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Xu HB, Chen XZ, Zhu SY, Xue F, Zhang YB. A study on molecular mechanism of Xihuang pill in the treatment of glioblastoma based on network pharmacology and validation in vitro and in vivo. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2024; 323:117675. [PMID: 38159819 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2023.117675] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2023] [Revised: 12/24/2023] [Accepted: 12/26/2023] [Indexed: 01/03/2024]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Xihuang pill has been utilized to treat cancer for more than three hundred years in China. The molecular mechanisms of Xihuang pill in treating glioblastoma remains unclear. AIM OF THE STUDY This study aimed to explore the core molecular mechanisms of Xihuang pill in treating glioblastoma by an integrative pharmacology-based investigation. MATERIALS AND METHODS The main active compounds of Xihuang pill were identified from TCMSP, BATMAN-TCM, TCMID and CNKI. Glioblastoma-related therapeutic targets were retrieved from GeneCards and UniProt. Subsequently, a protein-protein interaction (PPI) network analysis was constructed using STRING. GO and KEGG enrichment were performed to analyze the intersection targets between the active compounds of Xihuang pill and glioblastoma. Based on the above analysis, we built a CTP network. The in vitro and in vivo experiments were further performed to validate the crucial molecular targets of Xihuang pill for the treatment of glioblastoma. RESULTS A total of sixty active compounds of Xihuang pill and ten potential targets related to glioblastoma were found. Based on topological analysis, fourteen ingredients were selected as the main active compounds, and MY11 might be the most important metabolite in Xihuang pill. PI3K/Akt signaling pathway and receptor tyrosine kinases were considered as crucial targets for Xihuang pill against glioblastoma through KEGG enrichment and CTP analysis. The present experiments indicated that Xihuang pill suppressed the activation of PI3K/Akt/mTOR signaling pathway in glioblastoma cells and mouse xenografts via modulating the expression of PTEN and Rheb proteins, the interaction between TSC2 and Rheb, and the production of PIP3. Meanwhile, after glioblastoma cells treatment with Xihuang pil, the release of IL-1β, INF-γ was increased and the production of IL-10, TGF-β1 was decreased in glioblastoma cells after incubated with Xihuang pill. In addition, the activation of the upstream positive modulators of PI3K/Akt/mTOR pathway including PDGF/PDGFR and FGF/FGFR signaling were down-regulated in glioblastoma cells and mouse xenografts after treatment with Xihuang pill. CONCLUSION Taken together, Xihuang pill inhibiting glioblastoma cell growth might be partly through down-regulating the activation of PDGF/PDGFR or FGF/FGFR-PI3K/Akt/mTOR signaling axis and improving immuno-suppressive micro-environment of glioblastoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong-Bin Xu
- Department of Pharmacy, The First Affiliated Hospital of Ningbo University, Zhe Jiang, 315010, China.
| | - Xian-Zhen Chen
- Department of Neurosurgery, Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200072, China
| | - Su-Yan Zhu
- Department of Pharmacy, The First Affiliated Hospital of Ningbo University, Zhe Jiang, 315010, China
| | - Fei Xue
- Department of Neurosurgery, Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200072, China
| | - Yuan-Bin Zhang
- Department of Pharmacy, The First Affiliated Hospital of Ningbo University, Zhe Jiang, 315010, China
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Yang C, Zhang X, Yang X, Lian F, Sun Z, Huang Y, Shen W. Function and regulation of RGS family members in solid tumours: a comprehensive review. Cell Commun Signal 2023; 21:316. [PMID: 37924113 PMCID: PMC10623796 DOI: 10.1186/s12964-023-01334-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2023] [Accepted: 09/25/2023] [Indexed: 11/06/2023] Open
Abstract
G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) play a key role in regulating the homeostasis of the internal environment and are closely associated with tumour progression as major mediators of cellular signalling. As a diverse and multifunctional group of proteins, the G protein signalling regulator (RGS) family was proven to be involved in the cellular transduction of GPCRs. Growing evidence has revealed dysregulation of RGS proteins as a common phenomenon and highlighted the key roles of these proteins in human cancers. Furthermore, their differential expression may be a potential biomarker for tumour diagnosis, treatment and prognosis. Most importantly, there are few systematic reviews on the functional/mechanistic characteristics and clinical application of RGS family members at present. In this review, we focus on the G-protein signalling regulator (RGS) family, which includes more than 20 family members. We analysed the classification, basic structure, and major functions of the RGS family members. Moreover, we summarize the expression changes of each RGS family member in various human cancers and their important roles in regulating cancer cell proliferation, stem cell maintenance, tumorigenesis and cancer metastasis. On this basis, we outline the molecular signalling pathways in which some RGS family members are involved in tumour progression. Finally, their potential application in the precise diagnosis, prognosis and treatment of different types of cancers and the main possible problems for clinical application at present are discussed. Our review provides a comprehensive understanding of the role and potential mechanisms of RGS in regulating tumour progression. Video Abstract.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chenglong Yang
- Key Laboratory of Precision Oncology in Universities of Shandong, Institute of Precision Medicine, Jining Medical University, Jining, 272067, China
| | - Xiaoyuan Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Precision Oncology in Universities of Shandong, Institute of Precision Medicine, Jining Medical University, Jining, 272067, China
| | - Xiaowen Yang
- Key Laboratory of Precision Oncology in Universities of Shandong, Institute of Precision Medicine, Jining Medical University, Jining, 272067, China
| | - Fuming Lian
- Key Laboratory of Precision Oncology in Universities of Shandong, Institute of Precision Medicine, Jining Medical University, Jining, 272067, China
| | - Zongrun Sun
- Key Laboratory of Precision Oncology in Universities of Shandong, Institute of Precision Medicine, Jining Medical University, Jining, 272067, China
| | - Yongming Huang
- Department of General Surgery, Affiliated Hospital of Jining Medical University, Jining Medical University, Jining, 272067, China.
| | - Wenzhi Shen
- Key Laboratory of Precision Oncology in Universities of Shandong, Institute of Precision Medicine, Jining Medical University, Jining, 272067, China.
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Montañez-Miranda C, Perszyk RE, Harbin NH, Okalova J, Ramineni S, Traynelis SF, Hepler JR. Functional Assessment of Cancer-Linked Mutations in Sensitive Regions of Regulators of G Protein Signaling Predicted by Three-Dimensional Missense Tolerance Ratio Analysis. Mol Pharmacol 2023; 103:21-37. [PMID: 36384958 PMCID: PMC10955721 DOI: 10.1124/molpharm.122.000614] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2022] [Revised: 10/04/2022] [Accepted: 10/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Regulators of G protein signaling (RGS) proteins modulate G protein-coupled receptor (GPCR) signaling by acting as negative regulators of G proteins. Genetic variants in RGS proteins are associated with many diseases, including cancers, although the impact of these mutations on protein function is uncertain. Here we analyze the RGS domains of 15 RGS protein family members using a novel bioinformatic tool that measures the missense tolerance ratio (MTR) using a three-dimensional (3D) structure (3DMTR). Subsequent permutation analysis can define the protein regions that are most significantly intolerant (P < 0.05) in each dataset. We further focused on RGS14, RGS10, and RGS4. RGS14 exhibited seven significantly tolerant and seven significantly intolerant residues, RGS10 had six intolerant residues, and RGS4 had eight tolerant and six intolerant residues. Intolerant and tolerant-control residues that overlap with pathogenic cancer mutations reported in the COSMIC cancer database were selected to define the functional phenotype. Using complimentary cellular and biochemical approaches, proteins were tested for effects on GPCR-Gα activation, Gα binding properties, and downstream cAMP levels. Identified intolerant residues with reported cancer-linked mutations RGS14-R173C/H and RGS4-K125Q/E126K, and tolerant RGS14-S127P and RGS10-S64T resulted in a loss-of-function phenotype in GPCR-G protein signaling activity. In downstream cAMP measurement, tolerant RGS14-D137Y and RGS10-S64T and intolerant RGS10-K89M resulted in change of function phenotypes. These findings show that 3DMTR identified intolerant residues that overlap with cancer-linked mutations cause phenotypic changes that negatively impact GPCR-G protein signaling and suggests that 3DMTR is a potentially useful bioinformatics tool for predicting functionally important protein residues. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT: Human genetic variant/mutation information has expanded rapidly in recent years, including cancer-linked mutations in regulator of G protein signaling (RGS) proteins. However, experimental testing of the impact of this vast catalogue of mutations on protein function is not feasible. We used the novel bioinformatics tool three-dimensional missense tolerance ratio (3DMTR) to define regions of genetic intolerance in RGS proteins and prioritize which cancer-linked mutants to test. We found that 3DMTR more accurately classifies loss-of-function mutations in RGS proteins than other databases thereby offering a valuable new research tool.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carolina Montañez-Miranda
- Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology (C.M.-M., R.E.P., N.H.H., S.R., S.F.T., J.R.H.) and Aflac Cancer and Blood Disorders Center, Department of Pediatrics (J.O.), Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Riley E Perszyk
- Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology (C.M.-M., R.E.P., N.H.H., S.R., S.F.T., J.R.H.) and Aflac Cancer and Blood Disorders Center, Department of Pediatrics (J.O.), Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Nicholas H Harbin
- Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology (C.M.-M., R.E.P., N.H.H., S.R., S.F.T., J.R.H.) and Aflac Cancer and Blood Disorders Center, Department of Pediatrics (J.O.), Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Jennifer Okalova
- Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology (C.M.-M., R.E.P., N.H.H., S.R., S.F.T., J.R.H.) and Aflac Cancer and Blood Disorders Center, Department of Pediatrics (J.O.), Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Suneela Ramineni
- Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology (C.M.-M., R.E.P., N.H.H., S.R., S.F.T., J.R.H.) and Aflac Cancer and Blood Disorders Center, Department of Pediatrics (J.O.), Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Stephen F Traynelis
- Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology (C.M.-M., R.E.P., N.H.H., S.R., S.F.T., J.R.H.) and Aflac Cancer and Blood Disorders Center, Department of Pediatrics (J.O.), Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - John R Hepler
- Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology (C.M.-M., R.E.P., N.H.H., S.R., S.F.T., J.R.H.) and Aflac Cancer and Blood Disorders Center, Department of Pediatrics (J.O.), Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia
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Bioinformatics analysis identified RGS4 as a potential tumor promoter in glioma. Pathol Res Pract 2022; 240:154225. [DOI: 10.1016/j.prp.2022.154225] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2022] [Revised: 10/31/2022] [Accepted: 11/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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A Novel Ferroptosis-Related Gene Signature for Prognosis Prediction in Ewing Sarcoma. Anal Cell Pathol (Amst) 2022; 2022:6711629. [PMID: 36050939 PMCID: PMC9425108 DOI: 10.1155/2022/6711629] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2022] [Revised: 07/05/2022] [Accepted: 07/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Ferroptosis, as a form of programmed cell death independent of apoptosis, has been demonstrated that plays a major role in tumorigenesis and cancer treatment. A comprehensive analysis of ferroptosis-related genes (FRGs) may lead to a novel choice for the treatment of Ewing sarcoma (ES). Here, 148 differentially expressed FRGs (DEFRGs) were identified between normal and ES tissue. And the GO and KEGG analyses of DEFRGs indicated that these genes were enriched in cancer and immune-related signaling pathways. Then, the GSE17679 cohort was randomly divided into train and test cohorts. Based on the train cohort, AURKA, RGS4, and RIPK1 were identified as key genes through the univariate Cox regression analysis, the random survival forest algorithm, and the multivariate Cox regression analysis and utilized to establish a prognostic FRG signature. The validation results demonstrated that the gene signature has not only excellent prediction performance and generalization ability but is also good at predicting the response of immunotherapy and chemotherapy. Subsequent analysis indicated that all 3 key genes play key roles in tumor immunity and prognosis of ES. Of these, AURKA was highly associated with EWSR1, which was verified by a single-cell dataset (GSE130019). Therefore, the 3 genes may be potential therapeutic targets for ES. At the end of this study, we also constructed an accurate nomogram that helps clinicians to assess the survival time of ES patients. In conclusion, our study constructed an excellent gene signature, which is helpful in improving the prognosis of ES patients.
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Gundamaraju R, Wu J, William JNG, Lu W, Jha NK, Ramasamy S, Rao PV. Ascendancy of unfolded protein response over glioblastoma: estimating progression, prognosis and survival. Biotechnol Genet Eng Rev 2022; 39:143-165. [PMID: 35904341 DOI: 10.1080/02648725.2022.2106002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
Glioblastoma (GBM) is presented with a poor prognosis. The endoplasmic reticulum stress (ERS) has been implicated as a major contributor to disease progression and chemoresistance in GBM. Triggering ERS by chemical agents or genetic modulations is identified as some of the reasons for regulating gene expression and the pathogenesis of GBM. ERS initiates unfolded protein response (UPR), an integrated system useful in restoring homeostasis or inducing apoptosis. Modulation of UPR might have positive outcomes in GBM treatment as UPR inducers have been shown to alter cell survival and migration. In the current review, we have utilized GSE7806, a publicly available dataset from Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO), to evaluate the genes expressed during 6.5 hr and 18 hr, which can be comparable to the early and late-onset of the disease. Subsequently, we have elucidated the prognosis and survival information whilst the expression of these genes in the GBM was noted in previous studies. This is the first of its kind review summarizing the most recent gene information correlating UPR and GBM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rohit Gundamaraju
- ER stress and Mucosal Immunology Laboratory, School of Health Sciences, University of Tasmania, Launceston, Tasmania, Australia
| | - Jian Wu
- Division of Hematologic Malignancies and Cellular Therapy, Department of Medicine, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | - Jonahunnatha Nesson George William
- Department of Medical, Oral and Biotechnological Sciences (DSMOB), Ageing Research Center and Translational medicine-CeSI-MeT, "G. d'Annunzio" University Chieti-Pescara, Chieti, Italy
| | - Wenying Lu
- Respiratory Translational Research Group, Department of Laboratory Medicine, School of Health Sciences, University of Tasmania, Launceston, Tasmania, Australia
| | - Niraj Kumar Jha
- Department of Biotechnology, School of engineering and Technology, Sharda University, Greater Noida, UP, Indonesia
| | | | - Pasupuleti Visweswara Rao
- f Department of Biotechnology Engineering and Food Technology, Chandigarh University, Mohali, 140413, India.,g Department of Biotechnology, School of applied and Life Sciences, Uttaranchal University, Dehradun, 248007, India.,h Cardiac Hypertrophy Laboratory, Department of Molecular Biology, School of Biological Sciences, Madurai Kamaraj University, Madurai, Tamil Nadu, India.,i Department of Biomedical Sciences and Therapeutics, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universiti Malaysia Sabah, Kota Kinabalu, Sabah, Malaysia.,j Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Abdurrab University, Pekanbaru, Riau, Indonesia
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7
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Astarita EM, Maloney SM, Hoover CA, Berkeley BJ, VanKlompenberg MK, Nair TM, Prosperi JR. Adenomatous Polyposis Coli loss controls cell cycle regulators and response to paclitaxel in MDA-MB-157 metaplastic breast cancer cells. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0255738. [PMID: 34370741 PMCID: PMC8351968 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0255738] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2021] [Accepted: 07/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Adenomatous Polyposis Coli (APC) is lost in approximately 70% of sporadic breast cancers, with an inclination towards triple negative breast cancer (TNBC). TNBC is treated with traditional chemotherapy, such as paclitaxel (PTX); however, tumors often develop drug resistance. We previously created APC knockdown cells (APC shRNA1) using the human TNBC cells, MDA-MB-157, and showed that APC loss induces PTX resistance. To understand the mechanisms behind APC-mediated PTX response, we performed cell cycle analysis and analyzed cell cycle related proteins. Cell cycle analysis indicated increased G2/M population in both PTX-treated APC shRNA1 and parental cells, suggesting that APC expression does not alter PTX-induced G2/M arrest. We further studied the subcellular localization of the G2/M transition proteins, cyclin B1 and CDK1. The APC shRNA1 cells had increased CDK1, which was preferentially localized to the cytoplasm, and increased baseline CDK6. RNA-sequencing was performed to gain a global understanding of changes downstream of APC loss and identified a broad mis-regulation of cell cycle-related genes in APC shRNA1 cells. Our studies are the first to show an interaction between APC and taxane response in breast cancer. The implications include designing combination therapy to re-sensitize APC-mutant breast cancers to taxanes using the specific cell cycle alterations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily M. Astarita
- Harper Cancer Research Institute, South Bend, IN, United States of America
- Department of Chemistry/Biochemistry, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN, United States of America
| | - Sara M. Maloney
- Harper Cancer Research Institute, South Bend, IN, United States of America
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Indiana University School of Medicine, South Bend, South Bend, IN, United States of America
| | - Camden A. Hoover
- Harper Cancer Research Institute, South Bend, IN, United States of America
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN, United States of America
| | | | - Monica K. VanKlompenberg
- Harper Cancer Research Institute, South Bend, IN, United States of America
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Indiana University School of Medicine, South Bend, South Bend, IN, United States of America
| | - T. Murlidharan Nair
- Department of Biology and Computer Science/Informatics, Indiana University South Bend, South Bend, IN, United States of America
| | - Jenifer R. Prosperi
- Harper Cancer Research Institute, South Bend, IN, United States of America
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Indiana University School of Medicine, South Bend, South Bend, IN, United States of America
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN, United States of America
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Rgs4 is a regulator of mTOR activity required for motoneuron axon outgrowth and neuronal development in zebrafish. Sci Rep 2021; 11:13338. [PMID: 34172795 PMCID: PMC8233358 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-92758-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2020] [Accepted: 06/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The Regulator of G protein signaling 4 (Rgs4) is a member of the RGS proteins superfamily that modulates the activity of G-protein coupled receptors. It is mainly expressed in the nervous system and is linked to several neuronal signaling pathways; however, its role in neural development in vivo remains inconclusive. Here, we generated and characterized a rgs4 loss of function model (MZrgs4) in zebrafish. MZrgs4 embryos showed motility defects and presented reduced head and eye sizes, reflecting defective motoneurons axon outgrowth and a significant decrease in the number of neurons in the central and peripheral nervous system. Forcing the expression of Rgs4 specifically within motoneurons rescued their early defective outgrowth in MZrgs4 embryos, indicating an autonomous role for Rgs4 in motoneurons. We also analyzed the role of Akt, Erk and mechanistic target of rapamycin (mTOR) signaling cascades and showed a requirement for these pathways in motoneurons axon outgrowth and neuronal development. Drawing on pharmacological and rescue experiments in MZrgs4, we provide evidence that Rgs4 facilitates signaling mediated by Akt, Erk and mTOR in order to drive axon outgrowth in motoneurons and regulate neuronal numbers.
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Cai J, Zeng C, Hua W, Qi Z, Song Y, Lu X, Li D, Zhang Z, Cui X, Zhang X, Yang Z, Zhang J, Quan K, Zhu W, Cai J, He C, Cheng SY, Zhang W, Mao Y. An integrative analysis of genome-wide 5-hydroxymethylcytosines in circulating cell-free DNA detects noninvasive diagnostic markers for gliomas. Neurooncol Adv 2021; 3:vdab049. [PMID: 34151267 PMCID: PMC8209591 DOI: 10.1093/noajnl/vdab049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Gliomas, especially the high-grade glioblastomas (GBM), are highly aggressive tumors in the central nervous system (CNS) with dismal clinical outcomes. Effective biomarkers, which are not currently available, may improve clinical outcomes through early detection. We sought to develop a noninvasive diagnostic approach for gliomas based on 5-hydroxymethylcytosines (5hmC) in circulating cell-free DNA (cfDNA). Methods We obtained genome-wide 5hmC profiles using the 5hmC-Seal technique in cfDNA samples from 111 prospectively enrolled patients with gliomas and 111 age-, gender-matched healthy individuals, which were split into a training set and a validation set. Integrated models comprised 5hmC levels summarized for gene bodies, long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs), cis-regulatory elements, and repetitive elements were developed using the elastic net regularization under a case-control design. Results The integrated 5hmC-based models differentiated healthy individuals from gliomas (area under the curve [AUC] = 84%; 95% confidence interval [CI], 74-93%), GBM patients (AUC = 84%; 95% CI, 74-94%), WHO II-III glioma patients (AUC = 86%; 95% CI, 76-96%), regardless of IDH1 (encoding isocitrate dehydrogenase) mutation status or other glioma-related pathological features such as TERT, TP53 in the validation set. Furthermore, the 5hmC biomarkers in cfDNA showed the potential as an independent indicator from IDH1 mutation status and worked in synergy with IDH1 mutation to distinguish GBM from WHO II-III gliomas. Exploration of the 5hmC biomarkers for gliomas revealed relevance to glioma biology. Conclusions The 5hmC-Seal in cfDNA offers the promise as a noninvasive approach for effective detection of gliomas in a screening program.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiajun Cai
- Department of Neurosurgery, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Chang Zeng
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Wei Hua
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Zengxin Qi
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Yanqun Song
- Shanghai Epican Genetech Co., Ltd., Shanghai, China
| | - Xingyu Lu
- Shanghai Epican Genetech Co., Ltd., Shanghai, China
| | - Dongdong Li
- Shanghai Epican Genetech Co., Ltd., Shanghai, China
| | - Zhou Zhang
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Xiaolong Cui
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Xin Zhang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Zixiao Yang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Jinsen Zhang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Kai Quan
- Department of Neurosurgery, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Wei Zhu
- Department of Neurosurgery, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Jiabin Cai
- Department of Liver Surgery and Transplantation, Liver Cancer Institute, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Chuan He
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Shi-Yuan Cheng
- The Ken and Ruth Davee Department of Neurology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Wei Zhang
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Ying Mao
- State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, and The Collaborative Innovation Centre for Brain Science, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
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Liu J, Zhang J, Hu Y, Zou H, Zhang X, Hu X. Inhibition of lncRNA DCST1-AS1 suppresses proliferation, migration and invasion of cervical cancer cells by increasing miR-874-3p expression. J Gene Med 2020; 23:e3281. [PMID: 33025624 DOI: 10.1002/jgm.3281] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2020] [Revised: 08/31/2020] [Accepted: 09/25/2020] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cervical cancer seriously threatens both the health and life of women. We aimed to investigate whether RNA interference of long non-coding RNA (lncRNA) DCST1-AS1 could promote miR-874-3p expression to affect the proliferation, migration and invasion of cervical cancer cells. METHODS DCST1-AS1 expression levels in cervical cancer cells and transfection effects were detected by quantitative reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction analysis. Proliferation, invasion and migration of cells were separately shown by cell-counting kit-8, wound healing and transwell assays, and relative protein expression was determined by western blot analysis. Dual-luciferase reporter and RNA immunoprecipitation assays verified the interaction of DCST1-AS1 and miR-874-3p. RESULTS DCST1-AS1 expression was increased in cervical cancer tissues and cells. The DCST1-AS1 expression in Hela and SiHa cells was the highest, and so the cells were selected for the next experiment. Inhibition of DCST1-AS1 suppressed the proliferation, invasion and migration of cervical cancer cells and decreased the expression of KI67, proliferating cell nuclear antigen, matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)-2 and MMP-9. miR-874-3p expression was increased when cells were transfected with miR-874-3p mimic or shRNA-DCST1-AS1-1, and DCST1-AS1 expression was down-regulated when cells were transfected with miR-874-3p mimic. DCST1-AS1 can directly target miR-874-3p. Furthermore, inhibition of miR-874-3p could effectively alleviate the effect of inhibition of DCST1-AS1 with respect to the proliferation, invasion and migration of cervical cancer cells. CONCLUSIONS Inhibition of DCST1-AS1 suppressed the proliferation, migration and invasion of cervical cancer cells by increasing miR-874-3p expression, which could be alleviated by the inhibition of miR-874-3p.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junli Liu
- Department of Gynecological Oncology, Shaanxi Provincial Tumor Hospital, Xi'an, China
| | - Jun Zhang
- Department of Gynecological Oncology, Shaanxi Provincial Tumor Hospital, Xi'an, China
| | - Yan Hu
- Department of Gynecological Oncology, Shaanxi Provincial Tumor Hospital, Xi'an, China
| | - Hongyan Zou
- Department of Gynecological Oncology, Shaanxi Provincial Tumor Hospital, Xi'an, China
| | - Xiuzhen Zhang
- Department of Gynecological Oncology, Shaanxi Provincial Tumor Hospital, Xi'an, China
| | - Xiaojun Hu
- Department of Gynecological Oncology, Shaanxi Provincial Tumor Hospital, Xi'an, China
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Escamilla-Ramírez A, Castillo-Rodríguez RA, Zavala-Vega S, Jimenez-Farfan D, Anaya-Rubio I, Briseño E, Palencia G, Guevara P, Cruz-Salgado A, Sotelo J, Trejo-Solís C. Autophagy as a Potential Therapy for Malignant Glioma. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2020; 13:ph13070156. [PMID: 32707662 PMCID: PMC7407942 DOI: 10.3390/ph13070156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2020] [Revised: 07/01/2020] [Accepted: 07/14/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Glioma is the most frequent and aggressive type of brain neoplasm, being anaplastic astrocytoma (AA) and glioblastoma multiforme (GBM), its most malignant forms. The survival rate in patients with these neoplasms is 15 months after diagnosis, despite a diversity of treatments, including surgery, radiation, chemotherapy, and immunotherapy. The resistance of GBM to various therapies is due to a highly mutated genome; these genetic changes induce a de-regulation of several signaling pathways and result in higher cell proliferation rates, angiogenesis, invasion, and a marked resistance to apoptosis; this latter trait is a hallmark of highly invasive tumor cells, such as glioma cells. Due to a defective apoptosis in gliomas, induced autophagic death can be an alternative to remove tumor cells. Paradoxically, however, autophagy in cancer can promote either a cell death or survival. Modulating the autophagic pathway as a death mechanism for cancer cells has prompted the use of both inhibitors and autophagy inducers. The autophagic process, either as a cancer suppressing or inducing mechanism in high-grade gliomas is discussed in this review, along with therapeutic approaches to inhibit or induce autophagy in pre-clinical and clinical studies, aiming to increase the efficiency of conventional treatments to remove glioma neoplastic cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angel Escamilla-Ramírez
- Departamento de Neuroinmunología, Instituto Nacional de Neurología y Neurocirugía, Ciudad de México 14269, Mexico; (A.E.-R.); (I.A.-R.); (G.P.); (P.G.); (A.C.-S.); (J.S.)
| | - Rosa A. Castillo-Rodríguez
- Laboratorio de Oncología Experimental, CONACYT-Instituto Nacional de Pediatría, Ciudad de México 04530, Mexico;
| | - Sergio Zavala-Vega
- Departamento de Patología, Instituto Nacional de Neurología y Neurocirugía, Ciudad de México 14269, Mexico;
| | - Dolores Jimenez-Farfan
- Laboratorio de Inmunología, División de Estudios de Posgrado e Investigación, Facultad de Odontología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad de México 04510, Mexico;
| | - Isabel Anaya-Rubio
- Departamento de Neuroinmunología, Instituto Nacional de Neurología y Neurocirugía, Ciudad de México 14269, Mexico; (A.E.-R.); (I.A.-R.); (G.P.); (P.G.); (A.C.-S.); (J.S.)
| | - Eduardo Briseño
- Clínica de Neurooncología, Instituto Nacional de Neurología y Neurocirugía, Ciudad de México 14269, Mexico;
| | - Guadalupe Palencia
- Departamento de Neuroinmunología, Instituto Nacional de Neurología y Neurocirugía, Ciudad de México 14269, Mexico; (A.E.-R.); (I.A.-R.); (G.P.); (P.G.); (A.C.-S.); (J.S.)
| | - Patricia Guevara
- Departamento de Neuroinmunología, Instituto Nacional de Neurología y Neurocirugía, Ciudad de México 14269, Mexico; (A.E.-R.); (I.A.-R.); (G.P.); (P.G.); (A.C.-S.); (J.S.)
| | - Arturo Cruz-Salgado
- Departamento de Neuroinmunología, Instituto Nacional de Neurología y Neurocirugía, Ciudad de México 14269, Mexico; (A.E.-R.); (I.A.-R.); (G.P.); (P.G.); (A.C.-S.); (J.S.)
| | - Julio Sotelo
- Departamento de Neuroinmunología, Instituto Nacional de Neurología y Neurocirugía, Ciudad de México 14269, Mexico; (A.E.-R.); (I.A.-R.); (G.P.); (P.G.); (A.C.-S.); (J.S.)
| | - Cristina Trejo-Solís
- Departamento de Neuroinmunología, Instituto Nacional de Neurología y Neurocirugía, Ciudad de México 14269, Mexico; (A.E.-R.); (I.A.-R.); (G.P.); (P.G.); (A.C.-S.); (J.S.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +52-555-060-4040
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Targeting RGS4 Ablates Glioblastoma Proliferation. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21093300. [PMID: 32392739 PMCID: PMC7247588 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21093300] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2020] [Revised: 05/04/2020] [Accepted: 05/05/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Glioblastoma (GBM) is the most common type of adult primary brain tumor with a median survival rate of less than 15 months, regardless of the current standard of care. Cellular heterogeneity, self-renewal ability and tumorigenic glioma cancer stem cell (GSC) populations contribute to the difficulty in treating GBM. G-protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) are the largest group of membrane proteins and mediate many cellular responses. Regulators of G-protein signaling 4 (RGS4) are negative regulators of G-protein signaling, and elevated levels of RGS4 are reportedly linked with several human diseases, including cancer. This study investigates the effect of silencing RGS4, resulting in inhibition of GSC growth, invasion and migration. Data obtained from The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) demonstrated poor patient survival with high expression of RGS4. Immunohistochemistry and immunoblot analysis conducted on GBM patient biopsy specimens demonstrated increased RGS4 expression correlative with the TCGA data. RNA sequencing confirmed a significant decrease in the expression of markers involved in GSC invasion and migration, particularly matrix metalloproteinase-2 (MMP2) in knockout of RGS4 using CRISPR plasmid (ko-RGS4)-treated samples compared to parental controls. Gelatin zymography confirmed the reduced activity of MMP2 in ko-RGS4-treated samples. Silencing RGS4 further reduced the invasive and migratory abilities and induction of apoptosis of GSCs as evidenced by Matrigel plug assay, wound healing assay and human apoptosis array. Collectively, our results showed that the silencing of RGS4 plays an important role in regulating multiple cellular functions, and is an important therapeutic target in GBM.
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von Achenbach C, Weller M, Kaulich K, Gramatzki D, Zacher A, Fabbro D, Reifenberger G, Szabó E. Synergistic growth inhibition mediated by dual PI3K/mTOR pathway targeting and genetic or direct pharmacological AKT inhibition in human glioblastoma models. J Neurochem 2020; 153:510-524. [PMID: 31618458 DOI: 10.1111/jnc.14899] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2019] [Revised: 10/06/2019] [Accepted: 10/07/2019] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Molecular genetic aberrations in the phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K)/protein kinase B (AKT)/mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) pathway are common in human cancers including glioblastoma, yet, novel therapeutic approaches targeting this pathway in glioblastoma have not been successful. We hypothesized that molecular profiling in combination with in vitro drug sensitivity testing allows to identify signatures associated with sensitivity or resistance to PI3K/mTOR pathway inhibition. We analyzed the molecular mechanisms determining sensitivity to PI3K/mTOR inhibition using gene silencing or pharmacological target inhibition and proliferation, clonogenicity, or spherogenicity as readouts, in human long-term glioma cell (LTC) lines and glioma-initiating cells (GIC). Cultured glioma cells were universally sensitive to growth inhibition induced by PQR309, a novel, dual pan-PI3K/mTOR antagonist. Cells exhibited profound growth arrest, but little apoptotic or necrotic cell death as confirmed by electron microscopy; yet, there was evidence of senescence. Cell lines with high basal levels of phosphorylated (active) AKT, low levels of phosphorylated (inactive) protein translation repressor eukaryotic initiation factor (eIF) 4E-binding protein 1 (p4E-BP1), and high levels of Ser9-phosphorylated (inactive) glycogen synthase kinase 3 beta (pGSK3β) were more sensitive to PQR309. Accordingly, the activity of PQR309 was synergistically enhanced by AKT gene silencing or direct pharmacological AKT inhibition. In vivo studies confirmed the anti-glioma activity of PQR309 alone or in combination with AKT inhibition in the orthotopic LN-229 glioma xenograft model in nude mice. These data justify to explore combined targeted therapy approaches in glioblastoma that aim at down-regulating AKT function to enhance the therapeutic potential of dual PI3K/mTOR inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caroline von Achenbach
- Laboratory of Molecular Neuro-Oncology, Department of Neurology, University Hospital and University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Michael Weller
- Laboratory of Molecular Neuro-Oncology, Department of Neurology, University Hospital and University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Kerstin Kaulich
- Institute of Neuropathology, Heinrich Heine University, Düsseldorf, and German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), partner site Essen/Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Dorothee Gramatzki
- Laboratory of Molecular Neuro-Oncology, Department of Neurology, University Hospital and University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Angela Zacher
- Institute of Neuropathology, Heinrich Heine University, Düsseldorf, and German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), partner site Essen/Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | | | - Guido Reifenberger
- Institute of Neuropathology, Heinrich Heine University, Düsseldorf, and German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), partner site Essen/Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Emese Szabó
- Laboratory of Molecular Neuro-Oncology, Department of Neurology, University Hospital and University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
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He Z, Yu L, Luo S, Li Q, Huang S, An Y. RGS4 Regulates Proliferation And Apoptosis Of NSCLC Cells Via microRNA-16 And Brain-Derived Neurotrophic Factor. Onco Targets Ther 2019; 12:8701-8714. [PMID: 31695428 PMCID: PMC6821062 DOI: 10.2147/ott.s221657] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2019] [Accepted: 09/11/2019] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Purpose Regulator of G-protein signaling (RGS) proteins are GTPase-activating proteins that target the α-subunit of heterotrimeric G proteins. Many studies have shown that RGS proteins contribute to tumorigenesis and metastasis. However, the mechanism in which RGS proteins, especially RGS4, affect the development of non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) remains unclear. The aim of this study was to characterize the role of RGS4 in NSCLC. Methods RGS4 expression in NSCLC tissues was assessed using an immunohistochemistry tissue microarray. Additionally, RGS4 was knocked down using short-hairpin RNA to assess the regulatory function of RGS4 in the biological behaviors of human NSCLC cell lines. A xenograft lung cancer model in nude BALB/c mice was established to study whether RGS4 knockdown inhibits cancer cell proliferation in vivo. Results We observed an increase in RGS4 protein levels in NSCLC samples. RGS4 knockdown inhibited cell proliferation and induced apoptosis in H1299 and PC9 cell lines, but did not affect cell migration. Moreover, we found that RGS4 negatively regulated the expression of microRNA-16 (miR-16), a tumor suppressor. The inhibition of miR-16 resulted in upregulated RGS4 expression. We also found that RGS4 regulated the expression of brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) and activated the BDNF-tropomyosin receptor kinase B signaling pathway. Conclusion This study revealed that RGS4 overexpression positively correlated with the development of NSCLC. TDownstream RGS4 targets (eg, miR-16 and BDNF) might be involved in the development of NSCLC and may serve as potential therapeutic targets for its treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zheng He
- Biotechnology Department, Beijing Center for Physical and Chemical Analysis, Beijing 100094, People's Republic of China.,Department of Clinical Laboratory, Chinese People's Liberation Army General Hospital, Beijing 100853, People's Republic of China
| | - Lianhua Yu
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Taizhou Municipal Hospital, Taizhou 318000, People's Republic of China
| | - Shiyi Luo
- State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces and Department of Chemistry College and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, People's Republic of China
| | - Qi Li
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Xiyuan Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing 100091, People's Republic of China
| | - Shuhong Huang
- Institute of Basic Medicine, Shandong First Medical University & Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Jinan, Shandong 250062, People's Republic of China
| | - Yunhe An
- Biotechnology Department, Beijing Center for Physical and Chemical Analysis, Beijing 100094, People's Republic of China
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15
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Bao MH, Lv QL, Szeto V, Wong R, Zhu SZ, Zhang YY, Feng ZP, Sun HS. TRPM2-AS inhibits the growth, migration, and invasion of gliomas through JNK, c-Jun, and RGS4. J Cell Physiol 2019; 235:4594-4604. [PMID: 31637708 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.29336] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2019] [Accepted: 09/30/2019] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Gliomas are a group of brain cancers with high mortality and morbidity. Understanding the molecular mechanisms is important for the prevention or treatment of gliomas. The present study was to investigate the effects and mechanisms of long noncoding RNA TRPM2-AS in gliomas proliferation, migration, and invasion. We first compared the levels of TRPM2-AS in 111 patients with glioma to that of the normal control group by a quantitative polymerase chain reaction. The results indicated a significant increase of TRPM2-AS in patients with glioma (2.43 folds of control, p = .0135). MTT methods, wound healing assays, transwell analysis, and clone formation analysis indicated the overexpression of TRPM2-AS promoted the proliferation, migration, and invasion of U251 and U87 cells, while downregulation of TRPM2-AS inhibited the cell proliferation, migration, and invasion significantly (p < .05). To further uncover the mechanisms, bioinformatics analysis was conducted on the expression profiles, GSE40687 and GSE4290, from the Gene Expression Omnibus database. One hundred fifty-six genes were differentially expressed in both datasets (FC > 2.0; p = .05). Among these differentially expressed genes, the level of RGS4 messenger RNA was drastically regulated by TRPM2-AS. Further western-blot analysis indicated the increase of RGS4 protein expression and decrease of p-JNK/JNK and p-c-Jun/c-Jun ratio after TRPM2-AS overexpression. On the other hand, inhibition of TRPM2-AS by small interfering RNA suppressed the expression of RGS4 and promoted the ratios of p-JNK/JNK and p-c-Jun/c-Jun. The present work indicated the mechanisms of the participation of TRPM2-AS in the progression of gliomas might, at least partly, be related to JNK, c-Jun, and RGS4. Our work provided new insights into the underlying mechanisms of glioma cellular functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mei-Hua Bao
- Department of Physiology, Pathophysiology, and Pharmacology, Science Research Center, Changsha Medical University, Changsha, China.,Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,Department of Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Qiao-Li Lv
- Jiangxi Key Laboratory of Translational Cancer Research, Department of Head and Neck Surgery, Jiangxi Cancer Hospital, Nanchang, Jiangxi, China
| | - Vivian Szeto
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Raymond Wong
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Su-Zhen Zhu
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,Department of Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Ying-Ying Zhang
- Department of Oncology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Zhong-Ping Feng
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Hong-Shuo Sun
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,Department of Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
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16
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Fahim A, Rehman Z, Bhatti MF, Virk N, Ali A, Rashid A, Paracha RZ. The Route to 'Chemobrain' - Computational probing of neuronal LTP pathway. Sci Rep 2019; 9:9630. [PMID: 31270411 PMCID: PMC6610097 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-45883-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2018] [Accepted: 06/19/2019] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Chemotherapy causes deleterious side effects during the course of cancer management. The toxic effects may be extended to CNS chronically resulting in altered cognitive function like learning and memory. The present study follows a computational assessment of 64 chemotherapeutic drugs for their off-target interactions against the major proteins involved in neuronal long term potentiation pathway. The cancer chemo-drugs were subjected to induced fit docking followed by scoring alignment and drug-targets interaction analysis. The results were further probed by electrostatic potential computation and ligand binding affinity prediction of the top complexes. The study identified novel off-target interactions by Dactinomycin, Temsirolimus, and Everolimus against NMDA, AMPA, PKA and ERK2, while Irinotecan, Bromocriptine and Dasatinib were top interacting drugs for CaMKII. This study presents with basic foundational knowledge regarding potential chemotherapeutic interference in LTP pathway which may modulate neurotransmission and synaptic plasticity in patient receiving these chemotherapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ammad Fahim
- Atta ur Rahman School of Applied Biosciences, National University of Sciences and Technology (NUST), Islamabad, Pakistan.
| | - Zaira Rehman
- Atta ur Rahman School of Applied Biosciences, National University of Sciences and Technology (NUST), Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Faraz Bhatti
- Atta ur Rahman School of Applied Biosciences, National University of Sciences and Technology (NUST), Islamabad, Pakistan.
| | - Nasar Virk
- Atta ur Rahman School of Applied Biosciences, National University of Sciences and Technology (NUST), Islamabad, Pakistan
- EBS Universität für Wirtschaft und Recht, EBS Business School, Rheingaustrasse 1, Oestrich-Winkel, 65375, Germany
| | - Amjad Ali
- Atta ur Rahman School of Applied Biosciences, National University of Sciences and Technology (NUST), Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Amir Rashid
- Department of Biochemistry, National University of Medical Sciences, Rawalpindi, Pakistan
| | - Rehan Zafar Paracha
- Research Centre for Modeling and Simulation, National University of Sciences and Technology (NUST), Islamabad, Pakistan.
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Vastrad C, Vastrad B. Bioinformatics analysis of gene expression profiles to diagnose crucial and novel genes in glioblastoma multiform. Pathol Res Pract 2018; 214:1395-1461. [PMID: 30097214 DOI: 10.1016/j.prp.2018.07.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2018] [Revised: 06/27/2018] [Accepted: 07/22/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Therefore, the current study aimed to diagnose the genes associated in the pathogenesis of GBM. The differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were diagnosed using the limma software package. The ToppFun was used to perform pathway and Gene Ontology (GO) enrichment analysis of the DEGs. Protein-protein interaction (PPI) networks, extracted modules, miRNA-target genes regulatory network and miRNA-target genes regulatory network were used to obtain insight into the actions of DEGs. Survival analysis for DEGs carried out. A total of 701 DEGs, including 413 upregulated and 288 downregulated genes, were diagnosed between U1118MG cell line (PK 11195 treated with 1 h exposure) and U1118MG cell line (PK 11195 treated with 24 h exposure). The up-regulated genes were enriched in superpathway of pyrimidine deoxyribonucleotides de novo biosynthesis, cell cycle, cell cycle process and chromosome. The down-regulated genes were enriched in folate transformations I, biosynthesis of amino acids, cellular amino acid metabolic process and vacuolar membrane. The current study screened the genes in PPI network, extracted modules, miRNA-target genes regulatory network and miRNA-target genes regulatory network with higher degrees as hub genes, which included MYC, TERF2IP, CDK1, EEF1G, TXNIP, SLC1A5, RGS4 and IER5L Survival suggested that low expressed NR4A2, SLC7 A5, CYR61 and ID1 in patients with GBM was linked with a positive prognosis for overall survival. In conclusion, the current study could improve our understanding of the molecular mechanisms in the progression of GBM, and these crucial as well as new molecular markers might be used as therapeutic targets for GBM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chanabasayya Vastrad
- Biostatistics and Bioinformatics, Chanabasava Nilaya, Bharthinagar, Dharwad, 580001, Karanataka, India.
| | - Basavaraj Vastrad
- Department of Pharmaceutics, SET`S College of Pharmacy, Dharwad, Karnataka, 580002, India
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18
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Zhou D, Alver BM, Li S, Hlady RA, Thompson JJ, Schroeder MA, Lee JH, Qiu J, Schwartz PH, Sarkaria JN, Robertson KD. Distinctive epigenomes characterize glioma stem cells and their response to differentiation cues. Genome Biol 2018; 19:43. [PMID: 29587824 PMCID: PMC5872397 DOI: 10.1186/s13059-018-1420-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2017] [Accepted: 03/12/2018] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Glioma stem cells (GSCs) are a subpopulation of stem-like cells that contribute to glioblastoma (GBM) aggressiveness, recurrence, and resistance to radiation and chemotherapy. Therapeutically targeting the GSC population may improve patient survival, but unique vulnerabilities need to be identified. RESULTS We isolate GSCs from well-characterized GBM patient-derived xenografts (PDX), characterize their stemness properties using immunofluorescence staining, profile their epigenome including 5mC, 5hmC, 5fC/5caC, and two enhancer marks, and define their transcriptome. Fetal brain-derived neural stem/progenitor cells are used as a comparison to define potential unique and common molecular features between these different brain-derived cells with stem properties. Our integrative study reveals that abnormal expression of ten-eleven-translocation (TET) family members correlates with global levels of 5mC and 5fC/5caC and may be responsible for the distinct levels of these marks between glioma and neural stem cells. Heterogenous transcriptome and epigenome signatures among GSCs converge on several genes and pathways, including DNA damage response and cell proliferation, which are highly correlated with TET expression. Distinct enhancer landscapes are also strongly associated with differential gene regulation between glioma and neural stem cells; they exhibit unique co-localization patterns with DNA epigenetic mark switching events. Upon differentiation, glioma and neural stem cells exhibit distinct responses with regard to TET expression and DNA mark changes in the genome and GSCs fail to properly remodel their epigenome. CONCLUSIONS Our integrative epigenomic and transcriptomic characterization reveals fundamentally distinct yet potentially targetable biologic features of GSCs that result from their distinct epigenomic landscapes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dan Zhou
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Bonnie M Alver
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Shuang Li
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Ryan A Hlady
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Joyce J Thompson
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Mark A Schroeder
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Jeong-Heon Lee
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA.,Epigenomics Translational Program, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Jingxin Qiu
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Roswell Park Cancer Institute, Buffalo, NY, USA
| | - Philip H Schwartz
- National Human Neural Stem Cell Resource, Children's Hospital of Orange County Research Institute, Orange, CA, USA
| | - Jann N Sarkaria
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Keith D Robertson
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA. .,Epigenomics Translational Program, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA. .,Center for Individualized Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA. .,Mayo Clinic Cancer Center, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA.
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Blaes J, Thomé CM, Pfenning PN, Rübmann P, Sahm F, Wick A, Bunse T, Schmenger T, Sykora J, von Deimling A, Wiestler B, Merz C, Jugold M, Haberkorn U, Abdollahi A, Debus J, Gieffers C, Kunz C, Bendszus M, Kluge M, Platten M, Fricke H, Wick W, Lemke D. Inhibition of CD95/CD95L (FAS/FASLG) Signaling with APG101 Prevents Invasion and Enhances Radiation Therapy for Glioblastoma. Mol Cancer Res 2018; 16:767-776. [DOI: 10.1158/1541-7786.mcr-17-0563] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2017] [Revised: 11/25/2017] [Accepted: 01/16/2018] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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20
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Yang SH, Li CF, Chu PY, Ko HH, Chen LT, Chen WW, Han CH, Lung JH, Shih NY. Overexpression of regulator of G protein signaling 11 promotes cell migration and associates with advanced stages and aggressiveness of lung adenocarcinoma. Oncotarget 2018; 7:31122-36. [PMID: 27105500 PMCID: PMC5058744 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.8860] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2015] [Accepted: 04/01/2016] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Regulator of G protein signaling 11 (RGS11), a member of the R7 subfamily of RGS proteins, is a well-characterized GTPase-accelerating protein that is involved in the heterotrimeric G protein regulation of the amplitude and kinetics of receptor-promoted signaling in retinal bipolar and nerve cells. However, the role of RGS11 in cancer is completely unclear. Using subtractive hybridization analysis, we found that RGS11 was highly expressed in the lymph-node metastatic tissues and bone-metastatic tumors obtained from patients with lung adenocarcinoma. Characterization of the clinicopathological features of 91 patients showed that around 57.1% of the tumor samples displayed RGS11 overexpression that was associated with primary tumor status, nodal metastasis and increased disease stages. Its high expression was an independent predictive factor for poor prognosis of these patients. Cotransfection of guanine nucleotide-binding protein beta-5 (GNB5) markedly increased RGS11 expression. Enhancement or attenuation of RGS11 expression pinpointed its specific role in cell migration, but not in cell invasion and proliferation. Signaling events initiated by the RGS11–GNB5 coexpression activated the c-Raf/ERK/FAK-mediated pathway through upregulation of the Rac1 activity. Consistently, increasing the cell invasiveness of the transfectants by additional cotransfection of the exogenous urokinase–plasminogen activator gene caused a significant promotion in cell invasion in vitro and in vivo, confirming that RGS11 functions in cell migration, but requires additional proteolytic activity for cell and tissue invasion. Collectively, overexpression of RGS11 promotes cell migration, participates in tumor metastasis, and correlates the clinicopathological conditions of patients with lung adenocarcinoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sheng-Huei Yang
- Joint Biobank, Office of Human Research, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan.,National Institute of Cancer Research, National Health Research Institutes, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Chien-Feng Li
- National Institute of Cancer Research, National Health Research Institutes, Tainan, Taiwan.,Department of Pathology, Chi-Mei Medical Center, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Pei-Yi Chu
- National Institute of Cancer Research, National Health Research Institutes, Tainan, Taiwan.,Department of Pathology, Show Chwan Memorial Hospital, Changhua City, Taiwan
| | - Hsiu-Hsing Ko
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Tropical Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Tri-Service General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Li-Tzong Chen
- National Institute of Cancer Research, National Health Research Institutes, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Wan-Wen Chen
- National Institute of Cancer Research, National Health Research Institutes, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Chia-Hung Han
- National Institute of Cancer Research, National Health Research Institutes, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Jr-Hau Lung
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical care Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Chiayi, Taiwan
| | - Neng-Yao Shih
- National Institute of Cancer Research, National Health Research Institutes, Tainan, Taiwan.,Graduate Institute of Medicine, College of Medicine, Kaoshiung Medical University, Kaoshiung, Taiwan
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21
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Wick W, Gorlia T, Bady P, Platten M, van den Bent MJ, Taphoorn MJ, Steuve J, Brandes AA, Hamou MF, Wick A, Kosch M, Weller M, Stupp R, Roth P, Golfinopoulos V, Frenel JS, Campone M, Ricard D, Marosi C, Villa S, Weyerbrock A, Hopkins K, Homicsko K, Lhermitte B, Pesce G, Hegi ME. Phase II Study of Radiotherapy and Temsirolimus versus Radiochemotherapy with Temozolomide in Patients with Newly Diagnosed Glioblastoma without MGMT Promoter Hypermethylation (EORTC 26082). Clin Cancer Res 2016; 22:4797-4806. [DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-15-3153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2015] [Accepted: 04/03/2016] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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22
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Venkatesan S, Lamfers MLM, Dirven CMF, Leenstra S. Genetic biomarkers of drug response for small-molecule therapeutics targeting the RTK/Ras/PI3K, p53 or Rb pathway in glioblastoma. CNS Oncol 2016; 5:77-90. [PMID: 26986934 DOI: 10.2217/cns-2015-0005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Glioblastoma is the most deadly and frequently occurring primary malignant tumor of the central nervous system. Genomic studies have shown that mutated oncogenes and tumor suppressor genes in glioblastoma mainly occur in three pathways: the RTK/Ras/PI3K signaling, the p53 and the Rb pathways. In this review, we summarize the modulatory effects of genetic aberrations in these three pathways to drugs targeting these specific pathways. We also provide an overview of the preclinical efforts made to identify genetic biomarkers of response and resistance. Knowledge of biomarkers will finally promote patient stratification in clinical trials, a prerequisite for trial design in the era of precision medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Subramanian Venkatesan
- Department of Neurosurgery, Brain Tumor Center of the Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.,UCL Cancer Institute, Paul O'Gorman Building, London, UK
| | - Martine L M Lamfers
- Department of Neurosurgery, Brain Tumor Center of the Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Clemens M F Dirven
- Department of Neurosurgery, Brain Tumor Center of the Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Sieger Leenstra
- Department of Neurosurgery, Brain Tumor Center of the Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.,Department of Neurosurgery, Elisabeth Hospital, Tilburg, The Netherlands
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23
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Wang H, Xu T, Jiang Y, Xu H, Yan Y, Fu D, Chen J. The challenges and the promise of molecular targeted therapy in malignant gliomas. Neoplasia 2015; 17:239-55. [PMID: 25810009 PMCID: PMC4372648 DOI: 10.1016/j.neo.2015.02.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2014] [Accepted: 02/06/2015] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Malignant gliomas are the most common malignant primary brain tumors and one of the most challenging forms of cancers to treat. Despite advances in conventional treatment, the outcome for patients remains almost universally fatal. This poor prognosis is due to therapeutic resistance and tumor recurrence after surgical removal. However, over the past decade, molecular targeted therapy has held the promise of transforming the care of malignant glioma patients. Significant progress in understanding the molecular pathology of gliomagenesis and maintenance of the malignant phenotypes will open opportunities to rationally develop new molecular targeted therapy options. Recently, therapeutic strategies have focused on targeting pro-growth signaling mediated by receptor tyrosine kinase/RAS/phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase pathway, proangiogenic pathways, and several other vital intracellular signaling networks, such as proteasome and histone deacetylase. However, several factors such as cross-talk between the altered pathways, intratumoral molecular heterogeneity, and therapeutic resistance of glioma stem cells (GSCs) have limited the activity of single agents. Efforts are ongoing to study in depth the complex molecular biology of glioma, develop novel regimens targeting GSCs, and identify biomarkers to stratify patients with the individualized molecular targeted therapy. Here, we review the molecular alterations relevant to the pathology of malignant glioma, review current advances in clinical targeted trials, and discuss the challenges, controversies, and future directions of molecular targeted therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongxiang Wang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Shanghai Changzheng Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Tao Xu
- Department of Neurosurgery, Shanghai Changzheng Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Ying Jiang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Shanghai Changzheng Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Hanchong Xu
- Department of Neurosurgery, Shanghai Changzheng Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yong Yan
- Department of Neurosurgery, Shanghai Changzheng Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Da Fu
- Institute of Health Sciences, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China.
| | - Juxiang Chen
- Department of Neurosurgery, Shanghai Changzheng Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China.
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Chekler ELP, Pellegrino JA, Lanz TA, Denny RA, Flick AC, Coe J, Langille J, Basak A, Liu S, Stock IA, Sahasrabudhe P, Bonin PD, Lee K, Pletcher MT, Jones LH. Transcriptional Profiling of a Selective CREB Binding Protein Bromodomain Inhibitor Highlights Therapeutic Opportunities. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2015; 22:1588-96. [PMID: 26670081 DOI: 10.1016/j.chembiol.2015.10.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2015] [Revised: 10/20/2015] [Accepted: 10/27/2015] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Bromodomains are involved in transcriptional regulation through the recognition of acetyl lysine modifications on diverse proteins. Selective pharmacological modulators of bromodomains are lacking, although the largely hydrophobic nature of the pocket makes these modules attractive targets for small-molecule inhibitors. This work describes the structure-based design of a highly selective inhibitor of the CREB binding protein (CBP) bromodomain and its use in cell-based transcriptional profiling experiments. The inhibitor downregulated a number of inflammatory genes in macrophages that were not affected by a selective BET bromodomain inhibitor. In addition, the CBP bromodomain inhibitor modulated the mRNA level of the regulator of G-protein signaling 4 (RGS4) gene in neurons, suggesting a potential therapeutic opportunity for CBP inhibitors in the treatment of neurological disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Thomas A Lanz
- Neuroscience and Pain Research Unit, Pfizer, 610 Main Street, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - R Aldrin Denny
- Worldwide Medicinal Chemistry, Pfizer, 610 Main Street, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Andrew C Flick
- Worldwide Medicinal Chemistry, Pfizer, Eastern Point Road, Groton, CT 06340, USA
| | - Jotham Coe
- Worldwide Medicinal Chemistry, Pfizer, Eastern Point Road, Groton, CT 06340, USA
| | - Jonathan Langille
- Worldwide Medicinal Chemistry, Pfizer, Eastern Point Road, Groton, CT 06340, USA
| | - Arindrajit Basak
- Worldwide Medicinal Chemistry, Pfizer, Eastern Point Road, Groton, CT 06340, USA
| | - Shenping Liu
- Structural Biology and Biophysics, Worldwide Medicinal Chemistry, Pfizer, Eastern Point Road, Groton, CT 06340, USA
| | - Ingrid A Stock
- Primary Pharmacology Group, Pfizer, Eastern Point Road, Groton, CT 06340, USA
| | - Parag Sahasrabudhe
- Structural Biology and Biophysics, Worldwide Medicinal Chemistry, Pfizer, Eastern Point Road, Groton, CT 06340, USA
| | - Paul D Bonin
- Primary Pharmacology Group, Pfizer, Eastern Point Road, Groton, CT 06340, USA
| | - Kevin Lee
- Rare Disease Research Unit, Pfizer, 610 Main Street, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Mathew T Pletcher
- Rare Disease Research Unit, Pfizer, 610 Main Street, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Lyn H Jones
- Worldwide Medicinal Chemistry, Pfizer, 610 Main Street, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA.
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25
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Wick W, Platten M, Wick A, Hertenstein A, Radbruch A, Bendszus M, Winkler F. Current status and future directions of anti-angiogenic therapy for gliomas. Neuro Oncol 2015; 18:315-28. [PMID: 26459812 DOI: 10.1093/neuonc/nov180] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2015] [Accepted: 08/03/2015] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Molecular targets for the pathological vasculature are the vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF)/VEGF receptor axis, integrins, angiopoietins, and platelet-derived growth factor receptor (PDGFR), as well as several intracellular or downstream effectors like protein kinase C beta and mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR). Besides hypoxic damage or tumor cell starvation, preclinical models imply vessel independent tumor regression and suggest differential effects of anti-angiogenic treatments on tumorous and nontumorous precursor cells or the immune system. Despite compelling preclinical data and positive data in other cancers, the outcomes of clinical trials with anti-angiogenic agents in gliomas by and large have been disappointing and include VEGF blockage with bevacizumab, integrin inhibition with cilengitide, VEGF receptor inhibition with sunitinib or cediranib, PDGFR inhibition with imatinib or dasatinib, protein kinase C inhibition with enzastaurin, and mTOR inhibition with sirolimus, everolimus, or temsirolimus. Importantly, there is a lack of real understanding for this negative data. Anti-angiogenic therapies have stimulated the development of standardized imaging assessment and the integration of functional MRI sequences into daily practice. Here, we delineate directions in the identification of molecularly or image-based defined subgroups, anti-angiogenic cotreatment for immunotherapy, and the potential of ongoing trials or modified targets to change the game.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wolfgang Wick
- Neurology Clinic and National Center for Tumor Diseases, University of Heidelberg and German Consortium for Translational Cancer Research, German Cancer Research Center, Heidelberg, Germany (W.W., M.P., A.W., A.H., F.W.); Department of Neuroradiology, University of Heidelberg and German Cancer Research Center, Heidelberg, Germany (A.R., M.B.)
| | - Michael Platten
- Neurology Clinic and National Center for Tumor Diseases, University of Heidelberg and German Consortium for Translational Cancer Research, German Cancer Research Center, Heidelberg, Germany (W.W., M.P., A.W., A.H., F.W.); Department of Neuroradiology, University of Heidelberg and German Cancer Research Center, Heidelberg, Germany (A.R., M.B.)
| | - Antje Wick
- Neurology Clinic and National Center for Tumor Diseases, University of Heidelberg and German Consortium for Translational Cancer Research, German Cancer Research Center, Heidelberg, Germany (W.W., M.P., A.W., A.H., F.W.); Department of Neuroradiology, University of Heidelberg and German Cancer Research Center, Heidelberg, Germany (A.R., M.B.)
| | - Anne Hertenstein
- Neurology Clinic and National Center for Tumor Diseases, University of Heidelberg and German Consortium for Translational Cancer Research, German Cancer Research Center, Heidelberg, Germany (W.W., M.P., A.W., A.H., F.W.); Department of Neuroradiology, University of Heidelberg and German Cancer Research Center, Heidelberg, Germany (A.R., M.B.)
| | - Alexander Radbruch
- Neurology Clinic and National Center for Tumor Diseases, University of Heidelberg and German Consortium for Translational Cancer Research, German Cancer Research Center, Heidelberg, Germany (W.W., M.P., A.W., A.H., F.W.); Department of Neuroradiology, University of Heidelberg and German Cancer Research Center, Heidelberg, Germany (A.R., M.B.)
| | - Martin Bendszus
- Neurology Clinic and National Center for Tumor Diseases, University of Heidelberg and German Consortium for Translational Cancer Research, German Cancer Research Center, Heidelberg, Germany (W.W., M.P., A.W., A.H., F.W.); Department of Neuroradiology, University of Heidelberg and German Cancer Research Center, Heidelberg, Germany (A.R., M.B.)
| | - Frank Winkler
- Neurology Clinic and National Center for Tumor Diseases, University of Heidelberg and German Consortium for Translational Cancer Research, German Cancer Research Center, Heidelberg, Germany (W.W., M.P., A.W., A.H., F.W.); Department of Neuroradiology, University of Heidelberg and German Cancer Research Center, Heidelberg, Germany (A.R., M.B.)
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26
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Fullerton PT, Creighton CJ, Matzuk MM. Insights Into SMAD4 Loss in Pancreatic Cancer From Inducible Restoration of TGF-β Signaling. Mol Endocrinol 2015; 29:1440-53. [PMID: 26284758 DOI: 10.1210/me.2015-1102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) is the fourth-leading cause of cancer death in the United States. The TGF-β signaling protein SMAD family member 4 is lost in 60% of PDAC, and this has been associated with poorer prognosis. However, the mechanisms by which SMAD4 loss promotes PDAC development are not fully understood. We expressed SMAD4 in human PDAC cell lines BxPC3 and CFPAC1 by selection of stable clones containing an inducible SMAD4 tetracycline inducible expression system construct. After 24 hours of SMAD4 expression, TGF-β signaling-dependent G1 arrest was observed in BxPC3 cells with an increase in the G1 phase fraction from 48.9% to 71.5%. Inhibition of cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor 1A by small interfering RNA eliminated the antiproliferative effect, indicating that up-regulation of cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor 1A/p21 by TGF-β signaling is necessary for the phenotype. SMAD4 expression had no impact on invasion in BxPC3 cells, but reduced migration. Microarray analysis of gene expression at 8, 24, and 48 hours after SMAD4 expression characterized the regulatory impact of SMAD4 expression in a SMAD4-null PDAC cell line and identified novel targets of TGF-β signaling. Among the novel TGF-β targets identified are anthrax toxin receptor 2 (3.58× at 8 h), tubulin, β-3 class III (7.35× at 8 h), cell migration inducing protein, hyaluronan binding (8.07× at 8 h), IL-1 receptor-like 1 (0.403× at 8 h), regulator of G protein signaling 4 (0.293× at 8 h), and THAP domain containing 11 (0.262× at 8 h). The gene expression changes we observed upon restoration of TGF-β signaling provide numerous new targets for future investigations into PDAC biology and progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul T Fullerton
- Departments of Molecular and Human Genetics (P.T.F., M.M.M.), Pathology and Immunology (P.T.F., M.M.M.), Molecular and Cellular Biology (M.M.M.), Pharmacology (M.M.M.), and Medicine (C.J.C.); the Center for Drug Discovery (P.T.F., M.M.M.); and the Dan L. Duncan Cancer Center (P.T.F., C.J.C., M.M.M.), Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas 77030
| | - Chad J Creighton
- Departments of Molecular and Human Genetics (P.T.F., M.M.M.), Pathology and Immunology (P.T.F., M.M.M.), Molecular and Cellular Biology (M.M.M.), Pharmacology (M.M.M.), and Medicine (C.J.C.); the Center for Drug Discovery (P.T.F., M.M.M.); and the Dan L. Duncan Cancer Center (P.T.F., C.J.C., M.M.M.), Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas 77030
| | - Martin M Matzuk
- Departments of Molecular and Human Genetics (P.T.F., M.M.M.), Pathology and Immunology (P.T.F., M.M.M.), Molecular and Cellular Biology (M.M.M.), Pharmacology (M.M.M.), and Medicine (C.J.C.); the Center for Drug Discovery (P.T.F., M.M.M.); and the Dan L. Duncan Cancer Center (P.T.F., C.J.C., M.M.M.), Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas 77030
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27
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Kegelman TP, Hu B, Emdad L, Das SK, Sarkar D, Fisher PB. In vivo modeling of malignant glioma: the road to effective therapy. Adv Cancer Res 2015; 121:261-330. [PMID: 24889534 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-800249-0.00007-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Despite an increased emphasis on developing new therapies for malignant gliomas, they remain among the most intractable tumors faced today as they demonstrate a remarkable ability to evade current treatment strategies. Numerous candidate treatments fail at late stages, often after showing promising preclinical results. This disconnect highlights the continued need for improved animal models of glioma, which can be used to both screen potential targets and authentically recapitulate the human condition. This review examines recent developments in the animal modeling of glioma, from more established rat models to intriguing new systems using Drosophila and zebrafish that set the stage for higher throughput studies of potentially useful targets. It also addresses the versatility of mouse modeling using newly developed techniques recreating human protocols and sophisticated genetically engineered approaches that aim to characterize the biology of gliomagenesis. The use of these and future models will elucidate both new targets and effective combination therapies that will impact on disease management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timothy P Kegelman
- Department of Human and Molecular Genetics, Virginia Commonwealth University, School of Medicine, Richmond, Virginia, USA
| | - Bin Hu
- Department of Human and Molecular Genetics, Virginia Commonwealth University, School of Medicine, Richmond, Virginia, USA
| | - Luni Emdad
- Department of Human and Molecular Genetics, Virginia Commonwealth University, School of Medicine, Richmond, Virginia, USA; VCU Institute of Molecular Medicine, Virginia Commonwealth University, School of Medicine, Richmond, Virginia, USA; VCU Massey Cancer Center, Virginia Commonwealth University, School of Medicine, Richmond, Virginia, USA
| | - Swadesh K Das
- Department of Human and Molecular Genetics, Virginia Commonwealth University, School of Medicine, Richmond, Virginia, USA; VCU Institute of Molecular Medicine, Virginia Commonwealth University, School of Medicine, Richmond, Virginia, USA
| | - Devanand Sarkar
- Department of Human and Molecular Genetics, Virginia Commonwealth University, School of Medicine, Richmond, Virginia, USA; VCU Institute of Molecular Medicine, Virginia Commonwealth University, School of Medicine, Richmond, Virginia, USA; VCU Massey Cancer Center, Virginia Commonwealth University, School of Medicine, Richmond, Virginia, USA
| | - Paul B Fisher
- Department of Human and Molecular Genetics, Virginia Commonwealth University, School of Medicine, Richmond, Virginia, USA; VCU Institute of Molecular Medicine, Virginia Commonwealth University, School of Medicine, Richmond, Virginia, USA; VCU Massey Cancer Center, Virginia Commonwealth University, School of Medicine, Richmond, Virginia, USA.
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28
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Albano G, Giorno V, Román-Román P, Román-Román S, Torres-Ruiz F. Estimating and determining the effect of a therapy on tumor dynamics by means of a modified Gompertz diffusion process. J Theor Biol 2015; 364:206-19. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jtbi.2014.09.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2013] [Revised: 09/08/2014] [Accepted: 09/09/2014] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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Dhermain F. Radiotherapy of high-grade gliomas: current standards and new concepts, innovations in imaging and radiotherapy, and new therapeutic approaches. CHINESE JOURNAL OF CANCER 2014; 33:16-24. [PMID: 24384237 PMCID: PMC3905086 DOI: 10.5732/cjc.013.10217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The current standards in radiotherapy of high-grade gliomas (HGG) are based on anatomic imaging techniques, usually computed tomography (CT) scanning and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). The guidelines vary depending on whether the HGG is a histological grade 3 anaplastic glioma (AG) or a grade 4 glioblastoma multiforme (GBM). For AG, T2-weighted MRI sequences plus the region of contrast enhancement in T1 are considered for the delineation of the gross tumor volume (GTV), and an isotropic expansion of 15 to 20 mm is recommended for the clinical target volume (CTV). For GBM, the Radiation Therapy Oncology Group favors a two-step technique, with an initial phase (CTV1) including any T2 hyperintensity area (edema) plus a 20 mm margin treated with up to 46 Gy in 23 fractions, followed by a reduction in CTV2 to the contrast enhancement region in T1 with an additional 25 mm margin. The European Organisation of Research and Treatment of Cancer recommends a single-phase technique with a unique GTV, which comprises the T1 contrast enhancement region plus a margin of 20 to 30 mm. A total dose of 60 Gy in 30 fractions is usually delivered for GBM, and a dose of 59.4 Gy in 33 fractions is typically given for AG. As more than 85% of HGGs recur in field, dose-escalation studies have shown that 70 to 75 Gy can be delivered in 6 weeks with relevant toxicities developing in < 10% of the patients. However, the only randomized dose-escalation trial, in which the boost dose was guided by conventional MRI, did not show any survival advantage of this treatment over the reference arm. HGGs are amongst the most infiltrative and heterogeneous tumors, and it was hypothesized that the most highly aggressive areas were missed; thus, better visualization of these high-risk regions for radiation boost could decrease the recurrence rate. Innovations in imaging and linear accelerators (LINAC) could help deliver the right doses of radiation to the right subvolumes according to the dose-painting concept. Advanced imaging techniques provide functional information on cellular density (diffusion MRI), angiogenesis (perfusion MRI), metabolic activity and cellular proliferation [positron emission tomography (PET) and magnetic resonance spectroscopy (MRS)]. All of these non-invasive techniques demonstrated good association between the images and histology, with up to 40% of HGGs functionally presenting a high activity within the non-contrast-enhanced areas in T1. New LINAC technologies, such as intensity-modulated and stereotactic radiotherapy, help to deliver a simultaneous integrated boost (SIB) > 60 Gy. Trials delivering a SIB into a biological GTV showed the feasibility of this treatment, but the final results, in terms of clinical benefits for HGG patients, are still pending. Many issues have been identified: the variety of MRI and PET machines (and amino-acid tracers), the heterogeneity of the protocols used for image acquisition and post-treatment, the geometric distortion and the unreliable algorithms for co-registration of brain anatomy with functional maps, and the semi-quiescent but highly invasive HGG cells. These issues could be solved by the homogenization of the protocols and software applications, the simultaneous acquisition of anatomic and functional images (PET-MRI machines), the combination of complementary imaging tools (perfusion and diffusion MRI), and the concomitant addition of some ad hoc targeted drugs against angiogenesis and invasiveness to chemoradiotherapy. The integration of these hybrid data will construct new synthetic metrics for fully individualized treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frederic Dhermain
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Institut Gustave Roussy University Hospital, Villejuif 94805, France.
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Seystahl K, Tritschler I, Szabo E, Tabatabai G, Weller M. Differential regulation of TGF-β-induced, ALK-5-mediated VEGF release by SMAD2/3 versus SMAD1/5/8 signaling in glioblastoma. Neuro Oncol 2014; 17:254-65. [PMID: 25165192 DOI: 10.1093/neuonc/nou218] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The transforming growth factor (TGF)-β and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) pathways have a major role in the pathogenesis of glioblastoma, notably immunosuppression, migration, and angiogenesis, but their interactions have remained poorly understood. METHODS We characterized TGF-β pathway activity in 9 long-term glioma cell lines (LTCs) and 4 glioma-initiating cell lines (GICs) in relation to constitutive and exogenous TGF-β-induced VEGF release. Results were validated using The Cancer Genome Atlas transcriptomics data. RESULTS Glioma cells exhibit heterogeneous patterns of constitutive TGF-β pathway activation reflected by phosphorylation not only of SMAD2 and SMAD3 but also of SMAD1/5/8. Constitutive TGF-β pathway activity depends on the type I TGF-β receptor, ALK-5, and accounts for up to 69% of constitutive VEGF release, which is positively regulated by SMAD2/3 and negatively regulated by SMAD1/5/8 signaling in a cell line-specific manner. Exogenous TGF-β induces VEGF release in most cell lines in a SMAD- and ALK-5-dependent manner. There is no correlation between the fold induction of VEGF secretion induced by TGF-β compared with hypoxia. The role of SMAD5 signaling is highly context and cell-line dependent with a VEGF inhibitory effect at low TGF-β and pSMAD2 levels and a stimulatory effect when TGF-β is abundant. CONCLUSIONS TGF-β regulates VEGF release by glioma cells in an ALK-5-dependent manner involving SMAD2, SMAD3, and SMAD1/5/8 signaling. This crosstalk between the TGF-β and VEGF pathways may open up new avenues of biomarker-driven exploratory clinical trials focusing on the microenvironment in glioblastoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katharina Seystahl
- Department of Neurology, University Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Isabel Tritschler
- Department of Neurology, University Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Emese Szabo
- Department of Neurology, University Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Ghazaleh Tabatabai
- Department of Neurology, University Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Michael Weller
- Department of Neurology, University Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
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31
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Nguyen N, Montagnese J, Rogers LR, Sher A, Wolansky L. Positron emission tomography-magnetic resonance imaging in the evaluation of brain tumors: current status and future prospects. Semin Roentgenol 2014; 49:275-89. [PMID: 25497912 DOI: 10.1053/j.ro.2014.07.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Nghi Nguyen
- Department of Radiology, University Hospitals Case Medical Center, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH
| | - Jesse Montagnese
- Department of Radiology, University Hospitals Case Medical Center, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH
| | - Lisa R Rogers
- Department of Neurology, University Hospitals Case Medical Center, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH
| | - Andrew Sher
- Department of Radiology, University Hospitals Case Medical Center, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH
| | - Leo Wolansky
- Department of Radiology, University Hospitals Case Medical Center, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH.
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32
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Weiler M, Blaes J, Pusch S, Sahm F, Czabanka M, Luger S, Bunse L, Solecki G, Eichwald V, Jugold M, Hodecker S, Osswald M, Meisner C, Hielscher T, Rübmann P, Pfenning PN, Ronellenfitsch M, Kempf T, Schnölzer M, Abdollahi A, Lang F, Bendszus M, von Deimling A, Winkler F, Weller M, Vajkoczy P, Platten M, Wick W. mTOR target NDRG1 confers MGMT-dependent resistance to alkylating chemotherapy. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2014; 111:409-14. [PMID: 24367102 PMCID: PMC3890826 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1314469111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 133] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
A hypoxic microenvironment induces resistance to alkylating agents by activating targets in the mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) pathway. The molecular mechanisms involved in this mTOR-mediated hypoxia-induced chemoresistance, however, are unclear. Here we identify the mTOR target N-myc downstream regulated gene 1 (NDRG1) as a key determinant of resistance toward alkylating chemotherapy, driven by hypoxia but also by therapeutic measures such as irradiation, corticosteroids, and chronic exposure to alkylating agents via distinct molecular routes involving hypoxia-inducible factor (HIF)-1alpha, p53, and the mTOR complex 2 (mTORC2)/serum glucocorticoid-induced protein kinase 1 (SGK1) pathway. Resistance toward alkylating chemotherapy but not radiotherapy was dependent on NDRG1 expression and activity. In posttreatment tumor tissue of patients with malignant gliomas, NDRG1 was induced and predictive of poor response to alkylating chemotherapy. On a molecular level, NDRG1 bound and stabilized methyltransferases, chiefly O(6)-methylguanine-DNA methyltransferase (MGMT), a key enzyme for resistance to alkylating agents in glioblastoma patients. In patients with glioblastoma, MGMT promoter methylation in tumor tissue was not more predictive for response to alkylating chemotherapy in patients who received concomitant corticosteroids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Markus Weiler
- German Cancer Consortium, Clinical Cooperation Units Neurooncology and Neuropathology, Helmholtz Group Experimental Neuroimmunology, Small Animal Imaging Facility, Biostatistics, and Functional Proteome Analysis, German Cancer Research Center, D-69120 Heidelberg, Germany
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