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Gao W, Yuan Z, Zhao X, Wang S, Lai S, Ni K, Zhan Y, Liu Z, Liu L, Xin R, Yin X, Zhou X, Liu X, Zhang X, Zhang Q, Li G, Wang W, Zhang C. The prognostic and clinical value of p53 upregulated modulator of apoptosis expression in solid tumours: a meta-analysis and TCGA data review. Expert Rev Mol Diagn 2022; 22:811-819. [DOI: 10.1080/14737159.2022.2125802] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Weifeng Gao
- Department of Colorectal Surgery, Tianjin Union Medical Center, 300121 Tianjin, China
- Tianjin Institute of Coloproctology, 300121 Tianjin, China
- The Institute of Translational Medicine, Tianjin Union Medical Center of Nankai University, Tianjin, China
| | - Zhen Yuan
- School of Medicine, Nankai University, 300071 Tianjin, China
| | - Xuanzhu Zhao
- Department of Colorectal Surgery, Tianjin Union Medical Center, 300121 Tianjin, China
- School of integrative medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 301617 Tianjin, China
| | - Shuyuan Wang
- School of Medicine, Nankai University, 300071 Tianjin, China
| | - Sizhen Lai
- Department of Colorectal Surgery, Tianjin Union Medical Center, 300121 Tianjin, China
- School of integrative medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 301617 Tianjin, China
| | - Kemin Ni
- Department of Colorectal Surgery, Tianjin Union Medical Center, 300121 Tianjin, China
- School of Medicine, Nankai University, 300071 Tianjin, China
| | - Yixiang Zhan
- Department of Colorectal Surgery, Tianjin Union Medical Center, 300121 Tianjin, China
- Tianjin Institute of Coloproctology, 300121 Tianjin, China
| | - Zhaoce Liu
- Department of Colorectal Surgery, Tianjin Union Medical Center, 300121 Tianjin, China
- School of Medicine, Nankai University, 300071 Tianjin, China
| | - Lina Liu
- Department of Colorectal Surgery, Tianjin Union Medical Center, 300121 Tianjin, China
| | - Ran Xin
- School of Medicine, Nankai University, 300071 Tianjin, China
| | - Xin Yin
- School of Medicine, Nankai University, 300071 Tianjin, China
| | - Xingyu Zhou
- School of Medicine, Nankai University, 300071 Tianjin, China
| | - Xinyu Liu
- Department of Colorectal Surgery, Tianjin Union Medical Center, 300121 Tianjin, China
- Tianjin Medical University, 300041 Tianjin, China
| | - Xipeng Zhang
- Department of Colorectal Surgery, Tianjin Union Medical Center, 300121 Tianjin, China
- Tianjin Institute of Coloproctology, 300121 Tianjin, China
- The Institute of Translational Medicine, Tianjin Union Medical Center of Nankai University, Tianjin, China
| | - Qinghuai Zhang
- Department of Colorectal Surgery, Tianjin Union Medical Center, 300121 Tianjin, China
- Tianjin Institute of Coloproctology, 300121 Tianjin, China
- The Institute of Translational Medicine, Tianjin Union Medical Center of Nankai University, Tianjin, China
| | - Guoxun Li
- Department of Colorectal Surgery, Tianjin Union Medical Center, 300121 Tianjin, China
- Tianjin Institute of Coloproctology, 300121 Tianjin, China
- The Institute of Translational Medicine, Tianjin Union Medical Center of Nankai University, Tianjin, China
| | - Wenhong Wang
- Department of Colorectal Surgery, Tianjin Union Medical Center, 300121 Tianjin, China
- Tianjin Institute of Coloproctology, 300121 Tianjin, China
- The Institute of Translational Medicine, Tianjin Union Medical Center of Nankai University, Tianjin, China
| | - Chunze Zhang
- Department of Colorectal Surgery, Tianjin Union Medical Center, 300121 Tianjin, China
- Tianjin Institute of Coloproctology, 300121 Tianjin, China
- The Institute of Translational Medicine, Tianjin Union Medical Center of Nankai University, Tianjin, China
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Bekampytė J, Bartnykaitė A, Savukaitytė A, Ugenskienė R, Korobeinikova E, Gudaitienė J, Juozaitytė E. The Investigation of Associations between TP53 rs1042522, BBC3 rs2032809, CCND1 rs9344, EGFR rs2227983 Polymorphisms and Breast Cancer Phenotype and Prognosis. Diagnostics (Basel) 2021; 11:diagnostics11081419. [PMID: 34441352 PMCID: PMC8393676 DOI: 10.3390/diagnostics11081419] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2021] [Revised: 08/01/2021] [Accepted: 08/02/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Breast cancer is one of the most common oncological diseases among women worldwide. Cell cycle and apoptosis-related genes TP53, BBC3, CCND1 and EGFR play an important role in the pathogenesis of breast cancer. However, the roles of single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in these genes have not been fully defined. Therefore, this study aimed to analyze the association between TP53 rs1042522, BBC3 rs2032809, CCND1 rs9344 and EGFR rs2227983 polymorphisms and breast cancer phenotype and prognosis. For the purpose of the analysis, 171 Lithuanian women were enrolled. Genomic DNA was extracted from peripheral blood; PCR-RFLP was used for SNPs analysis. The results showed that BBC3 rs2032809 was associated with age at the time of diagnosis, disease progression, metastasis and death. CCND1 rs9344 was associated with tumor size, however an association resulted in loss of significance after Bonferroni correction. In survival analysis, significant associations were observed between BBC3 rs2032809 and OS, PFS and MFS. EGFR rs2227983 also showed some associations with OS and PFS (univariate Cox regression analysis). However, the results were in loss of significance (multivariate Cox regression analysis). In conclusion, BBC3 rs2032809 polymorphism was associated with breast cancer phenotype and prognosis. Therefore, it could be applied as potential markers for breast cancer prognosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Justina Bekampytė
- Oncology Research Laboratory, Oncology Institute, Lithuanian University of Health Sciences, LT-50161 Kaunas, Lithuania; (A.B.); (A.S.); (R.U.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +370-3-778-7317
| | - Agnė Bartnykaitė
- Oncology Research Laboratory, Oncology Institute, Lithuanian University of Health Sciences, LT-50161 Kaunas, Lithuania; (A.B.); (A.S.); (R.U.)
| | - Aistė Savukaitytė
- Oncology Research Laboratory, Oncology Institute, Lithuanian University of Health Sciences, LT-50161 Kaunas, Lithuania; (A.B.); (A.S.); (R.U.)
| | - Rasa Ugenskienė
- Oncology Research Laboratory, Oncology Institute, Lithuanian University of Health Sciences, LT-50161 Kaunas, Lithuania; (A.B.); (A.S.); (R.U.)
- Department of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, Hospital of Lithuanian University of Health Sciences Kaunas Clinics, LT-50161 Kaunas, Lithuania
| | - Erika Korobeinikova
- Department of Oncology and Hematology, Hospital of Lithuanian University of Health Sciences Kaunas Clinics, LT-50161 Kaunas, Lithuania; (E.K.); (J.G.); (E.J.)
| | - Jurgita Gudaitienė
- Department of Oncology and Hematology, Hospital of Lithuanian University of Health Sciences Kaunas Clinics, LT-50161 Kaunas, Lithuania; (E.K.); (J.G.); (E.J.)
| | - Elona Juozaitytė
- Department of Oncology and Hematology, Hospital of Lithuanian University of Health Sciences Kaunas Clinics, LT-50161 Kaunas, Lithuania; (E.K.); (J.G.); (E.J.)
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Jiménez-Salazar JE, Damian-Ferrara R, Arteaga M, Batina N, Damián-Matsumura P. Non-Genomic Actions of Estrogens on the DNA Repair Pathways Are Associated With Chemotherapy Resistance in Breast Cancer. Front Oncol 2021; 11:631007. [PMID: 33869016 PMCID: PMC8044931 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2021.631007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2020] [Accepted: 01/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Estrogens have been implicated in the etiology of breast cancer for a long time. It has been stated that long-term exposure to estrogens is associated with a higher incidence of breast cancer, since estradiol (E2) stimulates breast cell growth; however, its effect on DNA damage/repair is only starting to be investigated. Recent studies have documented that estrogens are able to modify the DNA damage response (DDR) and DNA repair mechanisms. On the other hand, it has been proposed that DDR machinery can be altered by estrogen signaling pathways, that can be related to cancer progression and chemoresistance. We have demonstrated that E2 promotes c-Src activation and breast cancer cell motility, through a non-genomic pathway. This review discusses scientific evidence supporting this non-genomic mechanism where estrogen modifies the DNA repair pathways, and its relationship to potential causes of chemoresistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Javier E Jiménez-Salazar
- Department of Biology of Reproduction, Division of Biological Sciences and Health (DCBS), Autonomous Metropolitan University (UAM), Mexico City, Mexico.,School of Medicine, National Autonomous University of Mexico (UNAM), Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Rebeca Damian-Ferrara
- Monterrey Institute of Technology and Higher Education (ITESM), School of Engineering and Sciences, Monterrey, Mexico
| | - Marcela Arteaga
- Department of Biology of Reproduction, Division of Biological Sciences and Health (DCBS), Autonomous Metropolitan University (UAM), Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Nikola Batina
- Nanotechnology and Molecular Engineering Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, Division of Basic Science and Engineering (DCBI), Autonomous Metropolitan University (UAM), Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Pablo Damián-Matsumura
- Department of Biology of Reproduction, Division of Biological Sciences and Health (DCBS), Autonomous Metropolitan University (UAM), Mexico City, Mexico
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Folic Acid Induces Intake-Related Changes in the Mammary Tissue Transcriptome of C57BL/6 Mice. Nutrients 2020; 12:nu12092821. [PMID: 32942660 PMCID: PMC7551343 DOI: 10.3390/nu12092821] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2020] [Revised: 09/08/2020] [Accepted: 09/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Folic acid (FA) intake has been associated with increased breast cancer risk in some studies. Although underlying mechanisms are unknown, epigenetic modifications that persistently alter transcription have been suggested. We tested the hypothesis that high FA (HFA) intake alters the adult mammary transcriptome in a manner consistent with increased potential for carcinogenesis, detectable beyond the period of intake. C57BL/6 mice were fed control FA (CFA) (1 mg/kg diet) or HFA (5 mg/kg diet) diets for 4 weeks, followed by AIN93M maintenance diet for 4 weeks. Plasma 5-methyltetrahydrofolate, p-aminobenzoylglutamate and unmetabolised FA concentrations were greater (1.62, 1.56, 5.80-fold, respectively) in HFA compared to CFA mice. RNA sequencing of the mammary transcriptome (~20 million reads) showed 222 transcripts (191 upregulated) differentially expressed between groups. Gene Set Enrichment showed upregulated genes significantly enriched in Epithelial Mesenchymal Transition, Myogenesis and Apical Junction and downregulated genes in E2F targets, MYC targets and G2M checkpoint. Cancer was the most altered Disease and Disorder pathway, with Metastasis, Mammary Tumour and Growth of Tumour the most upregulated pathways. ChIP-seq enrichment analysis showed that targets of histone methyltransferase EZH2 were enriched in HFA mice. This study demonstrates HFA intake during adulthood induces mammary transcriptome changes, consistent with greater tumorigenic potential.
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Patel HK, Bihani T. Selective estrogen receptor modulators (SERMs) and selective estrogen receptor degraders (SERDs) in cancer treatment. Pharmacol Ther 2018; 186:1-24. [DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2017.12.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 194] [Impact Index Per Article: 32.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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6
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Azad AKM, Lawen A, Keith JM. Bayesian model of signal rewiring reveals mechanisms of gene dysregulation in acquired drug resistance in breast cancer. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0173331. [PMID: 28288164 PMCID: PMC5348014 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0173331] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2016] [Accepted: 02/20/2017] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Small molecule inhibitors, such as lapatinib, are effective against breast cancer in clinical trials, but tumor cells ultimately acquire resistance to the drug. Maintaining sensitization to drug action is essential for durable growth inhibition. Recently, adaptive reprogramming of signaling circuitry has been identified as a major cause of acquired resistance. We developed a computational framework using a Bayesian statistical approach to model signal rewiring in acquired resistance. We used the p1-model to infer potential aberrant gene-pairs with differential posterior probabilities of appearing in resistant-vs-parental networks. Results were obtained using matched gene expression profiles under resistant and parental conditions. Using two lapatinib-treated ErbB2-positive breast cancer cell-lines: SKBR3 and BT474, our method identified similar dysregulated signaling pathways including EGFR-related pathways as well as other receptor-related pathways, many of which were reported previously as compensatory pathways of EGFR-inhibition via signaling cross-talk. A manual literature survey provided strong evidence that aberrant signaling activities in dysregulated pathways are closely related to acquired resistance in EGFR tyrosine kinase inhibitors. Our approach predicted literature-supported dysregulated pathways complementary to both node-centric (SPIA, DAVID, and GATHER) and edge-centric (ESEA and PAGI) methods. Moreover, by proposing a novel pattern of aberrant signaling called V-structures, we observed that genes were dysregulated in resistant-vs-sensitive conditions when they were involved in the switch of dependencies from targeted to bypass signaling events. A literature survey of some important V-structures suggested they play a role in breast cancer metastasis and/or acquired resistance to EGFR-TKIs, where the mRNA changes of TGFBR2, LEF1 and TP53 in resistant-vs-sensitive conditions were related to the dependency switch from targeted to bypass signaling links. Our results suggest many signaling pathway structures are compromised in acquired resistance, and V-structures of aberrant signaling within/among those pathways may provide further insights into the bypass mechanism of targeted inhibition.
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Affiliation(s)
- A. K. M. Azad
- School of Mathematical Sciences, Monash University, Clayton, VIC, Australia
- * E-mail:
| | - Alfons Lawen
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Biomedical Sciences, Monash University, Clayton, VIC, Australia
| | - Jonathan M. Keith
- School of Mathematical Sciences, Monash University, Clayton, VIC, Australia
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Koumakis L, Kanterakis A, Kartsaki E, Chatzimina M, Zervakis M, Tsiknakis M, Vassou D, Kafetzopoulos D, Marias K, Moustakis V, Potamias G. MinePath: Mining for Phenotype Differential Sub-paths in Molecular Pathways. PLoS Comput Biol 2016; 12:e1005187. [PMID: 27832067 PMCID: PMC5104320 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pcbi.1005187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/29/2016] [Accepted: 10/10/2016] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Pathway analysis methodologies couple traditional gene expression analysis with knowledge encoded in established molecular pathway networks, offering a promising approach towards the biological interpretation of phenotype differentiating genes. Early pathway analysis methodologies, named as gene set analysis (GSA), view pathways just as plain lists of genes without taking into account either the underlying pathway network topology or the involved gene regulatory relations. These approaches, even if they achieve computational efficiency and simplicity, consider pathways that involve the same genes as equivalent in terms of their gene enrichment characteristics. Most recent pathway analysis approaches take into account the underlying gene regulatory relations by examining their consistency with gene expression profiles and computing a score for each profile. Even with this approach, assessing and scoring single-relations limits the ability to reveal key gene regulation mechanisms hidden in longer pathway sub-paths. We introduce MinePath, a pathway analysis methodology that addresses and overcomes the aforementioned problems. MinePath facilitates the decomposition of pathways into their constituent sub-paths. Decomposition leads to the transformation of single-relations to complex regulation sub-paths. Regulation sub-paths are then matched with gene expression sample profiles in order to evaluate their functional status and to assess phenotype differential power. Assessment of differential power supports the identification of the most discriminant profiles. In addition, MinePath assess the significance of the pathways as a whole, ranking them by their p-values. Comparison results with state-of-the-art pathway analysis systems are indicative for the soundness and reliability of the MinePath approach. In contrast with many pathway analysis tools, MinePath is a web-based system (www.minepath.org) offering dynamic and rich pathway visualization functionality, with the unique characteristic to color regulatory relations between genes and reveal their phenotype inclination. This unique characteristic makes MinePath a valuable tool for in silico molecular biology experimentation as it serves the biomedical researchers' exploratory needs to reveal and interpret the regulatory mechanisms that underlie and putatively govern the expression of target phenotypes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lefteris Koumakis
- Computational BioMedicine Laboratory (CBML), Institute of Computers Science (ICS), Foundation for Research and Technology-Hellas (FORTH), Heraklion, Crete, Greece
| | - Alexandros Kanterakis
- Computational BioMedicine Laboratory (CBML), Institute of Computers Science (ICS), Foundation for Research and Technology-Hellas (FORTH), Heraklion, Crete, Greece
| | - Evgenia Kartsaki
- Computational BioMedicine Laboratory (CBML), Institute of Computers Science (ICS), Foundation for Research and Technology-Hellas (FORTH), Heraklion, Crete, Greece
| | - Maria Chatzimina
- Computational BioMedicine Laboratory (CBML), Institute of Computers Science (ICS), Foundation for Research and Technology-Hellas (FORTH), Heraklion, Crete, Greece
| | - Michalis Zervakis
- School of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Technical University of Crete, Greece
| | - Manolis Tsiknakis
- Computational BioMedicine Laboratory (CBML), Institute of Computers Science (ICS), Foundation for Research and Technology-Hellas (FORTH), Heraklion, Crete, Greece
- Department of Informatics Engineering, Technological Educational Institute of Crete, Greece
| | - Despoina Vassou
- Institute of Molecular Biology & Biotechnology, FORTH, Heraklion, Crete, Greece
| | | | - Kostas Marias
- Computational BioMedicine Laboratory (CBML), Institute of Computers Science (ICS), Foundation for Research and Technology-Hellas (FORTH), Heraklion, Crete, Greece
| | - Vassilis Moustakis
- School of Production Engineering & Management, Technical University of Crete, Greece
| | - George Potamias
- Computational BioMedicine Laboratory (CBML), Institute of Computers Science (ICS), Foundation for Research and Technology-Hellas (FORTH), Heraklion, Crete, Greece
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Liu CJ, Zhang XL, Luo DY, Zhu WF, Wan HF, Yang JP, Yang XJ, Wan FS. Exogenous p53 upregulated modulator of apoptosis (PUMA) decreases growth of lung cancer A549 cells. Asian Pac J Cancer Prev 2015; 16:741-6. [PMID: 25684518 DOI: 10.7314/apjcp.2015.16.2.741] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE To investigate the influence of exogenous p53 upregulated modulator of apoptosis (PUMA) expression on cell proliferation and apoptosis in human non-small cell lung cancer A549 cells and transplanted tumor cell growth in nude mice. MATERIALS AND METHODS A549 cells were divided into the following groups: control, non- carrier (NC), PUMA (transfected with pCEP4- (HA) 2-PUMA plasmid), DDP (10 μg/mL cisplatin treatment) and PUMA+DDP (transfected with pCEP4-(HA)2-PUMA plasmid and 10 μg/mL cisplatin treatment). The MTT method was used to detect the cell survival rate. Cell apoptosis rates were measured by flow cytometry, and PUMA, Bax and Bcl-2 protein expression levels were measured by Western blotting. RESULTS Compared to the control group, the PUMA, DDP and PUMA+DDP groups all had significantly decreased A549 cell proliferation (p<0.01), with the largest reduction in the PUMA+DDP group. Conversely, the apoptosis rates of the three groups were significantly increased (P<0.01), and the PUMA and DDP treatments were synergistic. Moreover, Bax protein levels significantly increased (p<0.01), while Bcl-2 protein levels significantly decreased (p<0.01). Finally, both the volume and the weights of transplanted tumors were significantly reduced (p<0.01), and the inhibition ratio of the PUMA+DDP group was significantly higher than in the single DDP or PUMA groups. CONCLUSIONS Exogenous PUMA effectively inhibited lung cancer A549 cell proliferation and transplanted tumor growth by increasing Bax protein levels and reducing Bcl-2 protein levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chun-Ju Liu
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Basic Medical College, Nan Chang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi, China E-mail :
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Portela VM, Dirandeh E, Guerrero-Netro HM, Zamberlam G, Barreta MH, Goetten AF, Price CA. The role of fibroblast growth factor-18 in follicular atresia in cattle. Biol Reprod 2014; 92:14. [PMID: 25411391 DOI: 10.1095/biolreprod.114.121376] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Although the various members of the fibroblast growth factor (FGF) family are generally mitotic, one member, FGF18, has been shown to increase the rate of apoptosis of ovarian granulosa cells. In the present study, we first determined whether granulosa cells express FGF18 and we then explored the mechanism through which FGF18 increases apoptosis in vitro. Under culture conditions that favored estradiol secretion and CYP19A1 expression, granulosa FGF18 mRNA levels were barely detectable; however, withdrawing gonadotropic support (follicle-stimulating hormone or insulin-like growth factor 1) reduced levels of CYP19A1 mRNA and increased abundance of mRNA encoding the death ligand FASLG and FGF18. Addition of FGF18, but not FGF2, FGF10, or EGF, increased the proportion of apoptotic cells and frequency of caspase 3 activation, and these effects were abrogated by coculture with estradiol. Addition of FGF18 decreased abundance of mRNA encoding the antiapoptotic proteins GADD45B and MDM2, and increased that encoding the proapoptotic protein BBC3; these effects were reversed by coculture with estradiol. The physiological relevance of FGF18 was determined using an in vivo model: injection of FGF18 directly into growing bovine dominant follicles caused cessation of follicle growth by 24 h after injection. Collectively, these data demonstrate that FGF18 is proapoptotic in vivo and may act through a mechanism involving the BBC3-MDM2 pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valério M Portela
- Centre de recherche en reproduction animale, Faculté de médecine vétérinaire, Université de Montréal, St-Hyacinthe, Quebec, Canada Campus Universitário Curitibanos, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Curitibanos, Santa Catarina, Brazil
| | - Essa Dirandeh
- Centre de recherche en reproduction animale, Faculté de médecine vétérinaire, Université de Montréal, St-Hyacinthe, Quebec, Canada
| | - Hilda M Guerrero-Netro
- Centre de recherche en reproduction animale, Faculté de médecine vétérinaire, Université de Montréal, St-Hyacinthe, Quebec, Canada
| | - Gustavo Zamberlam
- Centre de recherche en reproduction animale, Faculté de médecine vétérinaire, Université de Montréal, St-Hyacinthe, Quebec, Canada
| | - Marcos H Barreta
- Campus Universitário Curitibanos, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Curitibanos, Santa Catarina, Brazil
| | - André F Goetten
- Campus Universitário Curitibanos, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Curitibanos, Santa Catarina, Brazil
| | - Christopher A Price
- Centre de recherche en reproduction animale, Faculté de médecine vétérinaire, Université de Montréal, St-Hyacinthe, Quebec, Canada
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Hossain MM, Ray SK. EWS Knockdown and Taxifolin Treatment Induced Differentiation and Removed DNA Methylation from p53 Promoter to Promote Expression of Puma and Noxa for Apoptosis in Ewing's Sarcoma. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2014; 5:1092-1113. [PMID: 27547487 PMCID: PMC4989871 DOI: 10.4236/jct.2014.512114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Ewing’s sarcoma is a pediatric tumor that mainly occurs in soft tissues and bones. Malignant characteristics of Ewing’s sarcoma are correlated with expression of EWS oncogene. We achieved knockdown of EWS expression using a plasmid vector encoding EWS short hairpin RNA (shRNA) to increase anti-tumor mechanisms of taxifolin (TFL), a new flavonoid, in human Ewing’s sarcoma cells in culture and animal models. Immunofluorescence microscopy and flow cytometric analysis showed high expression of EWS in human Ewing’s sarcoma SK-N-MC and RD-ES cell lines. EWS shRNA plus TFL inhibited 80% cell viability and caused the highest decreases in EWS expression at mRNA and protein levels in both cell lines. Knockdown of EWS expression induced morphological features of differentiation. EWS shRNA plus TFL caused more alterations in molecular markers of differentiation than either agent alone. EWS shRNA plus TFL caused the highest decreases in cell migration with inhibition of survival, angiogenic and invasive factors. Knockdown of EWS expression was associated with removal of DNA methylation from p53 promoter, promoting expression of p53, Puma, and Noxa. EWS shRNA plus TFL induced the highest amounts of apoptosis with activation of extrinsic and intrinsic pathways in both cell lines in culture. EWS shRNA plus TFL also inhibited growth of Ewing’s sarcoma tumors in animal models due to inhibition of differentiation inhibitors and angiogenic and invasive factors and also induction of activation of caspase-3 for apoptosis. Collectively, knockdown of EWS expression increased various anti-tumor mechanisms of TFL in human Ewing’s sarcoma in cell culture and animal models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Motarab Hossain
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology, and Immunology, University of South Carolina School of Medicine, Columbia, SC, USA
| | - Swapan Kumar Ray
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology, and Immunology, University of South Carolina School of Medicine, Columbia, SC, USA
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Cottu P, Bièche I, Assayag F, El Botty R, Chateau-Joubert S, Thuleau A, Bagarre T, Albaud B, Rapinat A, Gentien D, de la Grange P, Sibut V, Vacher S, Hatem R, Servely JL, Fontaine JJ, Decaudin D, Pierga JY, Roman-Roman S, Marangoni E. Acquired resistance to endocrine treatments is associated with tumor-specific molecular changes in patient-derived luminal breast cancer xenografts. Clin Cancer Res 2014; 20:4314-25. [PMID: 24947930 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-13-3230] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Patients with luminal breast cancer (LBC) often become endocrine resistant over time. We investigated the molecular changes associated with acquired hormonoresistances in patient-derived xenografts of LBC. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN Two LBC xenografts (HBCx22 and HBCx34) were treated with different endocrine treatments (ET) to obtain xenografts with acquired resistances to tamoxifen (TamR) and ovariectomy (OvaR). PI3K pathway activation was analyzed by Western blot analysis and IHC and responses to ET combined to everolimus were investigated in vivo. Gene expression analyses were performed by RT-PCR and Affymetrix arrays. RESULTS HBCx22 TamR xenograft was cross-resistant to several hormonotherapies, whereas HBCx22 OvaR and HBCx34 TamR exhibited a treatment-specific resistance profile. PI3K pathway was similarly activated in parental and resistant xenografts but the addition of everolimus did not restore the response to tamoxifen in TamR xenografts. In contrast, the combination of fulvestrant and everolimus induced tumor regression in vivo in HBCx34 TamR, where we found a cross-talk between the estrogen receptor (ER) and PI3K pathways. Expression of several ER-controlled genes and ER coregulators was significantly changed in both TamR and OvaR tumors, indicating impaired ER transcriptional activity. Expression changes associated with hormonoresistance were both tumor and treatment specific and were enriched for genes involved in cell growth, cell death, and cell survival. CONCLUSIONS PDX models of LBC with acquired resistance to endocrine therapies show a great diversity of resistance phenotype, associated with specific deregulations of ER-mediated gene transcription. These models offer a tool for developing anticancer therapies and to investigate the dynamics of resistance emerging during pharmacologic interventions. Clin Cancer Res; 20(16); 4314-25. ©2014 AACR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul Cottu
- Departments of Medical Oncology and Laboratory of Preclinical Investigation, Translational Research Department
| | | | - Franck Assayag
- Laboratory of Preclinical Investigation, Translational Research Department
| | - Rania El Botty
- Laboratory of Preclinical Investigation, Translational Research Department
| | | | - Aurélie Thuleau
- Laboratory of Preclinical Investigation, Translational Research Department
| | - Thomas Bagarre
- Laboratory of Preclinical Investigation, Translational Research Department
| | - Benoit Albaud
- Affymetrix Platform, Translational Research Department
| | | | - David Gentien
- Affymetrix Platform, Translational Research Department
| | | | - Vonick Sibut
- Bioinformatics Unit, Inserm U900 Mines ParisTech
| | | | | | - Jean-Luc Servely
- INRA, Phase Department; Pathology Department, National Veterinary School of Alfort, Maisons Alfort, France
| | | | - Didier Decaudin
- Departments of Medical Oncology and Laboratory of Preclinical Investigation, Translational Research Department
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Du Y, Shi A, Han B, Li S, Wu D, Jia H, Zheng C, Ren L, Fan Z. COX-2 silencing enhances tamoxifen antitumor activity in breast cancer in vivo and in vitro. Int J Oncol 2014; 44:1385-93. [PMID: 24535190 DOI: 10.3892/ijo.2014.2299] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2013] [Accepted: 01/16/2014] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Tamoxifen (Tam), a selective estrogen receptor modulator, is in wide clinical use for the treatment and prevention of breast cancer. However, extended TAM administration for breast cancer induces increased VEGF levels in patients, promoting new blood vessel formation and thereby limiting its efficacy and highlighting the need for improved therapeutic strategies. Cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) silencing via a replication-incompetent lentivirus (LV-COX-2) induce cancer apoptosis and suppresses VEGF gene expression. In this study, the effect of LV-COX-2 infection, either alone or in combination with TAM, was analyzed in a breast cell lines for suppressing VEGF expression and simultaneously reducing doses of TAM. Cell proliferation, apoptosis, angiogenesis, metastasis, cell cycle distribution, an receptor signaling were determined after LV-COX-2 combination with TAM treatment. In addition, tumor growth ability in nude mice was detected to define the combination treatment effect in tumorigenesis in vivo. It is found that LV-COX-2 combination with TAM treatment in breast cancer cell significantly suppressed the proliferation and metastasis, and induced tumor apoptosis in vitro, and tumor growth also was suppressed in vivo. In addition, we also found that LV-COX-2 combination with TAM treatment could inhibit angiogenesis and VEGF expression. Taken together, our experimental results indicate that LV-COX-2 combination with TAM has promising outcome in anti-metastatic and apoptotic studies. Furthermore, these results showed that LV-COX-2 combination with TAM is a potential drug candidate for treatment of breast tumors expressing high levels of VEGF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ye Du
- Department of Breast Surgery, The First Hospital, Jilin University, Changchun 130021, Jilin, P.R. China
| | - Aiping Shi
- Department of Breast Surgery, The First Hospital, Jilin University, Changchun 130021, Jilin, P.R. China
| | - Bing Han
- Department of Breast Surgery, The First Hospital, Jilin University, Changchun 130021, Jilin, P.R. China
| | - Sijie Li
- Department of Breast Surgery, The First Hospital, Jilin University, Changchun 130021, Jilin, P.R. China
| | - Di Wu
- Department of Breast Surgery, The First Hospital, Jilin University, Changchun 130021, Jilin, P.R. China
| | - Hongyao Jia
- Department of Breast Surgery, The First Hospital, Jilin University, Changchun 130021, Jilin, P.R. China
| | - Chao Zheng
- Department of Breast Surgery, The First Hospital, Jilin University, Changchun 130021, Jilin, P.R. China
| | - Liqun Ren
- Department of Experimental Pharmacology and Toxicology, School of Pharmacy, Jilin University, Changchun 130021, Jilin, P.R. China
| | - Zhimin Fan
- Department of Breast Surgery, The First Hospital, Jilin University, Changchun 130021, Jilin, P.R. China
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Carpenter RL, Han W, Paw I, Lo HW. HER2 phosphorylates and destabilizes pro-apoptotic PUMA, leading to antagonized apoptosis in cancer cells. PLoS One 2013; 8:e78836. [PMID: 24236056 PMCID: PMC3827261 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0078836] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2013] [Accepted: 09/24/2013] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
HER2 is overexpressed in 15–20% of breast cancers. HER2 overexpression is known to reduce apoptosis but the underlying mechanisms for this association remain unclear. To elucidate the mechanisms for HER2-mediated survival, we investigated the relationship between HER2 and p53 upregulated modulator of apoptosis (PUMA), a potent apoptosis inducer. Our results showed that HER2 interacts with PUMA, which was independent of HER2 activation. In addition, we observed that HER2 interacted with PUMA in both mitochondrial and non-mitochondrial compartments. We next examined whether HER2 phosphorylates PUMA. Notably, PUMA tyrosine phosphorylation has never been reported. Using an intracellular assay, we found PUMA to be phosphorylated in breast cancer cells with activated HER2. Via cell-free HER2 kinase assay, we observed that PUMA was directly phosphorylated by HER2. Activation of HER2 decreased PUMA protein half-life. To identify which of the three tyrosines within PUMA are targeted by HER2, we generated three PUMA non-phosphorylation mutants each with a single Tyr→Phe substitution. Results indicated that each PUMA single mutant had lost some, but not all phosphorylation by HER2 indicating that HER2 targets all three tyrosines. Consequently, we created an additional PUMA mutant with all three tyrosines mutated (TM-PUMA) that could not be phosphorylated by HER2. Importantly, TM-PUMA was found to have a longer half-life than PUMA. An inverse association was observed between HER2 and PUMA in 93 invasive breast carcinoma samples. We further found that TM-PUMA suppressed growth of breast cancer cells to a greater degree than PUMA. Also, TM-PUMA had a stronger propensity to induce apoptosis than PUMA. Together, our results demonstrate, for the first time, that PUMA can be tyrosine phosphorylated and that HER2-mediated phosphorylation destabilizes PUMA protein. The HER2-PUMA interplay represents a novel mechanism by which PUMA is regulated and a new molecular basis for HER2-mediated growth and survival of cancer cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard L. Carpenter
- Division of Surgical Sciences, Department of Surgery, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Woody Han
- Division of Surgical Sciences, Department of Surgery, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Ivy Paw
- Division of Surgical Sciences, Department of Surgery, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Hui-Wen Lo
- Division of Surgical Sciences, Department of Surgery, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
- Duke Cancer Institute, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
- Duke Center for RNA Biology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Darakhshan S, Ghanbari A. Tranilast enhances the anti-tumor effects of tamoxifen on human breast cancer cells in vitro. J Biomed Sci 2013; 20:76. [PMID: 24143895 PMCID: PMC3819182 DOI: 10.1186/1423-0127-20-76] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2013] [Accepted: 10/14/2013] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Tamoxifen is the most widely used anti-estrogen for the treatment of breast cancer. Studies show that the combination therapy with other substances that helps the activity of tamoxifen. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of tamoxifen when used in combination with tranilast on human breast cancer cells. Results Two MCF-7 and MDA-MB-231 human breast cancer cell lines were treated with tamoxifen and/or tranilast. The cell viability and cytotoxicity was assessed using MTT and LDH assays; the apoptotic effects were examined by TUNEL assay, acridine orange/ethidium bromide staining and DNA laddering, also the expression levels of bax and bcl-2 genes were detected by real-time RT-PCR. The mRNA expression of TGF-β ligands and receptors examined using real-time RT-PCR and TGF-β1 protein secretion levels were also evaluated by ELISA assay. Inhibitory effect of these drugs on invasion and metastasis were tested by wound healing and matrigel invasion assay. We found that combination of these drugs led to a marked increase in growth and proliferation inhibition compared to either agent alone. Furthermore, bax and bcl-2 affected by tamoxifen and/or tranilast and resulted in a significant increase in bax and decrease in bcl-2 mRNA expression. In addition, treatment with tamoxifen and/or tranilast resulted in significant decreased in TGF-β1, 2, 3, TGF-βRI and II mRNA and TGF-β1 protein levels while TGF-βRIII mRNA level was increased and invasion was also inhibited. Conclusions These findings indicate that tranilast, by synergistic effect, enhances the activity of tamoxifen and the TGF-β pathway is a target for this combination therapy, therefore; we propose that this combined treatment may be suitable selection in prevention of breast cancer.
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Dey P, Ström A, Gustafsson JÅ. Estrogen receptor β upregulates FOXO3a and causes induction of apoptosis through PUMA in prostate cancer. Oncogene 2013; 33:4213-25. [PMID: 24077289 DOI: 10.1038/onc.2013.384] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2013] [Revised: 08/05/2013] [Accepted: 08/09/2013] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Estrogen receptor β (ERβ) is emerging as a critical factor in understanding prostate cancer biology. Although reduced in prostate cancer above Gleason grade 3, ERβ is a potential drug target at the initial stage of the disease. In human prostate cancer cells, we found that ERβ causes apoptosis by increasing the expression of pro-apoptotic factor p53-upregulated modulator of apoptosis (PUMA), independent of p53, but dependent on the forkhead transcription factor class-O family member, FOXO3a. FOXO3a has previously been shown to induce PUMA after growth factor withdrawal and inhibition of the Akt pathway. Surprisingly, the phosphorylation of FOXO3a remained unchanged, while the mRNA and total protein levels of FOXO3a were increased in response to ERβ expression or treatment of PC3, 22Rv1 and LNCaP cells with the ERβ-specific ligands 3β-Adiol (5α-androstane-3β,17β-diol), DPN (diarylpropionitrile) or 8β-VE2 (8-vinylestra-1,3,5 (10)-triene-3,17β-diol). Knockdown of FOXO3a or ERβ expression abolished the increase of PUMA in response to 3β-Adiol in LNCaP and PC3 cells, suggesting that FOXO3a mediates the apoptotic effect of 3β-Adiol-activated ERβ. Moreover, the ventral prostate of ERβ-/- mice had decreased expression of FOXO3a and PUMA compared with the ERβ+/+ mice, indicating a relationship between ERβ and FOXO3a expression. The regulation of FOXO3a by ERβ in normal basal epithelial cells indicates a function of ERβ in cell differentiation and maintenance of cells in a quiescent state. In addition, the expression of ERβ, FOXO3a and PUMA is comparable and higher in benign prostatic hyperplasia than in prostate cancer Gleason grade 4 or higher, where there is substantial loss of ERβ, FOXO3a and PUMA. We conclude that ERβ induces apoptosis of prostate cancer cells by increasing transcription of FOXO3a, leading to an increase of PUMA and subsequent triggering of apoptosis via the intrinsic pathway involving caspase-9. Furthermore, we conclude that ligands specifically activating ERβ could be useful pharmaceuticals in the treatment of prostate cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Dey
- Department of Biology and Biochemistry, Center for Nuclear Receptors and Cell Signaling, University of Houston, Houston, TX, USA
| | - A Ström
- Department of Biology and Biochemistry, Center for Nuclear Receptors and Cell Signaling, University of Houston, Houston, TX, USA
| | - J-Å Gustafsson
- 1] Department of Biology and Biochemistry, Center for Nuclear Receptors and Cell Signaling, University of Houston, Houston, TX, USA [2] Department of BioSciences and Nutrition, Karolinska Institutet, Huddinge, Sweden
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Improving Pathological Assessment of Breast Cancer by Employing Array-Based Transcriptome Analysis. MICROARRAYS 2013; 2:228-42. [PMID: 27605190 PMCID: PMC5003464 DOI: 10.3390/microarrays2030228] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2013] [Revised: 08/17/2013] [Accepted: 08/22/2013] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Breast cancer research has paved the way of personalized oncology with the introduction of hormonal therapy and the measurement of estrogen receptor as the first widely accepted clinical biomarker. The expression of another receptor—HER2/ERBB2/neu—was initially a sign of worse prognosis, but targeted therapy has granted improved outcome for these patients so that today HER2 positive patients have better prognosis than HER2 negative patients. Later, the introduction of multigene assays provided the pathologists with an unbiased assessment of the tumors’ molecular fingerprint. The recent FDA approval of complete microarray pipelines has opened new possibilities for the objective classification of breast cancer samples. Here we review the applications of microarrays for determining ER and HER2 status, molecular subtypes as well as predicting prognosis and grade for breast cancer patients. An open question remains the role of single genes within such signatures. Openly available microarray datasets enable the execution of an independent cross-validation of new marker and signature candidates. In summary, we review the current state regarding clinical applications of microarrays in breast cancer molecular pathology.
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Browne BC, Hochgräfe F, Wu J, Millar EKA, Barraclough J, Stone A, McCloy RA, Lee CS, Roberts C, Ali NA, Boulghourjian A, Schmich F, Linding R, Farrow L, Gee JMW, Nicholson RI, O'Toole SA, Sutherland RL, Musgrove EA, Butt AJ, Daly RJ. Global characterization of signalling networks associated with tamoxifen resistance in breast cancer. FEBS J 2013; 280:5237-57. [PMID: 23876235 DOI: 10.1111/febs.12441] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2013] [Revised: 06/27/2013] [Accepted: 07/17/2013] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Acquired resistance to the anti-estrogen tamoxifen remains a significant challenge in breast cancer management. In this study, we used an integrative approach to characterize global protein expression and tyrosine phosphorylation events in tamoxifen-resistant MCF7 breast cancer cells (TamR) compared with parental controls. Quantitative mass spectrometry and computational approaches were combined to identify perturbed signalling networks, and candidate regulatory proteins were functionally interrogated by siRNA-mediated knockdown. Network analysis revealed that cellular metabolism was perturbed in TamR cells, together with pathways enriched for proteins associated with growth factor, cell-cell and cell matrix-initiated signalling. Consistent with known roles for Ras/MAPK and PI3-kinase signalling in tamoxifen resistance, tyrosine-phosphorylated MAPK1, SHC1 and PIK3R2 were elevated in TamR cells. Phosphorylation of the tyrosine kinase Yes and expression of the actin-binding protein myristoylated alanine-rich C-kinase substrate (MARCKS) were increased two- and eightfold in TamR cells respectively, and these proteins were selected for further analysis. Knockdown of either protein in TamR cells had no effect on anti-estrogen sensitivity, but significantly decreased cell motility. MARCKS expression was significantly higher in breast cancer cell lines than normal mammary epithelial cells and in ER-negative versus ER-positive breast cancer cell lines. In primary breast cancers, cytoplasmic MARCKS staining was significantly higher in basal-like and HER2 cancers than in luminal cancers, and was independently predictive of poor survival in multivariate analyses of the whole cohort (P < 0.0001) and in ER-positive patients (P = 0.0005). These findings provide network-level insights into the molecular alterations associated with the tamoxifen-resistant phenotype, and identify MARCKS as a potential biomarker of therapeutic responsiveness that may assist in stratification of patients for optimal therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brigid C Browne
- Cancer Research Program, The Kinghorn Cancer Centre, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
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Periyasamy-Thandavan S, Takhar S, Singer A, Dohn MR, Jackson WH, Welborn AE, LeRoith D, Marrero M, Thangaraju M, Huang S, Schoenlein PV. Insulin-like growth factor 1 attenuates antiestrogen- and antiprogestin-induced apoptosis in ER+ breast cancer cells by MEK1 regulation of the BH3-only pro-apoptotic protein Bim. Breast Cancer Res 2012; 14:R52. [PMID: 22429491 PMCID: PMC3446386 DOI: 10.1186/bcr3153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2011] [Revised: 02/13/2012] [Accepted: 03/19/2012] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction In this pre-clinical in vitro study conducted in estrogen receptor positive (ER+) breast cancer cells, we have characterized the effects of insulin-like growth factor I (IGF-1) on the cytostatic and cytotoxic action of antiestrogen treatment when used as a single agent or in combination with the antiprogestin mifepristone (MIF). Our goal was to identify new molecular targets to improve the efficacy of hormonal therapy in breast cancer patients that have a poor response to hormonal therapy, in part, due to high circulating levels of unbound insulinIGF-1. Methods IGF-1-mediated effects on cytostasis and apoptotic cell death were determined with cell counts conducted in the presence and absence of trypan blue; enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays to determine the intracellular levels of cleaved cytokeratin 18, a marker of epithelial cancer cell apoptosis; and immunoblot analysis to determine the levels of cleaved poly-ADP ribose polymerase (PARP) and lamin A that result from caspase-dependent apoptosis. Cytotoxicity was further characterized by determination of the levels of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and the percent of mitochondrial membrane depolarization in cell populations treated with the different hormones in the presence and absence of IGF-1. Small molecule inhibitors of the dual-specificity protein kinase MEK1, MEK1 siRNA, Bim siRNA, and vectors overexpressing MEK1 wild type and mutant, dominant negative cDNA were used to identify key IGF-1 downstream prosurvival effectors. Results IGF-1, at physiologically relevant levels, blocked the cytotoxic action(s) of the antiestrogens 4-hydroxytamoxifen (4-OHT) and tamoxifen (TAM) when used as single agents or in combination with the antiprogestin MIF. The antiapoptotic action of IGF-1 was mediated primarily through the action of MEK1. MEK1 expression reduced the levels of ROS and mitochondrial membrane depolarization induced by the hormonal treatments via a mechanism that involved the phosphorylation and proteasomal turnover of the proapoptotic BH3-only Bcl-2 family member Bim. Importantly, small-molecule inhibitors of MEK1 circumvented the prosurvival action of IGF-1 by restoring Bim to levels that more effectively mediated apoptosis in ER+ breast cancer cells. Conclusion his study provides strong support for the use of MEK1 inhibitors in combination with hormonal therapy to effectively affect cytostasis and activate a Bim-dependent apoptotic pathway in ER+ breast cancer cells. We discuss that MEK1 blockade may be a particularly effective treatment for women with high circulating levels of IGF-1, which have been correlated to a poor prognosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sudharsan Periyasamy-Thandavan
- Department of Cellular Biology and Anatomy, Georgia Health Sciences University, 1459 Laney Walker Blvd,, Augusta, GA 30912, USA
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20
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Martinez-Outschoorn UE, Goldberg A, Lin Z, Ko YH, Flomenberg N, Wang C, Pavlides S, Pestell RG, Howell A, Sotgia F, Lisanti MP. Anti-estrogen resistance in breast cancer is induced by the tumor microenvironment and can be overcome by inhibiting mitochondrial function in epithelial cancer cells. Cancer Biol Ther 2011; 12:924-38. [PMID: 22041887 DOI: 10.4161/cbt.12.10.17780] [Citation(s) in RCA: 138] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Here, we show that tamoxifen resistance is induced by cancer-associated fibroblasts (CAFs). Coculture of estrogen receptor positive (ER+) MCF7 cells with fibroblasts induces tamoxifen and fulvestrant resistance with 4.4 and 2.5-fold reductions, respectively, in apoptosis compared with homotypic MCF7 cell cultures. Treatment of MCF7 cells cultured alone with high-energy mitochondrial "fuels" (L-lactate or ketone bodies) is sufficient to confer tamoxifen resistance, mimicking the effects of coculture with fibroblasts. To further demonstrate that epithelial cancer cell mitochondrial activity is the origin of tamoxifen resistance, we employed complementary pharmacological and genetic approaches. First, we studied the effects of two mitochondrial "poisons," namely metformin and arsenic trioxide (ATO), on fibroblast-induced tamoxifen resistance. We show here that treatment with metformin or ATO overcomes fibroblast-induced tamoxifen resistance in MCF7 cells. Treatment with the combination of tamoxifen plus metformin or ATO leads to increases in glucose uptake in MCF7 cells, reflecting metabolic uncoupling between epithelial cancer cells and fibroblasts. In coculture, tamoxifen induces the upregulation of TIGAR (TP53-induced glycolysis and apoptosis regulator), a p53 regulated gene that simultaneously inhibits glycolysis, autophagy and apoptosis and reduces ROS generation, thereby promoting oxidative mitochondrial metabolism. To genetically mimic the effects of coculture, we next recombinantly overexpressed TIGAR in MCF7 cells. Remarkably, TIGAR overexpression protects epithelial cancer cells from tamoxifen-induced apoptosis, providing genetic evidence that increased mitochondrial function confers tamoxifen resistance. Finally, CAFs also protect MCF7 cells against apoptosis induced by other anticancer agents, such as the topoisomerase inhibitor doxorubicin (adriamycin) and the PARP-1 inhibitor ABT-888. These results suggest that the tumor microenvironment may be a general mechanism for conferring drug resistance. In summary, we have discovered that mitochondrial activity in epithelial cancer cells drives tamoxifen resistance in breast cancer and that mitochondrial "poisons" are able to re-sensitize these cancer cells to tamoxifen. In this context, TIGAR may be a key "druggable" target for preventing drug resistance in cancer cells, as it protects cancer cells against the onset of stress-induced mitochondrial dys-function and aerobic glycolysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ubaldo E Martinez-Outschoorn
- The Jefferson Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine Center, Kimmel Cancer Center, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, USA
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Mohan N, Banik NL, Ray SK. Synergistic efficacy of a novel combination therapy controls growth of Bcl-x(L) bountiful neuroblastoma cells by increasing differentiation and apoptosis. Cancer Biol Ther 2011; 12:846-54. [PMID: 21878749 DOI: 10.4161/cbt.12.9.17715] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Neuroblastoma is the most prevalent extracranial solid tumor mainly in pediatric patients. We explored the efficacy of the combination of 2[(3-[2,3-dichlorophenoxy]propyl)amino]ethanol (2,3-DCPE, a small molecule inhibitor of the anti-apoptotic protein Bcl-x(L)) and N-(4-hydroxyphenyl) retinamide (4-HPR, a synthetic retinoid) in inducing differentiation and apoptosis in human malignant neuroblastoma cells. Immunofluorescence confocal microscopy and flow cytometry showed that the highest level of Bcl-x(L) expression occurred in SK-N-DZ cells followed by SH-SY5Y and IMR-32 cells. Combination of 20 μM 2,3-DCPE and 1 μM 4-HPR acted synergistically in decreasing viability of SK-N-DZ and SH-SY5Y cells. In situ methylene blue staining and protein gel blotting showed the efficacy of this combination of drugs in inducing neuronal differentiation morphologically and also biochemically with upregulation of the neuronal markers such as neurofilament protein (NFP) and neuron specific enolase (NSE) and downregulation of the differentiation inhibiting molecules such as N-Myc and Notch-1 in SK-N-DZ and SH-SY5Y cells. Annexin V-FITC/PI staining showed the synergistic action of this combination therapy in increasing apoptosis in both cell lines. Protein gel blotting manifested that combination therapy increased apoptosis with downregulation of the anti-apoptotic proteins Bcl-x(L), Bcl-2 and Mcl-1 and upregulation of the pro-apoptotic proteins Bax, p53, Puma (p53 upregulated modulator of apoptosis), and Noxa, ultimately causing activation of caspase-3. In conclusion, our results appeared highly encouraging in advocating the use of 2,3-DCPE and 4-HPR as a novel combination therapy for increasing both differentiation and apoptosis in human malignant neuroblastoma cells having Bcl-x(L) overexpression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nishant Mohan
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, University of South Carolina School of Medicine, Columbia, SC, USA
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