1
|
Libring S, Berestesky ED, Reinhart-King CA. The movement of mitochondria in breast cancer: internal motility and intercellular transfer of mitochondria. Clin Exp Metastasis 2024:10.1007/s10585-024-10269-3. [PMID: 38489056 DOI: 10.1007/s10585-024-10269-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2023] [Accepted: 01/18/2024] [Indexed: 03/17/2024]
Abstract
As a major energy source for cells, mitochondria are involved in cell growth and proliferation, as well as migration, cell fate decisions, and many other aspects of cellular function. Once thought to be irreparably defective, mitochondrial function in cancer cells has found renewed interest, from suggested potential clinical biomarkers to mitochondria-targeting therapies. Here, we will focus on the effect of mitochondria movement on breast cancer progression. Mitochondria move both within the cell, such as to localize to areas of high energetic need, and between cells, where cells within the stroma have been shown to donate their mitochondria to breast cancer cells via multiple methods including tunneling nanotubes. The donation of mitochondria has been seen to increase the aggressiveness and chemoresistance of breast cancer cells, which has increased recent efforts to uncover the mechanisms of mitochondrial transfer. As metabolism and energetics are gaining attention as clinical targets, a better understanding of mitochondrial function and implications in cancer are required for developing effective, targeted therapeutics for cancer patients.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Libring
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Vanderbilt University, 440 Engineering and Science Building, 1212 25thAvenue South, Nashville, TN, 37235, USA
| | - Emily D Berestesky
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Vanderbilt University, 440 Engineering and Science Building, 1212 25thAvenue South, Nashville, TN, 37235, USA
| | - Cynthia A Reinhart-King
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Vanderbilt University, 440 Engineering and Science Building, 1212 25thAvenue South, Nashville, TN, 37235, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Kalkavan H, Rühl S, Shaw JJP, Green DR. Non-lethal outcomes of engaging regulated cell death pathways in cancer. NATURE CANCER 2023; 4:795-806. [PMID: 37277528 PMCID: PMC10416134 DOI: 10.1038/s43018-023-00571-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2022] [Accepted: 04/27/2023] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Regulated cell death (RCD) is essential for successful systemic cancer therapy. Yet, the engagement of RCD pathways does not inevitably result in cell death. Instead, RCD pathways can take part in diverse biological processes if the cells survive. Consequently, these surviving cells, for which we propose the term 'flatliners', harbor important functions. These evolutionarily conserved responses can be exploited by cancer cells to promote their own survival and growth, with challenges and opportunities for cancer therapy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Halime Kalkavan
- Department of Immunology, St Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, USA
- West German Cancer Center, Department of Medical Oncology, University Hospital Essen, Essen, Germany
- German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), Partner Site University Hospital Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Sebastian Rühl
- Department of Immunology, St Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, USA
- T3 Pharmaceuticals AG, Allschwil, Switzerland
| | - Jeremy J P Shaw
- Department of Immunology, St Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - Douglas R Green
- Department of Immunology, St Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Chen PL. SUV3 Helicase and Mitochondrial Homeostasis. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:9233. [PMID: 37298184 PMCID: PMC10253155 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24119233] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2023] [Revised: 05/21/2023] [Accepted: 05/22/2023] [Indexed: 06/12/2023] Open
Abstract
SUV3 is a nuclear-encoded helicase that is highly conserved and localizes to the mitochondrial matrix. In yeast, loss of SUV3 function leads to the accumulation of group 1 intron transcripts, ultimately resulting in the loss of mitochondrial DNA, causing a petite phenotype. However, the mechanism leading to the loss of mitochondrial DNA remains unknown. SUV3 is essential for survival in higher eukaryotes, and its knockout in mice results in early embryonic lethality. Heterozygous mice exhibit a range of phenotypes, including premature aging and an increased cancer incidence. Furthermore, cells derived from SUV3 heterozygotes or knockdown cultural cells show a reduction in mtDNA. Transient downregulation of SUV3 leads to the formation of R-loops and the accumulation of double-stranded RNA in mitochondria. This review aims to provide an overview of the current knowledge regarding the SUV3-containing complex and discuss its potential mechanism for tumor suppression activity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Phang-Lang Chen
- Department of Biological Chemistry, University of California, Irvine, CA 92697, USA
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Liu W, Gao Y, Li H, Wang X, Jin M, Shen Z, Yang D, Zhang X, Wei Z, Chen Z, Li J. Association between oxidative stress, mitochondrial function of peripheral blood mononuclear cells and gastrointestinal cancers. J Transl Med 2023; 21:107. [PMID: 36765353 PMCID: PMC9921196 DOI: 10.1186/s12967-023-03952-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2022] [Accepted: 02/01/2023] [Indexed: 02/12/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The incidence and mortality rate of gastrointestinal cancers are high worldwide. Increasing studies have illustrated that the occurrence, progression, metastasis and prognosis of cancers are intimately linked to the immune system. Mitochondria, as the main source of cellular energy, play an important role in maintaining the physiological function of immune cells. However, the relationship between mitochondrial function of immune cells and tumorigenesis has not yet been systematically investigated. METHODS A total of 150 cases, including 60 healthy donors and 90 primary gastrointestinal cancer patients without anti-tumor treatments (30 with gastric cancer, 30 with liver cancer and 30 with colorectal cancer) were involved in our study. The oxidant/antioxidant and cytokine levels in plasma, the ROS level, mitochondrial function and apoptosis ratio of peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) were evaluated. RESULTS The imbalance between oxidant and antioxidant in plasma was discovered in the primary gastrointestinal cancer patients. The levels of cell reactive oxygen species (ROS) and mitochondrial ROS in PBMCs of primary gastrointestinal cancers were significantly increased compared with that in healthy donors. Meanwhile, the ATP content, the mtDNA copy number and the mitochondrial membrane potential (MMP) in PBMCs of patients with primary gastrointestinal cancers were lower than those in control group. The decreased MMP also occurred in immune cells of gastrointestinal cancers, including T cell, B cell, NK cell and monocyte. Furthermore, the PBMCs apoptosis ratio of primary gastrointestinal cancer patients was significantly higher than that of control group. Importantly, an increase of IL-2 and IL-6 and a decrease of IgG in plasma were found in the patients with primary gastrointestinal cancers. These changes of mitochondrial function in immune cells were consistent among primary gastrointestinal cancers without anti-tumor treatments, such as liver cancer, gastric cancer and colorectal cancer. CONCLUSION Our study demonstrated that the imbalance of oxidation/antioxidation in primary gastrointestinal cancer patients without anti-tumor treatments results in excessive ROS. The oxidative stress was associated to the mitochondrial dysfunction, the apoptosis of immune cells and eventually the abnormal immune function in primary gastrointestinal cancers. The application of immune cell mitochondrial dysfunction into clinical evaluation is anticipated.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Weili Liu
- Tianjin Institute of Environmental and Operational Medicine, Tianjin, China.
| | - Yuan Gao
- Tianjin Institute of Environmental and Operational Medicine, Tianjin, China ,Maternity & Child Care Center of Dezhou, Dezhou, Shandong China
| | - Hua Li
- grid.411918.40000 0004 1798 6427Department of Endoscopy, National Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Therapy, Tianjin’s Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute and Hospital, Tianjin, China
| | - Xinxing Wang
- Tianjin Institute of Environmental and Operational Medicine, Tianjin, China
| | - Min Jin
- Tianjin Institute of Environmental and Operational Medicine, Tianjin, China
| | - Zhiqiang Shen
- Tianjin Institute of Environmental and Operational Medicine, Tianjin, China
| | - Dong Yang
- Tianjin Institute of Environmental and Operational Medicine, Tianjin, China
| | - Xuelian Zhang
- Tianjin Institute of Environmental and Operational Medicine, Tianjin, China
| | - Zilin Wei
- Tianjin Institute of Environmental and Operational Medicine, Tianjin, China
| | - Zhaoli Chen
- Tianjin Institute of Environmental and Operational Medicine, Tianjin, China.
| | - Junwen Li
- Tianjin Institute of Environmental and Operational Medicine, Tianjin, China.
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Agnoletto C, Volinia S. Mitochondria dysfunction in circulating tumor cells. Front Oncol 2022; 12:947479. [PMID: 35992829 PMCID: PMC9386562 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2022.947479] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2022] [Accepted: 07/11/2022] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Circulating tumor cells (CTCs) represent a subset of heterogeneous cells, which, once released from a tumor site, have the potential to give rise to metastasis in secondary sites. Recent research focused on the attempt to detect and characterize these rare cells in the circulation, and advancements in defining their molecular profile have been reported in diverse tumor species, with potential implications for clinical applications. Of note, metabolic alterations, involving mitochondria, have been implicated in the metastatic process, as key determinants in the transition of tumor cells to a mesenchymal or stemness-like phenotype, in drug resistance, and in induction of apoptosis. This review aimed to briefly analyse the most recent knowledge relative to mitochondria dysfunction in CTCs, and to envision implications of altered mitochondria in CTCs for a potential utility in clinics.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chiara Agnoletto
- Rete Oncologica Veneta (ROV), Veneto Institute of Oncology IOV-IRCCS, Padua, Italy
| | - Stefano Volinia
- Laboratorio per le Tecnologie delle Terapie Avanzate (LTTA), Department of Translational Medicine, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
- Biological and Chemical Research Centre (CNBCh UW), University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
- Center of New Technologies, University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Jain M, Golzarroshan B, Lin CL, Agrawal S, Tang WH, Wu CJ, Yuan HS. Dimeric assembly of human Suv3 helicase promotes its RNA unwinding function in mitochondrial RNA degradosome for RNA decay. Protein Sci 2022; 31:e4312. [PMID: 35481630 PMCID: PMC9044407 DOI: 10.1002/pro.4312] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2021] [Revised: 02/21/2022] [Accepted: 04/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Human Suv3 is a unique homodimeric helicase that constitutes the major component of the mitochondrial degradosome to work cooperatively with exoribonuclease PNPase for efficient RNA decay. However, the molecular mechanism of how Suv3 is assembled into a homodimer to unwind RNA remains elusive. Here, we show that dimeric Suv3 preferentially binds to and unwinds DNA-DNA, DNA-RNA, and RNA-RNA duplexes with a long 3' overhang (≥10 nucleotides). The C-terminal tail (CTT)-truncated Suv3 (Suv3ΔC) becomes a monomeric protein that binds to and unwinds duplex substrates with ~six to sevenfold lower activities relative to dimeric Suv3. Only dimeric Suv3, but not monomeric Suv3ΔC, binds RNA independently of ATP or ADP, and is capable of interacting with PNPase, indicating that dimeric Suv3 assembly ensures its continuous association with RNA and PNPase during ATP hydrolysis cycles for efficient RNA degradation. We further determined the crystal structure of the apo-form of Suv3ΔC, and SAXS structures of dimeric Suv3 and PNPase-Suv3 complex, showing that dimeric Suv3 caps on the top of PNPase via interactions with S1 domains, and forms a dumbbell-shaped degradosome complex with PNPase. Overall, this study reveals that Suv3 is assembled into a dimeric helicase by its CTT for efficient and persistent RNA binding and unwinding to facilitate interactions with PNPase, promote RNA degradation, and maintain mitochondrial genome integrity and homeostasis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Monika Jain
- Molecular and Cell Biology, Taiwan International Graduate Program, Academia Sinica and Graduate Institute of Life Sciences, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan.,Institute of Molecular Biology, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
| | | | - Chia-Liang Lin
- Institute of Molecular Biology, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Sashank Agrawal
- Institute of Molecular Biology, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Wei-Hsuan Tang
- Institute of Molecular Biology, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan.,Graduate Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Chiu-Ju Wu
- Institute of Molecular Biology, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan.,Graduate Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Hanna S Yuan
- Molecular and Cell Biology, Taiwan International Graduate Program, Academia Sinica and Graduate Institute of Life Sciences, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan.,Institute of Molecular Biology, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan.,Graduate Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
van Esveld SL, Rodenburg RJ, Al‐Murshedi F, Al‐Ajmi E, Al‐Zuhaibi S, Huynen MA, Spelbrink JN. Mitochondrial RNA processing defect caused by a SUPV3L1 mutation in two siblings with a novel neurodegenerative syndrome. J Inherit Metab Dis 2022; 45:292-307. [PMID: 35023579 PMCID: PMC9303385 DOI: 10.1002/jimd.12476] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2021] [Revised: 01/08/2022] [Accepted: 01/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
SUPV3L1 encodes a helicase that is mainly localized in the mitochondria. It has been shown in vitro to possess both double-stranded RNA and DNA unwinding activity that is ATP-dependent. Here we report the first two patients for this gene who presented with a homozygous preliminary stop codon resulting in a C-terminal truncation of the SUPV3L1 protein. They presented with a characteristic phenotype of neurodegenerative nature with progressive spastic paraparesis, growth restriction, hypopigmentation, and predisposition to autoimmune disease. Ophthalmological examination showed severe photophobia with corneal erosions, optic atrophy, and pigmentary retinopathy, while neuroimaging showed atrophy of the optic chiasm and the pons with calcification of putamina, with intermittent and mild elevation of lactate. We show that the amino acids that are eliminated by the preliminary stop codon are highly conserved and are predicted to form an amphipathic helix. To investigate if the mutation causes mitochondrial dysfunction, we examined fibroblasts of the proband. We observed very low expression of the truncated protein, a reduction in the mature ND6 mRNA species as well as the accumulation of double-stranded RNA. Lentiviral complementation with the full-length SUPV3L1 cDNA partly restored the observed RNA phenotypes, supporting that the SUPV3L1 mutation in these patients is pathogenic and the cause of the disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Selma L. van Esveld
- Radboud Center for Mitochondrial Medicine & Center for Molecular and Biomolecular InformaticsRadboud Institute for Molecular Life SciencesNijmegenThe Netherlands
| | - Richard J. Rodenburg
- Radboud Center for Mitochondrial Medicine, Department of Paediatrics, RadboudumcNijmegenThe Netherlands
| | - Fathiya Al‐Murshedi
- Genetic and Developmental Medicine ClinicSultan Qaboos University HospitalMuscatOman
| | - Eiman Al‐Ajmi
- Department of Radiology and Molecular ImagingSultan Qaboos University HospitalMuscatOman
| | - Sana Al‐Zuhaibi
- Department of OphthalmologySultan Qaboos University HospitalMuscatOman
| | - Martijn A. Huynen
- Radboud Center for Mitochondrial Medicine & Center for Molecular and Biomolecular InformaticsRadboud Institute for Molecular Life SciencesNijmegenThe Netherlands
| | - Johannes N. Spelbrink
- Radboud Center for Mitochondrial Medicine, Department of Paediatrics, RadboudumcNijmegenThe Netherlands
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Interplay between Mitochondrial Metabolism and Cellular Redox State Dictates Cancer Cell Survival. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2021; 2021:1341604. [PMID: 34777681 PMCID: PMC8580634 DOI: 10.1155/2021/1341604] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2021] [Revised: 09/30/2021] [Accepted: 10/04/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Mitochondria are the main powerhouse of the cell, generating ATP through the tricarboxylic acid cycle (TCA) and oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS), which drives myriad cellular processes. In addition to their role in maintaining bioenergetic homeostasis, changes in mitochondrial metabolism, permeability, and morphology are critical in cell fate decisions and determination. Notably, mitochondrial respiration coupled with the passage of electrons through the electron transport chain (ETC) set up a potential source of reactive oxygen species (ROS). While low to moderate increase in intracellular ROS serves as secondary messenger, an overwhelming increase as a result of either increased production and/or deficient antioxidant defenses is detrimental to biomolecules, cells, and tissues. Since ROS and mitochondria both regulate cell fate, attention has been drawn to their involvement in the various processes of carcinogenesis. To that end, the link between a prooxidant milieu and cell survival and proliferation as well as a switch to mitochondrial OXPHOS associated with recalcitrant cancers provide testimony for the remarkable metabolic plasticity as an important hallmark of cancers. In this review, the regulation of cell redox status by mitochondrial metabolism and its implications for cancer cell fate will be discussed followed by the significance of mitochondria-targeted therapies for cancer.
Collapse
|
9
|
Xiong L, Deng N, Zheng B, Li T, Liu RH. HSF-1 and SIR-2.1 linked insulin-like signaling is involved in goji berry (Lycium spp.) extracts promoting lifespan extension of Caenorhabditis elegans. Food Funct 2021; 12:7851-7866. [PMID: 34240728 DOI: 10.1039/d0fo03300f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
The anti-cancer, vision-improving, and reproduction-enhancing effects of goji berry have been generally recognized, but its role in anti-aging is rarely studied in depth. Therefore, two widely-circulated goji berries, Lycium ruthenicum Murr. (LRM) and Lycium Barbarum. L (LB), were selected to explore their effects on extending lifespan and enhancing defense against extrinsic stress and to uncover the mechanism of action through genetic study. The results showed that supplementation with high-dose LRM (10 mg mL-1) and LB (100 mg mL-1) extracts significantly extended the lifespan of Caenorhabditis elegans (C. elegans) by 25.19% and 51.38%, respectively, accompanied by the improved stress tolerance of C. elegans to paraquat-induced oxidation, UV-B irradiation and heat shock. Furthermore, LRM and LB extracts remarkably enhanced the activities of antioxidant enzymes including SOD and CAT in C. elegans, while notably decreased the lipofuscin level. Further genetic research demonstrated that the expression levels of key genes daf-16, sod-2, sod-3, sir-2.1 and hsp-16.2 in C. elegans were up-regulated by the intervention with LRM and LB, while that of the age-1 level was down-regulated. Moreover, the daf-16 (mu86) I, sir-2.1 (ok434) IV and hsf-1 (sy441) I mutants reversed the longevity effect brought about by LRM or LB, which confirmed that these genes were required in goji berry-mediated lifespan extension. Therefore, we conclude that HSF-1 and SIR-2.1 act collaboratively with the insulin/IGF signaling pathway (IIS) in a daf-16-independent mode. The present study indicated goji berry as a potential functional food to alleviate the symptoms of aging.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lei Xiong
- Overseas Expertise Introduction Center for Discipline Innovation of Food Nutrition and Human Health (111 Center), School of Food Science and Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510641, China.
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
10
|
Knockdown of Gastrin Promotes Apoptosis of Gastric Cancer Cells by Decreasing ROS Generation. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2021; 2021:5590037. [PMID: 33937399 PMCID: PMC8062189 DOI: 10.1155/2021/5590037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2021] [Accepted: 04/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Overexpressed gastrin is reported to promote oncogenesis and development of gastric cancer by inhibiting apoptosis of cancer cells; however, the underlying mechanism remains unclear. Our study is aimed at revealing the mechanism underlying the effect of gastrin on apoptosis of gastric cancer cells. Gastrin-interfering cell line was constructed by stably transfecting gastrin-specific pshRNA plasmid to gastric cancer cell line BGC-823. Then, differentially expressed proteins between untreated BGC-823 and gastrin-interfering BGC-823 cell lines were detected by the iTRAQ technique. GO and KEGG analysis was used to analyze the differentially expressed genes that code these differentially expressed proteins. The Annexin V-FITC staining assay was used to detect gastric cancer cell apoptosis. The DCFH-DA fluorescent probe staining assay was used to measure intracellular ROS. Mitochondrial membrane potential was detected by flow cytometry. Western blot was used to analyze the mitochondria respiratory chain proteins and apoptosis-related proteins. A total of 107 differentially expressed proteins were identified by iTRAQ. GO and KEGG analysis showed that proteins coded by the corresponding differentially expressed genes were mainly enriched in the mitochondrial oxidative respiratory chain, and the expression of three proteins (COX17, COX5B, ATP5J) was upregulated. The three proteins with higher scores were verified by Western blot. The apoptosis rate of the gastrin knockdown cancer cell was significantly increased; meanwhile, gastrin knockdown leads to increase of membrane potential and decrease of intracellular ROS production. Additionally, Bax was significantly increased, whereas NF-κB-p65 and Bcl-2 were downregulated after knockdown of gastrin. Concomitantly, pretreatment with NAC reversed the effect of gastrin on the Bax and Bcl-2 expression. Gastrin promotes the production of ROS from mitochondria, activates NF-κB, and inhibits apoptosis via modulating the expression level of Bcl-2 and Bax.
Collapse
|
11
|
Peter B, Falkenberg M. TWINKLE and Other Human Mitochondrial DNA Helicases: Structure, Function and Disease. Genes (Basel) 2020; 11:genes11040408. [PMID: 32283748 PMCID: PMC7231222 DOI: 10.3390/genes11040408] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2020] [Revised: 04/06/2020] [Accepted: 04/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Mammalian mitochondria contain a circular genome (mtDNA) which encodes subunits of the oxidative phosphorylation machinery. The replication and maintenance of mtDNA is carried out by a set of nuclear-encoded factors—of which, helicases form an important group. The TWINKLE helicase is the main helicase in mitochondria and is the only helicase required for mtDNA replication. Mutations in TWINKLE cause a number of human disorders associated with mitochondrial dysfunction, neurodegeneration and premature ageing. In addition, a number of other helicases with a putative role in mitochondria have been identified. In this review, we discuss our current knowledge of TWINKLE structure and function and its role in diseases of mtDNA maintenance. We also briefly discuss other potential mitochondrial helicases and postulate on their role(s) in mitochondria.
Collapse
|
12
|
Human mitochondrial degradosome prevents harmful mitochondrial R loops and mitochondrial genome instability. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2018; 115:11024-11029. [PMID: 30301808 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1807258115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
R loops are nucleic acid structures comprising an DNA-RNA hybrid and a displaced single-stranded DNA. These structures may occur transiently during transcription, playing essential biological functions. However, persistent R loops may become pathological as they are important drivers of genome instability and have been associated with human diseases. The mitochondrial degradosome is a functionally conserved complex from bacteria to human mitochondria. It is composed of the ATP-dependent RNA and DNA helicase SUV3 and the PNPase ribonuclease, playing a central role in mitochondrial RNA surveillance and degradation. Here we describe a new role for the mitochondrial degradosome in preventing the accumulation of pathological R loops in the mitochondrial DNA, in addition to preventing dsRNA accumulation. Our data indicate that, similar to the molecular mechanisms acting in the nucleus, RNA surveillance mechanisms in the mitochondria are crucial to maintain its genome integrity by counteracting pathological R-loop accumulation.
Collapse
|
13
|
Shimada E, Ahsan FM, Nili M, Huang D, Atamdede S, TeSlaa T, Case D, Yu X, Gregory BD, Perrin BJ, Koehler CM, Teitell MA. PNPase knockout results in mtDNA loss and an altered metabolic gene expression program. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0200925. [PMID: 30024931 PMCID: PMC6053217 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0200925] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2018] [Accepted: 07/05/2018] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Polynucleotide phosphorylase (PNPase) is an essential mitochondria-localized exoribonuclease implicated in multiple biological processes and human disorders. To reveal role(s) for PNPase in mitochondria, we established PNPase knockout (PKO) systems by first shifting culture conditions to enable cell growth with defective respiration. Interestingly, PKO established in mouse embryonic fibroblasts (MEFs) resulted in the loss of mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA). The transcriptional profile of PKO cells was similar to rho0 mtDNA deleted cells, with perturbations in cholesterol (FDR = 6.35 x 10-13), lipid (FDR = 3.21 x 10-11), and secondary alcohol (FDR = 1.04x10-12) metabolic pathway gene expression compared to wild type parental (TM6) MEFs. Transcriptome analysis indicates processes related to axonogenesis (FDR = 4.49 x 10-3), axon development (FDR = 4.74 x 10-3), and axonal guidance (FDR = 4.74 x 10-3) were overrepresented in PKO cells, consistent with previous studies detailing causative PNPase mutations in delayed myelination, hearing loss, encephalomyopathy, and chorioretinal defects in humans. Overrepresentation analysis revealed alterations in metabolic pathways in both PKO and rho0 cells. Therefore, we assessed the correlation of genes implicated in cell cycle progression and total metabolism and observed a strong positive correlation between PKO cells and rho0 MEFs compared to TM6 MEFs. We quantified the normalized biomass accumulation rate of PKO clones at 1.7% (SD ± 2.0%) and 2.4% (SD ± 1.6%) per hour, which was lower than TM6 cells at 3.3% (SD ± 3.5%) per hour. Furthermore, PKO in mouse inner ear hair cells caused progressive hearing loss that parallels human familial hearing loss previously linked to mutations in PNPase. Combined, our study reports that knockout of a mitochondrial nuclease results in mtDNA loss and suggests that mtDNA maintenance could provide a unifying connection for the large number of biological activities reported for PNPase.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Eriko Shimada
- Molecular Biology Institute Interdepartmental Program, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - Fasih M. Ahsan
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - Mahta Nili
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - Dian Huang
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - Sean Atamdede
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - Tara TeSlaa
- Molecular Biology Institute Interdepartmental Program, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - Dana Case
- Molecular Biology Institute Interdepartmental Program, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - Xiang Yu
- Department of Biology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Brian D. Gregory
- Department of Biology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Benjamin J. Perrin
- Department of Biology, Indiana University–Purdue University Indianapolis, Indianapolis, Indiana, United States of America
| | - Carla M. Koehler
- Molecular Biology Institute Interdepartmental Program, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
- Jonsson Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
- * E-mail: (CMK); (MAT)
| | - Michael A. Teitell
- Molecular Biology Institute Interdepartmental Program, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
- Jonsson Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
- Broad Center for Regenerative Medicine and Stem Cell Research, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
- California NanoSystems Institute, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
- * E-mail: (CMK); (MAT)
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Pietras Z, Wojcik MA, Borowski LS, Szewczyk M, Kulinski TM, Cysewski D, Stepien PP, Dziembowski A, Szczesny RJ. Dedicated surveillance mechanism controls G-quadruplex forming non-coding RNAs in human mitochondria. Nat Commun 2018; 9:2558. [PMID: 29967381 PMCID: PMC6028389 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-018-05007-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2017] [Accepted: 06/08/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The GC skew in vertebrate mitochondrial genomes results in synthesis of RNAs that are prone to form G-quadruplexes (G4s). Such RNAs, although mostly non-coding, are transcribed at high rates and are degraded by an unknown mechanism. Here we describe a dedicated mechanism of degradation of G4-containing RNAs, which is based on cooperation between mitochondrial degradosome and quasi-RNA recognition motif (qRRM) protein GRSF1. This cooperation prevents accumulation of G4-containing transcripts in human mitochondria. In vitro reconstitution experiments show that GRSF1 promotes G4 melting that facilitates degradosome-mediated decay. Among degradosome and GRSF1 regulated transcripts we identified one that undergoes post-transcriptional modification. We show that GRSF1 proteins form a distinct qRRM group found only in vertebrates. The appearance of GRSF1 coincided with changes in the mitochondrial genome, which allows the emergence of G4-containing RNAs. We propose that GRSF1 appearance is an evolutionary adaptation enabling control of G4 RNA.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zbigniew Pietras
- Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics Polish Academy of Sciences, Laboratory of RNA Biology and Functional Genomics, Pawinskiego 5A, 02-106, Warsaw, Poland.,International Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, Laboratory of Protein Structure, Ks. Trojdena 4, 02-109, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Magdalena A Wojcik
- Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics Polish Academy of Sciences, Laboratory of RNA Biology and Functional Genomics, Pawinskiego 5A, 02-106, Warsaw, Poland.,Faculty of Biology, Institute of Genetics and Biotechnology, University of Warsaw, Pawinskiego 5A, 02-106, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Lukasz S Borowski
- Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics Polish Academy of Sciences, Laboratory of RNA Biology and Functional Genomics, Pawinskiego 5A, 02-106, Warsaw, Poland.,Faculty of Biology, Institute of Genetics and Biotechnology, University of Warsaw, Pawinskiego 5A, 02-106, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Maciej Szewczyk
- Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics Polish Academy of Sciences, Laboratory of RNA Biology and Functional Genomics, Pawinskiego 5A, 02-106, Warsaw, Poland.,Faculty of Biology, Institute of Genetics and Biotechnology, University of Warsaw, Pawinskiego 5A, 02-106, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Tomasz M Kulinski
- Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics Polish Academy of Sciences, Laboratory of RNA Biology and Functional Genomics, Pawinskiego 5A, 02-106, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Dominik Cysewski
- Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics Polish Academy of Sciences, Laboratory of RNA Biology and Functional Genomics, Pawinskiego 5A, 02-106, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Piotr P Stepien
- Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics Polish Academy of Sciences, Laboratory of RNA Biology and Functional Genomics, Pawinskiego 5A, 02-106, Warsaw, Poland.,Faculty of Biology, Institute of Genetics and Biotechnology, University of Warsaw, Pawinskiego 5A, 02-106, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Andrzej Dziembowski
- Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics Polish Academy of Sciences, Laboratory of RNA Biology and Functional Genomics, Pawinskiego 5A, 02-106, Warsaw, Poland. .,Faculty of Biology, Institute of Genetics and Biotechnology, University of Warsaw, Pawinskiego 5A, 02-106, Warsaw, Poland.
| | - Roman J Szczesny
- Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics Polish Academy of Sciences, Laboratory of RNA Biology and Functional Genomics, Pawinskiego 5A, 02-106, Warsaw, Poland. .,Faculty of Biology, Institute of Genetics and Biotechnology, University of Warsaw, Pawinskiego 5A, 02-106, Warsaw, Poland.
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Identification of tumorigenesis-related mRNAs associated with RNA-binding protein HuR in thyroid cancer cells. Oncotarget 2018; 7:63388-63407. [PMID: 27542231 PMCID: PMC5325372 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.11255] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2015] [Accepted: 07/26/2016] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
RNA binding proteins (RBPs) play a central role in cell physiology and pathology. Among them, HuR is a nuclear RBP, which shuttles to the cytoplasm to allow its RNA targets processing. HuR over-expression and delocalization are often associated to cell transformation. Numerous cancers display increased HuR protein levels and its high cytoplasmic levels has been associated with a worse prognosis. In our study, we first evaluated HuR expression in normal and cancer thyroid tissues and then evaluated its function in thyroid cell lines. HuR is over-expressed in all thyroid tumor tissues; high cytoplasmic levels are detected in all thyroid carcinomas. HuR silencing decreased cell viability and determined apoptotic cell death, in a non-tumorigenic (Nthy-ori-3.1) and a tumorigenic (BCPAP) thyroid cell line. Global transcriptome analysis indicated that HuR silencing, though having similar biological effects, induces distinct gene expression modifications in the two cell lines. By using the RIP-seq approach, the HuR-bound RNA profiles of different thyroid cell lines were evaluated. We show that in distinct cell lines HuR-bound RNA profiles are different. A set of 114 HuR-bound RNAs distinguishing tumorigenic cell lines from the non-tumorigenic one was identified. Altogether, our data indicate that HuR plays a role in thyroid tumorigenesis. Moreover, our findings are a proof of concept that RBP targets differ between cells with the same origin but with distinct biological behavior.
Collapse
|
16
|
Abstract
Mitochondria play a crucial role in a variety of cellular processes ranging from energy metabolism, generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and Ca(2+) handling to stress responses, cell survival and death. Malfunction of the organelle may contribute to the pathogenesis of neuromuscular, cancer, premature aging and cardiovascular diseases (CVD), including myocardial ischemia, cardiomyopathy and heart failure (HF). Mitochondria contain their own genome organized into DNA-protein complexes, called "mitochondrial nucleoids," along with multiprotein machineries, which promote mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) replication, transcription and repair. Although the mammalian organelle possesses almost all known nuclear DNA repair pathways, including base excision repair, mismatch repair and recombinational repair, the proximity of mtDNA to the main sites of ROS production and the lack of protective histones may result in increased susceptibility to various types of mtDNA damage. These include accumulation of mtDNA point mutations and/or deletions and decreased mtDNA copy number, which will impair mitochondrial function and finally, may lead to CVD including HF.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- José Marín-García
- The Molecular Cardiology and Neuromuscular Institute, 75 Raritan Avenue, Highland Park, NJ, 08904, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Spira A, Yurgelun MB, Alexandrov L, Rao A, Bejar R, Polyak K, Giannakis M, Shilatifard A, Finn OJ, Dhodapkar M, Kay NE, Braggio E, Vilar E, Mazzilli SA, Rebbeck TR, Garber JE, Velculescu VE, Disis ML, Wallace DC, Lippman SM. Precancer Atlas to Drive Precision Prevention Trials. Cancer Res 2017; 77:1510-1541. [PMID: 28373404 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-16-2346] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2016] [Revised: 01/20/2017] [Accepted: 01/20/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Cancer development is a complex process driven by inherited and acquired molecular and cellular alterations. Prevention is the holy grail of cancer elimination, but making this a reality will take a fundamental rethinking and deep understanding of premalignant biology. In this Perspective, we propose a national concerted effort to create a Precancer Atlas (PCA), integrating multi-omics and immunity - basic tenets of the neoplastic process. The biology of neoplasia caused by germline mutations has led to paradigm-changing precision prevention efforts, including: tumor testing for mismatch repair (MMR) deficiency in Lynch syndrome establishing a new paradigm, combinatorial chemoprevention efficacy in familial adenomatous polyposis (FAP), signal of benefit from imaging-based early detection research in high-germline risk for pancreatic neoplasia, elucidating early ontogeny in BRCA1-mutation carriers leading to an international breast cancer prevention trial, and insights into the intricate germline-somatic-immunity interaction landscape. Emerging genetic and pharmacologic (metformin) disruption of mitochondrial (mt) respiration increased autophagy to prevent cancer in a Li-Fraumeni mouse model (biology reproduced in clinical pilot) and revealed profound influences of subtle changes in mt DNA background variation on obesity, aging, and cancer risk. The elaborate communication between the immune system and neoplasia includes an increasingly complex cellular microenvironment and dynamic interactions between host genetics, environmental factors, and microbes in shaping the immune response. Cancer vaccines are in early murine and clinical precancer studies, building on the recent successes of immunotherapy and HPV vaccine immune prevention. Molecular monitoring in Barrett's esophagus to avoid overdiagnosis/treatment highlights an important PCA theme. Next generation sequencing (NGS) discovered age-related clonal hematopoiesis of indeterminate potential (CHIP). Ultra-deep NGS reports over the past year have redefined the premalignant landscape remarkably identifying tiny clones in the blood of up to 95% of women in their 50s, suggesting that potentially premalignant clones are ubiquitous. Similar data from eyelid skin and peritoneal and uterine lavage fluid provide unprecedented opportunities to dissect the earliest phases of stem/progenitor clonal (and microenvironment) evolution/diversity with new single-cell and liquid biopsy technologies. Cancer mutational signatures reflect exogenous or endogenous processes imprinted over time in precursors. Accelerating the prevention of cancer will require a large-scale, longitudinal effort, leveraging diverse disciplines (from genetics, biochemistry, and immunology to mathematics, computational biology, and engineering), initiatives, technologies, and models in developing an integrated multi-omics and immunity PCA - an immense national resource to interrogate, target, and intercept events that drive oncogenesis. Cancer Res; 77(7); 1510-41. ©2017 AACR.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Avrum Spira
- Department of Medicine, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts.,Department of Pathology and Bioinformatics, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Matthew B Yurgelun
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Ludmil Alexandrov
- Theoretical Division, Center for Nonlinear Studies, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, New Mexico
| | - Anjana Rao
- Division of Signaling and Gene Expression, La Jolla Institute for Allergy and Immunology, La Jolla, California
| | - Rafael Bejar
- Department of Medicine, Moores Cancer Center, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California
| | - Kornelia Polyak
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Marios Giannakis
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Ali Shilatifard
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Olivera J Finn
- Department of Immunology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Madhav Dhodapkar
- Department of Hematology and Immunology, Yale Cancer Center, New Haven, Connecticut
| | - Neil E Kay
- Department of Hematology, Mayo Clinic Hospital, Rochester, Minnesota
| | - Esteban Braggio
- Department of Hematology, Mayo Clinic Hospital, Phoenix, Arizona
| | - Eduardo Vilar
- Department of Clinical Cancer Prevention, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Sarah A Mazzilli
- Department of Medicine, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts.,Department of Pathology and Bioinformatics, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Timothy R Rebbeck
- Division of Hematology and Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute and Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Judy E Garber
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Victor E Velculescu
- Department of Oncology, Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center at Johns Hopkins, Baltimore, Maryland.,Department of Pathology, Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center at Johns Hopkins, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Mary L Disis
- Department of Medicine, Center for Translational Medicine in Women's Health, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington
| | - Douglas C Wallace
- Center for Mitochondrial and Epigenomic Medicine, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.,Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Scott M Lippman
- Department of Medicine, Moores Cancer Center, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California.
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Spotlight on the relevance of mtDNA in cancer. Clin Transl Oncol 2016; 19:409-418. [PMID: 27778302 DOI: 10.1007/s12094-016-1561-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2016] [Accepted: 10/06/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The potential role of the mitochondrial genome has recently attracted interest because of its high mutation frequency in tumors. Different aspects of mtDNA make it relevant for cancer's biology, such as it encodes a limited but essential number of genes for OXPHOS biogenesis, it is particularly susceptible to mutations, and its copy number can vary. Moreover, most ROS in mitochondria are produced by the electron transport chain. These characteristics place the mtDNA in the center of multiple signaling pathways, known as mitochondrial retrograde signaling, which modifies numerous key processes in cancer. Cybrid studies support that mtDNA mutations are relevant and exert their effect through a modification of OXPHOS function and ROS production. However, there is still much controversy regarding the clinical relevance of mtDNA mutations. New studies should focus more on OXPHOS dysfunction associated with a specific mutational signature rather than the presence of mutations in the mtDNA.
Collapse
|
19
|
Giampazolias E, Tait SWG. Mitochondria and the hallmarks of cancer. FEBS J 2015; 283:803-14. [PMID: 26607558 DOI: 10.1111/febs.13603] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2015] [Revised: 10/28/2015] [Accepted: 11/19/2015] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Mitochondria have traditionally been viewed as the powerhouse of the cell, where they serve, amongst other functions, as a major source of ATP generation. More recently, mitochondria have also been shown to have active roles in a variety of other processes, including apoptotic cell death and inflammation. Here we review the various ways in which mitochondrial functions affect cancer. Although there are many diverse types of cancer, hallmarks have been defined that are applicable to most cancer types. We provide an overview of how mitochondrial functions affect some of these hallmarks, which include evasion of cell death, de-regulated bioenergetics, genome instability, tumour-promoting inflammation and metastasis. In addition to discussing the underlying mitochondrial roles in each of these processes, we also highlight the considerable potential of targeting mitochondrial functions to improve cancer treatment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Evangelos Giampazolias
- Cancer Research UK Beatson Institute, University of Glasgow, UK.,Institute of Cancer Sciences, University of Glasgow, UK
| | - Stephen W G Tait
- Cancer Research UK Beatson Institute, University of Glasgow, UK.,Institute of Cancer Sciences, University of Glasgow, UK
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Clemente P, Pajak A, Laine I, Wibom R, Wedell A, Freyer C, Wredenberg A. SUV3 helicase is required for correct processing of mitochondrial transcripts. Nucleic Acids Res 2015; 43:7398-413. [PMID: 26152302 PMCID: PMC4551930 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gkv692] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2015] [Accepted: 06/25/2015] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Mitochondrial gene expression is largely regulated by post-transcriptional mechanisms that control the amount and translation of each mitochondrial mRNA. Despite its importance for mitochondrial function, the mechanisms and proteins involved in mRNA turnover are still not fully characterized. Studies in yeast and human cell lines have indicated that the mitochondrial helicase SUV3, together with the polynucleotide phosphorylase, PNPase, composes the mitochondrial degradosome. To further investigate the in vivo function of SUV3 we disrupted the homolog of SUV3 in Drosophila melanogaster (Dm). Loss of dmsuv3 led to the accumulation of mitochondrial mRNAs, without increasing rRNA levels, de novo transcription or decay intermediates. Furthermore, we observed a severe decrease in mitochondrial tRNAs accompanied by an accumulation of unprocessed precursor transcripts. These processing defects lead to reduced mitochondrial translation and a severe respiratory chain complex deficiency, resulting in a pupal lethal phenotype. In summary, our results propose that SUV3 is predominantly required for the processing of mitochondrial polycistronic transcripts in metazoan and that this function is independent of PNPase.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Paula Clemente
- Division of Metabolic Diseases, Department of Laboratory Medicine; Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm 17177, Sweden
| | - Aleksandra Pajak
- Division of Metabolic Diseases, Department of Laboratory Medicine; Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm 17177, Sweden
| | - Isabelle Laine
- Division of Metabolic Diseases, Department of Laboratory Medicine; Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm 17177, Sweden
| | - Rolf Wibom
- Center for Inherited Metabolic Diseases, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm 17176, Sweden
| | - Anna Wedell
- Center for Inherited Metabolic Diseases, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm 17176, Sweden Department of Molecular Medicine and Surgery, Science for Life Laboratory, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm 17176, Sweden
| | - Christoph Freyer
- Division of Metabolic Diseases, Department of Laboratory Medicine; Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm 17177, Sweden Center for Inherited Metabolic Diseases, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm 17176, Sweden
| | - Anna Wredenberg
- Division of Metabolic Diseases, Department of Laboratory Medicine; Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm 17177, Sweden Center for Inherited Metabolic Diseases, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm 17176, Sweden
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Ding L, Liu Y. Borrowing nuclear DNA helicases to protect mitochondrial DNA. Int J Mol Sci 2015; 16:10870-87. [PMID: 25984607 PMCID: PMC4463680 DOI: 10.3390/ijms160510870] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2015] [Revised: 05/09/2015] [Accepted: 05/11/2015] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
In normal cells, mitochondria are the primary organelles that generate energy, which is critical for cellular metabolism. Mitochondrial dysfunction, caused by mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) mutations or an abnormal mtDNA copy number, is linked to a range of human diseases, including Alzheimer's disease, premature aging and cancer. mtDNA resides in the mitochondrial lumen, and its duplication requires the mtDNA replicative helicase, Twinkle. In addition to Twinkle, many DNA helicases, which are encoded by the nuclear genome and are crucial for nuclear genome integrity, are transported into the mitochondrion to also function in mtDNA replication and repair. To date, these helicases include RecQ-like helicase 4 (RECQ4), petite integration frequency 1 (PIF1), DNA replication helicase/nuclease 2 (DNA2) and suppressor of var1 3-like protein 1 (SUV3). Although the nuclear functions of some of these DNA helicases have been extensively studied, the regulation of their mitochondrial transport and the mechanisms by which they contribute to mtDNA synthesis and maintenance remain largely unknown. In this review, we attempt to summarize recent research progress on the role of mammalian DNA helicases in mitochondrial genome maintenance and the effects on mitochondria-associated diseases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lin Ding
- Department of Radiation Biology, Beckman Research Institute, City of Hope, Duarte, CA 91010-3000, USA.
| | - Yilun Liu
- Department of Radiation Biology, Beckman Research Institute, City of Hope, Duarte, CA 91010-3000, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Venø ST, Witt MB, Kulikowicz T, Bohr VA, Stevnsner T. Regulation of the human Suv3 helicase on DNA by inorganic cofactors. Biochimie 2014; 108:160-8. [PMID: 25446650 DOI: 10.1016/j.biochi.2014.11.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2014] [Accepted: 11/05/2014] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Mitochondria are essential organelles and consequently proper expression and maintenance of the mitochondrial genome are indispensable for proper cell function. The mitochondrial Suv3 (SUPV3L1) helicase is known to have a central role in mitochondrial RNA metabolism and to be essential for maintenance of mitochondrial DNA stability. Here we have performed biochemical investigations to determine the potential regulation of the human Suv3 (hSuv3) helicase function by inorganic cofactors. We find that hSuv3 helicase and ATPase activity in vitro is strictly dependent on the presence of specific divalent cations. Interestingly, we show that divalent cations and nucleotide concentration have a direct effect on helicase substrate stability. Also, hSuv3 helicase is able to utilize several different nucleotide cofactors including both NTPs and dNTPs. Intriguingly, the potency of the individual nucleotide as energy source for hSuv3 unwinding differed depending on the included divalent cation and nucleotide concentration. At low concentrations, all four NTPs could support helicase activity with varying effectiveness depending on the included divalent cation. However, at higher nucleotide concentrations, only ATP was able to elicit the helicase activity of hSuv3. Consequently, we speculate that the capacity of hSuv3 DNA unwinding activity might be sensitive to the local availability of specific inorganic cofactors.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Susanne T Venø
- Danish Center of Molecular Gerontology and Danish Aging Research Center, University of Aarhus, Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Aarhus C DK-8000, Denmark
| | - Marie B Witt
- Danish Center of Molecular Gerontology and Danish Aging Research Center, University of Aarhus, Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Aarhus C DK-8000, Denmark
| | - Tomasz Kulikowicz
- Laboratory of Molecular Gerontology, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, MD 21224, USA
| | - Vilhelm A Bohr
- Laboratory of Molecular Gerontology, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, MD 21224, USA
| | - Tinna Stevnsner
- Danish Center of Molecular Gerontology and Danish Aging Research Center, University of Aarhus, Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Aarhus C DK-8000, Denmark.
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Mitochondrial DNA mutations and breast tumorigenesis. Biochim Biophys Acta Rev Cancer 2013; 1836:336-44. [PMID: 24140413 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbcan.2013.10.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2013] [Revised: 10/02/2013] [Accepted: 10/05/2013] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Breast cancer is a heterogeneous disease and genetic factors play an important role in its genesis. Although mutations in tumor suppressors and oncogenes encoded by the nuclear genome are known to play a critical role in breast tumorigenesis, the contribution of the mitochondrial genome to this process is unclear. Like the nuclear genome, the mitochondrial genome also encodes proteins critical for mitochondrion functions such as oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS), which is known to be defective in cancer including breast cancer. Mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) is more susceptible to mutations due to limited repair mechanisms compared to nuclear DNA (nDNA). Thus changes in mitochondrial genes could also contribute to the development of breast cancer. In this review we discuss mtDNA mutations that affect OXPHOS. Continuous acquisition of mtDNA mutations and selection of advantageous mutations ultimately leads to generation of cells that propagate uncontrollably to form tumors. Since irreversible damage to OXPHOS leads to a shift in energy metabolism towards enhanced aerobic glycolysis in most cancers, mutations in mtDNA represent an early event during breast tumorigenesis, and thus may serve as potential biomarkers for early detection and prognosis of breast cancer. Because mtDNA mutations lead to defective OXPHOS, development of agents that target OXPHOS will provide specificity for preventative and therapeutic agents against breast cancer with minimal toxicity.
Collapse
|
24
|
Koochekpour S, Marlowe T, Singh KK, Attwood K, Chandra D. Reduced mitochondrial DNA content associates with poor prognosis of prostate cancer in African American men. PLoS One 2013; 8:e74688. [PMID: 24086362 PMCID: PMC3781126 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0074688] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2013] [Accepted: 08/08/2013] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Reduction or depletion of mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) has been associated with cancer progression. Although imbalanced mtDNA content is known to occur in prostate cancer, differences in mtDNA content between African American (AA) and Caucasian American (CA) men are not defined. We provide the first evidence that tumors in AA men possess reduced level of mtDNA compared to CA men. The median tumor mtDNA content was reduced in AA men. mtDNA content was also reduced in normal prostate tissues of AA men compared to CA men, suggesting a possible predisposition to cancer in AA men. mtDNA content was also reduced in benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) tissue from AA men. Tumor and BPH tissues from patients ≥ 60 years of age possess reduced mtDNA content compared to patients <60 years of age. In addition, mtDNA content was higher in normal tissues from patients with malignant T3 stage disease compared to patients with T2 stage disease. mtDNA levels in matched normal prostate tissues were nearly doubled in Gleason grade of >7 compared to ≤ 7, whereas reduced mtDNA content was observed in tumors of Gleason grade >7 compared to ≤ 7. Together, our data suggest that AA men possess lower mtDNA levels in normal and tumor tissues compared to CA men, which could contribute to higher risk and more aggressive prostate cancer in AA men.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shahriar Koochekpour
- Department of Cancer Genetics, Roswell Park Cancer Institute, Buffalo, New York, United States of America
- Department of Urology, Roswell Park Cancer Institute, Buffalo, New York, United States of America
| | - Timothy Marlowe
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Roswell Park Cancer Institute, Buffalo, New York, United States of America
| | - Keshav K. Singh
- Departments of Genetics, Pathology, and Environmental Health, UAB Comprehensive Cancer Center and Center for Free Radical Biology, School of Medicine, University of Alabama, Birmingham, Alabama, United States of America
| | - Kristopher Attwood
- Department of Biostatistics and Bioinformatics, Roswell Park Cancer Institute, Buffalo, New York, United States of America
| | - Dhyan Chandra
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Roswell Park Cancer Institute, Buffalo, New York, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
Yadava N, Schneider SS, Jerry DJ, Kim C. Impaired mitochondrial metabolism and mammary carcinogenesis. J Mammary Gland Biol Neoplasia 2013; 18:75-87. [PMID: 23269521 PMCID: PMC3581737 DOI: 10.1007/s10911-012-9271-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2012] [Accepted: 12/13/2012] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Mitochondrial oxidative metabolism plays a key role in meeting energetic demands of cells by oxidative phosphorylation (OxPhos). Here, we have briefly discussed (a) the dynamic relationship that exists among glycolysis, the tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle, and OxPhos; (b) the evidence of impaired OxPhos (i.e. mitochondrial dysfunction) in breast cancer; (c) the mechanisms by which mitochondrial dysfunction can predispose to cancer; and (d) the effects of host and environmental factors that can negatively affect mitochondrial function. We propose that impaired OxPhos could increase susceptibility to breast cancer via suppression of the p53 pathway, which plays a critical role in preventing tumorigenesis. OxPhos is sensitive to a large number of factors intrinsic to the host (e.g. inflammation) as well as environmental exposures (e.g. pesticides, herbicides and other compounds). Polymorphisms in over 143 genes can also influence the OxPhos system. Therefore, declining mitochondrial oxidative metabolism with age due to host and environmental exposures could be a common mechanism predisposing to cancer.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nagendra Yadava
- Pioneer Valley Life Sciences Institute, Springfield, MA 01107, USA.
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
26
|
Szczesny RJ, Wojcik MA, Borowski LS, Szewczyk MJ, Skrok MM, Golik P, Stepien PP. Yeast and human mitochondrial helicases. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-GENE REGULATORY MECHANISMS 2013; 1829:842-53. [PMID: 23454114 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbagrm.2013.02.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2012] [Revised: 02/13/2013] [Accepted: 02/14/2013] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Mitochondria are semiautonomous organelles which contain their own genome. Both maintenance and expression of mitochondrial DNA require activity of RNA and DNA helicases. In Saccharomyces cerevisiae the nuclear genome encodes four DExH/D superfamily members (MSS116, SUV3, MRH4, IRC3) that act as helicases and/or RNA chaperones. Their activity is necessary for mitochondrial RNA splicing, degradation, translation and genome maintenance. In humans the ortholog of SUV3 (hSUV3, SUPV3L1) so far is the best described mitochondrial RNA helicase. The enzyme, together with the matrix-localized pool of PNPase (PNPT1), forms an RNA-degrading complex called the mitochondrial degradosome, which localizes to distinct structures (D-foci). Global regulation of mitochondrially encoded genes can be achieved by changing mitochondrial DNA copy number. This way the proteins involved in its replication, like the Twinkle helicase (c10orf2), can indirectly regulate gene expression. Here, we describe yeast and human mitochondrial helicases that are directly involved in mitochondrial RNA metabolism, and present other helicases that participate in mitochondrial DNA replication and maintenance. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled: The Biology of RNA helicases - Modulation for life.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Roman J Szczesny
- Institute of Genetics and Biotechnology, University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
27
|
Wolff JN, Gemmell NJ. Mitochondria, maternal inheritance, and asymmetric fitness: why males die younger. Bioessays 2012; 35:93-9. [PMID: 23281153 DOI: 10.1002/bies.201200141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Mitochondrial function is achieved through the cooperative interaction of two genomes: one nuclear (nuDNA) and the other mitochondrial (mtDNA). The unusual transmission of mtDNA, predominantly maternal without recombination is predicted to affect the fitness of male offspring. Recent research suggests the strong sexual dimorphism in aging is one such fitness consequence. The uniparental inheritance of mtDNA results in a selection asymmetry; mutations that affect only males will not respond to natural selection, imposing a male-specific mitochondrial mutation load. Prior work has implicated this male-specific mutation load in disease and infertility, but new data from fruit flies suggests a prominent role for mtDNA in aging; across many taxa males almost invariably live shorter lives than females. Here we discuss this new work and identify some areas of future research that might now be encouraged to explore what may be the underpinning cause of the strong sexual dimorphism in aging.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jonci N Wolff
- School of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | | |
Collapse
|
28
|
Abstract
Contrary to conventional wisdom, functional mitochondria are essential for the cancer cell. Although mutations in mitochondrial genes are common in cancer cells, they do not inactivate mitochondrial energy metabolism but rather alter the mitochondrial bioenergetic and biosynthetic state. These states communicate with the nucleus through mitochondrial 'retrograde signalling' to modulate signal transduction pathways, transcriptional circuits and chromatin structure to meet the perceived mitochondrial and nuclear requirements of the cancer cell. Cancer cells then reprogramme adjacent stromal cells to optimize the cancer cell environment. These alterations activate out-of-context programmes that are important in development, stress response, wound healing and nutritional status.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Douglas C Wallace
- Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Center for Mitochondrial and Epigenomic Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, USA.
| |
Collapse
|