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Chronic iron exposure and c-Myc/H-ras-mediated transformation in fallopian tube cells alter the expression of EVI1, amplified at 3q26.2 in ovarian cancer. Oncogenesis 2019; 8:46. [PMID: 31434871 PMCID: PMC6704182 DOI: 10.1038/s41389-019-0154-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2019] [Accepted: 07/15/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Mechanisms underlying the pathogenesis of high-grade serous epithelial ovarian cancers (HGSOC) are not yet well defined although key precursor cells have been identified (including fimbriated fallopian tube epithelium, FTSECs). Since iron is elevated in endometriotic cysts and the pelvic cavity, it is suggested that this source of redox-active iron may contribute to ovarian cancer pathogenesis. Specifically, sources of nontransferrin-bound iron (NTBI) within the pelvic cavity could arise from ovulation, retrograde menstruation, follicular fluid, or iron overload conditions (i.e., hemochromatosis). Herein, we investigated the cellular response of p53-inactivated and telomerase-expressing (immortalized) FTSECs (Pax8+/FoxJ1−) to NTBI (presented as ferric ammonium citrate (FAC), supplemented in media for >2 months) in order to assess its ability to promote the transition to a tumor-like phenotype; this cellular response was compared with immortalized FTSECs transformed with H-RasV12A and c-MycT58A. Both approaches resulted in increased cell numbers and expression of the oncogenic transcriptional regulator, ecotropic virus integration site 1 (EVI1, a gene most frequently amplified at 3q26.2 in HGSOC, represented by multiple variants), along with other oncogenic gene products. In contrast to the transformed cells, FAC-exposed FTSECs elicited elevated migratory capacity (and epithelial–mesenchymal transition mRNA profile) along with increased expression of DNA damage response proteins (i.e., FANCD2) and hTERT mRNA relative to controls. Interestingly, in FAC-exposed FTSECs, EVI1 siRNA attenuated hTERT mRNA expression, whereas siRNAs targeting β-catenin and BMI1 (both elevated with chronic iron exposure) reduced Myc and Cyclin D1 proteins. Collectively, our novel findings provide strong foundational evidence for potential iron-induced initiation events, including EVI1 alterations, in the pathogenesis of HGSOC, warranting further in depth investigations. Thus, these findings will substantially advance our understanding of the contribution of iron enriched within the pelvic cavity, which may identify patients at risk of developing this deadly disease.
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Wu L, Cole A, Du W. Immune-DDR crosstalk in pre-leukemia stem cells. Oncotarget 2017; 8:81731-81732. [PMID: 29137216 PMCID: PMC5669842 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.21047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2017] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Limei Wu
- Wei Du: Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV, USA
| | - Allison Cole
- Wei Du: Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV, USA
| | - Wei Du
- Wei Du: Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV, USA
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3
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Cauchy P, James SR, Zacarias-Cabeza J, Ptasinska A, Imperato MR, Assi SA, Piper J, Canestraro M, Hoogenkamp M, Raghavan M, Loke J, Akiki S, Clokie SJ, Richards SJ, Westhead DR, Griffiths MJ, Ott S, Bonifer C, Cockerill PN. Chronic FLT3-ITD Signaling in Acute Myeloid Leukemia Is Connected to a Specific Chromatin Signature. Cell Rep 2015; 12:821-36. [PMID: 26212328 PMCID: PMC4726916 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2015.06.069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2015] [Revised: 05/20/2015] [Accepted: 06/19/2015] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Acute myeloid leukemia (AML) is characterized by recurrent mutations that affect the epigenetic regulatory machinery and signaling molecules, leading to a block in hematopoietic differentiation. Constitutive signaling from mutated growth factor receptors is a major driver of leukemic growth, but how aberrant signaling affects the epigenome in AML is less understood. Furthermore, AML cells undergo extensive clonal evolution, and the mutations in signaling genes are often secondary events. To elucidate how chronic growth factor signaling alters the transcriptional network in AML, we performed a system-wide multi-omics study of primary cells from patients suffering from AML with internal tandem duplications in the FLT3 transmembrane domain (FLT3-ITD). This strategy revealed cooperation between the MAP kinase (MAPK) inducible transcription factor AP-1 and RUNX1 as a major driver of a common, FLT3-ITD-specific gene expression and chromatin signature, demonstrating a major impact of MAPK signaling pathways in shaping the epigenome of FLT3-ITD AML.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pierre Cauchy
- School of Cancer Sciences, College of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK
| | - Sally R James
- Section of Experimental Haematology, Leeds Institute for Molecular Medicine, University of Leeds, Leeds LS9 7TF, UK
| | - Joaquin Zacarias-Cabeza
- School of Cancer Sciences, College of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK
| | - Anetta Ptasinska
- School of Cancer Sciences, College of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK
| | - Maria Rosaria Imperato
- School of Cancer Sciences, College of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK
| | - Salam A Assi
- Section of Experimental Haematology, Leeds Institute for Molecular Medicine, University of Leeds, Leeds LS9 7TF, UK
| | - Jason Piper
- Warwick Systems Biology Centre, University of Warwick, Coventry CV4 7AL, UK
| | - Martina Canestraro
- School of Cancer Sciences, College of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK
| | - Maarten Hoogenkamp
- School of Cancer Sciences, College of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK
| | - Manoj Raghavan
- School of Cancer Sciences, College of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK; Centre for Clinical Haematology, Queen Elizabeth Hospital, Birmingham B15 2TH, UK
| | - Justin Loke
- School of Cancer Sciences, College of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK
| | - Susanna Akiki
- West Midlands Regional Genetics Laboratory, Birmingham Women's NHS Foundation Trust, Birmingham B15 2TG, UK
| | - Samuel J Clokie
- West Midlands Regional Genetics Laboratory, Birmingham Women's NHS Foundation Trust, Birmingham B15 2TG, UK
| | - Stephen J Richards
- Haematological Malignancy Diagnostic Service, St. James's University Hospital, Leeds LS9 7TF, UK
| | - David R Westhead
- School of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, UK
| | - Michael J Griffiths
- School of Cancer Sciences, College of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK; West Midlands Regional Genetics Laboratory, Birmingham Women's NHS Foundation Trust, Birmingham B15 2TG, UK
| | - Sascha Ott
- Warwick Systems Biology Centre, University of Warwick, Coventry CV4 7AL, UK
| | - Constanze Bonifer
- School of Cancer Sciences, College of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK.
| | - Peter N Cockerill
- School of Immunity and Infection, College of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK.
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4
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Ripperger T, Manukjan G, Meyer J, Wolter S, Schambach A, Bohne J, Modlich U, Li Z, Skawran B, Schlegelberger B, Steinemann D. The heteromeric transcription factor GABP activates the ITGAM/CD11b promoter and induces myeloid differentiation. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-GENE REGULATORY MECHANISMS 2015; 1849:1145-54. [PMID: 26170143 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbagrm.2015.07.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2015] [Revised: 06/19/2015] [Accepted: 07/09/2015] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The heteromeric transcription factor GA-binding protein (GABP) consists of two subunits, the alpha subunit (GABPA) carrying the DNA-binding ETS domain, and the beta subunit (GABPB1) harbouring the transcriptional activation domain. GABP is involved in haematopoietic stem cell maintenance and differentiation of myeloid and lymphoid lineages in mice. To elucidate the molecular function of GABP in human haematopoiesis, the present study addressed effects of ectopic overexpression of GABP focussing on the myeloid compartment. Combined overexpression of GABPA and GABPB1 caused a proliferation block in cell lines and drastically reduced the colony-forming capacity of murine lineage-negative cells. Impaired proliferation resulted from perturbed cellular cycling and induction of myeloid differentiation shown by surface markers and myelomonocytic morphology of U937 cells. Depending on the dosage and functional integrity of GABP, ITGAM expression was induced. ITGAM encodes CD11b, the alpha subunit of integrin Mac-1, whose beta subunit, ITGB2/CD18, was already described to be regulated by GABP. Finally, Shield1-dependent proteotuning, luciferase reporter assays and chromatin immunoprecipitation showed that GABP activates the ITGAM/CD11b promoter via three binding sites close to the translational start site. In conclusion, the present study supports the crucial role of GABP in myeloid cell differentiation and identified ITGAM/CD11b as a novel GABP target gene.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tim Ripperger
- Institute of Human Genetics, Hannover Medical School, Carl-Neuberg-Str. 1, 30625 Hannover, Germany.
| | - Georgi Manukjan
- Institute of Human Genetics, Hannover Medical School, Carl-Neuberg-Str. 1, 30625 Hannover, Germany.
| | - Johann Meyer
- Institute of Experimental Haematology, Hannover Medical School, Carl-Neuberg-Str. 1, 30625 Hannover, Germany.
| | - Sabine Wolter
- Institute of Pharmacology, Hannover Medical School, Carl-Neuberg-Str. 1, 30625 Hannover, Germany.
| | - Axel Schambach
- Institute of Experimental Haematology, Hannover Medical School, Carl-Neuberg-Str. 1, 30625 Hannover, Germany; Division of Hematology/Oncology, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, 300 Longwood Avenue, Boston, MA 02115, USA.
| | - Jens Bohne
- Institute of Virology, Hannover Medical School, Carl-Neuberg-Str. 1, 30625 Hannover, Germany.
| | - Ute Modlich
- Institute of Experimental Haematology, Hannover Medical School, Carl-Neuberg-Str. 1, 30625 Hannover, Germany.
| | - Zhixiong Li
- Institute of Experimental Haematology, Hannover Medical School, Carl-Neuberg-Str. 1, 30625 Hannover, Germany.
| | - Britta Skawran
- Institute of Human Genetics, Hannover Medical School, Carl-Neuberg-Str. 1, 30625 Hannover, Germany.
| | - Brigitte Schlegelberger
- Institute of Human Genetics, Hannover Medical School, Carl-Neuberg-Str. 1, 30625 Hannover, Germany.
| | - Doris Steinemann
- Institute of Human Genetics, Hannover Medical School, Carl-Neuberg-Str. 1, 30625 Hannover, Germany.
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5
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Blatt K, Herrmann H, Hoermann G, Willmann M, Cerny-Reiterer S, Sadovnik I, Herndlhofer S, Streubel B, Rabitsch W, Sperr WR, Mayerhofer M, Rülicke T, Valent P. Identification of campath-1 (CD52) as novel drug target in neoplastic stem cells in 5q-patients with MDS and AML. Clin Cancer Res 2014; 20:3589-602. [PMID: 24799522 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-13-2811] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE The CD52-targeted antibody alemtuzumab induces major clinical responses in a group of patients with myelodysplastic syndromes (MDS). The mechanism underlying this drug effect remains unknown. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN We asked whether neoplastic stem cells (NSC) in patients with MDS (n = 29) or acute myelogenous leukemia (AML; n = 62) express CD52. RESULTS As assessed by flow cytometry, CD52 was found to be expressed on NSC-enriched CD34(+)/CD38(-) cells in 8/11 patients with MDS and isolated del(5q). In most other patients with MDS, CD52 was weakly expressed or not detectable on NSC. In AML, CD34(+)/CD38(-) cells displayed CD52 in 23/62 patients, including four with complex karyotype and del(5q) and one with del(5q) and t(1;17;X). In quantitative PCR (qPCR) analyses, purified NSC obtained from del(5q) patients expressed CD52 mRNA. We were also able to show that CD52 mRNA levels correlate with EVI1 expression and that NRAS induces the expression of CD52 in AML cells. The CD52-targeting drug alemtuzumab, was found to induce complement-dependent lysis of CD34(+)/CD38(-)/CD52(+) NSC, but did not induce lysis in CD52(-) NSC. Alemtuzumab also suppressed engraftment of CD52(+) NSC in NSG mice. Finally, CD52 expression on NSC was found to correlate with a poor survival in patients with MDS and AML. CONCLUSIONS The cell surface target Campath-1 (CD52) is expressed on NSC in a group of patients with MDS and AML. CD52 is a novel prognostic NSC marker and a potential NSC target in a subset of patients with MDS and AML, which may have clinical implications and may explain clinical effects produced by alemtuzumab in these patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katharina Blatt
- Authors' Affiliations: Department of Internal Medicine I, Division of Hematology & Hemostaseology, Medical University of Vienna, Austria
| | - Harald Herrmann
- Ludwig Boltzmann Cluster Oncology, Medical University of Vienna, Austria
| | - Gregor Hoermann
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Medical University of Vienna, Austria
| | - Michael Willmann
- Department for Companion Animals and Horses, Clinic for Small Animals, Clinical Unit of Internal Medicine, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Austria
| | - Sabine Cerny-Reiterer
- Authors' Affiliations: Department of Internal Medicine I, Division of Hematology & Hemostaseology, Medical University of Vienna, Austria; Ludwig Boltzmann Cluster Oncology, Medical University of Vienna, Austria
| | - Irina Sadovnik
- Authors' Affiliations: Department of Internal Medicine I, Division of Hematology & Hemostaseology, Medical University of Vienna, Austria
| | - Susanne Herndlhofer
- Authors' Affiliations: Department of Internal Medicine I, Division of Hematology & Hemostaseology, Medical University of Vienna, Austria
| | - Berthold Streubel
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Medical University of Vienna, Austria
| | - Werner Rabitsch
- Department of Internal Medicine I, Bone Marrow Transplantation Unit, Medical University of Vienna, Austria
| | - Wolfgang R Sperr
- Authors' Affiliations: Department of Internal Medicine I, Division of Hematology & Hemostaseology, Medical University of Vienna, Austria; Ludwig Boltzmann Cluster Oncology, Medical University of Vienna, Austria
| | - Matthias Mayerhofer
- Ludwig Boltzmann Institute of Osteology, Hanusch-Hospital, Vienna, Austria; and
| | - Thomas Rülicke
- Institute of Laboratory Animal Science, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Austria
| | - Peter Valent
- Authors' Affiliations: Department of Internal Medicine I, Division of Hematology & Hemostaseology, Medical University of Vienna, Austria; Ludwig Boltzmann Cluster Oncology, Medical University of Vienna, Austria;
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6
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Rommer A, Steinmetz B, Herbst F, Hackl H, Heffeter P, Heilos D, Filipits M, Steinleitner K, Hemmati S, Herbacek I, Schwarzinger I, Hartl K, Rondou P, Glimm H, Karakaya K, Krämer A, Berger W, Wieser R. EVI1 inhibits apoptosis induced by antileukemic drugs via upregulation of CDKN1A/p21/WAF in human myeloid cells. PLoS One 2013; 8:e56308. [PMID: 23457546 PMCID: PMC3572987 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0056308] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2012] [Accepted: 01/09/2013] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Overexpression of ecotropic viral integration site 1 (EVI1) is associated with aggressive disease in acute myeloid leukemia (AML). Despite of its clinical importance, little is known about the mechanism through which EVI1 confers resistance to antileukemic drugs. Here, we show that a human myeloid cell line constitutively overexpressing EVI1 after infection with a retroviral vector (U937_EVI1) was partially resistant to etoposide and daunorubicin as compared to empty vector infected control cells (U937_vec). Similarly, inducible expression of EVI1 in HL-60 cells decreased their sensitivity to daunorubicin. Gene expression microarray analyses of U937_EVI1 and U937_vec cells cultured in the absence or presence of etoposide showed that 77 and 419 genes were regulated by EVI1 and etoposide, respectively. Notably, mRNA levels of 26 of these genes were altered by both stimuli, indicating that EVI1 regulated genes were strongly enriched among etoposide regulated genes and vice versa. One of the genes that were induced by both EVI1 and etoposide was CDKN1A/p21/WAF, which in addition to its function as a cell cycle regulator plays an important role in conferring chemotherapy resistance in various tumor types. Indeed, overexpression of CDKN1A in U937 cells mimicked the phenotype of EVI1 overexpression, similarly conferring partial resistance to antileukemic drugs.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Antineoplastic Agents/pharmacology
- Antineoplastic Agents/therapeutic use
- Apoptosis/drug effects
- Cell Differentiation/drug effects
- Cell Line, Tumor
- Cell Proliferation/drug effects
- Cyclin-Dependent Kinase Inhibitor p21/metabolism
- DNA-Binding Proteins/genetics
- DNA-Binding Proteins/metabolism
- Daunorubicin/pharmacology
- Drug Resistance, Neoplasm
- Etoposide/pharmacology
- Female
- Humans
- Leukemia, Myeloid, Acute/drug therapy
- Leukemia, Myeloid, Acute/genetics
- Leukemia, Myeloid, Acute/metabolism
- Leukemia, Myeloid, Acute/pathology
- MDS1 and EVI1 Complex Locus Protein
- Mice
- Myeloid Cells/drug effects
- Myeloid Cells/metabolism
- Myeloid Cells/pathology
- Proto-Oncogenes/genetics
- Transcription Factors/genetics
- Transcription Factors/metabolism
- Up-Regulation/drug effects
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Rommer
- Department of Medicine I, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
- Comprehensive Cancer Center of the Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Birgit Steinmetz
- Department of Medicine I, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
- Comprehensive Cancer Center of the Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Friederike Herbst
- Department of Translational Oncology, National Center for Tumor Diseases and German Cancer Research Center, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Hubert Hackl
- Division of Bioinformatics, Innsbruck Medical University, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Petra Heffeter
- Comprehensive Cancer Center of the Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
- Department of Medicine I, Institute of Cancer Research, and Research Platform “Translational Cancer Therapy Research”, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Daniela Heilos
- Department of Medicine I, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
- Comprehensive Cancer Center of the Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Martin Filipits
- Comprehensive Cancer Center of the Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
- Department of Medicine I, Institute of Cancer Research, and Research Platform “Translational Cancer Therapy Research”, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Katarina Steinleitner
- Department of Medicine I, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
- Comprehensive Cancer Center of the Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Shayda Hemmati
- Department of Translational Oncology, National Center for Tumor Diseases and German Cancer Research Center, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Irene Herbacek
- Department of Medicine I, Institute of Cancer Research, and Research Platform “Translational Cancer Therapy Research”, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Ilse Schwarzinger
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Katharina Hartl
- Department of Medicine I, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
- Comprehensive Cancer Center of the Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Pieter Rondou
- Center for Medical Genetics Ghent, Ghent University Hospital Medical Research Building, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Hanno Glimm
- Department of Translational Oncology, National Center for Tumor Diseases and German Cancer Research Center, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Kadin Karakaya
- Clinical Cooperation Unit Molecular Haematology/Oncology, German Cancer Research Center, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Alwin Krämer
- Clinical Cooperation Unit Molecular Haematology/Oncology, German Cancer Research Center, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Walter Berger
- Comprehensive Cancer Center of the Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
- Department of Medicine I, Institute of Cancer Research, and Research Platform “Translational Cancer Therapy Research”, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Rotraud Wieser
- Department of Medicine I, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
- Comprehensive Cancer Center of the Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
- * E-mail:
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7
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Activation of Evi1 inhibits cell cycle progression and differentiation of hematopoietic progenitor cells. Leukemia 2012; 27:1127-38. [PMID: 23212151 DOI: 10.1038/leu.2012.355] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
The transcription factor Evi1 has an outstanding role in the formation and transformation of hematopoietic cells. Its activation by chromosomal rearrangement induces a myelodysplastic syndrome with progression to acute myeloid leukemia of poor prognosis. Similarly, retroviral insertion-mediated upregulation confers a competitive advantage to transplanted hematopoietic cells, triggering clonal dominance or even leukemia. To study the molecular and functional response of primary murine hematopoietic progenitor cells to the activation of Evi1, we established an inducible lentiviral expression system. EVI1 had a biphasic effect with initial growth inhibition and retarded myeloid differentiation linked to enhanced survival of myeloblasts in long-term cultures. Gene expression microarray analysis revealed that within 24 h EVI1 upregulated 'stemness' genes characteristic for long-term hematopoietic stem cells (Aldh1a1, Abca1, Cdkn1b, Cdkn1c, Epcam, among others) but downregulated genes involved in DNA replication (Cyclins and their kinases, among others) and DNA repair (including Brca1, Brca2, Rad51). Cell cycle analysis demonstrated EVI1's anti-proliferative effect to be strictly dose-dependent with accumulation of cells in G0/G1, but preservation of a small fraction of long-term proliferating cells. Although confined to cultured cells, our study contributes to new hypotheses addressing the mechanisms and molecular targets involved in preleukemic clonal dominance or leukemic transformation by Evi1.
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