibo 255036, Shandong, China
| | - Yi Zhang
- Department of Orthopaedics, Zibo Central Hospital, Zibo 255036, Shandong, China
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16
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Bakhsh T, Alhazmi S, Alburae NA, Farsi A, Alzahrani F, Choudhry H, Bahieldin A. Exosomal miRNAs as a Promising Source of Biomarkers in Colorectal Cancer Progression. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23094855. [PMID: 35563246 PMCID: PMC9103063 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23094855] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2022] [Revised: 04/24/2022] [Accepted: 04/26/2022] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Colorectal cancer (CRC) is the third most common type of cancer worldwide amongst males and females. CRC treatment is multidisciplinary, often including surgery, chemotherapy, and radiotherapy. Early diagnosis of CRC can lead to treatment initiation at an earlier stage. Blood biomarkers are currently used to detect CRC, but because of their low sensitivity and specificity, they are considered inadequate diagnostic tools and are used mainly for following up patients for recurrence. It is necessary to detect novel, noninvasive, specific, and sensitive biomarkers for the screening and diagnosis of CRC at earlier stages. The tumor microenvironment (TME) has an essential role in tumorigenesis; for example, extracellular vesicles (EVs) such as exosomes can play a crucial role in communication between cancer cells and different components of TME, thereby inducing tumor progression. The importance of miRNAs that are sorted into exosomes has recently attracted scientists’ attention. Some unique sequences of miRNAs are favorably packaged into exosomes, and it has been illustrated that particular miRNAs can be directed into exosomes by special mechanisms that occur inside the cells. This review illustrates and discusses the sorted and transported exosomal miRNAs in the CRC microenvironment and their impact on CRC progression as well as their potential use as biomarkers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tahani Bakhsh
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Jeddah University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia
- Correspondence:
| | - Safiah Alhazmi
- Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia; (S.A.); (N.A.A.); (A.B.)
| | - Najla Ali Alburae
- Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia; (S.A.); (N.A.A.); (A.B.)
| | - Ali Farsi
- Department of Surgry, Faculty of Medicine, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia;
| | - Faisal Alzahrani
- King Fahd Medical Research Center, Embryonic Stem Cells Unit, Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, King AbdulAziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia;
- Centre of Artificial Intelligence in Precision Medicines, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia;
| | - Hani Choudhry
- Centre of Artificial Intelligence in Precision Medicines, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia;
- Biochemistry Department, Faculty of Science, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ahmed Bahieldin
- Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia; (S.A.); (N.A.A.); (A.B.)
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17
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Luo P, Fang J, Chen H, He F, Xiao S, Liu H, Zhu S, Luo J, Jiang C. c-Myb-mediated inhibition of miR-601 in facilitating malignance of osteosarcoma via augmentation of PKMYT1. Sci Rep 2022; 12:6692. [PMID: 35461324 PMCID: PMC9035158 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-10684-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2021] [Accepted: 04/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
The crosstalk between osteosarcoma (OS) development and abnormally expressed microRNA (miR)-601 is not explored explicitly. Here, we identified the downregulated miR-601 in osteosarcoma (OS) through a comprehensive bioinformatics analysis of GEO Datasets. The results indicated that miR-601 was downregulated in both OS cells and tissues. The OS patients with reduced expression of miR-601 displayed worse prognosis. The results of in vitro and in vivo assay revealed that elevated miR-601 inhibited the proliferative, migratory and invasive capacities in OS cells. Mechanically, miR-601 exerted its function via targeting oncogene protein kinase membrane associated tyrosine/threonine 1 (PKMYT1) at post-transcriptional level. Moreover, miR-601 was attenuated by c-Myb at transcriptional level. Taken together, our studies reveal that miR-601 is a suppressive gene negatively correlated with malignancy of OS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peng Luo
- Department of Orthopedics, Huazhong University of Science and Technology Union Shenzhen Hospital, Shenzhen, 518000, China
| | - Jiarui Fang
- Department of Orthopedics, Huazhong University of Science and Technology Union Shenzhen Hospital, Shenzhen, 518000, China
| | - Houqing Chen
- Department of Orthopedics, Huazhong University of Science and Technology Union Shenzhen Hospital, Shenzhen, 518000, China
| | - Feng He
- Department of Orthopedics, Huazhong University of Science and Technology Union Shenzhen Hospital, Shenzhen, 518000, China
| | - Siying Xiao
- Department of Orthopedics, Huazhong University of Science and Technology Union Shenzhen Hospital, Shenzhen, 518000, China
| | - He Liu
- Department of Orthopedics, Huazhong University of Science and Technology Union Shenzhen Hospital, Shenzhen, 518000, China
| | - Shizhuang Zhu
- Department of Orthopedics, Huazhong University of Science and Technology Union Shenzhen Hospital, Shenzhen, 518000, China
| | - Jianzhou Luo
- Department of Orthopedics, Huazhong University of Science and Technology Union Shenzhen Hospital, Shenzhen, 518000, China
| | - Changqing Jiang
- Department of Orthopedics, Huazhong University of Science and Technology Union Shenzhen Hospital, Shenzhen, 518000, China.
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18
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Szczepanek J, Skorupa M, Tretyn A. MicroRNA as a Potential Therapeutic Molecule in Cancer. Cells 2022; 11:1008. [PMID: 35326459 PMCID: PMC8947269 DOI: 10.3390/cells11061008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2022] [Revised: 03/11/2022] [Accepted: 03/16/2022] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Small noncoding RNAs, as post-translational regulators of many target genes, are not only markers of neoplastic disease initiation and progression, but also markers of response to anticancer therapy. Hundreds of miRNAs have been identified as biomarkers of drug resistance, and many have demonstrated the potential to sensitize cancer cells to therapy. Their properties of modulating the response of cells to therapy have made them a promising target for overcoming drug resistance. Several methods have been developed for the delivery of miRNAs to cancer cells, including introducing synthetic miRNA mimics, DNA plasmids containing miRNAs, and small molecules that epigenetically alter endogenous miRNA expression. The results of studies in animal models and preclinical studies for solid cancers and hematological malignancies have confirmed the effectiveness of treatment protocols using microRNA. Nevertheless, the use of miRNAs in anticancer therapy is not without limitations, including the development of a stable nanoconstruct, delivery method choices, and biodistribution. The aim of this review was to summarize the role of miRNAs in cancer treatment and to present new therapeutic concepts for these molecules. Supporting anticancer therapy with microRNA molecules has been verified in numerous clinical trials, which shows great potential in the treatment of cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joanna Szczepanek
- Centre for Modern Interdisciplinary Technologies, Nicolaus Copernicus University, Ul. Wilenska 4, 87-100 Torun, Poland;
| | - Monika Skorupa
- Centre for Modern Interdisciplinary Technologies, Nicolaus Copernicus University, Ul. Wilenska 4, 87-100 Torun, Poland;
- Faculty of Biological and Veterinary Sciences, Nicolaus Copernicus University, Ul. Lwowska 1, 87-100 Torun, Poland;
| | - Andrzej Tretyn
- Faculty of Biological and Veterinary Sciences, Nicolaus Copernicus University, Ul. Lwowska 1, 87-100 Torun, Poland;
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19
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MicroRNAs and drug resistance in colorectal cancer with special focus on 5-fluorouracil. Mol Biol Rep 2022; 49:5165-5178. [PMID: 35212928 DOI: 10.1007/s11033-022-07227-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2021] [Accepted: 02/03/2022] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Colorectal cancer is globally one of the most common cancers in all age groups. The current chemotherapy combinations for colorectal cancer treatment include 5-fluorouracil-based regimens; however, drug resistance remains one of the main reasons for chemotherapy failure and disease recurrence. Many studies have determined colorectal cancer chemoresistance mechanisms such as drug efflux, cell cycle arrest, DNA damage repair, apoptosis, autophagy, vital enzymes, epigenetic, epithelial-mesenchymal transition, stem cells, and immune system suppression. Several microRNAs affect drug resistance by regulating the drug resistance-related target genes in colorectal cancer. These drug resistance-related miRNAs may be used as promising biomarkers for predicting drug response or as potential therapeutic targets for treating patients with colorectal cancer. This work reviews and discuss the role of selected microRNAs in 5-fluorouracil resistance and their molecular mechanisms in colorectal cancer.
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20
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Pavlíková L, Šereš M, Breier A, Sulová Z. The Roles of microRNAs in Cancer Multidrug Resistance. Cancers (Basel) 2022; 14:cancers14041090. [PMID: 35205839 PMCID: PMC8870231 DOI: 10.3390/cancers14041090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2022] [Revised: 02/16/2022] [Accepted: 02/20/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary The resistance of neoplastic cells to multiple drugs is a serious problem in cancer chemotherapy. The molecular causes of multidrug resistance in cancer are largely known, but less is known about the mechanisms by which cells deliver phenotypic changes that resist the attack of anticancer drugs. The findings of RNA interference based on microRNAs represented a breakthrough in biology and pointed to the possibility of sensitive and targeted regulation of gene expression at the post-transcriptional level. Such regulation is also involved in the development of multidrug resistance in cancer. The aim of the current paper is to summarize the available knowledge on the role of microRNAs in resistance to multiple cancer drugs. Abstract Cancer chemotherapy may induce a multidrug resistance (MDR) phenotype. The development of MDR is based on various molecular causes, of which the following are very common: induction of ABC transporter expression; induction/activation of drug-metabolizing enzymes; alteration of the expression/function of apoptosis-related proteins; changes in cell cycle checkpoints; elevated DNA repair mechanisms. Although these mechanisms of MDR are well described, information on their molecular interaction in overall multidrug resistance is still lacking. MicroRNA (miRNA) expression and subsequent RNA interference are candidates that could be important players in the interplay of MDR mechanisms. The regulation of post-transcriptional processes in the proteosynthetic pathway is considered to be a major function of miRNAs. Due to their complementarity, they are able to bind to target mRNAs, which prevents the mRNAs from interacting effectively with the ribosome, and subsequent degradation of the mRNAs can occur. The aim of this paper is to provide an overview of the possible role of miRNAs in the molecular mechanisms that lead to MDR. The possibility of considering miRNAs as either specific effectors or interesting targets for cancer therapy is also analyzed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucia Pavlíková
- Institute of Molecular Physiology and Genetics, Centre of Bioscience, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Dúbravská Cesta 9, 84005 Bratislava, Slovakia;
| | - Mário Šereš
- Institute of Molecular Physiology and Genetics, Centre of Bioscience, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Dúbravská Cesta 9, 84005 Bratislava, Slovakia;
- Correspondence: (M.Š.); (A.B.); (Z.S.)
| | - Albert Breier
- Institute of Molecular Physiology and Genetics, Centre of Bioscience, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Dúbravská Cesta 9, 84005 Bratislava, Slovakia;
- Institute of Biochemistry and Microbiology, Faculty of Chemical and Food Technology, Slovak University of Technology, Radlinského 9, 81237 Bratislava, Slovakia
- Correspondence: (M.Š.); (A.B.); (Z.S.)
| | - Zdena Sulová
- Institute of Molecular Physiology and Genetics, Centre of Bioscience, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Dúbravská Cesta 9, 84005 Bratislava, Slovakia;
- Correspondence: (M.Š.); (A.B.); (Z.S.)
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21
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The Biological Function of MicroRNAs in Bone Tumors. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23042348. [PMID: 35216464 PMCID: PMC8876091 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23042348] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2022] [Revised: 02/16/2022] [Accepted: 02/18/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Micro ribonucleic acids (miRNAs) are small endogenous noncoding RNAs molecules that regulate gene expression post-transcriptionally. A single miRNA is able to target hundreds of specific messenger RNA (mRNAs) by binding to the 3′-untranslated regions. miRNAs regulate different biological processes such as cell proliferation, differentiation and apoptosis. Altered miRNA expression is certainly related to the development of the most common human diseases, including tumors. Osteosarcoma (OS), Ewing’s Sarcoma (ES), and Chondrosarcoma (CS) are the most common primary bone tumors which affect mainly children and adolescents. A significant dysregulation of miRNA expression, in particular of mir-34, mir-21, mir-106, mir-143, and miR-100, has been revealed in OS, ES and CS. In this context, miRNAs can act as either tumor suppressor genes or oncogenes, contributing to the initiation and progression of bone tumors. The in-depth study of these small molecules can thus help to better understand their biological functions in bone tumors. Therefore, this review aims to examine the potential role of miRNAs in bone tumors, especially OS, ES and CS, and to suggest their possible use as potential therapeutic targets for the treatment of bone tumors and as biomarkers for early diagnosis.
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22
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Moosavy SH, Koochakkhani S, Barazesh M, Mohammadi S, Ahmadi K, Inchehsablagh BR, Kavousipour S, Eftekhar E, Mokaram P. In silico Analysis of Single Nucleotide Polymorphisms Associated with MicroRNA
Regulating 5-fluorouracil Resistance in Colorectal Cancer. LETT DRUG DES DISCOV 2022. [DOI: 10.2174/1570180818666210930161618] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Background:
Due to the broad influence and reversible nature of microRNA (miRNA) on the
expression and regulation of target genes, researchers suggest that miRNAs and single nucleotide polymorphisms
(SNPs) in miRNA genes interfere with 5-fluorouracil (5-FU) drug resistance in colorectal
cancer chemotherapy.
Methods:
Computational assessment and cataloging of miRNA gene polymorphisms that target mRNA
transcripts directly or indirectly through regulation of 5-FU chemoresistance in CRC were screened out
by applying various universally accessible datasets such as miRNA SNP3.0 software.
Results:
1255 SNPs in 85 miRNAs affecting 5-FU resistance (retrieved from literature) were detected.
Computational analysis showed that 167 from 1255 SNPs alter microRNA expression levels leading to
inadequate response to 5-FU resistance in CRC. Among these 167 SNPs, 39 were located in the seed
region of 25/85 miRNA and were more critical than other SNPs. Has-miR-320a-5p with 4 SNP in seed
region was miRNA with the most number of SNPs. On the other hand, it has been identified that proteoglycan
in cancer, adherents junction, ECM-receptor interaction, Hippo signaling pathway, TGF-beta signaling
cascade, biosynthesis of fatty acid, and fatty acid metabolism were the most important pathways
targeted by these 85 predicted miRNAs.
Conclusion:
Our data suggest 39 SNPs in the seed region of 25 miRNAs as catalog in miRNA genes that
control the 5-FU resistance in CRC. These data also identify the most important pathways regulated by
miRNA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seyed Hamid Moosavy
- Endocrinology and Metabolism Research Center, Hormozgan University of Medical Science, Bandar Abbas, Iran
| | - Shabnaz Koochakkhani
- Molecular Medicine Research Center, Hormozgan Health Institute, Hormozgan University of Medical Sciences, Bandar
Abbas 7919915519, Iran
| | - Mahdi Barazesh
- School of Paramedical Sciences, Gerash University of Medical Sciences, Gerash, Iran
| | - Shiva Mohammadi
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, School of Medicine, Lorestan University of Medical Sciences, Khorramabad,
Iran
| | - Khadijeh Ahmadi
- Infection and Tropical Disease Research Center, Hormozgan Health Institute, Hormozgan University of Medical
Science, Bandar Abbas, Iran
| | - Behnaz Rahnama Inchehsablagh
- Department of Physiology and Student Research Committee, Hormozgan University of
Medical Sciences, Bandar Abbas, Iran
| | - Soudabeh Kavousipour
- Molecular Medicine Research Center, Hormozgan Health Institute, Hormozgan University of Medical Sciences, Bandar
Abbas 7919915519, Iran
| | - Ebrahim Eftekhar
- Molecular Medicine Research Center, Hormozgan Health Institute, Hormozgan University of Medical Sciences, Bandar
Abbas 7919915519, Iran
| | - Pooneh Mokaram
- Autophagy Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Iran
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23
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Pu Y, Tan Y, Zang C, Zhao F, Cai C, Kong L, Deng H, Chao F, Xia R, Xie M, Ge F, Pan Y, Cai S, Huang D. LAMTOR5-AS1 regulates chemotherapy-induced oxidative stress by controlling the expression level and transcriptional activity of NRF2 in osteosarcoma cells. Cell Death Dis 2021; 12:1125. [PMID: 34862368 PMCID: PMC8642434 DOI: 10.1038/s41419-021-04413-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2021] [Revised: 10/27/2021] [Accepted: 11/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Long-noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs) play roles in regulating cellular functions. High-throughput sequencing analysis identified a new lncRNA, termed LAMTOR5-AS1, the expression of which was much higher in the chemosensitive osteosarcoma (OS) cell line G-292 than in the chemoresistant cell line SJSA-1. Further investigations revealed that LAMTOR5-AS1 significantly inhibits the proliferation and multidrug resistance of OS cells. In vitro assays demonstrated that LAMTOR5-AS1 mediates the interaction between nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (NFE2L2, NRF2) and kelch-like ECH-associated protein 1 (KEAP1), which regulate the oxidative stress. Further mechanistic studies revealed that LAMTOR5-AS1 inhibited the ubiquitination degradation pathway of NRF2, resulting in a higher level of NRF2 but a loss of NRF2 transcriptional activity. High level of NRF2 in return upregulated the downstream gene heme oxygenase 1 (HO-1). Moreover, NRF2 controls its own activity by promoting LAMTOR5-AS1 expression, whereas the feedback regulation is weakened in drug-resistant cells due to high antioxidant activity. Overall, we propose that LAMTOR5-AS1 globally regulates chemotherapy-induced cellular oxidative stress by controlling the expression and activity of NRF2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Youguang Pu
- grid.59053.3a0000000121679639Department of Cancer Epigenetics Program, Anhui Provincial Cancer Hospital, West Branch of the First Affiliated Hospital of USTC, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, 230001 Hefei, Anhui People’s Republic of China
| | - Yiao Tan
- grid.59053.3a0000000121679639Department of Urology Surgery, West Branch of the First Affiliated Hospital of USTC, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, 230001 Hefei, Anhui People’s Republic of China
| | - Chunbao Zang
- grid.59053.3a0000000121679639Department of Radiation Oncology, Anhui Provincial Cancer Hospital, West Branch of the First Affiliated Hospital of USTC, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, 230001 Hefei, Anhui People’s Republic of China
| | - Fangfang Zhao
- grid.59053.3a0000000121679639Department of Cancer Epigenetics Program, Anhui Provincial Cancer Hospital, West Branch of the First Affiliated Hospital of USTC, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, 230001 Hefei, Anhui People’s Republic of China
| | - Cifeng Cai
- grid.412899.f0000 0000 9117 1462College of Life and Environmental Science, Wenzhou University, 325035 Wenzhou, Zhejiang People’s Republic of China
| | - Lingsuo Kong
- grid.59053.3a0000000121679639Department of Anesthesiology, West Branch of the First Affiliated Hospital of USTC, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, 230001 Hefei, Anhui People’s Republic of China
| | - Hui Deng
- grid.59053.3a0000000121679639Department of Cancer Epigenetics Program, Anhui Provincial Cancer Hospital, West Branch of the First Affiliated Hospital of USTC, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, 230001 Hefei, Anhui People’s Republic of China
| | - Fengmei Chao
- grid.59053.3a0000000121679639Department of Cancer Epigenetics Program, Anhui Provincial Cancer Hospital, West Branch of the First Affiliated Hospital of USTC, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, 230001 Hefei, Anhui People’s Republic of China
| | - Ran Xia
- grid.59053.3a0000000121679639Department of Cancer Epigenetics Program, Anhui Provincial Cancer Hospital, West Branch of the First Affiliated Hospital of USTC, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, 230001 Hefei, Anhui People’s Republic of China
| | - Minghua Xie
- grid.59053.3a0000000121679639Department of Thoracic Tumor Surgery Department, West Branch of the First Affiliated Hospital of USTC, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, 230001 Hefei, Anhui People’s Republic of China
| | - Fangfang Ge
- grid.443626.10000 0004 1798 4069Department of Provincial Clinical College, Wannan Medical College, 241002 Wuhu, Anhui People’s Republic of China
| | - Yueyin Pan
- Department of Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital of USTC, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, 230001, Hefei, Anhui, People's Republic of China.
| | - Shanbao Cai
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Anhui Provincial Cancer Hospital, West Branch of the First Affiliated Hospital of USTC, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, 230001, Hefei, Anhui, People's Republic of China.
| | - Dabing Huang
- Department of Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital of USTC, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, 230001, Hefei, Anhui, People's Republic of China.
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Nikkhah H, Vafaei M, Farashahi-Yazd E, Sheikhha MH, Jafari-Nudoshan J. The significant increase of miR-140-5P in papillary thyroid cancer samples. GENE REPORTS 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.genrep.2021.101391] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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25
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Wang W, Chen L, Zhu W, Huang X, Lin L, Quan Z, Sun K, Xu Q. miR-4486 reverses cisplatin-resistance of colon cancer cells via targeting ATG7 to inhibiting autophagy. Exp Ther Med 2021; 22:1465. [PMID: 34737805 PMCID: PMC8561764 DOI: 10.3892/etm.2021.10900] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2021] [Accepted: 06/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Cisplatin (DDP) resistance is one of the main causes of treatment failure in patients with colon cancer (CC). Autophagy is a key mechanism of resistance to chemotherapy. Since autophagy-related 7 (ATG7) has been reported to be involved in the regulation of autophagy and DDP resistance for lung and esophageal cancer, the present study aimed to explore the functions of microRNA (miR)-4486 in the autophagy-mediated DDP resistance of CC. The expression level of miR-4486 in HCT116, DDP-resistant HCT116 cells (HCT116/DDP), SW480 and DDP-resistant SW480 cells (SW480/DDP) was quantified by reverse transcription-quantitative PCR. Western blotting was utilized to analyze the expression of ATG7, autophagy-related proteins Beclin 1 and LC3-I/II, as well as apoptosis-related proteins Bcl-2, Bax and cleaved-caspase 3 in HCT116/DDP and SW480/DDP cells. The half maximal inhibitory concentration of DDP on all cell lines and the cell viability of HCT116/DDP and SW480/DDP cells were measured using Cell Counting Kit 8 assay. Luciferase assay was used to examine the potential targets of miR-4486 and ATG7. The effects of upregulating mimic miR-4486 expression on the apoptosis and autophagy of HCT116/DDP and SW480/DDP cells were determined by flow cytometry and electron microscopy, respectively. It was found that miR-4486 expression was significantly decreased in HCT116/DDP and SW480/DDP cells compared with that in HCT116 and SW480 cells. Overexpression of miR-4486 could increase the sensitivity of HCT116/DDP and SW480/DDP cells to DDP by reducing cell viability, promoting apoptosis and inhibiting autophagy through downregulating Beclin 1 expression and the LC3-II/LC3-I ratio. Additionally, ATG7 was identified to be a target gene of miR-4486, where ATG7 overexpression could partially reverse the effects of miR-4486 on cell viability and apoptosis by promoting the formation of autophagosomes. In conclusion, the present results demonstrated that miR-4486 could reverse DDP resistance in HCT116/DDP and SW480/DDP cells by targeting ATG7 to inhibit autophagy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weiwei Wang
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, The Affiliated Hospital of Guangdong Medical University, Zhanjiang, Guangdong 524000, P.R. China
| | - Linxia Chen
- Department of Operating Room, The Affiliated Hospital of Guangdong Medical University, Zhanjiang, Guangdong 524000, P.R. China
| | - Wenjin Zhu
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, The Affiliated Hospital of Guangdong Medical University, Zhanjiang, Guangdong 524000, P.R. China
| | - Xianjin Huang
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, The Affiliated Hospital of Guangdong Medical University, Zhanjiang, Guangdong 524000, P.R. China
| | - Lin Lin
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, The Affiliated Hospital of Guangdong Medical University, Zhanjiang, Guangdong 524000, P.R. China
| | - Zhenhao Quan
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, The Affiliated Hospital of Guangdong Medical University, Zhanjiang, Guangdong 524000, P.R. China
| | - Kaiyu Sun
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, The Affiliated Hospital of Guangdong Medical University, Zhanjiang, Guangdong 524000, P.R. China
| | - Qingwen Xu
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, The Affiliated Hospital of Guangdong Medical University, Zhanjiang, Guangdong 524000, P.R. China
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Li LZ, Wu ZZ, Lv Z. The Clinical Significance of miR-21 in Guiding Chemotherapy for Patients with Osteosarcoma. Pharmgenomics Pers Med 2021; 14:1247-1261. [PMID: 34616172 PMCID: PMC8488037 DOI: 10.2147/pgpm.s321637] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2021] [Accepted: 08/16/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective The present study aims to explore the correlation between osteosarcoma (OS) chemosensitivity and the expression levels of serum and tumor tissue micro-ribonucleic acid-21 (miR-21). Methods The relevant miR-21 expression levels in 30 patients with OS were detected, and the gender, age, tumor location, pathological type, Enneking stage, and miR-21 expression changes before and after chemotherapy were retrospectively analyzed. Results Serum and tumor tissue miR21 expression levels were significantly higher in patients with OS than in control subjects; the serum miR-21 expressions before and after chemotherapy were not related to patient age and gender. The effective chemotherapy group showed significant differences in miR-21 expression levels before and after chemotherapy. Conclusion Serum and tumor tissue miR-21 expression levels in patients with OS are closely related to the effects of chemotherapy, making miR-21 a potential biomarker and therapeutic target for the diagnosis and evaluation of chemotherapy effects on patients with OS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li-Zhi Li
- Department of Orthopaedics, The Second Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, 030001, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhuang-Zhuang Wu
- Department of Orthopaedics, The Second Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, 030001, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhi Lv
- Department of Orthopaedics, The Second Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, 030001, People's Republic of China
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27
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EVs delivery of miR-1915-3p improves the chemotherapeutic efficacy of oxaliplatin in colorectal cancer. Cancer Chemother Pharmacol 2021; 88:1021-1031. [PMID: 34599680 DOI: 10.1007/s00280-021-04348-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2021] [Accepted: 05/30/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Oxaliplatin is a crucial component of the combinatorial chemotherapeutic standard of care for advanced colorectal cancer (CRC). Unfortunately, a serious barrier to effective oxaliplatin treatment is drug resistance due to epithelial-mesenchymal transitioning (EMT). Interestingly, stable oxaliplatin-resistant CRC cell lines show differential expression of miR-1915-3p; thus, this microRNA may represent a potential modifier of oxaliplatin resistance in CRC cells. METHODS miR-1915-3p was over-expressed in oxaliplatin-resistant CRC cells and a non-tumorigenic intestinal cell line (FHC) via lentiviral transduction. Extracellular vesicles (EVs) were purified from transduced FHC cells and co-incubated with CRC cells. Expression levels of miR-1915-3p and other RNA species were assessed by RT-qPCR, while protein expression levels were assessed by Western blotting. The effects of miR-1915-3p on CRC viability were evaluated by proliferation, apoptosis assays, and Transwell assays. Effects of miR-1915-3p over-expression on in vivo oxaliplatin sensitivity was tested via murine xenograft models. RESULTS miRNA-1915-3p decreased EMT marker expression in oxaliplatin-resistant CRC cell lines and in vivo. FHC cells were able to produce and secrete miR-1915-3p-containing EVs, which we employed to mediate miR-1915-3p delivery to oxaliplatin-resistant CRC cells and increase their oxaliplatin sensitivity in vivo and in vitro. Mechanistically, miR-1915-3p overexpression downregulated the EMT-promoting oncogenes 6-phosphofructo-2-kinase/fructose-2,6-biphosphatase 3 (PFKFB3) and ubiquitin carboxyl-terminal hydrolase 2 (USP2) as well as upregulated E-cadherin (a cell adhesion mediator). miR-1915-3p's effects on chemosensitivity and EMT were mediated by its regulation of PFKFB3 and USP2. CONCLUSION Exosomal delivery of miR-1915-3p can improve the chemotherapeutic efficacy of oxaliplatin in CRC cells by suppressing the EMT-promoting oncogenes PFKFB3 and USP2.
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Moazzendizaji S, Sevbitov A, Ezzatifar F, Jalili HR, Aalii M, Hemmatzadeh M, Aslani S, Gholizadeh Navashenaq J, Safari R, Hosseinzadeh R, Rahmany MR, Mohammadi H. microRNAs: Small molecules with a large impact on colorectal cancer. Biotechnol Appl Biochem 2021; 69:1893-1908. [PMID: 34550619 DOI: 10.1002/bab.2255] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2021] [Accepted: 09/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Colorectal cancer (CRC) accounts for one of the main cancer-related mortality and morbidity worldwide. The molecular mechanisms of CRC development have been broadly investigated and, over the last decade, it has become evident that aberrant transcription of microRNAs (miRNAs), a class of small, noncoding RNA molecules, has a significant role in the inception and promotion of CRC. In the involved tissues of CRC, the transcription profile of miRNAs is modulated, and their expression templates are related with prognosis, diagnosis, and treatment outcomes. Here, in the current review, we attempted to discuss the latest information regarding the aberrantly expressed miRNAs in CRC and the advantages of utilizing miRNAs as biomarkers for early diagnosis and prognosis of CRC as well as potential therapeutic application. The effect of miRNAs involved in various signaling pathways, primarily p53, EGFR, Wnt, and TGF-β pathways, was clarified.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sahand Moazzendizaji
- Department of Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Kurdistan University of Medical Sciences, Sanandaj, Iran
| | - Andrey Sevbitov
- Head of Department of Propaedeutics of Dental Diseases, I.M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University (Sechenov University), Moscow, Russia
| | - Fatemeh Ezzatifar
- Molecular and Cell Biology Research Center, Faculty of Medicine, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran.,Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran
| | - Hamid Reza Jalili
- Department of Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Kurdistan University of Medical Sciences, Sanandaj, Iran
| | - Morteza Aalii
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Rafsanjan University of Medical Sciences, Rafsanjan, Iran
| | - Maryam Hemmatzadeh
- Student Research Committee, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Saeed Aslani
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | | | - Roghaiyeh Safari
- Molecular and Cellular Epigenetics (GIGA), University of Liege, Sart-Tilman Liège, Belgium.,13. Molecular and Cellular Biology (TERRA), Gembloux Agro-Bio Tech, University of Liege, Gembloux, Belgium
| | - Ramin Hosseinzadeh
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mohammad Reza Rahmany
- Department of Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Kurdistan University of Medical Sciences, Sanandaj, Iran
| | - Hamed Mohammadi
- Non-Communicable Diseases Research Center, Alborz University of Medical Sciences, Karaj, Iran.,Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Alborz University of Medical Sciences, Karaj, Iran
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Wu H, Luo YX, Hu W, Zhao ML, Bie J, Yang M, Pan R, Huang NX, Feng G, Liu K, Song G. MicroRNA-382-5p inhibits osteosarcoma development and progression by negatively regulating VEZF1 expression. Oncol Lett 2021; 22:752. [PMID: 34539856 PMCID: PMC8436354 DOI: 10.3892/ol.2021.13013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2020] [Accepted: 05/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Human osteosarcoma is the most frequent malignant primary bone tumor that mainly occurs in young adults and children. MicroRNAs (miRNAs/miRs) are abnormally expressed in human osteosarcoma and contribute to osteosarcoma initiation and development. The present study aimed to investigate the role of miR-382-5p in the nosogenesis of osteosarcoma and to identify a novel target for osteosarcoma treatment. miR-382-5p expression was detected in human osteosarcoma clinical tissues and cell lines, including 143B, U2OS and MG63, via reverse transcription-quantitative PCR analysis. Multiple bioinformatic prediction toowe used to identify the potential target genes of miR-382-5p and vascular endothelial zinc finger 1 (VEZF1), which were validated via the dual-luciferase reporter assay. MG63 and U2OS cells were transfected with miR-382-5p mimics. The Cell Counting Kit-8 assay was performed to assess cell proliferation, while the Transwell assay was performed to assess migration and invasion. Cell colony formation was measured via crystal violet staining, and apoptosis was assessed via Annexin V/propidium iodide staining. The wound healing assay was performed to assess the migratory ability of U2OS and MG63 cells. Antitumor effects of miR-382-5p were evaluated in nude mice xenografts using U2OS cells. The results demonstrated that miR-382-5p expression was markedly downregulated in human osteosarcoma tissues and cell lines compared with adjacent normal tissues. Transfection of miR-382-5p mimics into MG63 and U2OS cells significantly inhibited the malignant behaviors of cells, including decreased proliferation, migration, diminished colony formation and invasion, and promoted osteosarcoma cell apoptosis. Bioinformatics prediction indicated that VEZF1 is a direct target gene of miR-382-5p. Overexpression of VEZF1 restored osteosarcoma tumor development inhibited by miR-382-5p in vivo. In addition, overexpression of miR-382-5p restrained the growth of xenograft osteosarcoma in nude mice following co-transfection, and overexpression of VEZF1 attenuated the inhibitory effect of miR-382-5p in nude mice. miR-382-5p acted as a tumor suppressor gene and inhibited the malignant biological behaviors of human osteosarcoma cells and functions associated with directly targeting VEZF1. Taken together, these results suggest that the miR-382-5p/VEZF1 interaction has an important role in osteosarcoma development and progression, and thus may be used as a diagnostic and therapeutic target for osteosarcoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Wu
- Department of Orthopedics, Nanchong Central Hospital, The Second Clinical Institute of North Sichuan Medical College, Nanchong, Sichuan 637000, P.R. China
| | - Yu-Xi Luo
- The First Clinical College, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui 230032, P.R. China
| | - Wen Hu
- School of Medical Imaging, North Sichuan Medical College, Nanchong, Sichuan 637000, P.R. China
| | - Mao-Lin Zhao
- School of Medical Imaging, North Sichuan Medical College, Nanchong, Sichuan 637000, P.R. China
| | - Jun Bie
- Oncology Department, Nanchong Central Hospital, The Second Clinical Institute of North Sichuan Medical College, Nanchong, Sichuan 637000, P.R. China
| | - Mi Yang
- Oncology Department, Nanchong Central Hospital, The Second Clinical Institute of North Sichuan Medical College, Nanchong, Sichuan 637000, P.R. China
| | - Rongqiang Pan
- Oncology Department, Nanchong Central Hospital, The Second Clinical Institute of North Sichuan Medical College, Nanchong, Sichuan 637000, P.R. China
| | - Nan-Xiang Huang
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, Nanchong Central Hospital, The Second Clinical Institute of North Sichuan Medical College, Nanchong, Sichuan 637000, P.R. China
| | - Gang Feng
- Institute of Tissue Engineering and Stem Cells, Nanchong Central Hospital, The Second Clinical Institute of North Sichuan Medical College, Nanchong, Sichuan 637000, P.R. China
| | - Kang Liu
- Institute of Tissue Engineering and Stem Cells, Nanchong Central Hospital, The Second Clinical Institute of North Sichuan Medical College, Nanchong, Sichuan 637000, P.R. China
| | - Guiqin Song
- School of Basic Medicine, North Sichuan Medical College, Nanchong, Sichuan 637000, P.R. China
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Cheng R, Xu H, Hong Y. miR221 regulates TGF-β1-induced HSC activation through inhibiting autophagy by directly targeting LAMP2. Mol Med Rep 2021; 24:777. [PMID: 34498712 PMCID: PMC8436230 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2021.12417] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2021] [Accepted: 08/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Liver fibrosis is a serious threat to human life and health. Activated hepatic stellate cells (HSCs) play a key role in the occurrence and development of liver fibrosis. Studies have reported that microRNAs (miRNAs/miRs) are involved in the pathological process of fibrosis, as well as its relevance in clinical diagnosis. However, the role of miR221 in hepatic fibrosis remains controversial. Remarkably, transforming growth factor‑β (TGF‑β1) caused HSC dysfunction in autophagic activation, characterized by an increase in P62 aggregation and LC3II expression. The present study aimed to determine whether autophagy regulates hepatic fibrosis by mediating HSC activation and explore the potential targets leading to the sequence of events associated with miR221. The expression of miR221 was quantified in a liver fibrosis model in vivo and in vitro, and its specific target gene lysosome‑associated membrane glycoprotein 2 (LAMP2) was predicted by bioinformatics. The results showed that the expression levels of collagen‑I (COL‑I) and α‑smooth muscle actin (α‑SMA) were increased in miR221‑overexpressing LX2 cells, while the autophagy inducer rapamycin reversed the inhibition of autophagic flux induced by miR221. Additionally, the overexpression of LAMP2 could significantly inhibit TGF‑β1‑induced COL‑I and α‑SMA expression, which was similar to the effect of the miR221 inhibitor on the regulation of TGF‑β1‑induced HSC activation. These results indicated that miR221 may regulate TGF‑β1‑induced HSC activation through inhibiting autolysosome function by directly targeting LAMP2. The molecular mechanism of miR221 in regulating TGF‑β1‑induced HSC activation may provide novel insight into therapies to ameliorate the pathological progression of liver fibrosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ran Cheng
- The First Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Tangshan Gongren Hospital, Tangshan, Hebei 063000, P.R. China
| | - Hao Xu
- Medical Insurance Office, The Fourth Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei 050000, P.R. China
| | - Yang Hong
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, The Fourth Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei 050000, P.R. China
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Fan Q, Li L, Wang TL, Emerson RE, Xu Y. A Novel ZIP4-HDAC4-VEGFA Axis in High-Grade Serous Ovarian Cancer. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:cancers13153821. [PMID: 34359722 PMCID: PMC8345154 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13153821] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2021] [Accepted: 07/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Despite tremendous research efforts, epithelial ovarian cancer (EOC) remains one of the most difficult cancers to detect early and treat successfully for >5-year survival. We have recently shown that ZIP4, a zinc transporter, is a novel cancer stem cell (CSC) marker and a therapeutic target for EOC. The current work focuses on developing new strategies to target ZIP4 and inhibit its CSC activities in EOC. We found that cells expressing high levels of ZIP4 were supersensitive to a group of inhibitors called HDACis. One of the major targets of these inhibitors is a protein called HDAC4. We revealed the new molecular bases for the ZIP4-HDAC4 axis and tested the efficacies of targeting this axis in the lab and in mouse models. Our study provides a new mechanistic-based targeting strategy for EOC. Abstract We have recently identified ZIP4 as a novel cancer stem cell (CSC) marker in high-grade serous ovarian cancer (HGSOC). While it converts drug-resistance to cisplatin (CDDP), we unexpectedly found that ZIP4 induced sensitization of HGSOC cells to histone deacetylase inhibitors (HDACis). Mechanistically, ZIP4 selectively upregulated HDAC IIa HDACs, with little or no effect on HDACs in other classes. HDAC4 knockdown (KD) and LMK-235 inhibited spheroid formation in vitro and tumorigenesis in vivo, with hypoxia inducible factor-1 alpha (HIF1α) and endothelial growth factor A (VEGFA) as functional downstream mediators of HDAC4. Moreover, we found that ZIP4, HDAC4, and HIF1α were involved in regulating secreted VEGFA in HGSOC cells. Furthermore, we tested our hypothesis that co-targeting CSC via the ZIP4-HDAC4 axis and non-CSC using CDDP is necessary and highly effective by comparing the effects of ZIP4-knockout/KD, HDAC4-KD, and HDACis, in the presence or absence of CDDP on tumorigenesis in mouse models. Our results showed that the co-targeting strategy was highly effective. Finally, data from human HGSOC tissues showed that ZIP4 and HDAC4 were upregulated in a subset of recurrent tumors, justifying the clinical relevance of the study. In summary, our study provides a new mechanistic-based targeting strategy for HGSOC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qipeng Fan
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Indiana University School of Medicine, 950 W. Walnut St. R2-E380, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA;
| | - Lihong Li
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Johns Hopkins Medical Institutions, 600 North Wolfe St., Baltimore, MD 21287, USA;
| | - Tian-Li Wang
- Department of Gynecology, Oncology, and Pathology, Johns Hopkins Medical Institutions, 1550 Orleans Street, Baltimore, MD 21231, USA;
| | - Robert E. Emerson
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indiana University Health Pathology Laboratory, 350 W. 11th Street, Room 4010, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA;
| | - Yan Xu
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Indiana University School of Medicine, 950 W. Walnut St. R2-E380, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA;
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +1-(317)-274-3972
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32
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Kumar U, Hu Y, Masrour N, Castellanos-Uribe M, Harrod A, May ST, Ali S, Speirs V, Coombes RC, Yagüe E. MicroRNA-495/TGF-β/FOXC1 axis regulates multidrug resistance in metaplastic breast cancer cells. Biochem Pharmacol 2021; 192:114692. [PMID: 34298004 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2021.114692] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2021] [Revised: 06/18/2021] [Accepted: 07/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Triple-negative metaplastic breast carcinoma (MBC) poses a significant treatment challenge due to lack of targeted therapies and chemotherapy resistance. We isolated a novel MBC cell line, BAS, which showed a molecular and phenotypic profile different from the only other metaplastic cell model, HS578T cells. To gain insight behind chemotherapeutic resistance, we generated doxorubicin (HS-DOX, BAS-DOX) and paclitaxel (HS-TX, BAS-TX) resistant derivatives of both cell lines. Drug sensitivity assays indicated a truly multidrug resistant (MDR) phenotype. Both BAS-DOX and BAS-TX showed up-regulation of FOXC1 and its experimental down-regulation re-sensitized cells to doxorubicin and paclitaxel. Experimental modulation of FOXC1 expression in MCF-7 and MDA-MB-231 cells corroborated its role in MDR. Genome-wide expression analyses identified gene expression signatures characterized by up-regulation of TGFB2, which encodes cytokine TGF-β2, in both BAS-DOX and BAS-TX cells. Pharmacological inhibition of the TGF-β pathway with galunisertib led to down-regulation of FOXC1 and increase in drug sensitivity in both BAS-DOX and BAS-TX cells. MicroRNA (miR) expression analyses identified high endogenous miR-495-3p levels in BAS cells that were downregulated in both BAS MDR cells. Transient expression of miR-495-3p mimic in BAS-DOX and BAS-TX cells caused downregulation of TGFB2 and FOXC1 and re-sensitized cells to doxorubicin and paclitaxel, whereas miR-495-3p inhibition in BAS cells led to increase in resistance to both drugs and up-regulation of TGFB2 and FOXC1. Together, these data suggest interplay between miR-495-3p, TGF-β2 and FOXC1 regulating MDR in MBC and open the exploration of novel therapeutic strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Uttom Kumar
- Division of Cancer, Imperial College Faculty of Medicine, Hammersmith Hospital Campus, Du Cane Road, London W12 0NN, UK
| | - Yunhui Hu
- The 3(rd) Department of Breast Cancer, Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute and Hospital, Huan Hu Xi Road, Ti Yuan Bei, He Xi District, Tianjin 300060, PR China; GeneNet Pharmaceuticals Co. Ltd., Ting Jiang Road, Bei Chen District, Tianjin, 300410, PR China
| | - Nahal Masrour
- Division of Cancer, Imperial College Faculty of Medicine, Hammersmith Hospital Campus, Du Cane Road, London W12 0NN, UK
| | - Marcos Castellanos-Uribe
- Nottingham Arabidopsis Stock Centre, University of Nottingham, Sutton Bonington campus, Loughborough LE12 5RD, UK
| | - Alison Harrod
- Epigenetics and Genome Stability Team, The Institute of Cancer Research, 237 Fulham Road, London SW3 6JB, UK
| | - Sean T May
- Nottingham Arabidopsis Stock Centre, University of Nottingham, Sutton Bonington campus, Loughborough LE12 5RD, UK
| | - Simak Ali
- Division of Cancer, Imperial College Faculty of Medicine, Hammersmith Hospital Campus, Du Cane Road, London W12 0NN, UK
| | - Valerie Speirs
- Institute of Medical Sciences, School of Medicine Medical Sciences and Nutrition, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen AB24 2XD, UK
| | - R Charles Coombes
- Division of Cancer, Imperial College Faculty of Medicine, Hammersmith Hospital Campus, Du Cane Road, London W12 0NN, UK
| | - Ernesto Yagüe
- Division of Cancer, Imperial College Faculty of Medicine, Hammersmith Hospital Campus, Du Cane Road, London W12 0NN, UK.
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33
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Patsalias A, Kozovska Z. Personalized medicine: Stem cells in colorectal cancer treatment. Biomed Pharmacother 2021; 141:111821. [PMID: 34144456 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2021.111821] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2021] [Revised: 06/02/2021] [Accepted: 06/11/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Treatment failure in primary as well as metastatic cancer patients, caused by chemo and radioresistance, has reinforced the research for the applicability of personalized medicine. The use of stem cells (SCs) and cancer stem cells (CSCs) in such a treatment approach will be reviewed in this study. Colorectal cancer (CRC) SCs prove to be a promising asset for CRC treatment optimization both by serving as biomarkers for the current therapy modalities, by means of treatment personalization and patient/tumor stratification, as well as in the development of targeted therapies, selective for the stem cell population. Similar conclusions are drawn, regarding mesenchymal stromal cells (MSCs) and their effect in CRC therapy; while resident stromal cells (RSCs) of tumor microenvironment (TME) seem to promote the tumorigenic and metastatic processes in addition to conferring to the chemo- and radioresistance, under certain conditions they are able to improve the treatment outcome of CRC chemotherapy, e.g. by targeted enzyme/prodrug treatment of CRC cells. This review, points out the dynamic potential of CSCs and other SCs types in CRC treatment personalization as well as, in the improvement of current treatment approaches, opting to a higher therapeutic rate, improved prognosis, survival and quality of life for CRC patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Athanasios Patsalias
- Department of Oncology, University of Oxford, ORCRB, Roosevelt Drive, OX3 7DQ Oxford, United Kingdom.
| | - Zuzana Kozovska
- Department of Molecular Oncology, Cancer Research Institute, Biomedical Research Center, University Science Park for Biomedicine, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Dubravska cesta 9, 845 05 Bratislava, Slovakia.
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Insights into how H19 works in glioma cells. A review article. Cancer Treat Res Commun 2021; 28:100411. [PMID: 34107413 DOI: 10.1016/j.ctarc.2021.100411] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2021] [Revised: 05/25/2021] [Accepted: 05/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Glioblastoma is a highly aggressive brain tumor and considered to be the most common primary one. Recurrence after treatment is a significant problem, with a survival rate after one year of about 39.7%. The recurrence of GBM is linked to different cellular pathways and molecular signaling. Long non-coding RNA (LncRNA) comprises more than 200 nucleotides and is suggested to play a role in controlling genes that regulate the cell cycle, apoptosis and cellular growth in various tissues. Little is known about LncRNA compared to microRNAs, which are extensively studied in the literature. H19 is one of the most plentiful and conserved transcripts suggested to be involved in mammalian development and tumorigenesis. H19 is one of the LncRNA members transcribed by RNA polymerase II, spliced and polyadenylated, and the product is transferred to the cytoplasm without translation. HI9 maps to 1lp15, a region thought to be relevant to some childhood tumors as embryonal rhabdomyosarcoma and Wilm's Tumor. In these tumors, the analysis of the 11p15 locus showed loss of heterozygosity which is a feature associated with the tumor-suppressing activity. However, the role played by H19 in GBM is still enigmatic and needs further extensive evaluation. Uncovering the hidden role of such molecules in the pathogenesis in glioma will help tailor new targeted therapies that may affect the prognosis and survival of GBM.
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Gomari MM, Farsimadan M, Rostami N, Mahmoudi Z, Fadaie M, Farhani I, Tarighi P. CD44 polymorphisms and its variants, as an inconsistent marker in cancer investigations. MUTATION RESEARCH-REVIEWS IN MUTATION RESEARCH 2021; 787:108374. [PMID: 34083044 DOI: 10.1016/j.mrrev.2021.108374] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2020] [Revised: 12/23/2020] [Accepted: 03/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Among cell surface markers, CD44 is considered the main marker for identifying and isolating the cancer stem cells (CSCs) among other cells and has attracted significant attention in a variety of research areas. Many studies have shown the essential roles of CD44 in initiation, metastasis, and tumorigenesis in different types of cancer; however, the validity of CD44 as a therapeutic or diagnostic target has not been fully confirmed in some other studies. Whereas the association of specific single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in the CD44 gene and related variants with cancer risk have been observed in clinical investigations, the significance of these findings remains controversial. Here, we aimed to provide an up-to-date overview of recent studies on the association of CD44 polymorphisms and its variants with different kinds of cancer to determine whether or not it can be used as an appropriate candidate for cancer tracking.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Mahmoudi Gomari
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, Faculty of Allied Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Marziye Farsimadan
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, University of Guilan, Rasht, Iran
| | - Neda Rostami
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Arak University, Iran
| | - Zahra Mahmoudi
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, Faculty of Allied Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mahmood Fadaie
- Department of Genetics and Molecular Biology, School of Medicine, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Ibrahim Farhani
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, Faculty of Advanced Technologies in Medicine, Golestan University of Medical Sciences, Golestan, Iran
| | - Parastoo Tarighi
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, Faculty of Allied Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
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Lin Z, Xie X, Lu S, Liu T. Noncoding RNAs in osteosarcoma: Implications for drug resistance. Cancer Lett 2021; 504:91-103. [PMID: 33587978 DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2021.02.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2020] [Revised: 01/13/2021] [Accepted: 02/08/2021] [Indexed: 02/09/2023]
Abstract
Osteosarcoma is the most frequent bone malignancy in children and adolescents. Despite advances of surgery and chemotherapy in osteosarcoma over the past decades, overall survival rates of osteosarcoma have reached a plateau. The development of multi-drug resistance (MDR) has become the main obstacle in improving chemotherapeutic effects in osteosarcoma treatment. Therefore, understanding detailed mechanisms of chemoresistance and developing novel therapeutic targets to overcome chemoresistance are crucial to improve the prognosis of osteosarcoma patients. Accumulating evidence has proved that multiple noncoding RNAs (ncRNAs), including microRNAs (miRNAs), long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs) and circular RNAs (circRNAs) play pivotal roles in osteosarcoma progression. Notably, a great number of ncRNAs are abnormally expressed and can regulate chemosensitivity through various mechanisms in osteosarcoma. In this review, we systematically summarize the roles of ncRNAs as well as the molecular mechanisms in modulating drug resistance of osteosarcoma and discuss the potential roles of ncRNAs as biomarkers and novel therapeutic targets for osteosarcoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhengjun Lin
- Department of Orthopedics, The Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, 139 Renmin Road, Changsha, 410011, Hunan, People's Republic of China; Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, 410013, Hunan Province, China.
| | - Xubin Xie
- Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, 410013, Hunan Province, China.
| | - Shiyao Lu
- Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, 410013, Hunan Province, China.
| | - Tang Liu
- Department of Orthopedics, The Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, 139 Renmin Road, Changsha, 410011, Hunan, People's Republic of China.
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Shah S, Pendleton E, Couture O, Broachwalla M, Kusper T, Alt LAC, Fay MJ, Chandar N. P53 regulation of osteoblast differentiation is mediated through specific microRNAs. Biochem Biophys Rep 2021; 25:100920. [PMID: 33553686 PMCID: PMC7859171 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrep.2021.100920] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2020] [Revised: 01/08/2021] [Accepted: 01/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
In order to understand the role of the p53 tumor suppressor gene in microRNA expression during osteoblast differentiation, we used a screen to identify microRNAs that were altered in a p53-dependent manner. MicroRNAs from MC3T3-E1 preosteoblasts were isolated from day 0 (undifferentiated) and day 4 (differentiating) and compared to a p53 deficient MC3T3-E1 line treated similarly. Overall, one fourth of all the microRNAs tested showed a reduction of 0.6 fold, and a similar number of them were increased 1.7 fold with differentiation. P53 deficiency caused 40% reduction in expression of microRNAs in differentiating cells, while a small percent (0.03%) showed an increase. Changes in microRNAs were validated using real-time PCR and two microRNAs were selected for further analysis (miR-34b and miR-140). These two microRNAs were increased significantly during differentiation but showed a dramatic reduction in expression in a p53 deficient state. Stable expression of miR-34b and miR-140 in MC3T3-E1 cells resulted in decreases in cell proliferation rates when compared to control cells. There was a 4-fold increase in p53 levels with miR-34b expression and a less dramatic increase with miR-140. Putative target binding sites for bone specific transcription factors, Runx2 and Osterix, were found for miR-34b, while Runx2, beta catenin and type 1 collagen were found to be miR-140 targets. Western blot analyses and functional assays for the transcription factors Runx2, Osterix and Beta-catenin confirmed microRNA specific interactions. These studies provide evidence that p53 mediated regulation of osteoblast differentiation can also occur through specific microRNAs such as miR-34b and miR-140 that also directly target important bone specific genes. The p53 tumor suppressor gene regulates microRNA expression during in vitro osteoblast differentiation. miR34b and miR140 targets include several bone specific markers such as runx2, beta catenin, type 1 collagen and osterix. miR34b and miR140 overexpression inhibits osteoblast cell proliferation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shivang Shah
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Graduate Studies, Midwestern University, 555, 31st, Street, Downers Grove, IL60515, USA
| | - Elisha Pendleton
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Graduate Studies, Midwestern University, 555, 31st, Street, Downers Grove, IL60515, USA
| | - Oliver Couture
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Graduate Studies, Midwestern University, 555, 31st, Street, Downers Grove, IL60515, USA
| | - Mustafa Broachwalla
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Graduate Studies, Midwestern University, 555, 31st, Street, Downers Grove, IL60515, USA
| | - Teresa Kusper
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Graduate Studies, Midwestern University, 555, 31st, Street, Downers Grove, IL60515, USA
| | - Lauren A C Alt
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Graduate Studies, Midwestern University, 555, 31st, Street, Downers Grove, IL60515, USA
| | - Michael J Fay
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Graduate Studies, Midwestern University, 555, 31st, Street, Downers Grove, IL60515, USA.,Department of Pharmacology, College of Graduate Studies, Midwestern University, 555, 31st, Street, Downers Grove, IL60515, USA
| | - Nalini Chandar
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Graduate Studies, Midwestern University, 555, 31st, Street, Downers Grove, IL60515, USA
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Mechanisms of Resistance to Conventional Therapies for Osteosarcoma. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:cancers13040683. [PMID: 33567616 PMCID: PMC7915189 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13040683] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2020] [Revised: 02/02/2021] [Accepted: 02/03/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Osteosarcoma (OS) is the most common primary bone tumor, mainly occurring in children and adolescents. Current standard therapy includes tumor resection associated with multidrug chemotherapy. However, patient survival has not evolved for the past decades. Since the 1970s, the 5-year survival rate is around 75% for patients with localized OS but dramatically drops to 20% for bad responders to chemotherapy or patients with metastases. Resistance is one of the biological processes at the origin of therapeutic failure. Therefore, it is necessary to better understand and decipher molecular mechanisms of resistance to conventional chemotherapy in order to develop new strategies and to adapt treatments for patients, thus improving the survival rate. This review will describe most of the molecular mechanisms involved in OS chemoresistance, such as a decrease in intracellular accumulation of drugs, inactivation of drugs, improved DNA repair, modulations of signaling pathways, resistance linked to autophagy, disruption in genes expression linked to the cell cycle, or even implication of the micro-environment. We will also give an overview of potential therapeutic strategies to circumvent resistance development.
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Massaro C, Safadeh E, Sgueglia G, Stunnenberg HG, Altucci L, Dell’Aversana C. MicroRNA-Assisted Hormone Cell Signaling in Colorectal Cancer Resistance. Cells 2020; 10:cells10010039. [PMID: 33396628 PMCID: PMC7823834 DOI: 10.3390/cells10010039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2020] [Revised: 12/26/2020] [Accepted: 12/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite substantial progress in cancer therapy, colorectal cancer (CRC) is still the third leading cause of cancer death worldwide, mainly due to the acquisition of resistance and disease recurrence in patients. Growing evidence indicates that deregulation of hormone signaling pathways and their cross-talk with other signaling cascades inside CRC cells may have an impact on therapy resistance. MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are small conserved non-coding RNAs thatfunction as negative regulators in many gene expression processes. Key studies have identified miRNA alterations in cancer progression and drug resistance. In this review, we provide a comprehensive overview and assessment of miRNAs role in hormone signaling pathways in CRC drug resistance and their potential as future targets for overcoming resistance to treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Crescenzo Massaro
- Department of Precision Medicine, University of Campania “Luigi Vanvitelli”, Via De Crecchio, 7, 80138 Naples, Italy; (C.M.); (E.S.); (G.S.)
| | - Elham Safadeh
- Department of Precision Medicine, University of Campania “Luigi Vanvitelli”, Via De Crecchio, 7, 80138 Naples, Italy; (C.M.); (E.S.); (G.S.)
| | - Giulia Sgueglia
- Department of Precision Medicine, University of Campania “Luigi Vanvitelli”, Via De Crecchio, 7, 80138 Naples, Italy; (C.M.); (E.S.); (G.S.)
| | | | - Lucia Altucci
- Department of Precision Medicine, University of Campania “Luigi Vanvitelli”, Via De Crecchio, 7, 80138 Naples, Italy; (C.M.); (E.S.); (G.S.)
- Correspondence: (L.A.); (C.D.); Tel.: +39-081-566-7564 (L.A.); +39-081-566-7566 (C.D.)
| | - Carmela Dell’Aversana
- Department of Precision Medicine, University of Campania “Luigi Vanvitelli”, Via De Crecchio, 7, 80138 Naples, Italy; (C.M.); (E.S.); (G.S.)
- Institute of Experimental Endocrinology and Oncology “Gaetano Salvatore” (IEOS)-National Research Council (CNR), Via Sergio Pansini 5, 80131 Naples, Italy
- Correspondence: (L.A.); (C.D.); Tel.: +39-081-566-7564 (L.A.); +39-081-566-7566 (C.D.)
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Zhu J, Wang J, Huang J, Du W, He Y, Pan H, Luo J. MicroRNA-140-5p regulates the proliferation, apoptosis and inflammation of RA FLSs by repressing STAT3. Exp Ther Med 2020; 21:171. [PMID: 33456538 PMCID: PMC7792473 DOI: 10.3892/etm.2020.9602] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2018] [Accepted: 04/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Ectopic expression of microRNA (miRNA) in rheumatoid arthritis (RA) fibroblast-like synoviocyte (RA FLS) is associated with the development of rheumatoid arthritis. The present study aimed to evaluate the effects of miRNA-140-5p (miR-140) on the properties of RA FLSs. It was found that miR-140 expression was decreased in 33 RA patients and extracted RA FLS samples, when compared to the corresponding healthy controls. Abnormally increased miR-140 expression in RA FLSs attenuated cell proliferation and increased cell apoptosis. Additionally, reduced pro-inflammatory cytokine production was observed in RA FLSs transfected with a miR-140 precursor. Furthermore, the 3'-UTR of the signal transducer and activator of transcription (STAT) 3 gene was identified as a target of miR-140. Notably, restoration of STAT3 expression rescued the regulatory effect of miR-140 on the proliferation, apoptosis and inflammatory cytokine production of RA FLSs. Therefore, the current findings indicated that miR-140 is a crucial modulator of both proliferation and apoptosis, shedding light on the etiology behind RA FLS viability, which is modulated by an interplay between miR-140 and STAT3 in the context of RA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiehua Zhu
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, The Affiliated Hospital of Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, Guizhou 563000, P.R. China
| | - Jianglin Wang
- School of Laboratory Medicine, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, Guizhou 563000, P.R. China
| | - Jialin Huang
- School of Laboratory Medicine, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, Guizhou 563000, P.R. China
| | - Wensheng Du
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, The Affiliated Hospital of Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, Guizhou 563000, P.R. China
| | - Yingzhong He
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, The Affiliated Hospital of Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, Guizhou 563000, P.R. China
| | - Hongfei Pan
- Department of Immunology, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, Guizhou 563000, P.R. China
| | - Junmin Luo
- Department of Immunology, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, Guizhou 563000, P.R. China
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Chi F, Liu J, Brady SW, Cosgrove PA, Nath A, McQuerry JA, Majumdar S, Moos PJ, Chang JT, Kahn M, Bild AH. A `one-two punch' therapy strategy to target chemoresistance in estrogen receptor positive breast cancer. Transl Oncol 2020; 14:100946. [PMID: 33221681 PMCID: PMC7689336 DOI: 10.1016/j.tranon.2020.100946] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2020] [Revised: 11/02/2020] [Accepted: 11/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Patient tumor subclones that survive chemotherapy acquire primitive cell traits. HDAC inhibitors can reverse chemo-acquired stemness states and abolish self-renewal abilities. Belinostat promotes stem cell differentiation and inhibits HDAC and MYC pathways. A ‘one-two punch’, chemotherapy-HDAC inhibitor combination strategy reverses chemo-induced resistant phenotypes.
Cancer cell phenotypes evolve during a tumor's treatment. In some cases, tumor cells acquire cancer stem cell-like (CSL) traits such as resistance to chemotherapy and diminished differentiation; therefore, targeting these cells may be therapeutically beneficial. In this study we show that in progressive estrogen receptor positive (ER+) metastatic breast cancer tumors, resistant subclones that emerge following chemotherapy have increased CSL abundance. Further, in vitro organoid growth of ER+ patient cancer cells also shows that chemotherapy treatment leads to increased abundance of ALDH+/CD44+ CSL cells. Chemotherapy induced CSL abundance is blocked by treatment with a pan-HDAC inhibitor, belinostat. Belinostat treatment diminished both mammosphere formation and size following chemotherapy, indicating a decrease in progenitor CSL traits. HDAC inhibitors specific to class IIa (HDAC4, HDAC5) and IIb (HDAC6) were shown to primarily reverse the chemo-resistant CSL state. Single-cell RNA sequencing analysis with patient samples showed that HDAC targets and MYC signaling were promoted by chemotherapy and inhibited upon HDAC inhibitor treatment. In summary, HDAC inhibition can block chemotherapy-induced drug resistant phenotypes with ‘one-two punch’ strategy in refractory breast cancer cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feng Chi
- Department of Medical Oncology & Therapeutics Research, City of Hope National Medical Center, 1500 East Duarte Road, Duarte, CA 91010, United States
| | - Jiayi Liu
- Department of Integrative Biology and Pharmacology, School of Medicine, School of Biomedical Informatics, UT Health Sciences Center at Houston, Houston, TX 77030, United States
| | - Samuel W Brady
- Department of Oncological Sciences, School of Medicine, University of Utah, 2000 Circle of Hope Drive, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, United States
| | - Patrick A Cosgrove
- Department of Medical Oncology & Therapeutics Research, City of Hope National Medical Center, 1500 East Duarte Road, Duarte, CA 91010, United States
| | - Aritro Nath
- Department of Medical Oncology & Therapeutics Research, City of Hope National Medical Center, 1500 East Duarte Road, Duarte, CA 91010, United States
| | - Jasmine A McQuerry
- Department of Medical Oncology & Therapeutics Research, City of Hope National Medical Center, 1500 East Duarte Road, Duarte, CA 91010, United States; Department of Oncological Sciences, School of Medicine, University of Utah, 2000 Circle of Hope Drive, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, United States; Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, University of Utah, 30 South 2000 East, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, United States
| | - Sumana Majumdar
- Department of Medical Oncology & Therapeutics Research, City of Hope National Medical Center, 1500 East Duarte Road, Duarte, CA 91010, United States
| | - Philip J Moos
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, University of Utah, 30 South 2000 East, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, United States
| | - Jeffrey T Chang
- Department of Integrative Biology and Pharmacology, School of Medicine, School of Biomedical Informatics, UT Health Sciences Center at Houston, Houston, TX 77030, United States
| | - Michael Kahn
- Department of Molecular Medicine, City of Hope National Medical Center, 1500 East Duarte Road, Duarte, CA 91010, United States
| | - Andrea H Bild
- Department of Medical Oncology & Therapeutics Research, City of Hope National Medical Center, 1500 East Duarte Road, Duarte, CA 91010, United States.
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Martins JRB, de Moraes LN, Cury SS, Dadalto J, Capannacci J, Carvalho RF, Nogueira CR, Hokama NK, Hokama PDOM. Comparison of microRNA Expression Profile in Chronic Myeloid Leukemia Patients Newly Diagnosed and Treated by Allogeneic Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation. Front Oncol 2020; 10:1544. [PMID: 33014798 PMCID: PMC7500210 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2020.01544] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2019] [Accepted: 07/20/2020] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Chronic myeloid leukemia (CML) results from a translocation between chromosomes 9 and 22, which generates the Philadelphia chromosome. This forms BCR/ABL1, an active tyrosine kinase protein that promotes cell growth and replication. Despite great progress in CML treatment in the form of tyrosine kinase inhibitors, allogeneic-hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (allo-HSCT) is currently used as an important treatment alternative for patients resistant to these inhibitors. Studies have shown that unregulated expression of microRNAs, which act as oncogenes or tumor suppressors, is associated with human cancers. This contributes to tumor formation and development by stimulating proliferation, angiogenesis, and invasion. Research has demonstrated the potential of microRNAs as biomarkers for cancer diagnosis, prognosis, and therapeutic targets. In the present study, we compared the circulating microRNA expression profiles of 14 newly diagnosed patients with chronic phase-CML and 14 Philadelphia chromosome-negative patients after allo-HSCT. For each patient, we tested 758 microRNAs by reverse transcription quantitative polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR) analysis. The global expression profile of microRNAs revealed 16 upregulated and 30 downregulated microRNAs. Target genes were analyzed, and key pathways were extracted and compared. Bioinformatics tools were used to analyze data. Among the downregulated miRNA target genes, some genes related to cell proliferation pathways were identified. These results reveal the comprehensive microRNA profile of CML patients and the main pathways related to the target genes of these miRNAs in cytogenetic remission after allo-HSCT. These results provide new resources for exploring stem cell transplantation-based CML treatment strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Sarah Santiloni Cury
- Department of Structural and Functional Biology, São Paulo State University (UNESP-IBB), Botucatu, Brazil
| | - Juliane Dadalto
- Department of Internal Medicine, São Paulo State University (UNESP-FMB), Botucatu, Brazil
| | - Juliana Capannacci
- Department of Internal Medicine, São Paulo State University (UNESP-FMB), Botucatu, Brazil
| | - Robson Francisco Carvalho
- Department of Structural and Functional Biology, São Paulo State University (UNESP-IBB), Botucatu, Brazil
| | - Célia Regina Nogueira
- Department of Internal Medicine, São Paulo State University (UNESP-FMB), Botucatu, Brazil
| | - Newton Key Hokama
- Department of Internal Medicine, São Paulo State University (UNESP-FMB), Botucatu, Brazil
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Fujiwara S, Kawamoto T, Kawakami Y, Koterazawa Y, Hara H, Takemori T, Kitayama K, Yahiro S, Kakutani K, Matsumoto T, Matsushita T, Niikura T, Koyanagi-Aoi M, Aoi T, Kuroda R, Akisue T. Acquisition of cancer stem cell properties in osteosarcoma cells by defined factors. Stem Cell Res Ther 2020; 11:429. [PMID: 33008481 PMCID: PMC7532109 DOI: 10.1186/s13287-020-01944-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2020] [Accepted: 09/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Cancer stem cells (CSCs) are considered to be responsible for tumor initiation, formation, and poor prognosis of cancer patients. However, the rarity of CSCs in clinical samples makes it difficult to elucidate characteristics of CSCs, especially in osteosarcoma (OS). The aim of this study is to verify whether it is possible to generate CSC-like cells by transducing defined factors into an OS cell line. Methods We retrovirally transduced the Octamer-binding transcription factor 3/4 (OCT3/4), Kruppel-like factor 4 (KLF4), and SRY-box transcription factor 2 (SOX2) genes into the MG-63 human OS cell line (MG-OKS). Parental and GFP-transduced MG-63 cells were used as negative control. We assessed the properties of the generated cells in vitro and in vivo. Multiple comparisons among groups were made using a one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) followed by post hoc testing with Tukey’s procedure. Results MG-OKS cells in vitro exhibited the significantly increased mRNA expression levels of CSC markers (CD24, CD26, and CD133), decreased cell growth, increased chemoresistance and cell migration, and enhanced sphere formation. Notably, MG-OKS cells cultured under osteogenic differentiation conditions showed strongly positive staining for both Alizarin Red S and alkaline phosphatase, indicating osteogenesis of the cells. Gene ontology analysis of microarray data revealed significant upregulation of epidermal-related genes. Tumors derived from MG-OKS cells in vivo were significantly larger than those from other cells in μCT analysis, and immunohistochemical staining showed that Ki-67, osteocalcin, and HIF-1α-positive cells were more frequently detected in the MG-OKS-derived tumors. Conclusions In this study, we successfully generated OS CSC-like cells with significantly enhanced CSC properties following transduction of defined factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuichi Fujiwara
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, 7-5-1 Kusunoki-cho, Chuo-ku, Kobe, 650-0017, Japan
| | - Teruya Kawamoto
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, 7-5-1 Kusunoki-cho, Chuo-ku, Kobe, 650-0017, Japan. .,Division of Orthopaedic Surgery, Kobe University Hospital International Clinical Cancer Research Center, Kobe, Japan.
| | - Yohei Kawakami
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, 7-5-1 Kusunoki-cho, Chuo-ku, Kobe, 650-0017, Japan
| | - Yasufumi Koterazawa
- Department of iPS Cell Applications, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, Kobe, Japan.,Division of Advanced Medical Science, Graduate School of Science, Technology and Innovation, Kobe University, Kobe, Japan.,Division of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, Kobe, Japan
| | - Hitomi Hara
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, 7-5-1 Kusunoki-cho, Chuo-ku, Kobe, 650-0017, Japan
| | - Toshiyuki Takemori
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, 7-5-1 Kusunoki-cho, Chuo-ku, Kobe, 650-0017, Japan
| | - Kazumichi Kitayama
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, 7-5-1 Kusunoki-cho, Chuo-ku, Kobe, 650-0017, Japan
| | - Shunsuke Yahiro
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, 7-5-1 Kusunoki-cho, Chuo-ku, Kobe, 650-0017, Japan
| | - Kenichiro Kakutani
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, 7-5-1 Kusunoki-cho, Chuo-ku, Kobe, 650-0017, Japan
| | - Tomoyuki Matsumoto
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, 7-5-1 Kusunoki-cho, Chuo-ku, Kobe, 650-0017, Japan
| | - Takehiko Matsushita
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, 7-5-1 Kusunoki-cho, Chuo-ku, Kobe, 650-0017, Japan
| | - Takahiro Niikura
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, 7-5-1 Kusunoki-cho, Chuo-ku, Kobe, 650-0017, Japan
| | - Michiyo Koyanagi-Aoi
- Department of iPS Cell Applications, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, Kobe, Japan.,Division of Advanced Medical Science, Graduate School of Science, Technology and Innovation, Kobe University, Kobe, Japan.,Center for Human Resource development for Regenerative Medicine, Kobe University Hospital, Kobe, Japan
| | - Takashi Aoi
- Department of iPS Cell Applications, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, Kobe, Japan.,Division of Advanced Medical Science, Graduate School of Science, Technology and Innovation, Kobe University, Kobe, Japan.,Center for Human Resource development for Regenerative Medicine, Kobe University Hospital, Kobe, Japan
| | - Ryosuke Kuroda
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, 7-5-1 Kusunoki-cho, Chuo-ku, Kobe, 650-0017, Japan
| | - Toshihiro Akisue
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, 7-5-1 Kusunoki-cho, Chuo-ku, Kobe, 650-0017, Japan.,Department of Rehabilitation Science, Kobe University Graduate School of Health Sciences, Kobe, Japan
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44
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Lilienthal I, Herold N. Targeting Molecular Mechanisms Underlying Treatment Efficacy and Resistance in Osteosarcoma: A Review of Current and Future Strategies. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21186885. [PMID: 32961800 PMCID: PMC7555161 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21186885] [Citation(s) in RCA: 157] [Impact Index Per Article: 39.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2020] [Revised: 09/13/2020] [Accepted: 09/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Osteosarcoma is the most common primary malignant bone tumour in children and adolescents. Due to micrometastatic spread, radical surgery alone rarely results in cure. Introduction of combination chemotherapy in the 1970s, however, dramatically increased overall survival rates from 20% to approximately 70%. Unfortunately, large clinical trials aiming to intensify treatment in the past decades have failed to achieve higher cure rates. In this review, we revisit how the heterogenous nature of osteosarcoma as well as acquired and intrinsic resistance to chemotherapy can account for stagnation in therapy improvement. We summarise current osteosarcoma treatment strategies focusing on molecular determinants of treatment susceptibility and resistance. Understanding therapy susceptibility and resistance provides a basis for rational therapy betterment for both identifying patients that might be cured with less toxic interventions and targeting resistance mechanisms to sensitise resistant osteosarcoma to conventional therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ingrid Lilienthal
- Division of Paediatric Oncology, Department of Women’s and Children’s Health, Karolinska Institutet, SE-171 76 Stockholm, Sweden
- Correspondence: (I.L.); (N.H.); Tel.: +46-(0)8-52483204 (I.L. & N.H.)
| | - Nikolas Herold
- Division of Paediatric Oncology, Department of Women’s and Children’s Health, Karolinska Institutet, SE-171 76 Stockholm, Sweden
- Paediatric Oncology, Astrid Lindgren’s Children Hospital, Karolinska University Hospital, SE-171 76 Stockholm, Sweden
- Correspondence: (I.L.); (N.H.); Tel.: +46-(0)8-52483204 (I.L. & N.H.)
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45
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Gu Z, Li Z, Xu R, Zhu X, Hu R, Xue Y, Xu W. miR-16-5p Suppresses Progression and Invasion of Osteosarcoma via Targeting at Smad3. Front Pharmacol 2020; 11:1324. [PMID: 32982740 PMCID: PMC7479212 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2020.01324] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2020] [Accepted: 08/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Background MicroRNAs are known to regulate carcinogenesis of osteosarcoma. Although, miR-16-5p is known to exert inhibitory effects on several forms of cancers, its effects on the growth and invasion of osteosarcoma have not been studied. Methods We collected human osteosarcoma specimens and adjacent tissues to detect the expression of miR-16-5p by real-time polymerase chain reaction, immunoblotting, and immunohistochemistry. The proliferation, migration, and invasion of MG63 and HOS cells following miR-16-5p overexpression and inhibition were detected with cell counting kit-8, wound healing assay, and Transwell assay, respectively. An expression vector carrying a mutated 3'-untranslated region of mothers against decapentaplegic homolog 3 (Smad3) was constructed. Results The results showed that miR-16-5p expression was downregulated in osteosarcoma tissues and cells as compared with adjacent counterparts, while Smad3 was overexpressed in osteosarcoma cells. The overexpression of miR-16-5p resulted in the inhibition of the proliferation, migration, and invasion of osteosarcoma cells and enhanced the therapeutic effect of cisplatin. These effects were attenuated with miR-16-5p expression inhibition. In cells transfected with miR-16-5p mimic, Smad3 expression decreased, while this effect was absent in the cells carrying mutated Smad3. Conclusions Therefore, miR-16-5p inhibits the growth and invasion of osteosarcoma by targeting Smad3.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhijian Gu
- Department of Orthopedics, Tongren Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Zhikun Li
- Department of Orthopedics, Tongren Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Ruijun Xu
- Department of Orthopedics, Tongren Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiaodong Zhu
- Department of Orthopedics, Tongren Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Ruixi Hu
- Department of Orthopedics, Tongren Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yonghua Xue
- Department of Neurosurgery, Putuo District Central Hospital, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Wei Xu
- Department of Orthopedics, Tongren Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
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46
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Casey S, Goasdoue K, Miller SM, Brennan GP, Cowin G, O'Mahony AG, Burke C, Hallberg B, Boylan GB, Sullivan AM, Henshall DC, O'Keeffe GW, Mooney C, Bjorkman T, Murray DM. Temporally Altered miRNA Expression in a Piglet Model of Hypoxic Ischemic Brain Injury. Mol Neurobiol 2020; 57:4322-4344. [PMID: 32720074 PMCID: PMC7383124 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-020-02018-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2020] [Accepted: 07/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Hypoxic ischemic encephalopathy (HIE) is the most frequent cause of acquired infant brain injury. Early, clinically relevant biomarkers are required to allow timely application of therapeutic interventions. We previously reported early alterations in several microRNAs (miRNA) in umbilical cord blood at birth in infants with HIE. However, the exact timing of these alterations is unknown. Here, we report serial changes in six circulating, cross-species/bridging biomarkers in a clinically relevant porcine model of neonatal HIE with functional analysis. Six miRNAs—miR-374a, miR-181b, miR-181a, miR-151a, miR-148a and miR-128—were significantly and rapidly upregulated 1-h post-HI. Changes in miR-374a, miR-181b and miR-181a appeared specific to moderate-severe HI. Histopathological injury and five miRNAs displayed positive correlations and were predictive of MRS Lac/Cr ratios. Bioinformatic analysis identified that components of the bone morphogenic protein (BMP) family may be targets of miR-181a. Inhibition of miR-181a increased neurite length in both SH-SY5Y cells at 1 DIV (days in vitro) and in primary cultures of rat neuronal midbrain at 3 DIV. In agreement, inhibition of miR-181a increased expression of BMPR2 in differentiating SH-SY5Y cells. These miRNAs may therefore act as early biomarkers of HIE, thereby allowing for rapid diagnosis and timely therapeutic intervention and may regulate expression of signalling pathways vital to neuronal survival.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sophie Casey
- Irish Centre for Fetal and Neonatal Translational Research (INFANT), University College Cork, Cork, Ireland. .,Department of Paediatrics and Child Health, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland. .,Department of Anatomy and Neuroscience, University College Cork, Room 2.33, Western Gateway Building, Cork, Ireland.
| | - Kate Goasdoue
- Perinatal Research Centre, UQ Centre for Clinical Research, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Stephanie M Miller
- Perinatal Research Centre, UQ Centre for Clinical Research, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Gary P Brennan
- Department of Physiology and Medical Physics, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Gary Cowin
- National Imaging Facility, Centre for Advanced Imaging, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Adam G O'Mahony
- Department of Anatomy and Neuroscience, University College Cork, Room 2.33, Western Gateway Building, Cork, Ireland
| | - Christopher Burke
- Department of Pathology, Royal Brisbane and Women's Hospital, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Boubou Hallberg
- Neonatology, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Geraldine B Boylan
- Irish Centre for Fetal and Neonatal Translational Research (INFANT), University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - Aideen M Sullivan
- Department of Anatomy and Neuroscience, University College Cork, Room 2.33, Western Gateway Building, Cork, Ireland
| | - David C Henshall
- Department of Physiology and Medical Physics, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Dublin, Ireland.,FutureNeuro Research Centre, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Gerard W O'Keeffe
- Irish Centre for Fetal and Neonatal Translational Research (INFANT), University College Cork, Cork, Ireland.,Department of Anatomy and Neuroscience, University College Cork, Room 2.33, Western Gateway Building, Cork, Ireland
| | - Catherine Mooney
- Irish Centre for Fetal and Neonatal Translational Research (INFANT), University College Cork, Cork, Ireland.,FutureNeuro Research Centre, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Dublin, Ireland.,School of Computer Science, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Tracey Bjorkman
- Perinatal Research Centre, UQ Centre for Clinical Research, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Deirdre M Murray
- Irish Centre for Fetal and Neonatal Translational Research (INFANT), University College Cork, Cork, Ireland.,Department of Paediatrics and Child Health, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
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47
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Khosravi N, Mokhtarzadeh A, Baghbanzadeh A, Hajiasgharzadeh K, Shahgoli VK, Hemmat N, Safarzadeh E, Baradaran B. Immune checkpoints in tumor microenvironment and their relevance to the development of cancer stem cells. Life Sci 2020; 256:118005. [PMID: 32593711 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2020.118005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2020] [Revised: 06/14/2020] [Accepted: 06/22/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Cancer is the second cause of mortality in the world after cardiovascular disease. Various studies attribute the emergence of therapeutic resistance in tumors to the presence of cancer stem cells or cancer-initiating cells (CSC/CIC). These relatively rare cells because of their typical stemness features, are responsible for tumor cell progression and recurrence. Moreover, CSCs have immunomodulatory capabilities and through orchestrating, some immunological profiles can stay safe from host anticancer immunity, and provide immunotherapy resistance in cancer patients. Many studies have shown that CSCs by producing immune system inhibitory factors and interacting with immune checkpoint molecules like CD47, PDL-1, CTLA4, Tim3, and LAG3, are able to communicate with tumor microenvironment (TME) components and protect cancer cells from immune clearance. In this review, we summarize the CSCs immunological mechanisms and comprehensively discuss interactions between these cells and factors that are present in the TME to repress immune system responses and enhance tumor survival. Therefore, it seems that further studies on this topic will open new doors to improve the therapeutic approaches of malignant cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neda Khosravi
- Immunology Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Ahad Mokhtarzadeh
- Immunology Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Amir Baghbanzadeh
- Immunology Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | | | - Vahid Khaze Shahgoli
- Department of Cancer and Inflammation Research, Institute for Molecular Medicine, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
| | - Nima Hemmat
- Immunology Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Elham Safarzadeh
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Ardabil University of Medical Sciences, Ardabil, Iran.
| | - Behzad Baradaran
- Immunology Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran; Department of Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran.
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48
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Das PK, Islam F, Lam AK. The Roles of Cancer Stem Cells and Therapy Resistance in Colorectal Carcinoma. Cells 2020; 9:cells9061392. [PMID: 32503256 PMCID: PMC7348976 DOI: 10.3390/cells9061392] [Citation(s) in RCA: 112] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2020] [Revised: 05/29/2020] [Accepted: 06/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Cancer stem cells (CSCs) are the main culprits involved in therapy resistance and disease recurrence in colorectal carcinoma (CRC). Results using cell culture, animal models and tissues from patients with CRC suggest the indispensable roles of colorectal CSCs in therapeutic failure. Conventional therapies target proliferating and mature cancer cells, while CSCs are mostly quiescent and poorly differentiated, thereby they can easily survive chemotherapeutic insults. The aberrant activation of Wnt/β-catenin, Notch, Hedgehog, Hippo/YAP (Yes-associated protein) and phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase/protein kinase B facilitates CSCs with excessive self-renewal and therapy resistance property in CRC. CSCs survive the chemo-radiotherapies by escaping therapy mediated DNA damage via altering the cell cycle checkpoints, increasing DNA damage repair capacity and by an efficient scavenging of reactive oxygen species. Furthermore, dysregulations of miRNAs e.g., miR-21, miR-93, miR-203, miR-215, miR-497 etc., modulate the therapeutic sensitivity of colorectal CSCs by regulating growth and survival signalling. In addition, a reversible quiescent G0 state and the re-entering cell cycle capacity of colorectal CSCs can accelerate tumour regeneration after treatment. Moreover, switching to favourable metabolic signatures during a therapeutic regimen will add more complexity in therapeutic outcomes against CSCs. Therapeutic strategies targeting these underlying mechanisms of CSCs’ therapy resistance could provide a promising outcome, however, deep understanding and concerted research are necessary to design novel therapies targeting CSCs. To conclude, the understanding of these mechanisms of CSC in CRC could lead to the improved management of patients with CRC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Plabon Kumar Das
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Rajshahi, Rajshahi 6205, Bangladesh;
| | - Farhadul Islam
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Rajshahi, Rajshahi 6205, Bangladesh;
- Institute for Glycomics, Griffith University, Gold Coast, QLD 4222, Australia
- Correspondence: or (F.I.); (A.K.L.); Tel.: +88-0721-750041-9 (F.I.); +61-7-56780718 (A.K.L.); Fax: +88-0721-750064 (F.I.); +61-7-56780303 (A.K.L.)
| | - Alfred K. Lam
- Cancer Molecular Pathology, School of Medicine, Griffith University, Gold Coast, QLD 4222, Australia
- Correspondence: or (F.I.); (A.K.L.); Tel.: +88-0721-750041-9 (F.I.); +61-7-56780718 (A.K.L.); Fax: +88-0721-750064 (F.I.); +61-7-56780303 (A.K.L.)
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49
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Duale N, Eide DM, Amberger ML, Graupner A, Brede DA, Olsen AK. Using prediction models to identify miRNA-based markers of low dose rate chronic stress. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2020; 717:137068. [PMID: 32062256 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.137068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2019] [Revised: 01/13/2020] [Accepted: 01/31/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Robust biomarkers of exposure to chronic low dose stressors such as ionizing radiation, particularly following chronic low doses and dose-rates, are urgently needed. MicroRNAs (miRNA) have emerged as promising markers of exposure to high dose and dose-rate. Here, we evaluated the feasibility of classifying γ-radiation exposure at different dose rates based on miRNA expression levels. Our objective was to identify miRNA-signatures discriminating between exposure to γ-radiation or not, including exposure to chronic low dose rates. We exposed male CBA/CaOlaHsd and C57BL/6NHsd wild-type mice to 0, 2.5, 10 and 100 mGy/h γ-irradiation (3 Gy total-dose). From an initial screening of 576 miRNAs, a set of 21 signature-miRNAs was identified based on differential expression (>± 2-fold or p < 0.05). This 21-signature miRNA panel was investigated in 39 samples from 4/5 livers/group/mouse strain. A set of significantly differentially expressed miRNAs was identified in all γ-irradiated samples. Most miRNAs were upregulated in all γ-irradiated groups compared to control, and functional analysis of these miRNAs revealed involvement in several cancer-related signaling pathways. To identify miRNAs that distinguished exposed mice from controls, nine prediction methods; i.e., six variants of generalized regression models, random-forest, boosted-tree and nearest-shrunken-centroid (PAM) were used. The generalized regression methods seem to outperform the other prediction methods for classification of irradiated and control samples. Using the 21-miRNA panel in the prediction models, we identified sets of candidate miRNA-markers that predict exposure to γ-radiation. Among the top10 miRNA predictors, contributing most in each of the three γ-irradiated groups, three miRNA predictors (miR-140-3p, miR-133a-5p and miR-145a-5p) were common. Three miRNAs, miR-188-3p/26a-5p/26b-5p, were specific for lower dose-rate γ-radiation. Similarly, exposure to the high dose-rates was also correctly predicted, including mice exposed to X-rays. Our approach identifying miRNA-based signature panels may be extended to classify exposure to environmental, nutritional and life-style-related stressors, including chronic low-stress scenarios.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nur Duale
- Department of Environmental Health, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Oslo, Norway; Centre of Excellence "Centre for Environmental Radiation" (CERAD), Norway.
| | - Dag M Eide
- Department of Environmental Health, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Oslo, Norway; Centre of Excellence "Centre for Environmental Radiation" (CERAD), Norway
| | - Maria L Amberger
- Department of Environmental Health, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Oslo, Norway; Centre of Excellence "Centre for Environmental Radiation" (CERAD), Norway
| | - Anne Graupner
- Department of Environmental Health, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Oslo, Norway; Centre of Excellence "Centre for Environmental Radiation" (CERAD), Norway
| | - Dag A Brede
- Centre of Excellence "Centre for Environmental Radiation" (CERAD), Norway; Faculty of Environmental Sciences and Natural Resource Management (MINA), Norwegian University of Life Sciences (NMBU), Ås, Norway
| | - Ann K Olsen
- Department of Environmental Health, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Oslo, Norway; Centre of Excellence "Centre for Environmental Radiation" (CERAD), Norway
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50
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Effects of chitosan-loaded hydroxyapatite on osteoblasts and osteosarcoma for chemopreventative applications. MATERIALS SCIENCE & ENGINEERING. C, MATERIALS FOR BIOLOGICAL APPLICATIONS 2020; 115:111041. [PMID: 32600681 DOI: 10.1016/j.msec.2020.111041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2019] [Revised: 04/29/2020] [Accepted: 04/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Osteosarcoma remains one of the most common malignant primary bone tumors. Post-surgical defect repair combined with tumor suppression remains a major clinical challenge. Investigations of alternative treatments for osteosarcoma, while promising, have led to multi-drug resistance. These constraints of common treatment strategies have triggered the need for new therapeutic candidates in bone cancer treatment. Chitosan, a common biopolymer utilized in bone and tissue engineering applications, has recently been studied as a pro-apoptotic agent in metastatic cell lines like breast cancer, but has not been utilized in bone cancer applications. In this study, chitosan was directly loaded onto HA disks to evaluate its in vitro release and effects on human fetal osteoblast (hFOB) and human osteosarcoma (MG-63) cell lines. It is hypothesized that the sustained release of chitosan will decrease osteosarcoma cell proliferation and enhance proliferation of osteoblast cells. Through morphological characterization and MTT assay analysis, chitosan showed no toxicity to human fetal osteoblast (hFOB) cells. Chitosan was also shown to decrease human osteosarcoma cell viability by up to 96% compared to control samples. This suggests a pro-apoptotic mechanism against osteosarcoma as well as the potential clinical application of chitosan as a drug candidate in ceramic scaffolds at tumor resected sites.
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