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Yagublu V, Bayramov B, Reissfelder C, Hajibabazade J, Abdulrahimli S, Keese M. Microarray-based detection and expression analysis of drug resistance in an animal model of peritoneal metastasis from colon cancer. Clin Exp Metastasis 2024:10.1007/s10585-024-10283-5. [PMID: 38609535 DOI: 10.1007/s10585-024-10283-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2023] [Accepted: 03/05/2024] [Indexed: 04/14/2024]
Abstract
Chemotherapy drugs efficiently eradicate rapidly dividing differentiated cells by inducing cell death, but poorly target slowly dividing cells, including cancer stem cells and dormant cancer cells, in the later course of treatment. Prolonged exposure to chemotherapy results in a decrease in the proportion of apoptotic cells in the tumour mass. To investigate and characterize the molecular basis of this phenomenon, microarray-based expression analysis was performed to compare tHcred2-DEVD-EGFP-caspase 3-sensor transfected C-26 tumour cells that were harvested after engraftment into mice treated with or without 5-FU. Peritoneal metastasis was induced by intraperitoneal injection of C-26 cells, which were subsequently reisolated from omental metastatic tumours after the mice were sacrificed by the end of the 10th day after tumour injection. The purity of reisolated tHcred2-DEVD-EGFP-caspase 3-sensor-expressing C-26 cells was confirmed using FLIM, and total RNA was extracted for gene expression profiling. The validation of relative transcript levels was carried out via real-time semiquantitative RT‒PCR assays. Our results demonstrated that chemotherapy induced the differential expression of mediators of cancer cell dormancy and cell survival-related genes and downregulation of both intrinsic and extrinsic apoptotic signalling pathways. Despite the fact that some differentially expressed genes, such as BMP7 and Prss11, have not been thoroughly studied in the context of chemoresistance thus far, they might be potential candidates for future studies on overcoming drug resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vugar Yagublu
- Department of Surgery, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Universitätsmedizin Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Theodor-Kutzer-Ufer 1-3, 68167, Mannheim, Germany.
| | - Bayram Bayramov
- Laboratory of Human Genetics, Genetic Resources Institute of Ministry of Science and Education, Baku, Azerbaijan
- Department of Natural Sciences, Western Caspian University, AZ1001, Baku, Azerbaijan
| | - Christoph Reissfelder
- Department of Surgery, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Universitätsmedizin Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Theodor-Kutzer-Ufer 1-3, 68167, Mannheim, Germany
- Medical Faculty Mannheim, DKFZ-Hector Cancer Institute, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Javahir Hajibabazade
- Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Bowen Science Building, 51 Newton Road, Iowa City, IA, 52242-1009, USA
| | - Shalala Abdulrahimli
- Department of Surgery, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Universitätsmedizin Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Theodor-Kutzer-Ufer 1-3, 68167, Mannheim, Germany
- Laboratory of Human Genetics, Genetic Resources Institute of Ministry of Science and Education, Baku, Azerbaijan
| | - Michael Keese
- Department of Vascular Surgery, Theresienkrankenhaus and St. Hedwigsklinik, Mannheim, Germany
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2
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Ebrahimi N, Hakimzadeh A, Bozorgmand F, Speed S, Manavi MS, Khorram R, Farahani K, Rezaei-Tazangi F, Mansouri A, Hamblin MR, Aref AR. Role of non-coding RNAs as new therapeutic targets in regulating the EMT and apoptosis in metastatic gastric and colorectal cancers. Cell Cycle 2023; 22:2302-2323. [PMID: 38009668 PMCID: PMC10730205 DOI: 10.1080/15384101.2023.2286804] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2022] [Accepted: 08/01/2023] [Indexed: 11/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Colorectal cancer (CRC) and gastric cancer (GC), are the two most common cancers of the gastrointestinal tract, and are serious health concerns worldwide. The discovery of more effective biomarkers for early diagnosis, and improved patient prognosis is important. Non-coding RNAs (ncRNAs), including microRNAs (miRNAs) and long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs), can regulate cellular processes such as apoptosis and the epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) leading to progression and resistance of GC and CRC tumors. Moreover these pathways (apoptosis and EMT) may serve as therapeutic targets, to prevent metastasis, and to overcome drug resistance. A subgroup of ncRNAs is common to both GC and CRC tumors, suggesting that they might be used as biomarkers or therapeutic targets. In this review, we highlight some ncRNAs that can regulate EMT and apoptosis as two opposite mechanisms in cancer progression and metastasis in GC and CRC. A better understanding of the biological role of ncRNAs could open up new avenues for the development of personalized treatment plans for GC and CRC patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nasim Ebrahimi
- Genetics Division, Department of Cell and Molecular Biology and Microbiology, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Isfahan, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Ali Hakimzadeh
- Department of Medical Biotechnologies, University of Siena, Tuscany, Italy
| | - Farima Bozorgmand
- Department of Medical Nanotechnology, Faculty of Advanced Sciences and Technology, Pharmaceutical Sciences Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Sepehr Speed
- Medical Campus, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an, Shaanxi, China
| | | | - Roya Khorram
- Bone and Joint Diseases Research Center, Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Kobra Farahani
- Department of Biology, Damghan Branch, Islamic Azad University, Damghan, Iran
| | - Fatemeh Rezaei-Tazangi
- Department of Anatomy, School of Medicine, Fasa University of Medical Sciences, Fasa, Iran
| | - Atena Mansouri
- Department of Biology, Science and Research Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Michael R Hamblin
- Laser Research Centre, Faculty of Health Science, University of Johannesburg, Doornfontein, South Africa
- Radiation Biology Research Center, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Amir Reza Aref
- Xsphera Biosciences, Translational Medicine group, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
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3
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Xu C, Xie XL, Kang N, Jiang HQ. Evaluation of ITGB1 expression as a predictor of the therapeutic effects of immune checkpoint inhibitors in gastric cancer. BMC Gastroenterol 2023; 23:298. [PMID: 37667169 PMCID: PMC10478479 DOI: 10.1186/s12876-023-02930-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2022] [Accepted: 08/22/2023] [Indexed: 09/06/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Gastric cancer (CC) is a disease with high incidence and mortality rate. Immunotherapy is an important method for gastric cancer while lack of effective predictor. Integrins play an important role in the development. We aimed to explore the predictive value of β1 integrin (ITGB1) as a predictor of immunnotherapy in gastric cancer. METHODS Differential expression analysis was conducted using the Gene Expression Profiling Interactive Analysis (GEPIA) 2.0 and GEO databases. GEPIA data were used to evaluate the prognostic value of ITGB1 in gastric cancer (GC). Transcriptomic and clinical data of GC and normal tissues were downloaded from The Cancer Genome Atlas database, and the TIMER database was used to evaluate the association between ITGB1 and immune infiltration. Time-dependent receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve analysis was used to determine the prognostic value of ITGB1. To verify ITGB1 expression at the protein level, immunohistochemical staining was conducted. In addition, to analyze the correlation of ITGB1 with PD-1 and PD-L1, we examined levels of PD-1 and PD-L1 by IHC and determined the predictive value of ITGB1 for anti-PD-1 therapy in GC by ROC curve analysis. RESULTS Compared with normal tissues, analysis of GEPIA and data at protein levels showed significantly higher expression of ITGB1 in GC. In addition, higher expression of ITGB1 was associated with worse pathological G-staging and tumor T-staging, which suggested that ITGB1 is a risk factor for poor prognosis in GC. The level of ITGB1 expression was positively correlated with CD8 + T cells, neutrophils, macrophages, and dendritic cells. ITGB1 expression was also correlated with PD-L1 expression, and this was further verified at the protein level by immunohistochemical analysis. The area under the ROC curve was 0.808. CONCLUSION ITGB1 may be a promising prognostic biomarker and effective predictor for anti-PD-1 therapy in GC. TRIAL REGISTRATION Retrospectively registered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chao Xu
- Department of Gastroenterology, The Second Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Hebei Key Laboratory of Gastroenterology, Hebei Institute of Gastroenterology, Hebei Clinical Research Center for Digestive Diseases, No. 215, Heping West Road, Shijiazhuang, 050000, Hebei Province, China
- Handan Central Hospital, No.15, Zhonghua Road, Handan, 056001, Hebei Province, China
| | - Xiao-Li Xie
- Department of Gastroenterology, The Second Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Hebei Key Laboratory of Gastroenterology, Hebei Institute of Gastroenterology, Hebei Clinical Research Center for Digestive Diseases, No. 215, Heping West Road, Shijiazhuang, 050000, Hebei Province, China
| | - Ning Kang
- Department of Gastroenterology, The Second Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Hebei Key Laboratory of Gastroenterology, Hebei Institute of Gastroenterology, Hebei Clinical Research Center for Digestive Diseases, No. 215, Heping West Road, Shijiazhuang, 050000, Hebei Province, China
| | - Hui-Qing Jiang
- Department of Gastroenterology, The Second Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Hebei Key Laboratory of Gastroenterology, Hebei Institute of Gastroenterology, Hebei Clinical Research Center for Digestive Diseases, No. 215, Heping West Road, Shijiazhuang, 050000, Hebei Province, China.
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4
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Feng YN, Li BY, Wang K, Li XX, Zhang L, Dong XZ. Epithelial-mesenchymal transition-related long noncoding RNAs in gastric carcinoma. Front Mol Biosci 2022; 9:977280. [PMCID: PMC9605205 DOI: 10.3389/fmolb.2022.977280] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2022] [Accepted: 09/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
As an evolutionarily phenotypic conversion program, the epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) has been implicated in tumour deterioration and has facilitated the metastatic ability of cancer cells via enhancing migration and invasion. Gastric cancer (GC) remains a frequently diagnosed non-skin malignancy globally. Most GC-associated mortality can be attributed to metastasis. Recent studies have shown that EMT-related long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) play a critical role in GC progression and GC cell motility. In addition, lncRNAs are associated with EMT-related transcription factors and signalling pathways. In the present review, we comprehensively described the EMT-inducing lncRNA molecular mechanisms and functional perspectives of EMT-inducing lncRNAs in GC progression. Taken together, the statements of this review provided a clinical implementation in identifying lncRNAs as potential therapeutic targets for advanced GC.
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5
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Zhang C, Zhao S, Tan Y, Pan S, An W, Chen Q, Wang X, Xu H. The SKA3-DUSP2 Axis Promotes Gastric Cancer Tumorigenesis and Epithelial-Mesenchymal Transition by Activating the MAPK/ERK Pathway. Front Pharmacol 2022; 13:777612. [PMID: 35295342 PMCID: PMC8918524 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2022.777612] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2021] [Accepted: 02/11/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Spindle and kinetochore-related complex subunit 3 (SKA3), a member of the SKA family of proteins, is associated with the progression of multiple cancers. However, the role of SKA3 in gastric cancer has not been studied.Methods: The expression levels of SKA3 and dual-specificity phosphatase 2 (DUSP2) proteins were detected by immunohistochemistry. The effects of SKA3 and DUSP2 on the proliferation, migration, invasion, adhesion, and epithelial-mesenchymal transition of gastric cancer were studied in vitro and in vivo.Results: Immunohistochemical analysis of 164 cases of gastric cancer revealed that high expression of SKA3 was negatively correlated with DUSP2 expression and related to N stage, peritoneal metastasis, and poor prognosis. In vitro studies showed that silencing SKA3 expression inhibited the proliferation, migration, invasion, adhesion and epithelial-mesenchymal transition of gastric cancer. In vivo experiments showed that silencing SKA3 inhibited tumor growth and peritoneal metastasis. Mechanistically, SKA3 negative regulates the tumor suppressor DUSP2 and activates the MAPK/ERK pathway to promote gastric cancer.Conclusion: Our results indicate that the SKA3-DUSP2-ERK1/2 axis is involved in the regulation of gastric cancer progression, and SKA3 is a potential therapeutic target for gastric cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chao Zhang
- Department of Gastrointestinal Nutrition and Hernia Surgery, The Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Shutao Zhao
- Department of Gastrointestinal Nutrition and Hernia Surgery, The Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Yuen Tan
- Department of Surgical Oncology, First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
- Key Laboratory of Gastric Cancer Molecular Pathology of Liaoning Province, Shenyang, China
| | - Siwei Pan
- Department of Surgical Oncology, First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
- Key Laboratory of Gastric Cancer Molecular Pathology of Liaoning Province, Shenyang, China
| | - Wen An
- Department of Surgical Oncology, First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
- Key Laboratory of Gastric Cancer Molecular Pathology of Liaoning Province, Shenyang, China
| | - Qingchuan Chen
- Department of Surgical Oncology, First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
- Key Laboratory of Gastric Cancer Molecular Pathology of Liaoning Province, Shenyang, China
| | - Xudong Wang
- Department of Gastrointestinal Nutrition and Hernia Surgery, The Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
- *Correspondence: Xudong Wang, ; Huimian Xu,
| | - Huimian Xu
- Department of Surgical Oncology, First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
- Key Laboratory of Gastric Cancer Molecular Pathology of Liaoning Province, Shenyang, China
- *Correspondence: Xudong Wang, ; Huimian Xu,
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6
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Mantilla Rojas C, McGill MP, Salvador AC, Bautz D, Threadgill DW. Epithelial-specific ERBB3 deletion results in a genetic background-dependent increase in intestinal and colon polyps that is mediated by EGFR. PLoS Genet 2021; 17:e1009931. [PMID: 34843459 PMCID: PMC8659709 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1009931] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2021] [Revised: 12/09/2021] [Accepted: 11/05/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
ERBB3 has gained attention as a potential therapeutic target to treat colorectal and other types of cancers. To confirm a previous study showing intestinal polyps are dependent upon ERBB3, we generated an intestinal epithelia-specific ERBB3 deletion in C57BL/6-ApcMin/+ mice. Contrary to the previous report showing a significant reduction in intestinal polyps with ablation of ERBB3 on a B6;129 mixed genetic background, we observed a significant increase in polyp number with ablation of ERBB3 on C57BL/6J compared to control littermates. We confirmed the genetic background dependency of ERBB3 by also analyzing polyp development on B6129 hybrid and B6;129 advanced intercross mixed genetic backgrounds, which showed that ERBB3 deficiency only reduced polyp number on the mixed background as previously reported. Increased polyp number with ablation of ERBB3 was also observed in C57BL/6J mice treated with azoxymethane showing the effect is model independent. Polyps forming in absence of ERBB3 were generally smaller than those forming in control mice, albeit the effect was greatest in genetic backgrounds with reduced polyp numbers. The mechanism for differential polyp number in the absence of ERBB3 was through altered proliferation. Backgrounds with increased polyp number with loss of ERBB3 showed an increase in cell proliferation even in non-tumor epithelia, while backgrounds showing reduced polyp number with loss of ERBB3 showed reduced cellular proliferation. Increase polyp number caused by loss of ERBB3 was mediated by increased epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) expression, which was confirmed by deletion of Egfr. Taken together, this study raises substantial implications on the use of ERBB3 inhibitors against colorectal cancer. The prediction is that some patients may have increased progression with ERBB3 inhibitor therapy, which is consistent with observations reported for ERBB3 inhibitor clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carolina Mantilla Rojas
- Interdisciplinary Program in Genetics, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas, United States of America.,Department of Molecular and Cellular Medicine, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas, United States of America
| | - Michael P McGill
- Interdisciplinary Program in Genetics, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas, United States of America.,Department of Molecular and Cellular Medicine, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas, United States of America
| | - Anna C Salvador
- Interdisciplinary Program in Genetics, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas, United States of America.,Department of Nutrition, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas, United States of America
| | - David Bautz
- Department of Genetics, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - David W Threadgill
- Interdisciplinary Program in Genetics, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas, United States of America.,Department of Molecular and Cellular Medicine, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas, United States of America.,Department of Nutrition, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas, United States of America.,Department of Biochemistry & Biophysics and Department of Nutrition, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas, United States of America
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7
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Qadir AS, Guégan JP, Ginestier C, Chaibi A, Bessede A, Charafe-Jauffret E, Macario M, Lavoué V, Rouge TDLM, Law C, Vilker J, Wang H, Stroup E, Schipma MJ, Bridgeman B, Murmann AE, Ji Z, Legembre P, Peter ME. CD95/Fas protects triple negative breast cancer from anti-tumor activity of NK cells. iScience 2021; 24:103348. [PMID: 34816102 PMCID: PMC8593563 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2021.103348] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2021] [Revised: 10/12/2021] [Accepted: 10/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
Abstract
The apoptosis inducing receptor CD95/Fas has multiple tumorigenic activities. In different genetically engineered mouse models tumor-expressed CD95 was shown to be critical for cell growth. Using a combination of immune-deficient and immune-competent mouse models, we now establish that loss of CD95 in metastatic triple negative breast cancer (TNBC) cells prevents tumor growth by modulating the immune landscape. CD95-deficient, but not wild-type, tumors barely grow in an immune-competent environment and show an increase in immune infiltrates into the tumor. This growth reduction is caused by infiltrating NK cells and does not involve T cells or macrophages. In contrast, in immune compromised mice CD95 k.o. cells are not growth inhibited, but they fail to form metastases. In summary, we demonstrate that in addition to its tumor and metastasis promoting activities, CD95 expression by tumor cells can exert immune suppressive activities on NK cells, providing a new target for immune therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdul S. Qadir
- Division Hematology/Oncology, Department of Medicine, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
| | | | - Christophe Ginestier
- CRCM, Inserm, CNRS, Institut Paoli-Calmettes, Aix-Marseille Univ, Epithelial Stem Cells and Cancer Lab, Equipe labellisée LIGUE contre le cancer, Marseille, France
| | - Assia Chaibi
- Explicyte, Cours de l’Argonne, 33000 Bordeaux, France
| | - Alban Bessede
- Explicyte, Cours de l’Argonne, 33000 Bordeaux, France
| | - Emmanuelle Charafe-Jauffret
- CRCM, Inserm, CNRS, Institut Paoli-Calmettes, Aix-Marseille Univ, Epithelial Stem Cells and Cancer Lab, Equipe labellisée LIGUE contre le cancer, Marseille, France
| | - Manon Macario
- CRCM, Inserm, CNRS, Institut Paoli-Calmettes, Aix-Marseille Univ, Epithelial Stem Cells and Cancer Lab, Equipe labellisée LIGUE contre le cancer, Marseille, France
| | - Vincent Lavoué
- Department of Gynecology, University Hospital of Rennes, Rennes, France
| | | | - Calvin Law
- Division Hematology/Oncology, Department of Medicine, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
| | - Jacob Vilker
- Division Hematology/Oncology, Department of Medicine, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
| | - Hongbin Wang
- Department of Pharmacology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
| | - Emily Stroup
- Department of Pharmacology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
| | - Matthew J. Schipma
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
| | - Bryan Bridgeman
- Division Hematology/Oncology, Department of Medicine, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
| | - Andrea E. Murmann
- Division Hematology/Oncology, Department of Medicine, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
| | - Zhe Ji
- Department of Pharmacology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, McCormick School of Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, USA
| | | | - Marcus E. Peter
- Division Hematology/Oncology, Department of Medicine, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
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8
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Zhang A, Aslam H, Sharma N, Warmflash A, Fakhouri WD. Conservation of Epithelial-to-Mesenchymal Transition Process in Neural Crest Cells and Metastatic Cancer. Cells Tissues Organs 2021; 210:151-172. [PMID: 34218225 DOI: 10.1159/000516466] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2020] [Accepted: 04/12/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Epithelial to mesenchymal transition (EMT) is a highly conserved cellular process in several species, from worms to humans. EMT plays a fundamental role in early embryogenesis, wound healing, and cancer metastasis. For neural crest cell (NCC) development, EMT typically results in forming a migratory and potent cell population that generates a wide variety of cell and tissue, including cartilage, bone, connective tissue, endocrine cells, neurons, and glia amongst many others. The degree of conservation between the signaling pathways that regulate EMT during development and metastatic cancer (MC) has not been fully established, despite ample studies. This systematic review and meta-analysis dissects the major signaling pathways involved in EMT of NCC development and MC to unravel the similarities and differences. While the FGF, TGFβ/BMP, SHH, and NOTCH pathways have been rigorously investigated in both systems, the EGF, IGF, HIPPO, Factor Receptor Superfamily, and their intracellular signaling cascades need to be the focus of future NCC studies. In general, meta-analyses of the associated signaling pathways show a significant number of overlapping genes (particularly ligands, transcription regulators, and targeted cadherins) involved in each signaling pathway of both systems without stratification by body segments and cancer type. Lack of stratification makes it difficult to meaningfully evaluate the intracellular downstream effectors of each signaling pathway. Finally, pediatric neuroblastoma and melanoma are NCC-derived malignancies, which emphasize the importance of uncovering the EMT events that convert NCC into treatment-resistant malignant cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- April Zhang
- Center for Craniofacial Research, Department of Diagnostic and Biomedical Sciences, School of Dentistry, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Hira Aslam
- Center for Craniofacial Research, Department of Diagnostic and Biomedical Sciences, School of Dentistry, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Neha Sharma
- Center for Craniofacial Research, Department of Diagnostic and Biomedical Sciences, School of Dentistry, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Aryeh Warmflash
- Department of Biosciences, Rice University, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Walid D Fakhouri
- Center for Craniofacial Research, Department of Diagnostic and Biomedical Sciences, School of Dentistry, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, Texas, USA.,Department of Pediatrics, McGovern Medical School, University of Texas Health Science Center, Houston, Texas, USA
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9
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Mohr A, Chu T, Clarkson CT, Brooke GN, Teif VB, Zwacka RM. Fas-threshold signalling in MSCs promotes pancreatic cancer progression and metastasis. Cancer Lett 2021; 519:63-77. [PMID: 34171406 DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2021.06.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2021] [Revised: 06/13/2021] [Accepted: 06/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) belong to the tumour microenvironment and have been implicated in tumour progression. We found that the number of MSCs significantly increased in tumour-burdened mice driven by Fas-threshold signalling. Consequently, MSCs lacking Fas lost their ability to induce metastasis development in a pancreatic cancer model. Mixing of MSCs with pancreatic cancer cells led to sustained production of the pro-metastatic cytokines CCL2 and IL6 by the stem cells. The levels of these cytokines were dependent on the number of MSCs, linking Fas-mediated MSC-proliferation to their capacity to promote tumour progression. Furthermore, we discovered that CCL2 and IL6 were induced by pancreatic cancer cell-derived IL1. Importantly, analysis of patient transcriptomic data revealed that high FasL expression correlates with high levels of MSC markers as well as increased IL6 and CCL2 levels in pancreatic tumours. Moreover, both FasL and CCL2 are linked to elevated levels of markers specific for monocytes known to possess further pro-metastatic activities. These results confirm our experimental findings of a FasL-MSC-IL1-CCL2/IL6 axis in pancreatic cancer and highlights the role of MSCs in tumour progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Mohr
- School of Life Sciences, Protein Structure and Mechanism of Disease Group, Cancer and Stem Cell Biology Laboratory, University of Essex, Colchester, CO4 3SQ, UK.
| | - Tianyuan Chu
- School of Life Sciences, Protein Structure and Mechanism of Disease Group, Cancer and Stem Cell Biology Laboratory, University of Essex, Colchester, CO4 3SQ, UK
| | - Christopher T Clarkson
- School of Life Sciences, Genomics and Computational Biology Group, Gene Regulation Laboratory, University of Essex, Colchester, CO4 3SQ, UK
| | - Greg N Brooke
- School of Life Sciences, Protein Structure and Mechanism of Disease Group, Molecular Oncology Laboratory, University of Essex, Colchester, CO4 3SQ, UK
| | - Vladimir B Teif
- School of Life Sciences, Genomics and Computational Biology Group, Gene Regulation Laboratory, University of Essex, Colchester, CO4 3SQ, UK
| | - Ralf M Zwacka
- School of Life Sciences, Protein Structure and Mechanism of Disease Group, Cancer and Stem Cell Biology Laboratory, University of Essex, Colchester, CO4 3SQ, UK.
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10
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Zhang Y, Shao X, Gao C, Xu D, Wu J, Zhu X, Chen Z. High FAS expression correlates with a better prognosis and efficacy of taxanes and target regents in breast cancer. Cancer Biomark 2021; 32:207-219. [PMID: 34092611 DOI: 10.3233/cbm-203125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND FAS can serve as both an oncogene and a suppresser in different malignancies, and the prognostic value of FAS remains controversial. METHODS The Oncomine database, KM-Plotter and bc-GenExMiner platform were adopted to analyze the prognostic value of FAS in breast cancer. Breast cancer tissue microarrays were further used to verify these data. The Cell Miner Tool was used to predict the value of FAS mRNA expression in predicting the efficacies of clinical drugs. RESULTS We found that both FAS mRNA and protein expression level significantly reduced in breast carcinoma. In addition, high FAS expression indicates a better metastatic relapse-free survival. Interestingly, FAS was associated with a better prognosis in different subtypes of breast cancer patients, namely, only in grade II and III, lymph nodal positive or p53 wild-type patients. The data from the Cell Miner Tool revealed that FAS mRNA expression was correlated with the efficacy of the first-line chemotherapeutic taxane agents and target drugs including olaparib and everolimus. CONCLUSIONS FAS expression correlates with a better prognosis in breast cancer and may provide an effective clinical strategy to predict the sensitivity of taxanes and targeted drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Zhang
- Department of Breast Surgery and Oncology, Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Intervention, National Ministry of Education, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China.,Key Laboratory of Tumor Microenvironment and Immune Therapy of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China.,Department of Breast Surgery and Oncology, Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Intervention, National Ministry of Education, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Xuan Shao
- Department of Breast Surgery and Oncology, Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Intervention, National Ministry of Education, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China.,Key Laboratory of Tumor Microenvironment and Immune Therapy of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China.,Department of Breast Surgery and Oncology, Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Intervention, National Ministry of Education, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Chenyi Gao
- Department of Breast Surgery and Oncology, Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Intervention, National Ministry of Education, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China.,Key Laboratory of Tumor Microenvironment and Immune Therapy of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China.,Department of Breast Surgery and Oncology, Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Intervention, National Ministry of Education, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Danying Xu
- Department of Breast Surgery and Oncology, Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Intervention, National Ministry of Education, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Jun Wu
- Key Laboratory of Tumor Microenvironment and Immune Therapy of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Xuan Zhu
- Department of Radiation Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Zhigang Chen
- Department of Breast Surgery and Oncology, Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Intervention, National Ministry of Education, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China.,Key Laboratory of Tumor Microenvironment and Immune Therapy of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
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11
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Wang ZM, Xu QR, Kaul D, Ismail M, Badakhshi H. Significance of tumor mutation burden and immune infiltration in thymic epithelial tumors. Thorac Cancer 2021; 12:1995-2006. [PMID: 34033229 PMCID: PMC8258363 DOI: 10.1111/1759-7714.14002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2021] [Revised: 04/28/2021] [Accepted: 04/29/2021] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Thymic epithelial tumors (TETs) are relatively rare malignant thoracic tumors. Tumor mutation burden (TMB) and immune infiltration play important roles in tumorigenesis. Methods Research data was obtained using the Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) database to evaluate the landscape of tumor mutations, related factors, and relationship of prognosis. The CIBERSORT algorithm was used to evaluate immune cell infiltration in TETs and its relationship with TMB. Immune‐related differentially expressed genes (irDEGs) were identified. Hub irDEGs independently related to prognosis were analyzed using univariate and multivariate Cox proportional hazard models. A survival signature was constructed from hub irDEGs. Results A total of 122 patients were included in this study. GTF2I was the most common gene mutation. Higher TMB was significantly associated with the later stage, more advanced pathological type, and older age. The overall survival (OS) of patients in the low‐TMB group was significantly better. There was no significant correlation between TMB levels and PD‐L1 expression. Enrichment analysis showed that DEGs were mainly involved in the P13K–Akt signaling pathway. There were significant differences in macrophage and other types of immune cell infiltration between the high‐ and low‐TMB groups. CCR5, FASLG, and CD79A independently relating to prognosis were screened from 391 irDEGs. The low‐risk group had a significantly better prognosis than the high‐risk group based on the signature, which has a good predictive effect on OS. Conclusions In this study, TETs patients with high TMB had a significantly poor prognosis and an immune‐related gene signature was found to effectively evaluate the long‐term prognosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zi-Ming Wang
- Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin, Germany.,Department of Thoracic Surgery, Klinikum Ernst von Bergmann, Academic Hospital of Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Potsdam, Germany
| | - Qi-Rong Xu
- School of Medicine, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - David Kaul
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Humboldt University Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Mahmoud Ismail
- Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin, Germany.,Department of Thoracic Surgery, Klinikum Ernst von Bergmann, Academic Hospital of Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Potsdam, Germany
| | - Harun Badakhshi
- Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin, Germany.,Department of Radiation Oncology, Klinikum Ernst von Bergmann, Academic Hospital of Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Potsdam, Germany
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12
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SOX2 promotes chemoresistance, cancer stem cells properties, and epithelial-mesenchymal transition by β-catenin and Beclin1/autophagy signaling in colorectal cancer. Cell Death Dis 2021; 12:449. [PMID: 33953166 PMCID: PMC8100126 DOI: 10.1038/s41419-021-03733-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2020] [Revised: 04/19/2021] [Accepted: 04/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Sex-determining region Y-box2 (SOX2), a master regulator of embryonic and induced pluripotent stem cells, drives cancer stem cells (CSCs) properties, fuels tumor initiation, and contributes to tumor aggressiveness. Our previous study has demonstrated the oncogenic role of SOX2 in colorectal cancer (CRC). In this study, we sought to elucidate the underlying mechanisms. Cell function experiments were performed to detect chemoresistance, proliferation, stemness, migration, and invasion in vitro. Chromatin immunoprecipitation, co-immunoprecipitation, luciferase reporter assay, and immunofluorescence were performed to explore the regulation of ABCC2, β-catenin, and Beclin1 by SOX2. The carcinogenic role of SOX2-β-catenin/Beclin1-ABCC2 axis in vivo was analyzed by CRC tissues and xenograft models. Here, we reported that SOX2 sustained chemoresistance by transcriptional activation of ABCC2 expression. Suppressing either β-catenin or autophagy signaling curbed SOX2-driven chemoresistance, stemness, and epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT). Mechanistically, SOX2 combined with β-catenin and increased its nuclear expression and transcriptional activity. Transcriptional activation of Beclin1 expression by SOX2 consequently activating autophagy and inducing malignant phenotype. Furthermore, overexpression of β-catenin or Beclin1 facilitated ABCC2 expression. The clinical analyses showed that high expression of ABCC2 and Beclin1 were positively correlated with SOX2 and were associated with poor prognosis in CRC patients. Finally, xenograft models revealed that inhibition of SOX2 expression and autophagy restrained tumor growth and chemoresistance in vivo. Conclusively, we demonstrated a novel mechanism by which the SOX2-β-catenin/Beclin1/autophagy signaling axis regulates chemoresistance, stemness, and EMT in CRC. Our findings provide novel insights into CRC carcinogenesis and may help develop potential therapeutic candidates for CRC.
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13
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Kashyap D, Garg VK, Goel N. Intrinsic and extrinsic pathways of apoptosis: Role in cancer development and prognosis. ADVANCES IN PROTEIN CHEMISTRY AND STRUCTURAL BIOLOGY 2021; 125:73-120. [PMID: 33931145 DOI: 10.1016/bs.apcsb.2021.01.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Apoptosis, also named programmed cell death, is a fundament process required for morphogenetic homeostasis during early development and in pathophysiological conditions. It is come into existence in 1972 by work of Kerr, Wyllie and Currie and later on investigated during the research on development of the C. elegans. Trigger by several stimuli, apoptosis is necessary during the embryonic development and aging as homeostatic mechanism to control the cell population and also play a key role as defense mechanism against the immune responses and elimination of damaged cells. Cancer, a genetic disease, is a growing burden on the health and economy of both developing and developed countries. Every year there is tremendously increasing in the number of new cancer cases and mortality rate. Although, there is a significant improvement have been made in biotechnological and bioinformatic fields however, the therapeutic advantages and cancer etiology is still under explored. Several studies determined the deregulation of different apoptotic components during the cancer development and progression. Apoptosis relies on activation of distinct signaling pathways that are often deregulated in cancer. Thus, exploring the single or more than one apoptotic component underlying their expression in carcinogenesis could help to track the disease progression. Current book chapter will provide the several evidences supporting the use of different apoptotic components as prognosis and prediction markers in various human cancer types.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dharambir Kashyap
- Department of Histopathology, Postgraduation Institute of Medical Education and Research (PGIMER), Chandigarh, India
| | | | - Neelam Goel
- Department of Information Technology, UIET, Panjab University, Chandigarh, India.
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14
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Transcriptional analysis of cleft palate in TGFβ3 mutant mice. Sci Rep 2020; 10:14940. [PMID: 32913205 PMCID: PMC7483747 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-71636-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2020] [Accepted: 08/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Cleft palate (CP) is one of the most common craniofacial birth defects, impacting about 1 in 800 births in the USA. Tgf-β3 plays a critical role in regulating murine palate development, and Tgf-β3 null mutants develop cleft palate with 100% penetrance. In this study, we compared global palatal transcriptomes of wild type (WT) and Tgf-β3 −/− homozygous (HM) mouse embryos at the crucial palatogenesis stages of E14.5, and E16.5, using RNA-seq data. We found 1,809 and 2,127 differentially expressed genes at E16.5 vs. E14.5 in the WT and HM groups, respectively (adjusted p < 0.05; |fold change|> 2.0). We focused on the genes that were uniquely up/downregulated in WT or HM at E16.5 vs. E14.5 to identify genes associated with CP. Systems biology analysis relating to cell behaviors and function of WT and HM specific genes identified functional non-Smad pathways and preference of apoptosis to epithelial-mesenchymal transition. We identified 24 HM specific and 11 WT specific genes that are CP-related and/or involved in Tgf-β3 signaling. We validated the expression of 29 of the 35 genes using qRT-PCR and the trend of mRNA expression is similar to that of RNA-seq data . Our results enrich our understanding of genes associated with CP that are directly or indirectly regulated via TGF-β.
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15
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Shao X, Liu L, Wei F, Liu Y, Wang F, Yi J, Sun L, Huang Y, Song Z, Yin W, Zhao H, Li Y. Fas and GIT1 signalling in the prefrontal cortex mediate behavioural sensitization to methamphetamine in mice. Brain Res Bull 2020; 164:361-371. [PMID: 32777257 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainresbull.2020.07.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2019] [Revised: 06/28/2020] [Accepted: 07/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Repeated methamphetamine (METH) administration in mice readily produces behavioural sensitization, but the underlying mechanisms remain elusive. The present research aimed to identify new targets affecting METH-induced behavioural sensitization. METHODS We first established a mouse model of METH-induced behavioural sensitization. To characterize the animal model, we performed behavioural tests at different stages of behavioural sensitization and simultaneously detected changes in several neurotransmitters in the prefrontal cortex (PFC). Next, we perfromed RNA sequencing (RNA-seq) to screen new targets, which were subsequently and verified by RT-PCR and western blot. Finally, we confirmed the roles of the new targets in METH-induced behavioural sensitization by injection of overexpressed lentiviruses and further detected related protein levels by western blot and histological changes by haematoxylin and eosin (HE) staining. RESULTS We successfully established a mouse model of METH-induced behavioural sensitization. The locomotor activities of the mice changed at different stages of sensitization, accompanied by changes in the levels of DA, 5-HT, GABA and glutamate. For RNA-seq analysis, we chose Fas as target, meanwhile, we chose GIT1 as target through literature. The detection of gene expression by RT-PCR indicated that METH-sensitized mice exhibited decreased levels of Fas, MEK1 and CREB and increased levels of Erk1/2 in the PFC. Western blot analysis revealed decreased Fas, GIT1, MEK1 and phosphorylated CREB levels and increased phosphorylated Erk1/2 levels in METH-sensitized mice. Injection of Fas and GIT1 injection showed that overexpression of Fas and GIT1 inhibited the induction of METH sensitization and reversed the changes in neurotransmitter levels and related protein levels, including MEK1, phosphorylated CREB and phosphorylated Erk1/2, in METH-sensitized mice. Overexpression of Fas and GIT1 also reduced histological lesions induced by METH. CONCLUSION The findings indicated that the development of behavioural sensitization to METH may be mediated by Fas and GIT1 through the MEK1-Erk1/2-CREB pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaotong Shao
- National Engineering Laboratory for Druggable Gene and Protein Screening, Northeast Normal University, Changchun, 130024, China
| | - Lei Liu
- National Engineering Laboratory for Druggable Gene and Protein Screening, Northeast Normal University, Changchun, 130024, China
| | - Fuyao Wei
- National Engineering Laboratory for Druggable Gene and Protein Screening, Northeast Normal University, Changchun, 130024, China
| | - Yucui Liu
- Research Center of Agriculture and Medicine Gene Engineering of Ministry of Education, Northeast Normal University, Changchun, 130024, China
| | - Fei Wang
- Research Center of Agriculture and Medicine Gene Engineering of Ministry of Education, Northeast Normal University, Changchun, 130024, China
| | - Jingwen Yi
- National Engineering Laboratory for Druggable Gene and Protein Screening, Northeast Normal University, Changchun, 130024, China
| | - Luguo Sun
- Research Center of Agriculture and Medicine Gene Engineering of Ministry of Education, Northeast Normal University, Changchun, 130024, China
| | - Yanxin Huang
- National Engineering Laboratory for Druggable Gene and Protein Screening, Northeast Normal University, Changchun, 130024, China
| | - Zhenbo Song
- Research Center of Agriculture and Medicine Gene Engineering of Ministry of Education, Northeast Normal University, Changchun, 130024, China
| | - Wu Yin
- Research Center of Agriculture and Medicine Gene Engineering of Ministry of Education, Northeast Normal University, Changchun, 130024, China.
| | - Huiying Zhao
- Department of Geriatrics, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, 130021, China
| | - Yunxin Li
- National Engineering Laboratory for Druggable Gene and Protein Screening, Northeast Normal University, Changchun, 130024, China
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16
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Molecular Bases of Mechanisms Accounting for Drug Resistance in Gastric Adenocarcinoma. Cancers (Basel) 2020; 12:cancers12082116. [PMID: 32751679 PMCID: PMC7463778 DOI: 10.3390/cancers12082116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2020] [Revised: 07/24/2020] [Accepted: 07/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Gastric adenocarcinoma (GAC) is the most common histological type of gastric cancer, the fifth according to the frequency and the third among the deadliest cancers. GAC high mortality is due to a combination of factors, such as silent evolution, late clinical presentation, underlying genetic heterogeneity, and effective mechanisms of chemoresistance (MOCs) that make the available antitumor drugs scarcely useful. MOCs include reduced drug uptake (MOC-1a), enhanced drug efflux (MOC-1b), low proportion of active agents in tumor cells due to impaired pro-drug activation or active drug inactivation (MOC-2), changes in molecular targets sensitive to anticancer drugs (MOC-3), enhanced ability of cancer cells to repair drug-induced DNA damage (MOC-4), decreased function of pro-apoptotic factors versus up-regulation of anti-apoptotic genes (MOC-5), changes in tumor cell microenvironment altering the response to anticancer agents (MOC-6), and phenotypic transformations, including epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) and the appearance of stemness characteristics (MOC-7). This review summarizes updated information regarding the molecular bases accounting for these mechanisms and their impact on the lack of clinical response to the pharmacological treatment currently used in GAC. This knowledge is required to identify novel biomarkers to predict treatment failure and druggable targets, and to develop sensitizing strategies to overcome drug refractoriness in GAC.
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17
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Dianat-Moghadam H, Azizi M, Eslami-S Z, Cortés-Hernández LE, Heidarifard M, Nouri M, Alix-Panabières C. The Role of Circulating Tumor Cells in the Metastatic Cascade: Biology, Technical Challenges, and Clinical Relevance. Cancers (Basel) 2020; 12:cancers12040867. [PMID: 32260071 PMCID: PMC7225923 DOI: 10.3390/cancers12040867] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2020] [Revised: 03/28/2020] [Accepted: 03/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Metastases and cancer recurrence are the main causes of cancer death. Circulating Tumor Cells (CTCs) and disseminated tumor cells are the drivers of cancer cell dissemination. The assessment of CTCs’ clinical role in early metastasis prediction, diagnosis, and treatment requires more information about their biology, their roles in cancer dormancy, and immune evasion as well as in therapy resistance. Indeed, CTC functional and biochemical phenotypes have been only partially characterized using murine metastasis models and liquid biopsy in human patients. CTC detection, characterization, and enumeration represent a promising tool for tailoring the management of each patient with cancer. The comprehensive understanding of CTCs will provide more opportunities to determine their clinical utility. This review provides much-needed insights into this dynamic field of translational cancer research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hassan Dianat-Moghadam
- Stem Cell Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz 51368, Iran; (H.D.-M.); (M.N.)
- Student Research Committee, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz 51368, Iran
| | - Mehdi Azizi
- Proteomics Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz 51368, Iran;
| | - Zahra Eslami-S
- Laboratory of Rare Human Circulating Cells (LCCRH), University Medical Centre of Montpellier, UPRES, EA2415, 34093 Montpellier, France (L.E.C.-H.)
| | - Luis Enrique Cortés-Hernández
- Laboratory of Rare Human Circulating Cells (LCCRH), University Medical Centre of Montpellier, UPRES, EA2415, 34093 Montpellier, France (L.E.C.-H.)
| | - Maryam Heidarifard
- Drug Applied Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, 51368 Tabriz, Iran;
| | - Mohammad Nouri
- Stem Cell Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz 51368, Iran; (H.D.-M.); (M.N.)
| | - Catherine Alix-Panabières
- Laboratory of Rare Human Circulating Cells (LCCRH), University Medical Centre of Montpellier, UPRES, EA2415, 34093 Montpellier, France (L.E.C.-H.)
- Correspondence:
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18
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Regulation of cancer stem cell properties, angiogenesis, and vasculogenic mimicry by miR-450a-5p/SOX2 axis in colorectal cancer. Cell Death Dis 2020; 11:173. [PMID: 32144236 PMCID: PMC7060320 DOI: 10.1038/s41419-020-2361-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2019] [Revised: 02/18/2020] [Accepted: 02/19/2020] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Growing evidence indicates that a small number of cancer cells express stem cell markers and possess stem cell-like properties that promote malignant progression. Sex-determining region Y-box2 (SOX2) is a stem cell transcription factor essential for maintaining the properties of cancer stem cell (CSC). As CSC properties have been associated with angiogenesis and vasculogenic mimicry (VM), we aimed to comprehensively investigate whether SOX2 regulates CSC properties, angiogenesis, and VM in colorectal carcinoma (CRC) and its potential mechanism in this study. For this study, sphere formation assay, flow cytometry, cell survival analysis, tube formation, 3D culture, immunoblot, mouse model, and luciferase reporter assay were performed in vivo and in vitro. Expressions of SOX2 and miR-450a-5p in CRC tissue samples were examined through immunohistochemistry. First, the expression of SOX2 was not only associated with poor differentiation and prognosis but also promoted angiogenesis and VM. Knockdown of SOX2 ceased stemness properties, angiogenesis, and VM, along with decreased expression of CD133, CD31, and VE-cadherin as observed in functional experiments. Downregulation of SOX2 was found to inhibit tumorigenesis in vivo. Second, miR-450a-5p suppressed the expression of SOX2 by targeting its 3’UTR region directly and hence restrained SOX2-induced CSC properties, angiogenesis, and VM. Moreover, SOX2 overexpression preserved the miR-450a-5p-induced inhibition of CRC properties, angiogenesis, and VM. Finally, clinical samples exhibited a negative correlation between miR-450a-5p and SOX2. Patients with higher SOX2 and lower miR-450a-5p expressions had a poorer prognosis than patients with inverse expressions. Conclusively, we elucidated a unique mechanism of miR-450a-5p-SOX2 axis in the regulation of stemness, angiogenesis, and VM, which may act as a potential therapeutic practice in CRC.
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19
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20
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Nabeel AI. Samarium enriches antitumor activity of ZnO nanoparticles via downregulation of CXCR4 receptor and cytochrome P450. Tumour Biol 2020; 42:1010428320909999. [PMID: 32129155 DOI: 10.1177/1010428320909999] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Cancer is the leading cause of death and exhausts human and economic resources for treatment and protection. Zinc oxide nanoparticles play an effective role in tumor treatment but with some cautions, such as overexpression of cytochrome P450, hepatic overload, and the mammalian target of rapamycin pathway resistance. Although lanthanides have antitumor activity, their use is limited. Therefore, the current study aims to improve the effectiveness of zinc oxide nanoparticle via doping with lanthanides, such as samarium. In vitro study revealed that samarium doped with zinc oxide showed more antitumor activity than the other lanthanides, and the antitumor activity depends on the concentration of samarium in the nanocomposite. The in vivo experiment on mice bearing Ehrlich solid tumor revealed that intramuscular injection of samarium/zinc oxide downregulates the expressions of CXCR4 and PI3K/Akt/mammalian target of rapamycin pathway in respect to Ehrlich solid tumor group. Regarding the apoptotic biomarkers, samarium/zinc oxide upregulates the apoptotic biomarker; Bax accompanied with the mitotic catastrophe which was indicated by cell cycle arrest in G2 phase. Moreover, samarium:zinc oxide nanoparticles exhibited minimum toxicity which was indicated by suppressed activities of cytochrome P450 and hepatic enzymes, including alanine transaminase and aspartate transaminase. In addition, the histopathological finding, as well as immunophenotyping results, appreciated the biochemical finding. Therefore, samarium:zinc oxide might be offered a new approach to improve the effectiveness of zinc oxide nanoparticles along with lower toxic effect. Also, samarium:zinc oxide nanoparticles can be a candidate as a new antitumor compound to detect its mode of action.
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Affiliation(s)
- Asmaa I Nabeel
- Biochemistry Laboratory, Chemistry Department, Faculty of Education, Ain Shams University, Cairo, Egypt
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21
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Chen Z, Wu J, Xu H, Yu X, Wang K. In silico analysis of the prognostic value of FAS mRNA in malignancies. J Cancer 2020; 11:542-550. [PMID: 31942177 PMCID: PMC6959050 DOI: 10.7150/jca.35614] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2019] [Accepted: 08/20/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: FAS is a classical death receptor involved in the FAS/FAS ligand (FASL) apoptosis pathway and plays a role in anti-tumor activity. Some studies have recently reported that FAS can serve as an oncogene that promotes tumor proliferation and maintains the stemness of tumor cells. Hence, its prognostic value in malignancies remains controversial. Methods: we assessed the prognostic value of FAS mRNA in several types of tumors by online platforms including Kaplan-Meier Plotter and SurvExpress. Results: FAS mRNA was associated with better overall survival (OS) in breast cancer (Hazard ratio (HR): 0.59 [0.47, 0.73]; p=1.5e-06), gastric cancer (HR: 0.65 [0.54, 0.77]; p=8e-07) and non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC) (HR: 0.78 [0.69, 0.89]; p=0.00016), especially in lung adenocarcinoma (HR: 0.64 [0.51, 0.81], p=1.7e-04), female lung cancer (HR:0.72 [0.57, 0.9], p=0.0049) and patients who have never smoked (HR: 0.39 [0.21, 0.7], p=0.0012). However, a high level of FAS mRNA expression indicated poorer OS in pancreatic cancer (HR: 1.33 [1.06, 1.66]; p=0.01) and acute myeloid leukemia (AML) (HR: 1.57 [1.02, 2.41], p=0.04). Additionally, FAS showed no prognostic value in renal carcinoma, head and neck carcinoma, hepatic cancer, ovarian cancer, colorectal cancer or glioblastoma. The results from the Cell Miner tool revealed that FAS expression was associated with the sensitivity of tumor cells to cabozantinib and erlotinib. Conclusions: In summary, the dominant function of FAS may vary in different malignancies. FAS mRNA expression was correlated with better OS in breast cancer, gastric cancer and lung cancer, but worse OS in pancreatic cancer and AML. We also suggested that FAS mRNA expression could be a potential biomarker for cabozantinib and erlotinib.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhigang Chen
- Department of Surgical Oncology, Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China.,Key Laboratory of Tumor Microenvironment and Immune Therapy of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, China
| | - Jun Wu
- Department of Surgical Oncology, Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Hailin Xu
- Department of General surgery, the First People's Hospital of Jiande, HangZhou, China
| | - Xiuyan Yu
- Department of Surgical Oncology, Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China.,Key Laboratory of Tumor Microenvironment and Immune Therapy of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, China
| | - Ke Wang
- Department of Surgical Oncology, Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China.,Key Laboratory of Tumor Microenvironment and Immune Therapy of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, China
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22
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Lin L, Li X, Pan C, Lin W, Shao R, Liu Y, Zhang J, Luo Y, Qian K, Shi M, Bin J, Liao Y, Liao W. ATXN2L upregulated by epidermal growth factor promotes gastric cancer cell invasiveness and oxaliplatin resistance. Cell Death Dis 2019; 10:173. [PMID: 30787271 PMCID: PMC6382779 DOI: 10.1038/s41419-019-1362-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2018] [Revised: 12/19/2018] [Accepted: 01/02/2019] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
For gastric cancer (GC) control, metastasis and chemoresistance are the major challenges, accompanied with various stresses. Ataxin-2-like (ATXN2L) was discovered as a novel regulator of stress granules, yet its function in cancers remained unknown. Hence, we wanted to explore the functions of ATXN2L to see whether it participates in stress-related cancer malignant activities. Clinical follow-up was performed to see the impact of ATXN2L on GC patient survival. As a result, ATXN2L expression was upregulated in GC tissue and indicated adverse prognosis for overall survival and recurrence. In GC cells, ATXN2L expression was knocked down and functional experiments were performed. ATXN2L promoted GC cell migration and invasion via epithelial to mesenchymal transition, yet no influence on proliferation was detected by ATXN2L interference. When adding the chemotherapeutic agent oxaliplatin to induce stress, silencing ATXN2L sensitized GC cells to oxaliplatin. Interestingly, oxaliplatin was found to in turn promote ATXN2L expression and stress granule assembly. Then, two acquired oxaliplatin-resistant strains were generated by long-term oxaliplatin induction. The oxaliplatin-resistant strains presented with elevated ATXN2L levels, while silencing ATXN2L in the strains reversed the oxaliplatin resistance by increasing reactive oxygen species production and apoptosis. These results suggested that ATXN2L was responsible for not only intrinsic but also acquired oxaliplatin chemoresistance. Finally, ATXN2L-related signaling was screened using bioinformatic methods, and epidermal growth factor (EGF) was verified to promote ATXN2L expression via PI3K/Akt signaling activation. Blocking EGFR/ATXN2L signaling reversed GC cell oxaliplatin resistance and inhibited migration. In conclusion, ATXN2L promotes cell invasiveness and oxaliplatin resistance and can be upregulated by EGF via PI3K/Akt signaling. ATXN2L may be an indicator and therapeutic target in GC, especially for oxaliplatin-based chemotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Lin
- Department of Oncology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xiaoyin Li
- Department of Oncology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Changqie Pan
- Department of Oncology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Wanying Lin
- Department of Oncology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Ruoyang Shao
- Department of Oncology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yantan Liu
- Department of Oncology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Junhao Zhang
- Department of Oncology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yuhao Luo
- Department of Oncology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Kai Qian
- Department of Oncology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Min Shi
- Department of Oncology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jianping Bin
- Department of Cardiology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yulin Liao
- Department of Cardiology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Wangjun Liao
- Department of Oncology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China.
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23
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Roumane A, Berthenet K, El Fassi C, Ichim G. Caspase-independent cell death does not elicit a proliferative response in melanoma cancer cells. BMC Cell Biol 2018; 19:11. [PMID: 29973136 PMCID: PMC6030751 DOI: 10.1186/s12860-018-0164-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2018] [Accepted: 06/26/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Apoptosis, the most well-known type of programmed cell death, can induce in a paracrine manner a proliferative response in neighboring surviving cells called apoptosis-induced proliferation (AiP). While having obvious benefits when triggered in developmental processes, AiP is a serious obstacle in cancer therapy, where apoptosis is frequently induced by chemotherapy. Therefore, in this study, we evaluated the capacity of an alternative type of cell death, called caspase-independent cell death, to promote proliferation. Results Using a novel in vitro isogenic cellular model to trigger either apoptosis or caspase-independent cell death, we found that the later has no obvious compensatory proliferation effects on neighboring cells. Conclusions This study enforces the idea that alternative types of cell death such as caspase-independent cell death could be considered to replace apoptosis in the context of cancer treatment. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s12860-018-0164-1) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahlima Roumane
- INSERM 1052, CNRS 5286, Cancer Research Center of Lyon (CRCL), Lyon, France
| | - Kevin Berthenet
- INSERM 1052, CNRS 5286, Cancer Research Center of Lyon (CRCL), Lyon, France.,LabEx DEVweCAN, Université de Lyon, Lyon, France
| | - Chaïmaa El Fassi
- INSERM 1052, CNRS 5286, Cancer Research Center of Lyon (CRCL), Lyon, France
| | - Gabriel Ichim
- INSERM 1052, CNRS 5286, Cancer Research Center of Lyon (CRCL), Lyon, France. .,LabEx DEVweCAN, Université de Lyon, Lyon, France.
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24
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Marrelli D, Polom K, Neri A, Roviello F. Clinical impact of molecular classifications in gastric cancer. Updates Surg 2018; 70:225-232. [PMID: 29796937 DOI: 10.1007/s13304-018-0546-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2018] [Accepted: 05/15/2018] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Treatment options to gastric cancer (GC) have been changing in recent years from a standard to a tailored approach. Different individualized procedures can range from endoscopic resection, D2 with open or minimally invasive approach, to neo-adjuvant therapy followed by extended surgery. In more advanced stages, a combined approach with the inclusion of intraperitoneal chemo-hyperthermia (HIPEC) may represent a new advanced option. The inclusion of histological type according to Laurén classification in the flowchart of treatment could increase both accuracy and effectiveness of such tailored approach. New molecular classifications of GC have been introduced recently and translational clinical studies are ongoing. These classifications are expected to be included in multidisciplinary treatment of GC. In particular, in the group with microsatellite instability a less extended lymphadenectomy may be proposed. Also tailored neo-adjuvant treatment may be proposed according to molecular classifications. The group of patients with epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition shows very high propensity to peritoneal dissemination, as well as N-metastases, and may benefit from prophylactic HIPEC and extended lymphadenectomy when confirmed in prospective trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniele Marrelli
- Department of Medicine, Surgery and Neurosciences, University of Siena, 53100, Siena, Italy.
| | - Karol Polom
- Department of Medicine, Surgery and Neurosciences, University of Siena, 53100, Siena, Italy
| | - Alessandro Neri
- Department of Medicine, Surgery and Neurosciences, University of Siena, 53100, Siena, Italy
| | - Franco Roviello
- Department of Medicine, Surgery and Neurosciences, University of Siena, 53100, Siena, Italy
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25
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Dreyer FS, Cantone M, Eberhardt M, Jaitly T, Walter L, Wittmann J, Gupta SK, Khan FM, Wolkenhauer O, Pützer BM, Jäck HM, Heinzerling L, Vera J. A web platform for the network analysis of high-throughput data in melanoma and its use to investigate mechanisms of resistance to anti-PD1 immunotherapy. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Basis Dis 2018; 1864:2315-2328. [PMID: 29410200 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbadis.2018.01.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2017] [Revised: 01/12/2018] [Accepted: 01/16/2018] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Cellular phenotypes are established and controlled by complex and precisely orchestrated molecular networks. In cancer, mutations and dysregulations of multiple molecular factors perturb the regulation of these networks and lead to malignant transformation. High-throughput technologies are a valuable source of information to establish the complex molecular relationships behind the emergence of malignancy, but full exploitation of this massive amount of data requires bioinformatics tools that rely on network-based analyses. In this report we present the Virtual Melanoma Cell, an online tool developed to facilitate the mining and interpretation of high-throughput data on melanoma by biomedical researches. The platform is based on a comprehensive, manually generated and expert-validated regulatory map composed of signaling pathways important in malignant melanoma. The Virtual Melanoma Cell is a tool designed to accept, visualize and analyze user-generated datasets. It is available at: https://www.vcells.net/melanoma. To illustrate the utilization of the web platform and the regulatory map, we have analyzed a large publicly available dataset accounting for anti-PD1 immunotherapy treatment of malignant melanoma patients.
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26
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Chen RJ, Kuo HC, Cheng LH, Lee YH, Chang WT, Wang BJ, Wang YJ, Cheng HC. Apoptotic and Nonapoptotic Activities of Pterostilbene against Cancer. Int J Mol Sci 2018; 19:ijms19010287. [PMID: 29346311 PMCID: PMC5796233 DOI: 10.3390/ijms19010287] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2017] [Revised: 01/09/2018] [Accepted: 01/16/2018] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Cancer is a major cause of death. The outcomes of current therapeutic strategies against cancer often ironically lead to even increased mortality due to the subsequent drug resistance and to metastatic recurrence. Alternative medicines are thus urgently needed. Cumulative evidence has pointed out that pterostilbene (trans-3,5-dimethoxy-4-hydroxystilbene, PS) has excellent pharmacological benefits for the prevention and treatment for various types of cancer in their different stages of progression by evoking apoptotic or nonapoptotic anti-cancer activities. In this review article, we first update current knowledge regarding tumor progression toward accomplishment of metastasis. Subsequently, we review current literature regarding the anti-cancer activities of PS. Finally, we provide future perspectives to clinically utilize PS as novel cancer therapeutic remedies. We, therefore, conclude and propose that PS is one ideal alternative medicine to be administered in the diet as a nutritional supplement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rong-Jane Chen
- Department of Food Safety/Hygiene and Risk Management, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan 70101, Taiwan; (R.-J.C.); (Y.-H.L.)
| | - Hsiao-Che Kuo
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Medicine, National Cheng-Kung University, Tainan 70101, Taiwan; (H.-C.K.); (W.-T.C.)
| | - Li-Hsin Cheng
- The Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan 70101, Taiwan;
| | - Yu-Hsuan Lee
- Department of Food Safety/Hygiene and Risk Management, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan 70101, Taiwan; (R.-J.C.); (Y.-H.L.)
| | - Wen-Tsan Chang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Medicine, National Cheng-Kung University, Tainan 70101, Taiwan; (H.-C.K.); (W.-T.C.)
- The Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan 70101, Taiwan;
| | - Bour-Jr Wang
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan 70101, Taiwan;
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, National Cheng Kung University Hospital, Tainan 70101, Taiwan
- Department of Cosmetic Science and Institute of Cosmetic Science, Chia Nan University of Pharmacy and Science, Tainan 707010, Taiwan
| | - Ying-Jan Wang
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan 70101, Taiwan;
- Graduate Institute of Clinical Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 11031, Taiwan
- Department of Medical Research, China Medical University Hospital, China Medical University, Taichung 40401, Taiwan
- Department of Biomedical Informatics, Asia University, Taichung 41354, Taiwan
- Correspondence: (Y.-J.W.); (H.-C.C.); Tel.: +886-6-235-3535 (ext. 5804) (Y.-J.W.); +886-6-235-3535 (ext. 5544) (H.-C.C.); Fax: +886-6-275-2484 (Y.-J.W.)
| | - Hung-Chi Cheng
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Medicine, National Cheng-Kung University, Tainan 70101, Taiwan; (H.-C.K.); (W.-T.C.)
- The Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan 70101, Taiwan;
- Correspondence: (Y.-J.W.); (H.-C.C.); Tel.: +886-6-235-3535 (ext. 5804) (Y.-J.W.); +886-6-235-3535 (ext. 5544) (H.-C.C.); Fax: +886-6-275-2484 (Y.-J.W.)
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27
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Allen H, Shraga-Heled N, Blumenfeld M, Dego-Ashto T, Fuchs-Telem D, Gilert A, Aberman Z, Ofir R. Human Placental-Derived Adherent Stromal Cells Co-Induced with TNF-α and IFN-γ Inhibit Triple-Negative Breast Cancer in Nude Mouse Xenograft Models. Sci Rep 2018; 8:670. [PMID: 29330447 PMCID: PMC5766494 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-18428-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2017] [Accepted: 12/11/2017] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Culturing 3D-expanded human placental-derived adherent stromal cells (ASCs) in the presence of tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α) and interferon-gamma (IFN-γ) transiently upregulated the secretion of numerous anti-proliferative, anti-angiogenic and pro-inflammatory cytokines. In a 3D-spheroid screening assay, conditioned medium from these induced-ASCs inhibited proliferation of cancer cell lines, including triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) lines. In vitro co-culture studies of induced-ASCs with MDA-MB-231 human breast carcinoma cells, a model representing TNBC, supports a mechanism involving immunomodulation and angiogenesis inhibition. In vivo studies in nude mice showed that intramuscular administration of induced-ASCs halted MDA-MB-231 cell proliferation, and inhibited tumor progression and vascularization. Thirty percent of treated mice experienced complete tumor remission. Murine serum concentrations of the tumor-supporting cytokines Interleukin-6 (IL-6), Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and Granulocyte-colony stimulating factor (G-CSF) were lowered to naïve levels. A somatic mutation analysis identified numerous genes which could be screened in patients to increase a positive therapeutic outcome. Taken together, these results show that targeted changes in the secretion profile of ASCs may improve their therapeutic potential.
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28
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Chen J, Wang Y, Zhuo L, Liu Z, Liu T, Li W, Cai Y, Zheng H. Fas signaling induces stemness properties in colorectal cancer by regulation of Bmi1. Mol Carcinog 2017; 56:2267-2278. [PMID: 28543447 DOI: 10.1002/mc.22680] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2017] [Revised: 04/19/2017] [Accepted: 05/19/2017] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Fas signaling promotes colorectal cancer (CRC) metastasis by inducing epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT). The acquisition of EMT properties in turn induces stemness but the mechanism by which Fas signaling contributes to it still remains unclear. Hence, the aim of this study was to investigate how Fas signaling regulates CRC stemness. For this purpose, soft agar assay, sphere formation assay, cell survival analysis, immunoblot, qRT-PCR, chromatin immunoprecipitation, and luciferase reporter assay were performed. Expression of FasL, Bmi1, and the miR-200c in CRC specimens was examined through immunohistochemistry, qRT-PCR, and immunoblot. In our study, Fas signaling induced stem cell properties in CRC specimens, relying on ERK1/2 MAPK pathway, with Bmi1 being mainly responsible for FasL-induced stemness. FasL treatment promoted Bmi1 expression by inhibiting miR-200c, which targets Bmi1 3'UTR region. Furthermore, FasL-induced Zeb1 binded with miR-200c promoter and inhibited its expression. Moreover, FasL-induced β-catenin nuclear expression promoted Zeb1 expression by binding with Zeb1 promoter. GSK-3β, which regulates β-catenin, was inhibited by FasL-induced ERK1/2 MAPK signaling. Finally, FasL and Bmi1 expression in clinical samples increased during CRC progression, and a positive correlation between them was observed. Patients with high FasL and Bmi1 expression had a worse prognosis than patients with low expression. In conclusion, our results showed that Fas signaling can promote stemness in CRC through the modulation of Bmi1 expression via the ERK1/2 MAPK/GSK-3β/β-catenin/Zeb1/miR-200c axis, suggesting that Fas signaling-based cancer therapies should be administered cautiously, as the activation of this pathway not only leads to apoptosis but also induces stemness in CRC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiaxuan Chen
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Gastroenterology, Department of Gastroenterology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yadong Wang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Gastroenterology, Department of Gastroenterology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Linghao Zhuo
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Gastroenterology, Department of Gastroenterology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Zhizhong Liu
- Department of Gastroenterology, Affiliated Zhuhai Hospital, Southern Medical University (Zhuhai Hospital of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine), Zhuhai, China
| | - Tao Liu
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Gastroenterology, Department of Gastroenterology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Wenjing Li
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Gastroenterology, Department of Gastroenterology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yidong Cai
- Department of Gastroenterology, Xiyuan Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Haoxuan Zheng
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Gastroenterology, Department of Gastroenterology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
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29
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Fujino Y, Takeishi S, Nishida K, Okamoto K, Muguruma N, Kimura T, Kitamura S, Miyamoto H, Fujimoto A, Higashijima J, Shimada M, Rokutan K, Takayama T. Downregulation of microRNA-100/microRNA-125b is associated with lymph node metastasis in early colorectal cancer with submucosal invasion. Cancer Sci 2017; 108:390-397. [PMID: 28032929 PMCID: PMC5378282 DOI: 10.1111/cas.13152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2016] [Revised: 12/21/2016] [Accepted: 12/25/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
A majority of early colorectal cancers (CRCs) with submucosal invasion undergo surgical operation, despite a very low incidence of lymph node metastasis. Our study aimed to identify microRNAs (miRNAs) specifically responsible for lymph node metastasis in submucosal CRCs. MicroRNA microarray analysis revealed that miR‐100 and miR‐125b expression levels were significantly lower in CRC tissues with lymph node metastases than in those without metastases. These results were validated by quantitative real‐time PCR in a larger set of clinical samples. The transfection of a miR‐100 or miR‐125b inhibitor into colon cancer HCT116 cells significantly increased cell invasion, migration, and MMP activity. Conversely, overexpression of miR‐100 or miR‐125b mimics significantly attenuated all these activities but did not affect cell growth. To identify target mRNAs, we undertook a gene expression array analysis of miR‐100‐silenced HCT116 cells as well as negative control cells. The Ingenuity Pathway Analysis, TargetScan software analyses, and subsequent verification of mRNA expression by real‐time PCR identified mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) and insulin‐like growth factor 1 receptor (IGF1R) as direct, and Fas and X‐linked inhibitor‐of‐apoptosis protein (XIAP) as indirect candidate targets for miR‐100 involved in lymph node metastasis. Knockdown of each gene by siRNA significantly reduced the invasiveness of HCT116 cells. These data clearly show that downregulation of miR‐100 and miR‐125b is closely associated with lymph node metastasis in submucosal CRC through enhancement of invasion, motility, and MMP activity. In particular, miR‐100 may promote metastasis by upregulating mTOR, IGF1R, Fas, and XIAP as targets. Thus, miR‐100 and miR‐125b may be novel biomarkers for lymph node metastasis of early CRCs with submucosal invasion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasuteru Fujino
- Department of Gastroenterology and Oncology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Tokushima University Graduate School, Tokushima, Japan
| | - Shunsaku Takeishi
- Department of Gastroenterology and Oncology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Tokushima University Graduate School, Tokushima, Japan
| | - Kensei Nishida
- Department of Pathophysiology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Tokushima University Graduate School, Tokushima, Japan
| | - Koichi Okamoto
- Department of Gastroenterology and Oncology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Tokushima University Graduate School, Tokushima, Japan
| | - Naoki Muguruma
- Department of Gastroenterology and Oncology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Tokushima University Graduate School, Tokushima, Japan
| | - Tetsuo Kimura
- Department of Gastroenterology and Oncology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Tokushima University Graduate School, Tokushima, Japan
| | - Shinji Kitamura
- Department of Gastroenterology and Oncology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Tokushima University Graduate School, Tokushima, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Miyamoto
- Department of Gastroenterology and Oncology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Tokushima University Graduate School, Tokushima, Japan
| | - Akiko Fujimoto
- Department of Gastroenterology and Oncology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Tokushima University Graduate School, Tokushima, Japan
| | - Jun Higashijima
- Department of Surgery, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Tokushima University Graduate School, Tokushima, Japan
| | - Mitsuo Shimada
- Department of Surgery, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Tokushima University Graduate School, Tokushima, Japan
| | - Kazuhito Rokutan
- Department of Pathophysiology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Tokushima University Graduate School, Tokushima, Japan
| | - Tetsuji Takayama
- Department of Gastroenterology and Oncology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Tokushima University Graduate School, Tokushima, Japan
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30
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CD95 ligand induces senescence in mismatch repair-deficient human colon cancer via chronic caspase-mediated induction of DNA damage. Cell Death Dis 2017; 8:e2669. [PMID: 28300842 PMCID: PMC5386578 DOI: 10.1038/cddis.2017.87] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2016] [Revised: 02/02/2017] [Accepted: 02/06/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
CD95 is best known for its ability to induce apoptosis via a well-characterized pathway involving caspase-mediated proteolytic events. However, in apoptosis-resistant cell lines of diverse cancer types stimulation of CD95 primarily has pro-tumorigenic effects that affect many of the hallmarks of cancer. For instance, in colon cancer cells with a mutant KRAS gene CD95 primarily promotes invasion and metastasis. In the current study, we further investigated the context dependency of the consequences of CD95 activation in colon cancer. We used a series of patient-derived three-dimensional colon cancer cultures and studied their response to stimulation with CD95 ligand (CD95L). CD95L had a strong inhibitory effect on the clone-forming capacity of five out of nine cultures. In line with previous work, these cultures all had a wild-type KRAS gene and expressed high levels of CD95. Furthermore, the most sensitive cultures were characterized by microsatellite instability (MSI) and deficient mismatch repair. The reduced clonogenic growth of MSI-type colonospheres resulting from chronic CD95 stimulation was only partly due to apoptosis as many tumor cells survived treatment, yet were unable to regenerate clones. CD95 stimulation caused an irreversible cell cycle arrest, which was associated with cytokine secretion, similar to the senescence-associated secretory phenotype (SASP), and expression of senescence-associated β-galactosidase. In human colon cancer cohorts, CD95 expression was strongly correlated with the recently identified consensus molecular subtype 1 (CMS1), which mainly consists of MSI-high tumors, and with two independent SASP signatures. Mechanistically, CD95-induced senescence was caused by chronic DNA damage via caspase-activated DNAse resulting in p53 activation and p21 expression, with a minor contribution of the SASP. We conclude that induction of senescence is a hitherto unrecognized consequence of high CD95 expression, which appears to be most relevant for CMS1.
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31
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Chien MH, Chang WM, Lee WJ, Chang YC, Lai TC, Chan DV, Sharma R, Lin YF, Hsiao M. A Fas Ligand (FasL)-Fused Humanized Antibody Against Tumor-Associated Glycoprotein 72 Selectively Exhibits the Cytotoxic Effect Against Oral Cancer Cells with a Low FasL/Fas Ratio. Mol Cancer Ther 2017; 16:1102-1113. [PMID: 28292939 DOI: 10.1158/1535-7163.mct-16-0314] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2016] [Revised: 06/27/2016] [Accepted: 03/07/2017] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Altered expression of the Fas ligand (FasL)/Fas ratio exhibits a direct impact on the prognosis of cancer patients, and its impairment in cancer cells may lead to apoptosis resistance. Thus, the development of effective therapies targeting the FasL/Fas system may play an important role in the fight against cancer. In this study, we evaluated whether a fusion protein (hcc49scFv-FasL) comprising of the cytotoxicity domain of the FasL fused to a humanized antibody (CC49) against tumor-associated glycoprotein 72, which is expressed on oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC), can selectively kill OSCC cells with different FasL/Fas ratios. In clinical samples, the significantly low FasL and high Fas transcripts were observed in tumors compared with normal tissues. A lower FasL/Fas ratio was correlated with a worse prognosis of OSCC patients and higher proliferative and invasive abilities of OSCC cells. The hcc49scFv-FasL showed a selective cytotoxic effect on OSCC cells (Cal-27 and SAS) but not on normal oral keratinocytes cells (HOK) through apoptosis induction. Moreover, SAS cells harboring a lower FasL/Fas ratio than Cal-27 were more sensitive to the cytotoxic effect of hcc49scFv-FasL. Unlike wild-type FasL, hcc49scFv-FasL was not cleaved by matrix metalloproteinases and did not induce nonapoptotic signaling in SAS cells. In vivo, we found that hcc49scFv-FasL drastically reduced the formation of lymph node metastasis and decreased primary tumor growth in SAS orthotopic and subcutaneous xenograft tumor models. Collectively, our data indicate that a tumor-targeting antibody fused to the FasL can be a powerful tool for OSCC treatment, especially in populations with a low FasL/Fas ratio. Mol Cancer Ther; 16(6); 1102-13. ©2017 AACR.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Antibodies, Monoclonal, Humanized/genetics
- Antibodies, Monoclonal, Humanized/immunology
- Antibodies, Monoclonal, Humanized/pharmacology
- Antibody-Dependent Cell Cytotoxicity/immunology
- Antigens, Neoplasm/immunology
- Carcinoma, Squamous Cell/drug therapy
- Carcinoma, Squamous Cell/immunology
- Carcinoma, Squamous Cell/metabolism
- Carcinoma, Squamous Cell/pathology
- Cell Line, Tumor
- Cell Survival
- Cell Transformation, Neoplastic/metabolism
- Disease Models, Animal
- Fas Ligand Protein/genetics
- Fas Ligand Protein/metabolism
- Glycoproteins/antagonists & inhibitors
- Glycoproteins/immunology
- Humans
- Mice
- Mouth Neoplasms/drug therapy
- Mouth Neoplasms/immunology
- Mouth Neoplasms/metabolism
- Mouth Neoplasms/pathology
- Prognosis
- Protein Binding
- Recombinant Fusion Proteins/genetics
- Recombinant Fusion Proteins/immunology
- Recombinant Fusion Proteins/pharmacology
- Single-Chain Antibodies/genetics
- Single-Chain Antibodies/immunology
- Single-Chain Antibodies/pharmacology
- Tumor Burden/drug effects
- Xenograft Model Antitumor Assays
- fas Receptor/metabolism
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Affiliation(s)
- Ming-Hsien Chien
- Graduate Institute of Clinical Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
- Department of Education and Research, Wan Fang Hospital, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Wei-Min Chang
- The Genomics Research Center, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Wei-Jiunn Lee
- Department of Education and Research, Wan Fang Hospital, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
- Department of Urology, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Chan Chang
- The Genomics Research Center, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Tsung-Ching Lai
- The Genomics Research Center, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Derek V Chan
- Center for Immunity, Inflammation, and Regenerative Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia
| | - Rahul Sharma
- Center for Immunity, Inflammation, and Regenerative Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia
| | - Yuan-Feng Lin
- Graduate Institute of Clinical Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan.
| | - Michael Hsiao
- The Genomics Research Center, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan.
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
- The PhD Program for Translational Medicine, College of Science and Technology, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
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32
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CD95 Signaling Inhibits B Cell Receptor-Mediated Gammaherpesvirus Replication in Apoptosis-Resistant B Lymphoma Cells. J Virol 2016; 90:9782-9796. [PMID: 27558422 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00668-16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2016] [Accepted: 08/13/2016] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
While CD95 is an apoptosis-inducing receptor and has emerged as a potential anticancer therapy target, mounting evidence shows that CD95 is also emerging as a tumor promoter by activating nonapoptotic signaling pathways. Gammaherpesviral infection is closely associated with lymphoproliferative diseases, including B cell lymphomas. The nonapoptotic function of CD95 in gammaherpesvirus-associated lymphomas is largely unknown. Here, we show that stimulation of CD95 agonist antibody drives the majority of sensitive gammaherpesvirus-transformed B cells to undergo caspase-dependent apoptosis and promotes the survival and proliferation of a subpopulation of apoptosis-resistant B cells. Surprisingly, CD95-mediated nonapoptotic signaling induced beta interferon (IFN-β) expression and correlatively inhibited B cell receptor (BCR)-mediated gammaherpesviral replication in the apoptosis-resistant lymphoma cells without influencing BCR signaling. Further analysis showed that IFN-β alone or synergizing with CD95 blocked the activation of lytic switch proteins and the gene expression of gammaherpesviruses. Our findings indicate that, independent of its apoptotic activity, CD95 signaling activity plays an important role in blocking viral replication in apoptosis-resistant, gammaherpesvirus-associated B lymphoma cells, suggesting a novel mechanism that indicates how host CD95 prototype death receptor controls the life cycle of gammaherpesviruses independent of its apoptotic activity. IMPORTANCE Gammaherpesviruses are closely associated with lymphoid malignancies and other cancers. Viral replication and persistence strategies leading to cancer involve the activation of antiapoptotic and proliferation programs, as well as evasion of the host immune response. Here, we provide evidence that the stimulation of CD95 agonist antibody, mimicking one of the major mechanisms of cytotoxic T cell killing, inhibits B cell receptor-mediated gammaherpesviral replication in CD95 apoptosis-resistant lymphoma cells. CD95-induced type I interferon (IFN-β) contributes to the inhibition of gammaherpesviral replication. This finding sheds new light on the CD95 nonapoptotic function and provides a novel mechanism for gammaherpesviruses that helps them to escape host immune surveillance.
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Abdullahi A, Jeschke MG. White Adipose Tissue Browning: A Double-edged Sword. Trends Endocrinol Metab 2016; 27:542-552. [PMID: 27397607 PMCID: PMC5234861 DOI: 10.1016/j.tem.2016.06.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2016] [Revised: 06/09/2016] [Accepted: 06/13/2016] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
The study of white adipose tissue (WAT) 'browning' has become a 'hot topic' in various acute and chronic metabolic conditions, based on the idea that WAT browning might be able to facilitate weight loss and improve metabolic health. However, this view cannot be translated into all areas of medicine. Recent studies identified effects of browning associated with adverse outcomes, and as more studies are being conducted, a very different picture has emerged about WAT browning and its detrimental effect in acute and chronic hypermetabolic conditions. Therefore, the notion that browning is supposedly beneficial may be inadequate. In this review we analyze how and why browning in chronic hypermetabolic associated diseases can be detrimental and lead to adverse outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdikarim Abdullahi
- Institute of Medical Science, University of Toronto, Canada; Sunnybrook Research Institute, Totonto, Canada
| | - Marc G Jeschke
- Institute of Medical Science, University of Toronto, Canada; Sunnybrook Research Institute, Totonto, Canada; Ross Tilley Burn Centre, Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, University of Toronto, Canada; Department of Surgery, Division of Plastic Surgery, Department of Immunology, University of Toronto, Canada.
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Xie R, Wang X, Qi G, Wu Z, Wei R, Li P, Zhang D. DDR1 enhances invasion and metastasis of gastric cancer via epithelial-mesenchymal transition. Tumour Biol 2016; 37:12049-12059. [PMID: 27179963 DOI: 10.1007/s13277-016-5070-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2015] [Accepted: 05/05/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
In this study, we investigated the effects of DDR1 on the invasion and metastasis in gastric cancer (GC) via epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT). Immunohistochemistry analysis was used to detect DDR1, E-cadherin, and Vimentin expression in GC tissues as well as DDR1 expression in GC cell lines and normal gastric epithelial cells. The relationship between DDR1 expression and EMT in GC cell lines was explored by down and upregulating DDR1 and examining corresponding changes in the expression of EMT-related proteins and in biological characteristics. Furthermore, a nude mice model with a transplantation tumor generating from stably transfected GC cells with DDR1 overexpression was established and performed to further reveal the effects of DDR1 expression on cellular morphology and growth of GC. Our results showed that DDR1 was highly expressed in GC tissues and cell lines compared with adjacent tissues and normal cell line, and its expression was significantly higher in GC having poor differentiation (p < 0.01), advanced depth of wall invasion (p = 0.020), lymph node metastasis (p = 0.0001), liver metastasis (p < 0.01), and high TNM stage (p < 0.01). Western blot analyses revealed that DDR1 overexpression resulted in a significant decrease in the expression of E-cadherin (p < 0.01) and an increase in the expression of Vimentin and Snail (p < 0.01), while knockdown of DDR1 led to opposite outcomes. We further demonstrated that DDR1 overexpression promoted GC cell proliferation (p < 0.05), migration (p < 0.01), and invasion (p < 0.01), and accelerated the growth (p < 0.05) as well as the microvessel formation (p < 0.01) of transplantation tumor in nude mice. Our study establishes that DDR1 enhances invasion and metastasis of gastric cancer via EMT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruixia Xie
- Department of Gastroenterology, Lanzhou University Second Hospital, 82 Cuiyingmen, Lanzhou, Gansu, 730030, China
| | - Xiaoying Wang
- Department of Gastroenterology, Lanzhou University Second Hospital, 82 Cuiyingmen, Lanzhou, Gansu, 730030, China
| | - Guoqing Qi
- Department of Gastroenterology, Lanzhou University Second Hospital, 82 Cuiyingmen, Lanzhou, Gansu, 730030, China
| | - Zhiping Wu
- Department of Gastroenterology, Lanzhou University Second Hospital, 82 Cuiyingmen, Lanzhou, Gansu, 730030, China
| | - Rong Wei
- Department of Gastroenterology, Lanzhou University Second Hospital, 82 Cuiyingmen, Lanzhou, Gansu, 730030, China
| | - Peirong Li
- Department of Gastroenterology, Lanzhou University Second Hospital, 82 Cuiyingmen, Lanzhou, Gansu, 730030, China
| | - Dekui Zhang
- Department of Gastroenterology, Lanzhou University Second Hospital, 82 Cuiyingmen, Lanzhou, Gansu, 730030, China.
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Chakrabandhu K, Huault S, Durivault J, Lang K, Ta Ngoc L, Bole A, Doma E, Dérijard B, Gérard JP, Pierres M, Hueber AO. An Evolution-Guided Analysis Reveals a Multi-Signaling Regulation of Fas by Tyrosine Phosphorylation and its Implication in Human Cancers. PLoS Biol 2016; 14:e1002401. [PMID: 26942442 PMCID: PMC4778973 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pbio.1002401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2015] [Accepted: 02/09/2016] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Demonstrations of both pro-apoptotic and pro-survival abilities of Fas (TNFRSF6/CD95/APO-1) have led to a shift from the exclusive “Fas apoptosis” to “Fas multisignals” paradigm and the acceptance that Fas-related therapies face a major challenge, as it remains unclear what determines the mode of Fas signaling. Through protein evolution analysis, which reveals unconventional substitutions of Fas tyrosine during divergent evolution, evolution-guided tyrosine-phosphorylated Fas proxy, and site-specific phosphorylation detection, we show that the Fas signaling outcome is determined by the tyrosine phosphorylation status of its death domain. The phosphorylation dominantly turns off the Fas-mediated apoptotic signal, while turning on the pro-survival signal. We show that while phosphorylations at Y232 and Y291 share some common functions, their contributions to Fas signaling differ at several levels. The findings that Fas tyrosine phosphorylation is regulated by Src family kinases (SFKs) and the phosphatase SHP-1 and that Y291 phosphorylation primes clathrin-dependent Fas endocytosis, which contributes to Fas pro-survival signaling, reveals for the first time the mechanistic link between SFK/SHP-1-dependent Fas tyrosine phosphorylation, internalization route, and signaling choice. We also demonstrate that levels of phosphorylated Y232 and Y291 differ among human cancer types and differentially respond to anticancer therapy, suggesting context-dependent involvement of Fas phosphorylation in cancer. This report provides a new insight into the control of TNF receptor multisignaling by receptor phosphorylation and its implication in cancer biology, which brings us a step closer to overcoming the challenge in handling Fas signaling in treatments of cancer as well as other pathologies such as autoimmune and degenerative diseases. Signalling by the tumor necrosis factor receptor (TNFR) superfamily member Fas can promote either survival or death of a cell, but the mechanism underlying this choice is unclear. This study reveals that the outcome of Fas signalling (death versus survival) is determined by the tyrosine phosphorylation status of its death domain. The versatility of the tumor necrosis factor receptor superfamily members in cell fate regulation is well illustrated by the dual signaling generated by one of the most extensively studied members of the family, Fas (CD95/TNFSFR6). Upon binding its ligand, Fas is able to elicit both pro-death and pro-survival signals. Until now, we have lacked mechanistic knowledge about when and how one signaling output of Fas is favored over the other. We demonstrate here that the outcome of Fas signaling is determined by the phosphorylation status of two tyrosine residues (Y232 and Y291) within the death domain. Dephosphorylation of Fas tyrosines by SHP-1 tyrosine phosphatase turns on the pro-apoptotic signal whereas the tyrosine phosphorylation by Src family kinases (SFKs) turns off the pro-apoptotic signal and turns on the pro-survival signal. Furthermore, we provide evidence that Fas tyrosine phosphorylation status may vary among different cancer types and influence the response to anti-cancer treatments. This information reveals an opportunity to use the screening of Fas tyrosine phosphorylation, a newly discovered direct molecular indicator of Fas functional output, to aid the design of Fas-related cancer therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Sébastien Huault
- Univ. Nice Sophia Antipolis, CNRS, Inserm, iBV, 06100 Nice, France
| | - Jérôme Durivault
- Univ. Nice Sophia Antipolis, CNRS, Inserm, iBV, 06100 Nice, France
| | - Kévin Lang
- Univ. Nice Sophia Antipolis, CNRS, Inserm, iBV, 06100 Nice, France
| | - Ly Ta Ngoc
- Univ. Nice Sophia Antipolis, CNRS, Inserm, iBV, 06100 Nice, France
| | - Angelique Bole
- Centre d'Immunologie de Marseille-Luminy, Aix-Marseille Université, UM2, Marseille, France, INSERM, U1104, Marseille, France, and CNRS, UMR 7280, Marseille, France
| | - Eszter Doma
- Univ. Nice Sophia Antipolis, CNRS, Inserm, iBV, 06100 Nice, France
| | - Benoit Dérijard
- Univ. Nice Sophia Antipolis, CNRS, Inserm, iBV, 06100 Nice, France
| | | | - Michel Pierres
- Centre d'Immunologie de Marseille-Luminy, Aix-Marseille Université, UM2, Marseille, France, INSERM, U1104, Marseille, France, and CNRS, UMR 7280, Marseille, France
| | - Anne-Odile Hueber
- Univ. Nice Sophia Antipolis, CNRS, Inserm, iBV, 06100 Nice, France
- * E-mail: (AOH); (KC)
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Qi X, Zhang L, Lu X. New Insights into the Epithelial-to-Mesenchymal Transition in Cancer. Trends Pharmacol Sci 2016; 37:246-248. [PMID: 26837734 DOI: 10.1016/j.tips.2016.01.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2015] [Accepted: 01/05/2016] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
The role of the epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT) in cancer progression is a long-debated issue. Recent evidence shows that EMT is not a prerequisite for cancer metastasis, but does confer chemoresistance. Future studies are needed to profile EMT events in different cancer types and under different circumstances to explore their potentials as therapeutic targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaolong Qi
- Department of General Surgery, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Li Zhang
- Department of Hematology, Huai'an First People's Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Huai'an, China
| | - Xiaojie Lu
- Department of Radiology, Zhong-da Hospital, Medical School, Southeast University, Nanjing, China.
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Jimenez L, Wang J, Morrison MA, Whatcott C, Soh KK, Warner S, Bearss D, Jette CA, Stewart RA. Phenotypic chemical screening using a zebrafish neural crest EMT reporter identifies retinoic acid as an inhibitor of epithelial morphogenesis. Dis Model Mech 2016; 9:389-400. [PMID: 26794130 PMCID: PMC4852498 DOI: 10.1242/dmm.021790] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2015] [Accepted: 01/04/2016] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT) is a highly conserved morphogenetic program essential for embryogenesis, regeneration and cancer metastasis. In cancer cells, EMT also triggers cellular reprogramming and chemoresistance, which underlie disease relapse and decreased survival. Hence, identifying compounds that block EMT is essential to prevent or eradicate disseminated tumor cells. Here, we establish a whole-animal-based EMT reporter in zebrafish for rapid drug screening, called Tg(snai1b:GFP), which labels epithelial cells undergoing EMT to produce sox10-positive neural crest (NC) cells. Time-lapse and lineage analysis of Tg(snai1b:GFP) embryos reveal that cranial NC cells delaminate from two regions: an early population delaminates adjacent to the neural plate, whereas a later population delaminates from within the dorsal neural tube. Treating Tg(snai1b:GFP) embryos with candidate small-molecule EMT-inhibiting compounds identified TP-0903, a multi-kinase inhibitor that blocked cranial NC cell delamination in both the lateral and medial populations. RNA sequencing (RNA-Seq) analysis and chemical rescue experiments show that TP-0903 acts through stimulating retinoic acid (RA) biosynthesis and RA-dependent transcription. These studies identify TP-0903 as a new therapeutic for activating RA in vivo and raise the possibility that RA-dependent inhibition of EMT contributes to its prior success in eliminating disseminated cancer cells. Editors' choice: Generation and characterization of a novel neural crest EMT reporter for rapid in vivo drug screening in zebrafish that identifies a small-molecule EMT inhibitor that blocks this process by activating retinoic acid signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Jimenez
- Department of Oncological Sciences, Huntsman Cancer Institute, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA
| | - Jindong Wang
- Department of Oncological Sciences, Huntsman Cancer Institute, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA
| | - Monique A Morrison
- Department of Oncological Sciences, Huntsman Cancer Institute, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA
| | | | | | | | - David Bearss
- Tolero Pharmaceuticals, Inc., Lehi, UT 84043, USA
| | - Cicely A Jette
- Department of Oncological Sciences, Huntsman Cancer Institute, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA
| | - Rodney A Stewart
- Department of Oncological Sciences, Huntsman Cancer Institute, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA
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Jiao L, Li DD, Yang CL, Peng RQ, Guo YQ, Zhang XS, Zhu XF. Reactive oxygen species mediate oxaliplatin-induced epithelial-mesenchymal transition and invasive potential in colon cancer. Tumour Biol 2016; 37:8413-23. [PMID: 26733168 DOI: 10.1007/s13277-015-4736-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2015] [Accepted: 12/22/2015] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Therapeutic benefits offered by common chemotherapy drugs, such as oxaliplatin, are limited due to the development of resistance, which contributes to treatment failure and metastasis. The epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) is a key event contributing to the development of resistance to chemotherapeutics. Although the relationship between oxaliplatin and chemotherapy resistance has been described for decades, the molecular mechanisms have remained elusive. The aim of the present study was to investigate the underlying mechanisms of oxaliplatin-mediated metastasis. Here, we identify reactive oxygen species (ROS) as mediators that promote the oxaliplatin-induced EMT. Following oxaliplatin treatment, the messenger RNA (mRNA) levels of most peroxiredoxin family genes, except for peroxiredoxin 1 (prdx1) gene, were constant or even decreased, resulting in ROS abundance. And the antioxidant guardian Nrf2 was unconspicuously raised both transcriptionally and translationally with oxaliplatin treatment as compared to those induced by topotecan treatment, which has been proved with no induced metastasis. In addition, the study evaluated high levels of ROS leading to EMT via activation of the known oncogenes Akt and Snail. Using the Akt inhibitor LY294002 or knocking down Snail expression via RNA interference (RNAi) reversed the effects of oxaliplatin on the EMT and metastasis. Our studies establish a role for the ROS-Akt-Snail axis as a mechanism by which chemotherapeutics induce EMT and cancer metastasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lin Jiao
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Cancer Center, Sun Yat-sen University, 651 Dongfeng Road East, Guangzhou, 510060, China
| | - Dan-Dan Li
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Cancer Center, Sun Yat-sen University, 651 Dongfeng Road East, Guangzhou, 510060, China.,Department of Biotherapy, Cancer Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510060, China
| | - Chen-Lu Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Cancer Center, Sun Yat-sen University, 651 Dongfeng Road East, Guangzhou, 510060, China.,Department of Gynecologic Oncology, Cancer Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510060, China
| | - Rui-Qing Peng
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Cancer Center, Sun Yat-sen University, 651 Dongfeng Road East, Guangzhou, 510060, China.,Department of Biotherapy, Cancer Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510060, China
| | - Yi-Qun Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Cancer Center, Sun Yat-sen University, 651 Dongfeng Road East, Guangzhou, 510060, China.,Department of Biotherapy, Cancer Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510060, China
| | - Xiao-Shi Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Cancer Center, Sun Yat-sen University, 651 Dongfeng Road East, Guangzhou, 510060, China. .,Department of Biotherapy, Cancer Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510060, China.
| | - Xiao-Feng Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Cancer Center, Sun Yat-sen University, 651 Dongfeng Road East, Guangzhou, 510060, China.
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Zhu QQ, Ma C, Wang Q, Song Y, Lv T. The role of TWIST1 in epithelial-mesenchymal transition and cancers. Tumour Biol 2015; 37:185-97. [DOI: 10.1007/s13277-015-4450-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2015] [Accepted: 11/17/2015] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
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40
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Dupaul-Chicoine J, Arabzadeh A, Dagenais M, Douglas T, Champagne C, Morizot A, Rodrigue-Gervais I, Breton V, Colpitts S, Beauchemin N, Saleh M. The Nlrp3 Inflammasome Suppresses Colorectal Cancer Metastatic Growth in the Liver by Promoting Natural Killer Cell Tumoricidal Activity. Immunity 2015; 43:751-63. [DOI: 10.1016/j.immuni.2015.08.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 153] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2014] [Revised: 05/07/2015] [Accepted: 07/20/2015] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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Zheng H, Liu Z, Liu T, Cai Y, Wang Y, Lin S, Chen J, Wang J, Wang Z, Jiang B. Fas signaling promotes chemoresistance in gastrointestinal cancer by up-regulating P-glycoprotein. Oncotarget 2015; 5:10763-77. [PMID: 25333257 PMCID: PMC4279408 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.2498] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2014] [Accepted: 09/16/2014] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Fas signaling promotes metastasis of gastrointestinal (GI) cancer cells by inducing epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT), and EMT acquisition has been found to cause cancer chemoresistance. Here, we demonstrated that the response to chemotherapy of GI cancer patients with higher expression of FasL was significantly worse than patients with lower expression. Fas-induced activation of the ERK1/2-MAPK pathway decreased the sensitivity of GI cancer cells to chemotherapeutic agents and promoted the expression of P-glycoprotein (P-gp). FasL promoted chemoresistance of GI cancer cell via upregulation of P-gp by increasing β-catenin and decreasing miR-145. β-catenin promoted P-gp gene transcription by binding with P-gp promoter while miR-145 suppressed P-gp expression by interacting with the mRNA 3'UTR of P-gp. Immunostaining and qRT-PCR analysis of human GI cancer samples revealed a positive association among FasL, β-catenin, and P-gp, but a negative correlation between miR-145 and FasL or P-gp. Altogether, our results showed Fas signaling could promote chemoresistance in GI cancer through modulation of P-gp expression by β-catenin and miR-145. Our findings suggest that Fas signaling-based cancer therapies should be administered cautiously, as activation of this pathway may not only lead to apoptosis but also induce chemoresistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haoxuan Zheng
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Gastroenterology, Department of Gastroenterology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China
| | - Zhizhong Liu
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Gastroenterology, Department of Gastroenterology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China. Department of Gastroenterology, the Second People's Hospital of Zhuhai, Zhuhai 519020, China
| | - Tao Liu
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Gastroenterology, Department of Gastroenterology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China
| | - Yidong Cai
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Gastroenterology, Department of Gastroenterology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China. Department of Gastroenterology, Xiyuan Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing 100091, China
| | - Yadong Wang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Gastroenterology, Department of Gastroenterology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China
| | - Shiyong Lin
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Gastroenterology, Department of Gastroenterology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China. Department of Endoscopy and Laser, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center; State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China; Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Guangzhou 510060, China
| | - Jinmin Chen
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Gastroenterology, Department of Gastroenterology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China
| | - Jing Wang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Gastroenterology, Department of Gastroenterology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China
| | - Zhiqing Wang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Gastroenterology, Department of Gastroenterology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China
| | - Bo Jiang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Gastroenterology, Department of Gastroenterology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China
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Cao H, Xu E, Liu H, Wan L, Lai M. Epithelial-mesenchymal transition in colorectal cancer metastasis: A system review. Pathol Res Pract 2015; 211:557-69. [PMID: 26092594 DOI: 10.1016/j.prp.2015.05.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 269] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2015] [Accepted: 05/20/2015] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Tumor metastasis is a multi-step process by which tumor cells disseminate from their primary site and form secondary tumors at a distant site. And metastasis is the major cause of death in the vast majority of cancer patients. However, the mechanisms underlying each step remain obscure. In the past decade, a developmental program epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT) has been increasingly recognized to play pivotal and intricate roles in promoting carcinoma invasion and metastasis. The EMT process is very complex and controlled by various families of transcriptional regulators through different signaling pathways. In this system review, we focus on the molecular network of the EMT program and its malignant phenotypes associated with metastasis in colorectal cancer (CRC), including cancer stem cells, tumor budding, circulating tumor cells and drug resistance. A better understanding of the molecular regulation of the dynamic EMT program during tumor metastasis will help to provide much-needed therapeutic interventions to target this program when treating metastatic CRC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Cao
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China; Key Laboratory of Disease Proteomics of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Enping Xu
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China; Key Laboratory of Disease Proteomics of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Hong Liu
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China; Zhejiang Normal University-Jinhua People's Hospital Joint Center for Biomedical Research, Jinhua 321004, China
| | - Ledong Wan
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China; Key Laboratory of Disease Proteomics of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Maode Lai
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China; Key Laboratory of Disease Proteomics of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou 310058, China.
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Kwan R, Looi KS, Omary MB. Absence of keratins 8 and 18 in rodent epithelial cell lines associates with keratin gene mutation and DNA methylation: Cell line selective effects on cell invasion. Exp Cell Res 2015; 335:12-22. [PMID: 25882495 DOI: 10.1016/j.yexcr.2015.04.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2014] [Revised: 03/02/2015] [Accepted: 04/05/2015] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) in carcinoma is associated with dramatic up-regulation of vimentin and down-regulation of the simple-type keratins 8 and 18 (K8/K18), but the mechanisms of these changes are poorly understood. We demonstrate that two commonly-studied murine (CT26) and rat (IEC-6) intestinal cell lines have negligible K8/K18 but high vimentin protein expression. Proteasome inhibition led to a limited increase in K18 but not K8 stabilization, thereby indicating that K8/K18 absence is not due, in large part, to increased protein turnover. CT26 and IEC-6 cells had <10% of normal K8/K18 mRNA and exhibited decreased mRNA stability, with K8 mRNA levels being higher in IEC-6 versus CT26 and K18 being higher in CT26 versus IEC-6 cells. Keratin gene sequencing showed that KRT8 in CT26 cells had a 21-nucleotide deletion while K18 in IEC-6 cells had a 9-amino acid in-frame insertion. Furthermore, the KRT8 promoter in CT26 and the KRT18 promoter in IEC-6 are hypermethylated. Inhibition of DNA methylation using 5-azacytidine increased K8 or K18 in some but all the tested rodent epithelial cell lines. Restoring K8 and K18 by lentiviral transduction reduced CT26 but not IEC-6 cell matrigel invasion. K8/K18 re-introduction also decreased E-cadherin expression in IEC-6 but not CT26 cells, suggesting that the effect of keratin expression on epithelial to mesenchymal transition is cell-line dependent. Therefore, some commonly utilized rodent epithelial cell lines, unexpectedly, manifest barely detectable keratin expression but have high levels of vimentin. In the CT26 and IEC-6 intestinal cell lines, keratin expression correlates with keratin gene insertion or deletion and with promoter methylation, which likely suppress keratin transcription and mRNA or protein stability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raymond Kwan
- Department of Molecular & Integrative Physiology, University of Michigan Medical School, 7744 Medical Science Building II, 1301 E. Catherine, Ann Arbor, MI 48109
| | - Kok Sun Looi
- Department of Molecular & Integrative Physiology, University of Michigan Medical School, 7744 Medical Science Building II, 1301 E. Catherine, Ann Arbor, MI 48109
| | - M Bishr Omary
- Department of Molecular & Integrative Physiology, University of Michigan Medical School, 7744 Medical Science Building II, 1301 E. Catherine, Ann Arbor, MI 48109.,Ann Arbor Health System VA Medical Center
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Chen WC, Hsu KY, Hung CM, Lin YC, Yang NS, Ho CT, Kuo SC, Way TD. The anti-tumor efficiency of pterostilbene is promoted with a combined treatment of Fas signaling or autophagy inhibitors in triple negative breast cancer cells. Food Funct 2015; 5:1856-65. [PMID: 24944076 DOI: 10.1039/c4fo00145a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
High expression of vimentin, a canonical mesenchymal marker, is linked with poor prognosis in triple negative breast cancer (TNBC), implying that vimentin may be a potential biomarker in the application of TNBC therapy. Pterostilbene (PTE) has shown anti-invasion activity, and thus, we investigated whether PTE inhibited the epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) in TNBC. Here, we show that PTE decreases the vimentin expression, but that the effect was transient. PTE stimulated Fas signaling, which drives EMT by the ERK1/2 and GSK3β/β-catenin pathways, supporting Fas signaling induction involved in EMT regulation. PTE also triggered autophagy in TNBC. The treatment of TNBC with 3-methyladenine an autophagy inhibitor, not only sustained PTE-inhibited EMT but also significantly promoted anti-proliferation, which indicates that autophagy plays a cyto-protective role and is associated with EMT. Taken together, these data showed that Fas signaling and autophagy accelerated the aggressiveness of TNBC. Inhibition of autophagy or Fas signaling may provide novel targets for TNBC therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei-Chih Chen
- The Ph.D. Program for Cancer Biology and Drug Discovery, College of Medicine, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
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45
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The role of CD95 and CD95 ligand in cancer. Cell Death Differ 2015; 22:549-59. [PMID: 25656654 PMCID: PMC4356349 DOI: 10.1038/cdd.2015.3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 177] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2014] [Revised: 12/27/2014] [Accepted: 01/02/2015] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
CD95 (Fas/APO-1) and its ligand, CD95L, have long been viewed as a death receptor/death ligand system that mediates apoptosis induction to maintain immune homeostasis. In addition, these molecules are important in the immune elimination of virus-infected cells and cancer cells. CD95L was, therefore, considered to be useful for cancer therapy. However, major side effects have precluded its systemic use. During the last 10 years, it has been recognized that CD95 and CD95L have multiple cancer-relevant nonapoptotic and tumor-promoting activities. CD95 and CD95L were discovered to be critical survival factors for cancer cells, and were found to protect and promote cancer stem cells. We now discuss five different ways in which inhibiting or eliminating CD95L, rather than augmenting, may be beneficial for cancer therapy alone or in combination with standard chemotherapy or immune therapy.
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46
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Ceppi P, Hadji A, Kohlhapp FJ, Pattanayak A, Hau A, Liu X, Liu H, Murmann AE, Peter ME. CD95 and CD95L promote and protect cancer stem cells. Nat Commun 2014; 5:5238. [PMID: 25366259 PMCID: PMC4417339 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms6238] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2014] [Accepted: 09/11/2014] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
CD95 (APO-1/Fas) is a death receptor used by immune cells to kill cancer cells through induction of apoptosis. However, the elimination of CD95 or its ligand, CD95L, from cancer cells results in death induced by CD95R/L elimination (DICE), a type of cell death that resembles a necrotic form of mitotic catastrophe suggesting that CD95 protects cancer cells from cell death. We now report that stimulation of CD95 on cancer cells or reducing miR-200c levels increases the number of cancer stem cells (CSCs), which are more sensitive to induction of DICE than non-CSC, while becoming less sensitive to CD95-mediated apoptosis. In contrast, induction of DICE or overexpression of miR-200c reduces the number of CSCs. We demonstrate that CSCs and non-CSCs have differential sensitivities to CD95-mediated apoptosis and DICE, and that killing of cancer cells can be maximized by concomitant induction of both cell death mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paolo Ceppi
- Division Hematology/Oncology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois 60611, USA
| | - Abbas Hadji
- Division Hematology/Oncology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois 60611, USA
| | - Frederick J Kohlhapp
- Division Hematology/Oncology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois 60611, USA
| | - Abhinandan Pattanayak
- Division Hematology/Oncology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois 60611, USA
| | - Annika Hau
- Division Hematology/Oncology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois 60611, USA
| | - Xia Liu
- Department of Pathology and Case Comprehensive Cancer Center, School of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio 44106, USA
| | - Huiping Liu
- Department of Pathology and Case Comprehensive Cancer Center, School of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio 44106, USA
| | - Andrea E Murmann
- Division Hematology/Oncology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois 60611, USA
| | - Marcus E Peter
- Division Hematology/Oncology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois 60611, USA
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47
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Wick W, Fricke H, Junge K, Kobyakov G, Martens T, Heese O, Wiestler B, Schliesser MG, von Deimling A, Pichler J, Vetlova E, Harting I, Debus J, Hartmann C, Kunz C, Platten M, Bendszus M, Combs SE. A Phase II, Randomized, Study of Weekly APG101+Reirradiation versus Reirradiation in Progressive Glioblastoma. Clin Cancer Res 2014; 20:6304-13. [DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-14-0951-t] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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48
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Fas palmitoylation by the palmitoyl acyltransferase DHHC7 regulates Fas stability. Cell Death Differ 2014; 22:643-53. [PMID: 25301068 DOI: 10.1038/cdd.2014.153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2014] [Revised: 07/24/2014] [Accepted: 08/18/2014] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
The death receptor Fas undergoes a variety of post-translational modifications including S-palmitoylation. This protein acylation has been reported essential for an optimal cell death signaling by allowing both a proper Fas localization in cholesterol and sphingolipid-enriched membrane nanodomains, as well as Fas high-molecular weight complexes. In human, S-palmitoylation is controlled by 23 members of the DHHC family through their palmitoyl acyltransferase activity. In order to better understand the role of this post-translational modification in the regulation of the Fas-mediated apoptosis pathway, we performed a screen that allowed the identification of DHHC7 as a Fas-palmitoylating enzyme. Indeed, modifying DHHC7 expression by specific silencing or overexpression, respectively, reduces or enhances Fas palmitoylation and DHHC7 co-immunoprecipitates with Fas. At a functional level, DHHC7-mediated palmitoylation of Fas allows a proper Fas expression level by preventing its degradation through the lysosomes. Indeed, the decrease of Fas expression obtained upon loss of Fas palmitoylation can be restored by inhibiting the lysosomal degradation pathway. We describe the modification of Fas by palmitoylation as a novel mechanism for the regulation of Fas expression through its ability to circumvent its degradation by lysosomal proteolysis.
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49
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Beaufort CM, Helmijr JCA, Piskorz AM, Hoogstraat M, Ruigrok-Ritstier K, Besselink N, Murtaza M, van IJcken WFJ, Heine AAJ, Smid M, Koudijs MJ, Brenton JD, Berns EMJJ, Helleman J. Ovarian cancer cell line panel (OCCP): clinical importance of in vitro morphological subtypes. PLoS One 2014; 9:e103988. [PMID: 25230021 PMCID: PMC4167545 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0103988] [Citation(s) in RCA: 299] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2013] [Accepted: 07/05/2014] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Epithelial ovarian cancer is a highly heterogeneous disease and remains the most lethal gynaecological malignancy in the Western world. Therapeutic approaches need to account for inter-patient and intra-tumoural heterogeneity and detailed characterization of in vitro models representing the different histological and molecular ovarian cancer subtypes is critical to enable reliable preclinical testing. There are approximately 100 publicly available ovarian cancer cell lines but their cellular and molecular characteristics are largely undescribed. We have characterized 39 ovarian cancer cell lines under uniform conditions for growth characteristics, mRNA/microRNA expression, exon sequencing, drug response for clinically-relevant therapeutics and collated all available information on the original clinical features and site of origin. We tested for statistical associations between the cellular and molecular features of the lines and clinical features. Of the 39 ovarian cancer cell lines, 14 were assigned as high-grade serous, four serous-type, one low-grade serous and 20 non-serous type. Three morphological subtypes: Epithelial (n = 21), Round (n = 7) and Spindle (n = 12) were identified that showed distinct biological and molecular characteristics, including overexpression of cell movement and migration-associated genes in the Spindle subtype. Comparison with the original clinical data showed association of the spindle-like tumours with metastasis, advanced stage, suboptimal debulking and poor prognosis. In addition, the expression profiles of Spindle, Round and Epithelial morphologies clustered with the previously described C1-stromal, C5-mesenchymal and C4 ovarian subtype expression profiles respectively. Comprehensive profiling of 39 ovarian cancer cell lines under controlled, uniform conditions demonstrates clinically relevant cellular and genomic characteristics. This data provides a rational basis for selecting models to develop specific treatment approaches for histological and molecular subtypes of ovarian cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Corine M. Beaufort
- Department of Medical Oncology, Erasmus MC Cancer Institute, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Jean C. A. Helmijr
- Department of Medical Oncology, Erasmus MC Cancer Institute, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Anna M. Piskorz
- Functional Genomics of Ovarian Cancer Laboratory, Cancer Research UK Cambridge Institute, University of Cambridge, Li Ka Shing Centre, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Marlous Hoogstraat
- Department of Medical Oncology and Center for Personalized Cancer Treatment, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht The Netherlands
| | | | - Nicolle Besselink
- Department of Medical Oncology and Center for Personalized Cancer Treatment, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht The Netherlands
| | - Muhammed Murtaza
- Molecular and Computational Diagnostics Laboratory, Cancer Research UK Cambridge Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | | | - Anouk A. J. Heine
- Department of Medical Oncology, Erasmus MC Cancer Institute, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Marcel Smid
- Department of Medical Oncology, Erasmus MC Cancer Institute, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Marco J. Koudijs
- Department of Medical Oncology and Center for Personalized Cancer Treatment, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht The Netherlands
| | - James D. Brenton
- Functional Genomics of Ovarian Cancer Laboratory, Cancer Research UK Cambridge Institute, University of Cambridge, Li Ka Shing Centre, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Els M. J. J. Berns
- Department of Medical Oncology, Erasmus MC Cancer Institute, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Jozien Helleman
- Department of Medical Oncology, Erasmus MC Cancer Institute, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
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50
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Abstract
The conventional view of CD95 (Fas/APO-1) is that it is a dedicated apoptosis-inducing receptor with important functions in immune cell homeostasis and in viral and tumor defense. There is an emerging recognition, however, that CD95 also has multiple non-apoptotic activities. In the context of cancer, CD95 was shown to have tumor-promoting activities, and the concept of this new function of CD95 in cancer is gaining traction. Recently, we showed that not only is CD95 a growth promoter for cancer cells, but, paradoxically, when either CD95 or CD95 ligand (CD95L) is removed, that virtually all cancer cells die through a process we have named DICE (death induced by CD95R/L elimination). In this perspective, I outline a hypothesis regarding the physiological function of DICE, and why it may be possible to use induction of DICE to treat many, if not most, cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcus E Peter
- Northwestern University; Feinberg School of Medicine; Division Hematology/Oncology; Chicago, IL USA
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