1
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Reuss DE, Downing SM, Camacho CV, Wang YD, Piro RM, Herold-Mende C, Wang ZQ, Hofmann TG, Sahm F, von Deimling A, McKinnon PJ, Frappart PO. Simultaneous Nbs1 and p53 inactivation in neural progenitors triggers high-grade gliomas. Neuropathol Appl Neurobiol 2023; 49:e12915. [PMID: 37296499 DOI: 10.1111/nan.12915] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2022] [Revised: 04/25/2023] [Accepted: 06/02/2023] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
AIMS Nijmegen breakage syndrome (NBS) is a rare autosomal recessive disorder caused by hypomorphic mutations of NBS1. NBS1 is a member of the MRE11-RAD50-NBS1 (MRN) complex that binds to DNA double-strand breaks and activates the DNA damage response (DDR). Nbs1 inactivation in neural progenitor cells leads to microcephaly and premature death. Interestingly, p53 homozygous deletion rescues the NBS1-deficient phenotype allowing long-term survival. The objective of this work was to determine whether simultaneous inactivation of Nbs1 and p53 in neural progenitors triggered brain tumorigenesis and if so in which category this tumour could be classified. METHODS We generated a mouse model with simultaneous genetic inactivation of Nbs1 and p53 in embryonic neural stem cells and analysed the arising tumours with in-depth molecular analyses including immunohistochemistry, array comparative genomic hybridisation (aCGH), whole exome-sequencing and RNA-sequencing. RESULTS NBS1/P53-deficient mice develop high-grade gliomas (HGG) arising in the olfactory bulbs and in the cortex along the rostral migratory stream. In-depth molecular analyses using immunohistochemistry, aCGH, whole exome-sequencing and RNA-sequencing revealed striking similarities to paediatric human HGG with shared features with radiation-induced gliomas (RIGs). CONCLUSIONS Our findings show that concomitant inactivation of Nbs1 and p53 in mice promotes HGG with RIG features. This model could be useful for preclinical studies to improve the prognosis of these deadly tumours, but it also highlights the singularity of NBS1 among the other DNA damage response proteins in the aetiology of brain tumours.
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Affiliation(s)
- David E Reuss
- Clinical Cooperation Unit Neuropathology, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
- Consortium for Translational Cancer Research (DKTK), Heidelberg, Germany
- Department of Neuropathology, Institute of Pathology, Ruprecht-Karls-Universität Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Susanna M Downing
- Center for Pediatric Neurological Disease Research, St. Jude Translational Neuroscience, Departments of Genetics and Cell and Molecular Biology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee, USA
| | - Cristel V Camacho
- Center for Pediatric Neurological Disease Research, St. Jude Translational Neuroscience, Departments of Genetics and Cell and Molecular Biology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee, USA
| | - Yong-Dong Wang
- Center for Pediatric Neurological Disease Research, St. Jude Translational Neuroscience, Departments of Genetics and Cell and Molecular Biology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee, USA
| | - Rosario M Piro
- Dipartimento di Elettronica, Informazione e Bioingegneria (DEIB), Politecnico di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Christel Herold-Mende
- Department of Neurosurgery, Ruprecht-Karls-Universität Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Zhao-Qi Wang
- Leibniz Institute on Ageing-Fritz Lipmann Institute, Jena, Germany
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, Shandong University, Qingdao, China
| | - Thomas G Hofmann
- Institute of Toxicology, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Mainz, Germany
| | - Felix Sahm
- Clinical Cooperation Unit Neuropathology, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
- Consortium for Translational Cancer Research (DKTK), Heidelberg, Germany
- Department of Neuropathology, Institute of Pathology, Ruprecht-Karls-Universität Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Andreas von Deimling
- Clinical Cooperation Unit Neuropathology, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
- Consortium for Translational Cancer Research (DKTK), Heidelberg, Germany
- Department of Neuropathology, Institute of Pathology, Ruprecht-Karls-Universität Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Peter J McKinnon
- Center for Pediatric Neurological Disease Research, St. Jude Translational Neuroscience, Departments of Genetics and Cell and Molecular Biology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee, USA
| | - Pierre-Olivier Frappart
- Institute of Toxicology, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Mainz, Germany
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2
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Oh KS, Mahalingam M. Melanoma and Glioblastoma-Not a Serendipitous Association. Adv Anat Pathol 2023; 30:00125480-990000000-00051. [PMID: 36624550 DOI: 10.1097/pap.0000000000000393] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Recently, we came across a patient with malignant melanoma and primary glioblastoma. Given this, we parsed the literature to ascertain the relationship, if any, between these 2 malignancies. We begin with a brief overview of melanoma and glioma in isolation followed by a chronologic overview of case reports and epidemiologic studies documenting both neoplasms. This is followed by studies detailing genetic abnormalities common to both malignancies with a view to identifying unifying genetic targets for therapeutic strategies as well as to explore the possibility of a putative association and an inherited cancer susceptibility trait. From a scientific perspective, we believe we have provided evidence favoring an association between melanoma and glioma. Future studies that include documentation of additional cases, as well as a detailed molecular analyses, will lend credence to our hypothesis that the co-occurrence of these 2 conditions is likely not serendipitous.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kei Shing Oh
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Mount Sinai Medical Center, Miami Beach, FL
| | - Meera Mahalingam
- Dermatopathology Section, Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, VA-Integrated-Service-Network-1 (VISN1), West Roxbury, MA
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3
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Fischer U, Meese E. Gene Amplification in Tumor Cells: Developed De Novo or Adopted from Stem Cells. Cells 2022; 12:cells12010148. [PMID: 36611942 PMCID: PMC9818554 DOI: 10.3390/cells12010148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2022] [Revised: 12/16/2022] [Accepted: 12/28/2022] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Gene amplifications have been known for several decades as physiological processes in amphibian and flies, e.g., during eggshell development in Drosophila and as part of pathological processes in humans, specifically in tumors and drug-resistant cells. The long-held belief that a physiological gene amplification does not occur in humans was, however, fundamental questioned by findings that showed gene amplification in human stem cells. We hypothesis that the physiological and the pathological, i.e., tumor associated processes of gene amplification share at their beginning the same underlying mechanism. Re-replication was reported both in the context of tumor related genome instability and during restricted time windows in Drosophila development causing the known developmental gene amplification in Drosophila. There is also growing evidence that gene amplification and re-replication were present in human stem cells. It appears likely that stem cells utilize a re-replication mechanism that has been developed early in evolution as a powerful tool to increase gene copy numbers very efficiently. Here, we show that, several decades ago, there was already evidence of gene amplification in non-tumor mammalian cells, but that was not recognized at the time and interpreted accordingly. We give an overview on gene amplifications during normal mammalian development, the possible mechanism that enable gene amplification and hypothesize how tumors adopted this capability for gene amplification.
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4
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Maksoud S. The DNA Double-Strand Break Repair in Glioma: Molecular Players and Therapeutic Strategies. Mol Neurobiol 2022; 59:5326-5365. [PMID: 35696013 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-022-02915-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2021] [Accepted: 06/05/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Gliomas are the most frequent type of tumor in the central nervous system, which exhibit properties that make their treatment difficult, such as cellular infiltration, heterogeneity, and the presence of stem-like cells responsible for tumor recurrence. The response of this type of tumor to chemoradiotherapy is poor, possibly due to a higher repair activity of the genetic material, among other causes. The DNA double-strand breaks are an important type of lesion to the genetic material, which have the potential to trigger processes of cell death or cause gene aberrations that could promote tumorigenesis. This review describes how the different cellular elements regulate the formation of DNA double-strand breaks and their repair in gliomas, discussing the therapeutic potential of the induction of this type of lesion and the suppression of its repair as a control mechanism of brain tumorigenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Semer Maksoud
- Experimental Therapeutics and Molecular Imaging Unit, Department of Neurology, Neuro-Oncology Division, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02114, USA.
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5
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Yang X, Liao HY, Zhang HH. Roles of MET in human cancer. Clin Chim Acta 2021; 525:69-83. [PMID: 34951962 DOI: 10.1016/j.cca.2021.12.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2021] [Revised: 12/15/2021] [Accepted: 12/17/2021] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
The MET proto-oncogene was first identified in osteosarcoma cells exposed to carcinogens. Although expressed in many normal cells, MET is overexpressed in many human cancers. MET is involved in the initiation and development of various human cancers and mediates proliferation, migration and invasion. Accordingly, MET has been successfully used as a biomarker for diagnosis and prognosis, survival, post-operative recurrence, risk assessment and pathologic grading, as well as a therapeutic target. In addition, recent work indicates that inhibition of MET expression and function has potential clinical benefit. This review summarizes the role, mechanism, and clinical significance of MET in the formation and development of human cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Yang
- The Second Clinical Medical College, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, PR China; Department of Orthopaedics, Lanzhou University Second Hospital, Lanzhou 730000, PR China
| | - Hai-Yang Liao
- The Second Clinical Medical College, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, PR China; Department of Orthopaedics, Lanzhou University Second Hospital, Lanzhou 730000, PR China
| | - Hai-Hong Zhang
- The Second Clinical Medical College, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, PR China; Department of Orthopaedics, Lanzhou University Second Hospital, Lanzhou 730000, PR China.
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6
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Qin A, Musket A, Musich PR, Schweitzer JB, Xie Q. Receptor tyrosine kinases as druggable targets in glioblastoma: Do signaling pathways matter? Neurooncol Adv 2021; 3:vdab133. [PMID: 34806012 PMCID: PMC8598918 DOI: 10.1093/noajnl/vdab133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Glioblastoma (GBM) is the most malignant primary brain tumor without effective therapies. Since bevacizumab was FDA approved for targeting vascular endothelial growth factor receptor 2 (VEGFR2) in adult patients with recurrent GBM, targeted therapy against receptor tyrosine kinases (RTKs) has become a new avenue for GBM therapeutics. In addition to VEGFR, the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR), platelet-derived growth factor receptor (PDGFR), hepatocyte growth factor receptor (HGFR/MET), and fibroblast growth factor receptor (FGFR) are major RTK targets. However, results from clinical Phase II/III trials indicate that most RTK-targeting therapeutics including tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs) and neutralizing antibodies lack clinical efficacy, either alone or in combination. The major challenge is to uncover the genetic RTK alterations driving GBM initiation and progression, as well as to elucidate the mechanisms toward therapeutic resistance. In this review, we will discuss the genetic alterations in these 5 commonly targeted RTKs, the clinical trial outcomes of the associated RTK-targeting therapeutics, and the potential mechanisms toward the resistance. We anticipate that future design of new clinical trials with combination strategies, based on the genetic alterations within an individual patient’s tumor and mechanisms contributing to therapeutic resistance after treatment, will achieve durable remissions and improve outcomes in GBM patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Qin
- Department of Biomedical Science, Quillen College of Medicine, East Tennessee State University, Johnson City, Tennessee, USA
| | - Anna Musket
- Department of Biomedical Science, Quillen College of Medicine, East Tennessee State University, Johnson City, Tennessee, USA
| | - Phillip R Musich
- Department of Biomedical Science, Quillen College of Medicine, East Tennessee State University, Johnson City, Tennessee, USA
| | - John B Schweitzer
- Department of Pathology, Quillen College of Medicine, East Tennessee State University, Johnson City, Tennessee, USA
| | - Qian Xie
- Department of Biomedical Science, Quillen College of Medicine, East Tennessee State University, Johnson City, Tennessee, USA
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7
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Fletcher-Sananikone E, Kanji S, Tomimatsu N, Di Cristofaro LFM, Kollipara RK, Saha D, Floyd JR, Sung P, Hromas R, Burns TC, Kittler R, Habib AA, Mukherjee B, Burma S. Elimination of Radiation-Induced Senescence in the Brain Tumor Microenvironment Attenuates Glioblastoma Recurrence. Cancer Res 2021; 81:5935-5947. [PMID: 34580063 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-21-0752] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2021] [Revised: 08/22/2021] [Accepted: 09/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Glioblastomas (GBM) are routinely treated with ionizing radiation (IR) but inevitably recur and develop therapy resistance. During treatment, the tissue surrounding tumors is also irradiated. IR potently induces senescence, and senescent stromal cells can promote the growth of neighboring tumor cells by secreting factors that create a senescence-associated secretory phenotype (SASP). Here, we carried out transcriptomic and tumorigenicity analyses in irradiated mouse brains to elucidate how radiotherapy-induced senescence of non-neoplastic brain cells promotes tumor growth. Following cranial irradiation, widespread senescence in the brain occurred, with the astrocytic population being particularly susceptible. Irradiated brains showed an altered transcriptomic profile characterized by upregulation of CDKN1A (p21), a key enforcer of senescence, and several SASP factors, including HGF, the ligand of the receptor tyrosine kinase (RTK) Met. Preirradiation of mouse brains increased Met-driven growth and invasiveness of orthotopically implanted glioma cells. Importantly, irradiated p21-/- mouse brains did not exhibit senescence and consequently failed to promote tumor growth. Senescent astrocytes secreted HGF to activate Met in glioma cells and to promote their migration and invasion in vitro, which could be blocked by HGF-neutralizing antibodies or the Met inhibitor crizotinib. Crizotinib also slowed the growth of glioma cells implanted in preirradiated brains. Treatment with the senolytic drug ABT-263 (navitoclax) selectively killed senescent astrocytes in vivo, significantly attenuating growth of glioma cells implanted in preirradiated brains. These results indicate that SASP factors in the irradiated tumor microenvironment drive GBM growth via RTK activation, underscoring the potential utility of adjuvant senolytic therapy for preventing GBM recurrence after radiotherapy. SIGNIFICANCE: This study uncovers mechanisms by which radiotherapy can promote GBM recurrence by inducing senescence in non-neoplastic brain cells, suggesting that senolytic therapy can blunt recurrent GBM growth and aggressiveness.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Suman Kanji
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Texas Health, San Antonio, Texas
| | - Nozomi Tomimatsu
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Texas Health, San Antonio, Texas
| | | | - Rahul K Kollipara
- Eugene McDermott Center for Human Growth and Development, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas
| | - Debabrata Saha
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas
| | - John R Floyd
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Texas Health, San Antonio, Texas
| | - Patrick Sung
- Department of Biochemistry and Structural Biology, University of Texas Health, San Antonio, Texas
| | - Robert Hromas
- Department of Medicine, University of Texas Health, San Antonio, Texas
| | - Terry C Burns
- Department of Neurologic Surgery, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota
| | - Ralf Kittler
- Eugene McDermott Center for Human Growth and Development, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas
| | - Amyn A Habib
- Department of Neurology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas.,Veterans Affairs North Texas Health Care System, Dallas, Texas
| | - Bipasha Mukherjee
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Texas Health, San Antonio, Texas
| | - Sandeep Burma
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Texas Health, San Antonio, Texas. .,Department of Biochemistry and Structural Biology, University of Texas Health, San Antonio, Texas
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8
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Sinha A, Saleh A, Endersby R, Yuan SH, Chokshi CR, Brown KR, Kuzio B, Kauppinen T, Singh SK, Baker SJ, McKinnon PJ, Katyal S. RAD51-Mediated DNA Homologous Recombination Is Independent of PTEN Mutational Status. Cancers (Basel) 2020; 12:cancers12113178. [PMID: 33138032 PMCID: PMC7693555 DOI: 10.3390/cancers12113178] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2020] [Accepted: 10/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary PTEN is an important tumor suppressor that is frequently mutated in malignancy. PTEN mutational loss has been associated with reduced RAD51 expression and homologous recombination deficiency (HRD), however; recent studies have failed to recapitulate these findings. Here, we show that RAD51 expression, foci formation and homologous recombination repair activity are unaltered in normal and tumorigenic PTEN-deficient cells and patient samples. Furthermore, we show that PTEN-deficient tumor cell lines do not synergize with the clinical PARP inhibitor olaparib, underscoring a need to discontinue its use in treating patients with PTEN-deficient tumors that do not otherwise exhibit HRD. Abstract PTEN mutation occurs in a variety of aggressive cancers and is associated with poor patient outcomes. Recent studies have linked mutational loss of PTEN to reduced RAD51 expression and function, a key factor involved in the homologous recombination (HR) pathway. However, these studies remain controversial, as they fail to establish a definitive causal link to RAD51 expression that is PTEN-dependent, while other studies have not been able to recapitulate the relationship between the PTEN expression and the RAD51/HR function. Resolution of this apparent conundrum is essential due to the clinically-significant implication that PTEN-deficient tumors may be sensitive to poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP) inhibitors (PARPi) commonly used in the clinical management of BRCA-mutated and other HR-deficient (HRD) tumors. Methods: Primary Pten-deficient (and corresponding wild-type) mouse embryonic fibroblasts (MEFs) and astrocytes and PTEN-null human tumor cell lines and primary cells were assessed for RAD51 expression (via the Western blot analysis) and DNA damage repair analyses (via alkali comet and γH2AX foci assays). RAD51 foci analysis was used to measure HR-dependent DNA repair. Xrcc2-deficient MEFs served as an HR-deficient control, while the stable knockdown of RAD51 (shRAD51) served to control for the relative RAD51/HR-mediated repair and the phospho-53BP1 foci analysis served to confirm and measure non-homologous end joining (NHEJ) activity in PTEN-deficient and shRAD51-expressing (HRD) lines. Cell proliferation studies were used to measure any potential added sensitivity of PTEN-null cells to the clinically-relevant PARPi, olaparib. RAD51 levels and DNA damage response signaling were assessed in PTEN-mutant brain tumor initiating cells (BTICs) derived from primary and recurrent glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) patients, while expression of RAD51 and its paralogs were examined as a function of the PTEN status in the RNA expression datasets isolated from primary GBM tumor specimens and BTICs. Results: Pten knockout primary murine cells display unaltered RAD51 expression, endogenous and DNA strand break-induced RAD51 foci and robust DNA repair activity. Defective HR was only observed in the cells lacking Xrcc2. Likewise, human glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) cell lines with known PTEN deficiency (U87, PTEN-mutated; U251 and U373, PTEN-null) show apparent expression of RAD51 and display efficient DNA repair activity. Only GBM cells stably expressing shRNAs against RAD51 (shRAD51) display dysfunctional DNA repair activity and reduced proliferative capacity, which is exacerbated by PARPi treatment. Furthermore, GBM patient-derived BTICs displayed robust RAD51 expression and intact DNA damage response signaling in spite of PTEN-inactivating mutations. RNA expression analysis of primary GBM tissue specimens and BTICs demonstrate stable levels of RAD51 and its paralogs (RAD51B, RAD51C, RAD51D, XRCC2, XRCC3, and DMC1), regardless of the PTEN mutational status. Conclusions: Our findings demonstrate definitively that PTEN loss does not alter the RAD51 expression, its paralogs, or the HR activity. Furthermore, deficiency in PTEN alone is not sufficient to impart enhanced sensitivity to PARPi associated with HRD. This study is the first to unequivocally demonstrate that PTEN deficiency is not linked to the RAD51 expression or the HR activity amongst primary neural and non-neural Pten-null cells, PTEN-deficient tumor cell lines, and primary PTEN-mutant GBM patient-derived tissue specimens and BTICs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Asha Sinha
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB R3E 0T6, Canada; (A.S.); (A.S.); (S.H.Y.); (B.K.); (T.K.)
- Research Institute in Oncology and Hematology, CancerCare Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB R3E 0V9, Canada
| | - Ali Saleh
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB R3E 0T6, Canada; (A.S.); (A.S.); (S.H.Y.); (B.K.); (T.K.)
- Research Institute in Oncology and Hematology, CancerCare Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB R3E 0V9, Canada
| | - Raelene Endersby
- Telethon Kids Institute, Perth Children’s Hospital, 15 Hospital Avenue, Perth, WA 6009, Australia;
- Centre for Child Health Research, University of Western Australia, 15 Hospital Avenue, Perth, WA 6009, Australia
| | - Shek H. Yuan
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB R3E 0T6, Canada; (A.S.); (A.S.); (S.H.Y.); (B.K.); (T.K.)
- Research Institute in Oncology and Hematology, CancerCare Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB R3E 0V9, Canada
| | - Chirayu R. Chokshi
- Department of Biochemistry and Biomedical Sciences, McMaster University, 1200 Main Street West, Hamilton, ON L8S 4L8, Canada; (C.R.C.); (S.K.S.)
| | - Kevin R. Brown
- Donnelly Centre, University of Toronto, 160 College St, Toronto, ON M5S 3E1, Canada;
| | - Bozena Kuzio
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB R3E 0T6, Canada; (A.S.); (A.S.); (S.H.Y.); (B.K.); (T.K.)
- Research Institute in Oncology and Hematology, CancerCare Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB R3E 0V9, Canada
| | - Tiina Kauppinen
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB R3E 0T6, Canada; (A.S.); (A.S.); (S.H.Y.); (B.K.); (T.K.)
- Neuroscience Research Program, Kleysen Institute for Advanced Medicine, Health Sciences Centre, 710 William Avenue, Winnipeg, MB R3E 0Z3, Canada
| | - Sheila K. Singh
- Department of Biochemistry and Biomedical Sciences, McMaster University, 1200 Main Street West, Hamilton, ON L8S 4L8, Canada; (C.R.C.); (S.K.S.)
- Department of Surgery, Faculty of Health Sciences, McMaster University, 1200 Main Street West, Hamilton, ON L8S 4L8, Canada
| | - Suzanne J. Baker
- Department of Developmental Neurobiology, St Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105-3678, USA;
| | - Peter J. McKinnon
- Department of Genetics, St Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105-3678, USA;
| | - Sachin Katyal
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB R3E 0T6, Canada; (A.S.); (A.S.); (S.H.Y.); (B.K.); (T.K.)
- Research Institute in Oncology and Hematology, CancerCare Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB R3E 0V9, Canada
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +1-204-787-2765; Fax: +1-204-787-2190
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9
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Koga T, Chaim IA, Benitez JA, Markmiller S, Parisian AD, Hevner RF, Turner KM, Hessenauer FM, D'Antonio M, Nguyen NPD, Saberi S, Ma J, Miki S, Boyer AD, Ravits J, Frazer KA, Bafna V, Chen CC, Mischel PS, Yeo GW, Furnari FB. Longitudinal assessment of tumor development using cancer avatars derived from genetically engineered pluripotent stem cells. Nat Commun 2020; 11:550. [PMID: 31992716 PMCID: PMC6987220 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-020-14312-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2019] [Accepted: 12/20/2019] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Many cellular models aimed at elucidating cancer biology do not recapitulate pathobiology including tumor heterogeneity, an inherent feature of cancer that underlies treatment resistance. Here we introduce a cancer modeling paradigm using genetically engineered human pluripotent stem cells (hiPSCs) that captures authentic cancer pathobiology. Orthotopic engraftment of the neural progenitor cells derived from hiPSCs that have been genome-edited to contain tumor-associated genetic driver mutations revealed by The Cancer Genome Atlas project for glioblastoma (GBM) results in formation of high-grade gliomas. Similar to patient-derived GBM, these models harbor inter-tumor heterogeneity resembling different GBM molecular subtypes, intra-tumor heterogeneity, and extrachromosomal DNA amplification. Re-engraftment of these primary tumor neurospheres generates secondary tumors with features characteristic of patient samples and present mutation-dependent patterns of tumor evolution. These cancer avatar models provide a platform for comprehensive longitudinal assessment of human tumor development as governed by molecular subtype mutations and lineage-restricted differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomoyuki Koga
- Ludwig Cancer Research San Diego Branch, 9500 Gilman Dr., CMM-East Room 3055, La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Minnesota, 420 Delaware St SE, Minneapolis, MN, 55455, USA
| | - Isaac A Chaim
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of California San Diego, 2880 Torrey Pines Scenic Drive, La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA
- Institute for Genomic Medicine, University of California San Diego, 9500 Gilman Dr. Mail Code 0761, La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA
| | - Jorge A Benitez
- Ludwig Cancer Research San Diego Branch, 9500 Gilman Dr., CMM-East Room 3055, La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA
| | - Sebastian Markmiller
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of California San Diego, 2880 Torrey Pines Scenic Drive, La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA
| | - Alison D Parisian
- Ludwig Cancer Research San Diego Branch, 9500 Gilman Dr., CMM-East Room 3055, La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA
- Department of Pathology, University of California San Diego, 9500 Gilman Dr., La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA
| | - Robert F Hevner
- Department of Pathology, University of California San Diego, 9500 Gilman Dr., La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA
| | - Kristen M Turner
- Ludwig Cancer Research San Diego Branch, 9500 Gilman Dr., CMM-East Room 3055, La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA
| | - Florian M Hessenauer
- Ludwig Cancer Research San Diego Branch, 9500 Gilman Dr., CMM-East Room 3055, La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA
| | - Matteo D'Antonio
- Institute for Genomic Medicine, University of California San Diego, 9500 Gilman Dr. Mail Code 0761, La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA
| | - Nam-Phuong D Nguyen
- Department of Computer Science and Engineering, University of California San Diego, 9500 Gilman Dr., Mail Code 0404, La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA
| | - Shahram Saberi
- Department of Neuroscience, University of California San Diego, 9500 Gilman Dr., Mail Code 0662, La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA
| | - Jianhui Ma
- Ludwig Cancer Research San Diego Branch, 9500 Gilman Dr., CMM-East Room 3055, La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA
| | - Shunichiro Miki
- Ludwig Cancer Research San Diego Branch, 9500 Gilman Dr., CMM-East Room 3055, La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA
| | - Antonia D Boyer
- Ludwig Cancer Research San Diego Branch, 9500 Gilman Dr., CMM-East Room 3055, La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA
| | - John Ravits
- Department of Neuroscience, University of California San Diego, 9500 Gilman Dr., Mail Code 0662, La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA
| | - Kelly A Frazer
- Institute for Genomic Medicine, University of California San Diego, 9500 Gilman Dr. Mail Code 0761, La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA
- Department of Pediatrics and Rady Children's Hospital, University of California San Diego, 9500 Gilman Dr., Mail Code 0831, La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA
| | - Vineet Bafna
- Department of Computer Science and Engineering, University of California San Diego, 9500 Gilman Dr., Mail Code 0404, La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA
| | - Clark C Chen
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Minnesota, 420 Delaware St SE, Minneapolis, MN, 55455, USA
| | - Paul S Mischel
- Ludwig Cancer Research San Diego Branch, 9500 Gilman Dr., CMM-East Room 3055, La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA
- Department of Pathology, University of California San Diego, 9500 Gilman Dr., La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA
| | - Gene W Yeo
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of California San Diego, 2880 Torrey Pines Scenic Drive, La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA.
- Institute for Genomic Medicine, University of California San Diego, 9500 Gilman Dr. Mail Code 0761, La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA.
| | - Frank B Furnari
- Ludwig Cancer Research San Diego Branch, 9500 Gilman Dr., CMM-East Room 3055, La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA.
- Department of Pathology, University of California San Diego, 9500 Gilman Dr., La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA.
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10
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Todorova PK, Fletcher-Sananikone E, Mukherjee B, Kollipara R, Vemireddy V, Xie XJ, Guida PM, Story MD, Hatanpaa K, Habib AA, Kittler R, Bachoo R, Hromas R, Floyd JR, Burma S. Radiation-Induced DNA Damage Cooperates with Heterozygosity of TP53 and PTEN to Generate High-Grade Gliomas. Cancer Res 2019; 79:3749-3761. [PMID: 31088835 PMCID: PMC6635038 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-19-0680] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2019] [Revised: 04/08/2019] [Accepted: 05/10/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Glioblastomas are lethal brain tumors that are treated with conventional radiation (X-rays and gamma rays) or particle radiation (protons and carbon ions). Paradoxically, radiation is also a risk factor for GBM development, raising the possibility that radiotherapy of brain tumors could promote tumor recurrence or trigger secondary gliomas. In this study, we determined whether tumor suppressor losses commonly displayed by patients with GBM confer susceptibility to radiation-induced glioma. Mice with Nestin-Cre-driven deletions of Trp53 and Pten alleles were intracranially irradiated with X-rays or charged particles of increasing atomic number and linear energy transfer (LET). Mice with loss of one allele each of Trp53 and Pten did not develop spontaneous gliomas, but were highly susceptible to radiation-induced gliomagenesis. Tumor development frequency after exposure to high-LET particle radiation was significantly higher compared with X-rays, in accordance with the irreparability of DNA double-strand breaks (DSB) induced by high-LET radiation. All resultant gliomas, regardless of radiation quality, presented histopathologic features of grade IV lesions and harbored populations of cancer stem-like cells with tumor-propagating properties. Furthermore, all tumors displayed concomitant loss of heterozygosity of Trp53 and Pten along with frequent amplification of the Met receptor tyrosine kinase, which conferred a stem cell phenotype to tumor cells. Our results demonstrate that radiation-induced DSBs cooperate with preexisting tumor suppressor losses to generate high-grade gliomas. Moreover, our mouse model can be used for studies on radiation-induced development of GBM and therapeutic strategies. SIGNIFICANCE: This study uncovers mechanisms by which ionizing radiation, especially particle radiation, promote GBM development or recurrence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pavlina K Todorova
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas
| | | | - Bipasha Mukherjee
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas
| | - Rahul Kollipara
- Eugene McDermott Center for Human Growth and Development, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas
| | - Vamsidhara Vemireddy
- Department of Neurology and Neurotherapeutics, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas
| | - Xian-Jin Xie
- College of Dentistry and College of Public Health, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa
| | - Peter M Guida
- Biology Department, Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, New York
| | - Michael D Story
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas
| | - Kimmo Hatanpaa
- Department of Pathology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas
| | - Amyn A Habib
- Department of Neurology and Neurotherapeutics, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas
- Veterans Affairs North Texas Health Care System, Dallas, Texas
| | - Ralf Kittler
- Eugene McDermott Center for Human Growth and Development, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas
| | - Robert Bachoo
- Department of Neurology and Neurotherapeutics, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas
| | - Robert Hromas
- Department of Medicine, University of Texas Health, San Antonio, Texas
| | - John R Floyd
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Texas Health, San Antonio, Texas
| | - Sandeep Burma
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas.
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Texas Health, San Antonio, Texas
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11
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Cheng F, Guo D. MET in glioma: signaling pathways and targeted therapies. J Exp Clin Cancer Res 2019; 38:270. [PMID: 31221203 PMCID: PMC6585013 DOI: 10.1186/s13046-019-1269-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2019] [Accepted: 06/04/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Gliomas represent the most common type of malignant brain tumor, among which, glioblastoma remains a clinical challenge with limited treatment options and dismal prognosis. It has been shown that the dysregulated receptor tyrosine kinase (RTK, including EGFR, MET, PDGFRα, ect.) signaling pathways have pivotal roles in the progression of gliomas, especially glioblastoma. Increasing evidence suggests that expression levels of the RTK MET and its specific stimulatory factors are significantly increased in glioblastomas compared to those in normal brain tissues, whereas some negative regulators are found to be downregulated. Mutations in MET, as well as the dysregulation of other regulators of cross-talk with MET signaling pathways, have also been identified. MET and its ligand hepatocyte growth factor (HGF) play a critical role in the proliferation, survival, migration, invasion, angiogenesis, stem cell characteristics, and therapeutic resistance and recurrence of glioblastomas. Therefore, combined targeted therapy for this pathway and associated molecules could be a novel and attractive strategy for the treatment of human glioblastoma. In this review, we highlight progress made in the understanding of MET signaling in glioma and advances in therapies targeting HGF/MET molecules for glioma patients in recent years, in addition to studies on the expression and mutation status of MET.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fangling Cheng
- Department of Neurosurgery, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, No.1095, Jiefang Avenue, Wuhan, 430030 China
| | - Dongsheng Guo
- Department of Neurosurgery, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, No.1095, Jiefang Avenue, Wuhan, 430030 China
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12
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López GY, Van Ziffle J, Onodera C, Grenert JP, Yeh I, Bastian BC, Clarke J, Oberheim Bush NA, Taylor J, Chang S, Butowski N, Banerjee A, Mueller S, Kline C, Torkildson J, Samuel D, Siongco A, Raffel C, Gupta N, Kunwar S, Mummaneni P, Aghi M, Theodosopoulos P, Berger M, Phillips JJ, Pekmezci M, Tihan T, Bollen AW, Perry A, Solomon DA. The genetic landscape of gliomas arising after therapeutic radiation. Acta Neuropathol 2019; 137:139-150. [PMID: 30196423 DOI: 10.1007/s00401-018-1906-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2018] [Revised: 08/31/2018] [Accepted: 09/01/2018] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Radiotherapy improves survival for common childhood cancers such as medulloblastoma, leukemia, and germ cell tumors. Unfortunately, long-term survivors suffer sequelae that can include secondary neoplasia. Gliomas are common secondary neoplasms after cranial or craniospinal radiation, most often manifesting as high-grade astrocytomas with poor clinical outcomes. Here, we performed genetic profiling on a cohort of 12 gliomas arising after therapeutic radiation to determine their molecular pathogenesis and assess for differences in genomic signature compared to their spontaneous counterparts. We identified a high frequency of TP53 mutations, CDK4 amplification or CDKN2A homozygous deletion, and amplifications or rearrangements involving receptor tyrosine kinase and Ras-Raf-MAP kinase pathway genes including PDGFRA, MET, BRAF, and RRAS2. Notably, all tumors lacked alterations in IDH1, IDH2, H3F3A, HIST1H3B, HIST1H3C, TERT (including promoter region), and PTEN, which genetically define the major subtypes of diffuse gliomas in children and adults. All gliomas in this cohort had very low somatic mutation burden (less than three somatic single nucleotide variants or small indels per Mb). The ten high-grade gliomas demonstrated markedly aneuploid genomes, with significantly increased quantity of intrachromosomal copy number breakpoints and focal amplifications/homozygous deletions compared to spontaneous high-grade gliomas, likely as a result of DNA double-strand breaks induced by gamma radiation. Together, these findings demonstrate a distinct molecular pathogenesis of secondary gliomas arising after radiation therapy and identify a genomic signature that may aid in differentiating these tumors from their spontaneous counterparts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giselle Y López
- Department of Pathology, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Jessica Van Ziffle
- Department of Pathology, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
- Clinical Cancer Genomics Laboratory, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Courtney Onodera
- Department of Pathology, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
- Clinical Cancer Genomics Laboratory, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - James P Grenert
- Department of Pathology, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
- Clinical Cancer Genomics Laboratory, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Iwei Yeh
- Department of Pathology, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
- Clinical Cancer Genomics Laboratory, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
- Department of Dermatology, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Boris C Bastian
- Department of Pathology, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
- Clinical Cancer Genomics Laboratory, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
- Department of Dermatology, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Jennifer Clarke
- Division of Neuro-Oncology, Department of Neurological Surgery, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
- Department of Neurology, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Nancy Ann Oberheim Bush
- Division of Neuro-Oncology, Department of Neurological Surgery, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
- Department of Neurology, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Jennie Taylor
- Division of Neuro-Oncology, Department of Neurological Surgery, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
- Department of Neurology, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Susan Chang
- Division of Neuro-Oncology, Department of Neurological Surgery, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Nicholas Butowski
- Division of Neuro-Oncology, Department of Neurological Surgery, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Anuradha Banerjee
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Pediatrics, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Sabine Mueller
- Department of Neurology, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Pediatrics, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Cassie Kline
- Department of Neurology, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Pediatrics, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Joseph Torkildson
- Department of Hematology/Oncology, UCSF Benioff Children's Hospital Oakland, Oakland, CA, USA
| | - David Samuel
- Department of Hematology/Oncology, Valley Children's Hospital, Madera, CA, USA
| | - Aleli Siongco
- Department of Pathology, Valley Children's Hospital, Madera, CA, USA
| | - Corey Raffel
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Nalin Gupta
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Sandeep Kunwar
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Praveen Mummaneni
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Manish Aghi
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Philip Theodosopoulos
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Mitchel Berger
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Joanna J Phillips
- Department of Pathology, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Melike Pekmezci
- Department of Pathology, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Tarik Tihan
- Department of Pathology, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Andrew W Bollen
- Department of Pathology, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Arie Perry
- Department of Pathology, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - David A Solomon
- Department of Pathology, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA.
- Clinical Cancer Genomics Laboratory, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA.
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13
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DNA damage interactions on both nanometer and micrometer scale determine overall cellular damage. Sci Rep 2018; 8:16063. [PMID: 30375461 PMCID: PMC6207695 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-34323-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2018] [Accepted: 09/30/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
DNA double strand breaks (DSB) play a pivotal role for cellular damage, which is a hazard encountered in toxicology and radiation protection, but also exploited e.g. in eradicating tumors in radiation therapy. It is still debated whether and in how far clustering of such DNA lesions leads to an enhanced severity of induced damage. Here we investigate - using focused spots of ionizing radiation as damaging agent - the spatial extension of DNA lesion patterns causing cell inactivation. We find that clustering of DNA damage on both the nm and µm scale leads to enhanced inactivation compared to more homogeneous lesion distributions. A biophysical model interprets these observations in terms of enhanced DSB production and DSB interaction, respectively. We decompose the overall effects quantitatively into contributions from these lesion formation processes, concluding that both processes coexist and need to be considered for determining the resulting damage on the cellular level.
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14
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Phytosomal curcumin causes natural killer cell-dependent repolarization of glioblastoma (GBM) tumor-associated microglia/macrophages and elimination of GBM and GBM stem cells. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL & CLINICAL CANCER RESEARCH : CR 2018; 37:168. [PMID: 30041669 PMCID: PMC6058381 DOI: 10.1186/s13046-018-0792-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2018] [Accepted: 06/14/2018] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Glioblastoma (GBM) is a primary brain tumor with a 5-year survival rate of ≤5%. We have shown earlier that GBM-antibody-linked curcumin (CC) and also phytosomal curcumin (CCP) rescue 50-60% of GBM-bearing mice while repolarizing the tumor-associated microglia/macrophages (TAM) from the tumor-promoting M2-type to the tumoricidal M1-type. However, systemic application of CCP yields only sub-IC50 concentrations of CC in the plasma, which is unlikely to kill GBM cells directly. This study investigates the role of CC-evoked intra-GBM recruitment of activated natural killer (NK) cells in the elimination of GBM and GBM stem cells. METHODS We have used an immune-competent syngeneic C57BL6 mouse model with the mouse-GBM GL261 cells orthotopically implanted in the brain. Using immunohistochemistry and flow cytometry, we have quantitatively analyzed the role of the intra-GBM-recruited NK cells by (i) injecting (i.p.) the NK1.1 antibody (NK1.1Ab) to temporarily eliminate the NK cells and (ii) blocking NK recruitment by injecting an IL12 antibody (IL12Ab). The treatment cohorts used randomly-chosen GL261-implanted mice and data sets were compared using two-tailed t-test or ANOVA. RESULTS CCP treatment caused the GBM tumor to acquire M1-type macrophages (50-60% of the TAM) and activated NK cells. The treatment also elicited (a) suppression of the M2-linked tumor-promoting proteins STAT3, ARG1, and IL10, (b) induction of the M1-linked anti-tumor proteins STAT1 and inducible nitric oxide synthase in the TAM, (c) elimination of CD133(+) GBM stem cells, and (d) activation of caspase3 in the GBM cells. Eliminating intra-GBM NK cell recruitment caused a partial reversal of each of these effects. Concomitantly, we observed a CCP-evoked dramatic induction of the chemokine monocyte chemotactic protein-1 (MCP-1) in the TAM. CONCLUSIONS The recruited NK cells mediate a major part of the CCP-evoked elimination of GBM and GBM stem cells and stabilization of the TAM in the M1-like state. MCP-1 is known to activate peripheral M1-type macrophages to secrete IL12, an activator of NK cells. Based on such observations, we postulate that by binding to peripheral M1-type macrophages and IL12-activated NK cells, the brain-released chemokine MCP-1 causes recruitment of peripheral immune cells into the GBM, thereby causing destruction of the GBM cells and GBM stem cells.
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15
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Lim YC, Quek H, Offenhäuser C, Fazry S, Boyd A, Lavin M, Roberts T, Day B. ATM inhibition prevents interleukin-6 from contributing to the proliferation of glioblastoma cells after ionizing radiation. J Neurooncol 2018; 138:509-518. [DOI: 10.1007/s11060-018-2838-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2017] [Accepted: 02/10/2018] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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16
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Todorova PK, Mukherjee B, Burma S. MET signaling promotes DNA repair and radiation resistance in glioblastoma stem-like cells. ANNALS OF TRANSLATIONAL MEDICINE 2017; 5:61. [PMID: 28251140 DOI: 10.21037/atm.2017.01.67] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Pavlina Krasimirova Todorova
- Division of Molecular Radiation Biology, Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Bipasha Mukherjee
- Division of Molecular Radiation Biology, Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Sandeep Burma
- Division of Molecular Radiation Biology, Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
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17
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Sridharan DM, Asaithamby A, Blattnig SR, Costes SV, Doetsch PW, Dynan WS, Hahnfeldt P, Hlatky L, Kidane Y, Kronenberg A, Naidu MD, Peterson LE, Plante I, Ponomarev AL, Saha J, Snijders AM, Srinivasan K, Tang J, Werner E, Pluth JM. Evaluating biomarkers to model cancer risk post cosmic ray exposure. LIFE SCIENCES IN SPACE RESEARCH 2016; 9:19-47. [PMID: 27345199 PMCID: PMC5613937 DOI: 10.1016/j.lssr.2016.05.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2016] [Accepted: 05/11/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Robust predictive models are essential to manage the risk of radiation-induced carcinogenesis. Chronic exposure to cosmic rays in the context of the complex deep space environment may place astronauts at high cancer risk. To estimate this risk, it is critical to understand how radiation-induced cellular stress impacts cell fate decisions and how this in turn alters the risk of carcinogenesis. Exposure to the heavy ion component of cosmic rays triggers a multitude of cellular changes, depending on the rate of exposure, the type of damage incurred and individual susceptibility. Heterogeneity in dose, dose rate, radiation quality, energy and particle flux contribute to the complexity of risk assessment. To unravel the impact of each of these factors, it is critical to identify sensitive biomarkers that can serve as inputs for robust modeling of individual risk of cancer or other long-term health consequences of exposure. Limitations in sensitivity of biomarkers to dose and dose rate, and the complexity of longitudinal monitoring, are some of the factors that increase uncertainties in the output from risk prediction models. Here, we critically evaluate candidate early and late biomarkers of radiation exposure and discuss their usefulness in predicting cell fate decisions. Some of the biomarkers we have reviewed include complex clustered DNA damage, persistent DNA repair foci, reactive oxygen species, chromosome aberrations and inflammation. Other biomarkers discussed, often assayed for at longer points post exposure, include mutations, chromosome aberrations, reactive oxygen species and telomere length changes. We discuss the relationship of biomarkers to different potential cell fates, including proliferation, apoptosis, senescence, and loss of stemness, which can propagate genomic instability and alter tissue composition and the underlying mRNA signatures that contribute to cell fate decisions. Our goal is to highlight factors that are important in choosing biomarkers and to evaluate the potential for biomarkers to inform models of post exposure cancer risk. Because cellular stress response pathways to space radiation and environmental carcinogens share common nodes, biomarker-driven risk models may be broadly applicable for estimating risks for other carcinogens.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Steve R Blattnig
- Langley Research Center, Langley Research Center (LaRC), VA, United States
| | - Sylvain V Costes
- Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, United States
| | | | | | | | - Lynn Hlatky
- CCSB-Tufts School of Medicine, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Yared Kidane
- Wyle Science, Technology & Engineering Group, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Amy Kronenberg
- Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, United States
| | - Mamta D Naidu
- CCSB-Tufts School of Medicine, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Leif E Peterson
- Houston Methodist Research Institute, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Ianik Plante
- Wyle Science, Technology & Engineering Group, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Artem L Ponomarev
- Wyle Science, Technology & Engineering Group, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Janapriya Saha
- UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, United States
| | | | | | - Jonathan Tang
- Exogen Biotechnology, Inc., Berkeley, CA, United States
| | | | - Janice M Pluth
- Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, United States.
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18
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19
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Klimo P, Nesvick CL, Broniscer A, Orr BA, Choudhri AF. Malignant brainstem tumors in children, excluding diffuse intrinsic pontine gliomas. J Neurosurg Pediatr 2016; 17:57-65. [PMID: 26474099 DOI: 10.3171/2015.6.peds15166] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
OBJECT Malignant tumors of the brainstem, excluding classic diffuse intrinsic pontine gliomas (DIPGs), are a very rare, heterogeneous group of neoplasms that have been infrequently described in the literature. In this paper, the authors present their experiences with treating these unique cancers. METHODS A retrospective chart review was conducted to identify eligible cases over a 15-year period. All tumors involving the pons were, by consensus, felt not to be DIPGs based on their neuroimaging features. Demographic information, pathological specimens, neuroimaging characteristics, surgical and nonsurgical management plans, and survival data were gathered for analysis. RESULTS Between January 2000 and December 2014, 29 patients were identified. The mean age at diagnosis was 8.4 years (range 2 months to 25 years), and 17 (59%) patients were male. The most common presenting signs and symptoms were cranial neuropathies (n = 24; 83%), hemiparesis (n = 12; 41%), and ataxia or gait disturbance (n = 10; 34%). There were 18 glial and 11 embryonal tumors. Of the glial tumors, 5 were radiation-induced and 1 was a malignant transformation of a previously known low-grade tumor. Surgical intervention consisted of biopsy alone in 12 patients and some degree of resection in another 15 patients. Two tumors were diagnosed postmortem. The median overall survival for all patients was 196 days (range 15 to 3999 days). There are currently 5 (17%) patients who are still alive: 1 with an anaplastic astrocytoma and the remaining with embryonal tumors. CONCLUSIONS In general, malignant non-DIPG tumors of the brainstem carry a poor prognosis. However, maximal cytoreductive surgery may be an option for select patients with focal tumors. Long-term survival is possible in patients with nonmetastatic embryonal tumors after multimodal treatment, most importantly maximal resection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul Klimo
- Le Bonheur Neuroscience Institute, Le Bonheur Children's Hospital;,Departments of 2 Surgery.,Semmes-Murphey Neurologic & Spine Institute;,Departments of 4 Neurosurgery
| | - Cody L Nesvick
- University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, Tennessee
| | | | - Brent A Orr
- Pathology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital
| | - Asim F Choudhri
- Le Bonheur Neuroscience Institute, Le Bonheur Children's Hospital;,Departments of 4 Neurosurgery.,Radiology, University of Tennessee Health Science Center; and
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20
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Barcellos-Hoff MH, Blakely EA, Burma S, Fornace AJ, Gerson S, Hlatky L, Kirsch DG, Luderer U, Shay J, Wang Y, Weil MM. Concepts and challenges in cancer risk prediction for the space radiation environment. LIFE SCIENCES IN SPACE RESEARCH 2015; 6:92-103. [PMID: 26256633 DOI: 10.1016/j.lssr.2015.07.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2015] [Revised: 07/08/2015] [Accepted: 07/09/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Cancer is an important long-term risk for astronauts exposed to protons and high-energy charged particles during travel and residence on asteroids, the moon, and other planets. NASA's Biomedical Critical Path Roadmap defines the carcinogenic risks of radiation exposure as one of four type I risks. A type I risk represents a demonstrated, serious problem with no countermeasure concepts, and may be a potential "show-stopper" for long duration spaceflight. Estimating the carcinogenic risks for humans who will be exposed to heavy ions during deep space exploration has very large uncertainties at present. There are no human data that address risk from extended exposure to complex radiation fields. The overarching goal in this area to improve risk modeling is to provide biological insight and mechanistic analysis of radiation quality effects on carcinogenesis. Understanding mechanisms will provide routes to modeling and predicting risk and designing countermeasures. This white paper reviews broad issues related to experimental models and concepts in space radiation carcinogenesis as well as the current state of the field to place into context recent findings and concepts derived from the NASA Space Radiation Program.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Sandeep Burma
- University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
| | | | | | - Lynn Hlatky
- Center of Cancer Systems Biology, Tufts University, Boston, MA, USA
| | | | | | - Jerry Shay
- University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Ya Wang
- Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
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21
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Chien LN, Ostrom QT, Gittleman H, Lin JW, Sloan AE, Barnett GH, Elder JB, McPherson C, Warnick R, Chiang YH, Lin CM, Rogers LR, Chiou HY, Barnholtz-Sloan JS. International Differences in Treatment and Clinical Outcomes for High Grade Glioma. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0129602. [PMID: 26061037 PMCID: PMC4465035 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0129602] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2015] [Accepted: 05/11/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND High grade gliomas are the most common type of malignant brain tumor, and despite their rarity, cause significant morbidity and mortality. This study aimed to compare the treatment patterns of high grade glioma to examine survival patterns in patients who receive specific treatments between cohorts in Ohio and Taiwan. METHOD Patients aged 18 years and older at age of diagnosis with World Health Organization (WHO) grade III or IV astrocytoma from 2007-2012 were selected from the Ohio Brain Tumor Study and the Taiwan Cancer Registry. The treatment information was derived from medical chart reviews in Ohio and National Health Insurance Research Data in Taiwan. Treatment examined included surgical procedure (brain biopsy and/or resection), radiotherapy (radiation and/or radiosurgery), and alkylating chemotherapy. Kaplan-Meier and parametric survival models were used to examine the effect of treatment on survival, adjusted for age, sex, and comorbidities. RESULTS 294 patients in Ohio and 1,097 patients in Taiwan met the inclusion criteria. 70.3% patients in Ohio and 51.4% in Taiwan received surgical resection, followed by concurrent chemoradiation. Patients who received this treatment had the highest survival rate, with a 1-year survival rate of 72.8% in Ohio and 73.4% in Taiwan. Patients who did not receive surgical resection, followed by concurrent chemoradiation had an increased risk of death (hazard ratio of 5.03 [95% confidence interval (CI): 3.61-7.02] in Ohio and 1.49 [95% CI: 1.31-1.71] in Taiwan) after adjustment for age, sex, and comorbidities. CONCLUSION Surgical resection followed by concurrent chemoradiation was associated with higher survival rate of patients with high grade glioma in both Ohio and Taiwan; however, one-third of patients in Ohio and half in Taiwan did not receive this treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li-Nien Chien
- School of Health Care Administration, College of Public Health and Nutrition, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
- * E-mail:
| | - Quinn T. Ostrom
- Case Comprehensive Cancer Center, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Haley Gittleman
- Case Comprehensive Cancer Center, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Jia-Wei Lin
- Department of Neurosurgery, Taipei Medical University Wan-Fang Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
- Department of Neurosurgery, Taipei Medical University Shuang-Ho Hospital, New Taipei City, Taiwan
| | - Andrew E. Sloan
- Brain Tumor and Neuro-Oncology Center, Department of Neurosurgery, University Hospitals Case Medical Center, Case Western Reserve School of Medicine, Cleveland, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Gene H. Barnett
- Rose Ella Burkhardt Brain Tumor and Neuro-Oncology Center, Department of Neurosurgery, Neurological Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio, United States of America
| | - J. Bradley Elder
- Dardinger Neuro-Oncology Center, Department of Neurosurgery, James Comprehensive Cancer Center and The Ohio State University Medical Center, Columbus, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Christopher McPherson
- Ph.D. Program for Neural Regenerative Medicine, College of Medical Science and Technology, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Ronald Warnick
- Ph.D. Program for Neural Regenerative Medicine, College of Medical Science and Technology, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Yung-Hsiao Chiang
- Ph.D. Program for Neural Regenerative Medicine, College of Medical Science and Technology, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
- Department of Neurosurgery, Taipei Medical University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
- Center for Neurotrauma and Neuroregeneration, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Chieh-Min Lin
- Department of Neurosurgery, Taipei Medical University Wan-Fang Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
- Department of Neurosurgery, Taipei Medical University Shuang-Ho Hospital, New Taipei City, Taiwan
| | - Lisa R. Rogers
- Brain Tumor and Neuro-Oncology Center, Department of Neurosurgery, University Hospitals Case Medical Center, Case Western Reserve School of Medicine, Cleveland, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Hung-Yi Chiou
- School of Public Health, College of Public Health and Nutrition, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Jill S. Barnholtz-Sloan
- Case Comprehensive Cancer Center, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, Ohio, United States of America
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Toyokuni S. Iron and thiols as two major players in carcinogenesis: friends or foes? Front Pharmacol 2014; 5:200. [PMID: 25221514 PMCID: PMC4147246 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2014.00200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2014] [Accepted: 08/12/2014] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Iron is the most abundant metal in the human body and mainly works as a cofactor for proteins such as hemoglobin and various enzymes. No independent life forms on earth can survive without iron. However, excess iron is intimately associated with carcinogenesis by increasing oxidative stress via its catalytic activity to generate hydroxyl radicals. Biomolecules with redox-active sulfhydryl function(s) (thiol compounds) are necessary for the maintenance of mildly reductive cellular environments to counteract oxidative stress, and for the execution of redox reactions for metabolism and detoxification. Involvement of glutathione S-transferase and thioredoxin has long attracted the attention of cancer researchers. Here, I update recent findings on the involvement of iron and thiol compounds during carcinogenesis and in cancer cells. It is now recognized that the cystine/glutamate transporter (antiporter) is intimately associated with ferroptosis, an iron-dependent, non-apoptotic form of cell death, observed in cancer cells, and also with cancer stem cells; the former with transporter blockage but the latter with its stabilization. Excess iron in the presence of oxygen appears the most common known mutagen. Ironically, the persistent activation of antioxidant systems via genetic alterations in Nrf2 and Keap1 also contributes to carcinogenesis. Therefore, it is difficult to conclude the role of iron and thiol compounds as friends or foes, which depends on the quantity/distribution and induction/flexibility, respectively. Avoiding further mutation would be the most helpful strategy for cancer prevention, and myriad of efforts are being made to sort out the weaknesses of cancer cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shinya Toyokuni
- Department of Pathology and Biological Responses, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine Nagoya, Japan
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