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Liu N, Niu M, Luo S, Lv L, Quan X, Wang C, Meng Z, Yuan J, Xu Q, Liu Y. Rosamultin ameliorates radiation injury via promoting DNA injury repair and suppressing oxidative stress in vitro and in vivo. Chem Biol Interact 2024; 393:110938. [PMID: 38484825 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbi.2024.110938] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2023] [Revised: 02/19/2024] [Accepted: 02/29/2024] [Indexed: 03/23/2024]
Abstract
Radiotherapy remains the preferred treatment option for cancer patients with the advantages of broad indications and significant therapeutic effects. However, ionizing radiation can also damage normal tissues. Unfortunately, there are few anti-radiation damage drugs available on the market for radiotherapy patients. Our previous study showed that rosamultin had antioxidant and hepatoprotective activities. However, its anti-radiation activity has not been evaluated. Irradiating small intestinal epithelial cells and mice with whole-body X-rays radiation were used to evaluate the in vitro and in vivo effects of rosamultin, respectively. Intragastric administration of rosamultin improved survival, limited leukocyte depletion, and reduced damage to the spleen and small intestine in irradiated mice. Rosamultin reversed the downregulation of the apoptotic protein BCL-2 and the upregulation of BAX in irradiated mouse small intestine tissue and in irradiation-induced small intestinal epithelial cells. DNA-PKcs antagonists reversed the promoting DNA repair effects of rosamulin. Detailed mechanistic studies revealed that rosamultin promoted Translin-associated protein X (TRAX) into the nucleus. Knockdown of TRAX reduced the protective effect of rosamultin against DNA damage. In addition, rosamultin reduced irradiation-induced oxidative stress through promoting Nrf2/HO-1 signaling pathway. To sum up, in vitro and in vivo experiments using genetic knockdown and pharmacological activation demonstrated that rosamultin exerts radioprotection via the TRAX/NHEJ and Nrf2/HO pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ning Liu
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu, 215123, China; Institute of Chinese Medicine Innovation and Translation, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu, 215123, China
| | - Mengxin Niu
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu, 215123, China; Institute of Chinese Medicine Innovation and Translation, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu, 215123, China
| | - Saiyan Luo
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu, 215123, China; Institute of Chinese Medicine Innovation and Translation, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu, 215123, China
| | - Lijuan Lv
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu, 215123, China; Institute of Chinese Medicine Innovation and Translation, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu, 215123, China
| | - Xiaoxiao Quan
- Scientific Experimental Center of Guangxi University of Chinese Medicine, Nanning, China
| | - Chang Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Radiation Medicine and Protection, School of Radiation Medicine and Protection, Medical College of Soochow University, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu, 215123, China
| | - Zhiyun Meng
- Beijing Institute of Radiation Medicine, 100850, China
| | - Jingquan Yuan
- State Key Laboratory of Radiation Medicine and Protection, School of Radiation Medicine and Protection, Medical College of Soochow University, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu, 215123, China
| | - Qiongming Xu
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu, 215123, China; Institute of Chinese Medicine Innovation and Translation, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu, 215123, China.
| | - Yanli Liu
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu, 215123, China; Institute of Chinese Medicine Innovation and Translation, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu, 215123, China.
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Pillai V, Gupta A, Rao A, Chittela RK. Biochemical characterization of clinically relevant mutations of human Translin. Mol Cell Biochem 2022; 478:821-834. [PMID: 36098897 DOI: 10.1007/s11010-022-04556-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2022] [Accepted: 08/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
DNA damage in all living cells is repaired with very high efficiency and nucleic acid binding proteins play crucial roles in repair associated processes. Translin is one such evolutionarily conserved nucleic acid interacting protein speculated to be a part of the DNA repair protein network. It is also involved in activation of RNA-induced silencing complex (RISC) along with Translin-associated factor X (TRAX) as the C3PO (component 3 promoter of RISC) complex. In the present work, we characterized ten clinically relevant variants of the human Translin protein using bioinformatic, biochemical, and biophysical tools. Bioinformatic studies using DynaMut revealed 9 out of the 10 selected mutations the Translin protein. Further analysis revealed that some mutations lead to changes in interactions with neighbouring residues in the protein structure. Using site directed mutagenesis, the point substitution variants were generated, corresponding proteins were overexpressed and purified using Ni-NTA affinity chromatography. Purified proteins form octamers similar to wild type (WT) Translin, as observed using native polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (PAGE), gel filtration, and dynamic light-scattering (DLS) analysis. These octamers are functional and bind to single-stranded DNA (ssDNA) as well as single-stranded RNA (ssRNA) substrates. The mutant Translin proteins interact with wild type TRAX and form corresponding C3PO complexes. The C3PO complexes formed by all Translin variants with TRAX are functional in-vitro and show endoribonuclease activity. However, significant differences were observed in the extent of RNase activity in vitro. In conclusion, the clinically relevant mutations in Translin protein analysed by us exert their effect by modulating the RNase activity of the protein without altering its DNA-dependant function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vinayaki Pillai
- Applied Genomics Section, Bhabha Atomic Research Centre, Trombay, Mumbai, 400085, India.,Homi Bhabha National Institute, Anushaktinagar, Mumbai, 400 094, India
| | - Alka Gupta
- Applied Genomics Section, Bhabha Atomic Research Centre, Trombay, Mumbai, 400085, India
| | - Avssn Rao
- Applied Genomics Section, Bhabha Atomic Research Centre, Trombay, Mumbai, 400085, India
| | - Rajani Kant Chittela
- Applied Genomics Section, Bhabha Atomic Research Centre, Trombay, Mumbai, 400085, India. .,Homi Bhabha National Institute, Anushaktinagar, Mumbai, 400 094, India.
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Weng YT, Chen HM, Chien T, Chiu FL, Kuo HC, Chern Y. TRAX Provides Neuroprotection for Huntington's Disease Via Modulating a Novel Subset of MicroRNAs. Mov Disord 2022; 37:2008-2020. [PMID: 35997316 DOI: 10.1002/mds.29174] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2022] [Revised: 06/19/2022] [Accepted: 07/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Huntington's disease (HD) is a neurodegenerative disease caused by CAG-repeat expansions (>36) in exon 1 of HTT, which dysregulates multiple cellular machineries. Translin-associated protein X (TRAX) is a scaffold protein with diverse functions, including suppressing the microRNA (miRNA)-mediated silencing by degrading pre-miRNA. To date, the role of TRAX in neurodegenerative diseases remains unknown. OBJECTIVES We delineated the role of TRAX upregulation during HD progression. METHODS Expression of TRAX in the brains of humans and three mouse models with HD were analyzed by immunohistochemistry staining, western blot, and quantitative reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction. Adeno-associated viruses harboring TRAX short hairpin RNA were intrastriatally injected into HD mice to downregulate TRAX. HD-like symptoms were analyzed by behavioral and biochemical assessments. The miRNA-sequencing and RNA-sequencing analyses were used to identify the TRAX- regulated miRNA-messenger RNA (mRNA) axis during HD progression. The identified gene targets were validated biochemically in mouse and human striatal cells. RESULTS We discovered that TRAX was upregulated in the brains of HD patients and three HD mouse models. Downregulation of TRAX enhanced 83 miRNAs (including miR-330-3p, miR-496a-3p) and subsequently changed the corresponding mRNA networks critical for HD pathogenesis (eg, DARPP-32 and brain-derived neurotrophic factor). Disruption of the TRAX-mediated miRNA-mRNA axis accelerated the progression of HD-like symptoms, including the degeneration of motor function, accumulation of mHTT aggregates, and shortened neurite outgrowth. CONCLUSIONS We demonstrated that TRAX upregulation is authentic and protective in HD. Our study provides a novel layer of regulation for HD pathogenesis and may lead to the development of new therapeutic strategies for HD. © 2022 International Parkinson and Movement Disorder Society.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Ting Weng
- Program in Molecular Medicine, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University and Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan.,Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Hui-Mei Chen
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Ting Chien
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Feng-Lan Chiu
- Institute of Cellular and Organismic Biology, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Hung-Chih Kuo
- Institute of Cellular and Organismic Biology, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Yijuang Chern
- Program in Molecular Medicine, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University and Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan.,Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
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Translin facilitates RNA polymerase II dissociation and suppresses genome instability during RNase H2- and Dicer-deficiency. PLoS Genet 2022; 18:e1010267. [PMID: 35714159 PMCID: PMC9246224 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1010267] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2022] [Revised: 06/30/2022] [Accepted: 05/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The conserved nucleic acid binding protein Translin contributes to numerous facets of mammalian biology and genetic diseases. It was first identified as a binder of cancer-associated chromosomal translocation breakpoint junctions leading to the suggestion that it was involved in genetic recombination. With a paralogous partner protein, Trax, Translin has subsequently been found to form a hetero-octomeric RNase complex that drives some of its functions, including passenger strand removal in RNA interference (RNAi). The Translin-Trax complex also degrades the precursors to tumour suppressing microRNAs in cancers deficient for the RNase III Dicer. This oncogenic activity has resulted in the Translin-Trax complex being explored as a therapeutic target. Additionally, Translin and Trax have been implicated in a wider range of biological functions ranging from sleep regulation to telomere transcript control. Here we reveal a Trax- and RNAi-independent function for Translin in dissociating RNA polymerase II from its genomic template, with loss of Translin function resulting in increased transcription-associated recombination and elevated genome instability. This provides genetic insight into the longstanding question of how Translin might influence chromosomal rearrangements in human genetic diseases and provides important functional understanding of an oncological therapeutic target. Human genetic diseases, including cancers, are frequently driven by substantial changes to chromosomes, including translocations, where one arm of a chromosome is exchanged for another. The human nucleic acid binding protein Translin was first identified by its ability to bind to the chromosomal sites at which some of these translocations occur. This resulted in Translin being implicated in the mechanism that generated the translocation and thus the associated disease state. However, since its discovery there has been little evidence to directly indicate Translin does contribute to this process. It is, however, known to contribute to a number of biological functions including, amongst others, neurological regulation, sleep control, vascular stiffening, cancer immunomodulation and it has been recently identified as a potential therapeutic target in some cancers. Here we demonstrate that Translin has conserved function in genome stability maintenance when other primary pathways are defective, a function independent of a key binding partner protein, Trax. Specifically, we demonstrate that Translin contributes to minimizing the deleterious genome destabilizing effects of retaining gene expression machineries on chromosomes. This offers the first evidence for how Translin might contribute to genetic disease-causing chromosomal changes and offers insight to inform therapeutic design.
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Pini T, Haywood M, McCallie B, Lane SL, Schoolcraft WB, Katz-Jaffe M. Liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry reveals an active response to DNA damage in human spermatozoa. F&S SCIENCE 2021; 2:153-163. [PMID: 35559750 DOI: 10.1016/j.xfss.2021.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2021] [Revised: 02/23/2021] [Accepted: 03/13/2021] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To investigate how endogenously elevated DNA fragmentation alters the human sperm proteome, and whether this fragmentation contributes to genomic deletions. DESIGN Research study. SETTING Commercial fertility clinic. PATIENT(S) Men with low (0%-4%, n = 7) or high (≥16%, n = 6) sperm DNA fragmentation, as assessed by terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase dUTP nick end labeling assay. INTERVENTION(S) None. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE(S) Global sperm proteome, single-nucleotide polymorphism genotyping array. RESULT(S) A total of 78 significantly differentially abundant proteins (30 decreased, 48 increased) were observed in control vs. high DNA damage samples. DNA damage resulted in robust proteomic responses, including markers of oxidative stress and apoptosis, DNA damage repair proteins, and transcription/translation and protein turnover machinery. Several key sperm functional proteins were significantly decreased in ejaculates with high DNA damage. We were unable to substantiate a link between increased DNA fragmentation and genomic deletions in human spermatozoa. CONCLUSION(S) Developing human spermatozoa initiate an active transcriptional response to endogenous DNA damage, which manifests as alterations in the sperm proteome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taylor Pini
- Colorado Center for Reproductive Medicine, Lone Tree, Colorado.
| | - Mary Haywood
- Colorado Center for Reproductive Medicine, Lone Tree, Colorado
| | - Blair McCallie
- Colorado Center for Reproductive Medicine, Lone Tree, Colorado
| | - Sydney L Lane
- Colorado Center for Reproductive Medicine, Lone Tree, Colorado
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Fu X, Shah AP, Li Z, Li M, Tamashiro KL, Baraban JM. Genetic inactivation of the translin/trax microRNA-degrading enzyme phenocopies the robust adiposity induced by Translin (Tsn) deletion. Mol Metab 2020; 40:101013. [PMID: 32408014 PMCID: PMC7305343 DOI: 10.1016/j.molmet.2020.101013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2020] [Revised: 04/22/2020] [Accepted: 05/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective Deletion of Translin (Tsn) from mice induces an unusual metabolic profile characterized by robust adiposity, normal body weight and glucose tolerance. Translin (TN) protein and its partner, trax (TX), form the TN/TX microRNA-degrading enzyme. Since the microRNA system plays a prominent role in regulating metabolism, we reasoned that the metabolic profile displayed by Tsn KO mice might reflect dysregulation of microRNA signaling. Methods To test this hypothesis, we inserted a mutation, E126A, in Tsnax, the gene encoding TX, that abolishes the microRNA-degrading enzymatic activity of the TN/TX complex. In addition, to help define the cell types that drive the adiposity phenotype, we have also generated mice with floxed alleles of Tsn or Tsnax. Results Introduction of the E126A mutation in Tsnax does not impair expression of TN or TX proteins or their co-precipitation. Furthermore, these mice display selective increases in microRNAs that match those induced by Tsn deletion, confirming that this mutation in Tsnax inactivates the microRNA-degrading activity of the TN/TX complex. Mice homozygous for the Tsnax (E126A) mutation display a metabolic profile that closely mimics that of Tsn KO mice. Selective deletion of Tsn or Tsnax from either adipocytes or hepatocytes, two candidate cell types, does not phenocopy the elevated adiposity displayed by mice with constitutive Tsn deletion or the Tsnax (E126A) mutation. Furthermore, global, conditional deletion of Tsn in adulthood does not elicit increased adiposity. Conclusion Taken together, these findings indicate that inactivation of the TN/TX microRNA-degrading enzyme during development is necessary to drive the robust adiposity displayed by Tsn KO mice. We inactivated the microRNA-degrading enzyme translin/trax in mice. These mice phenocopy the robust adiposity displayed by Tsn KO mice. Global conditional deletion of Tsn during adulthood does not elicit robust adiposity. Thus, loss of translin/trax activity in development mediates robust adiposity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiuping Fu
- The Solomon H. Snyder Department of Neuroscience, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA.
| | - Aparna P Shah
- The Solomon H. Snyder Department of Neuroscience, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA.
| | - Zhi Li
- The Solomon H. Snyder Department of Neuroscience, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA.
| | - Mengni Li
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA.
| | - Kellie L Tamashiro
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA.
| | - Jay M Baraban
- The Solomon H. Snyder Department of Neuroscience, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA; Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA.
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7
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Translin-Trax: Considerations for Oncological Therapeutic Targeting. Trends Cancer 2020; 6:450-453. [PMID: 32460000 DOI: 10.1016/j.trecan.2020.02.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2019] [Revised: 02/14/2020] [Accepted: 02/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Dicer-deficient cancers have poor prognoses, which is linked to the degradation of tumour-suppressing miRNA precursors by the Translin-Trax (Tn-Tx) ribonuclease. Inhibition of Tn-Tx potentially offers a new therapeutic intervention point. However, Tn-Tx functions in an array of biological processes, and here we consider how this complexity could influence therapeutic design strategies.
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Matsubara L, Fukuoka T, Sudo K, Fukunaga T, Imanishi A, Kuronuma K, Matsuo M, Kamoshida S, Hasegawa N, Asano S, Ito M. Translin restricts the growth of pubertal mammary epithelial cells estrogen-independently in mice. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2020; 521:562-568. [PMID: 31677798 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2019.10.176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2019] [Accepted: 10/24/2019] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Translin, a ubiquitous RNA/DNA-binding protein that forms a hetero-octamer together with Translin-associated factor X (TRAX), possesses endoribonuclease activity and plays a physiological role in restricting the size and differentiation of mesenchymal precursor cells. However, the precise role of Translin in epithelial cells remains unclear. Here, we show evidence that Translin restricts the growth of pubertal mammary epithelial cells. The mammary epithelia of Translin-null females exhibited retarded growth before puberty, but highly enhanced growth and DNA synthesis with increased ramification after the onset of puberty. Primary cultures of Translin-null mammary epithelial cells showed augmented DNA synthesis in a ligand-independent and ligand-enhanced manner. Translin-null ovariectomized mice implanted with slow-release estrogen pellets showed enhanced length and ramification of the mammary glands. Mammary epithelial growth was also observed in ovariectomized Translin-null mice implanted with placebo pellets. Luciferase reporter assays using embryonic fibroblasts from Translin-null mice showed unaltered estrogen receptor α function. These results indicate that Translin plays a physiological role in restricting intrinsic growth, beyond mesenchymal cells, of pubertal mammary epithelial cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leo Matsubara
- Laboratory of Hematology, Division of Medical Biophysics, Kobe University Graduate School of Health Sciences, 7-10-2 Tomogaoka, Suma-ku, Kobe, 654-0142, Japan
| | - Tomoya Fukuoka
- Laboratory of Hematology, Division of Medical Biophysics, Kobe University Graduate School of Health Sciences, 7-10-2 Tomogaoka, Suma-ku, Kobe, 654-0142, Japan
| | - Katsuko Sudo
- Pre-clinical Research Center, Tokyo Medical University, 6-1-1 Shinjuku, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, 160-8402, Japan; Research Organization for Nano & Life Innovation, Waseda University, 3-4-1 Okubo, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, 159-8555, Japan
| | - Takako Fukunaga
- Laboratory of Hematology, Division of Medical Biophysics, Kobe University Graduate School of Health Sciences, 7-10-2 Tomogaoka, Suma-ku, Kobe, 654-0142, Japan
| | - Azusa Imanishi
- Laboratory of Hematology, Division of Medical Biophysics, Kobe University Graduate School of Health Sciences, 7-10-2 Tomogaoka, Suma-ku, Kobe, 654-0142, Japan
| | - Kana Kuronuma
- Laboratory of Hematology, Division of Medical Biophysics, Kobe University Graduate School of Health Sciences, 7-10-2 Tomogaoka, Suma-ku, Kobe, 654-0142, Japan
| | - Miki Matsuo
- Laboratory of Hematology, Division of Medical Biophysics, Kobe University Graduate School of Health Sciences, 7-10-2 Tomogaoka, Suma-ku, Kobe, 654-0142, Japan
| | - Shingo Kamoshida
- Laboratory of Pathology, Division of Medical Biophysics, Kobe University Graduate School of Health Sciences, 7-10-2 Tomogaoka, Suma-ku, Kobe, 654-0142, Japan
| | - Natsumi Hasegawa
- Laboratory of Hematology, Division of Medical Biophysics, Kobe University Graduate School of Health Sciences, 7-10-2 Tomogaoka, Suma-ku, Kobe, 654-0142, Japan
| | - Shigetaka Asano
- Research Organization for Nano & Life Innovation, Waseda University, 3-4-1 Okubo, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, 159-8555, Japan
| | - Mitsuhiro Ito
- Laboratory of Hematology, Division of Medical Biophysics, Kobe University Graduate School of Health Sciences, 7-10-2 Tomogaoka, Suma-ku, Kobe, 654-0142, Japan; Research Organization for Nano & Life Innovation, Waseda University, 3-4-1 Okubo, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, 159-8555, Japan.
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Abstract
Alterations in DNA damage response (DDR) pathways are hallmarks of cancer. Incorrect repair of DNA lesions often leads to genomic instability. Ataxia telangiectasia mutated (ATM), a core component of the DNA repair system, is activated to enhance the homologous recombination (HR) repair pathway upon DNA double-strand breaks. Although ATM signaling has been widely studied in different types of cancer, its research is still lacking compared with other DDR-involved molecules such as PARP and ATR. There is still a vast research opportunity for the development of ATM inhibitors as anticancer agents. Here, we focus on the recent findings of ATM signaling in DNA repair of cancer. Previous studies have identified several partners of ATM, some of which promote ATM signaling, while others have the opposite effect. ATM inhibitors, including KU-55933, KU-60019, KU-59403, CP-466722, AZ31, AZ32, AZD0156, and AZD1390, have been evaluated for their antitumor effects. It has been revealed that ATM inhibition increases a cancer cell's sensitivity to radiotherapy. Moreover, the combination with PARP or ATR inhibitors has synergistic lethality in some cancers. Of note, among these ATM inhibitors, AZD0156 and AZD1390 achieve potent and highly selective ATM kinase inhibition and have an excellent ability to penetrate the blood-brain barrier. Currently, AZD0156 and AZD1390 are under investigation in phase I clinical trials. Taken together, targeting ATM may be a promising strategy for cancer treatment. Hence, further development of ATM inhibitors is urgently needed in cancer research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mei Hua Jin
- Cancer Research Institute, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Do-Youn Oh
- Cancer Research Institute, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea; Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, Republic of Korea.
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Deletion of translin (Tsn) induces robust adiposity and hepatic steatosis without impairing glucose tolerance. Int J Obes (Lond) 2019; 44:254-266. [PMID: 30647452 PMCID: PMC6629527 DOI: 10.1038/s41366-018-0315-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2018] [Revised: 12/06/2018] [Accepted: 12/14/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Objective: Translin knockout (KO) mice display robust adiposity. Recent studies indicate that translin and its partner protein, trax, regulate the microRNA and ATM kinase signaling pathways, both of which have been implicated in regulating metabolism. In the course of characterizing the metabolic profile of these mice, we found that they display normal glucose tolerance despite their elevated adiposity. Accordingly, we investigated why translin KO mice display this paradoxical phenotype. Methods: To help distinguish between the metabolic effects of increased adiposity and those of translin deletion per se, we compared three groups: (1) wild-type (WT), (2) translin KO mice on a standard chow diet, and (3) adiposity-matched WT mice that were placed on a high-fat diet until they matched translin KO adiposity levels. All groups were scanned to determine their body composition and tested to evaluate their glucose and insulin tolerance. Plasma, hepatic and adipose tissue samples were collected and used for histological and molecular analyses. Results: Translin KO mice show normal glucose tolerance whereas adiposity-matched WT mice, placed on a high-fat diet, do not. In addition, translin KO mice display prominent hepatic steatosis that is more severe than that of adiposity-matched WT mice. Unlike adiposity-matched WT mice, translin KO mice display three key features that have been shown to reduce susceptibility to insulin resistance: increased accumulation of subcutaneous fat, increased levels of circulating adiponectin and decreased Tnfα expression in hepatic and adipose tissue. Conclusions: The ability of translin KO mice to retain normal glucose tolerance in the face of marked adipose tissue expansion may be due to the three protective factors noted above. Further studies aimed at defining the molecular bases for this combination of protective phenotypes may yield new approaches to limit the adverse metabolic consequences of obesity.
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Weng YT, Chien T, Kuan II, Chern Y. The TRAX, DISC1, and GSK3 complex in mental disorders and therapeutic interventions. J Biomed Sci 2018; 25:71. [PMID: 30285728 PMCID: PMC6171312 DOI: 10.1186/s12929-018-0473-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2018] [Accepted: 09/25/2018] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Psychiatric disorders (such as bipolar disorder, depression, and schizophrenia) affect the lives of millions of individuals worldwide. Despite the tremendous efforts devoted to various types of psychiatric studies and rapidly accumulating genetic information, the molecular mechanisms underlying psychiatric disorder development remain elusive. Among the genes that have been implicated in schizophrenia and other mental disorders, disrupted in schizophrenia 1 (DISC1) and glycogen synthase kinase 3 (GSK3) have been intensively investigated. DISC1 binds directly to GSK3 and modulates many cellular functions by negatively inhibiting GSK3 activity. The human DISC1 gene is located on chromosome 1 and is highly associated with schizophrenia and other mental disorders. A recent study demonstrated that a neighboring gene of DISC1, translin-associated factor X (TRAX), binds to the DISC1/GSK3β complex and at least partly mediates the actions of the DISC1/GSK3β complex. Previous studies also demonstrate that TRAX and most of its interacting proteins that have been identified so far are risk genes and/or markers of mental disorders. In the present review, we will focus on the emerging roles of TRAX and its interacting proteins (including DISC1 and GSK3β) in psychiatric disorders and the potential implications for developing therapeutic interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Ting Weng
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Academia Sinica, 128 Sec. 2, Academia Rd. Nankang, Taipei, 115, Taiwan, Republic of China.,Program in Molecular Medicine, National Yang-Ming University and Academia Sinica, No.155, Sec.2, Linong Street, Taipei, 112, Taiwan, Republic of China
| | - Ting Chien
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Academia Sinica, 128 Sec. 2, Academia Rd. Nankang, Taipei, 115, Taiwan, Republic of China
| | - I-I Kuan
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Academia Sinica, 128 Sec. 2, Academia Rd. Nankang, Taipei, 115, Taiwan, Republic of China
| | - Yijuang Chern
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Academia Sinica, 128 Sec. 2, Academia Rd. Nankang, Taipei, 115, Taiwan, Republic of China. .,Program in Molecular Medicine, National Yang-Ming University and Academia Sinica, No.155, Sec.2, Linong Street, Taipei, 112, Taiwan, Republic of China.
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Ikeuchi Y, Imanishi A, Sudo K, Fukunaga T, Yokoi A, Matsubara L, Goto C, Fukuoka T, Kuronuma K, Kono R, Hasegawa N, Asano S, Ito M. Translin modulates mesenchymal cell proliferation and differentiation in mice. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2018; 504:115-122. [PMID: 30172368 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2018.08.141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2018] [Accepted: 08/23/2018] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Translin, a highly conserved DNA/RNA binding protein that forms a hetero-octamer together with Translin-associated factor X (TRAX), possesses a broad variety of functions, including RNA processing and DNA repair. Recent studies have reported that Translin is involved in mesenchymal cell physiology. Thus, here we analyzed the intrinsic role of Translin in mesenchymal cell proliferation and differentiation. Translin-deficient E11.5 mouse embryonic fibroblasts showed enhanced growth. Translin-deficient bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells showed substantial expansion in vivo and enhanced proliferation in vitro. These cells also showed enhanced osteogenic and adipocytic differentiation. Histological analyses showed adipocytic hypertrophy in various adipose tissues. Translin knockout did not affect the growth of subcutaneous white adipose tissue-derived stem cells, but enhanced adipocytic differentiation was observed in vitro. Contrary to previous reports, in vitro-fertilized Translin-null mice were not runted and exhibited normal metabolic homeostasis, indicating the fragility of these mice to environmental conditions. Together, these data suggest that Translin plays an intrinsic role in restricting mesenchymal cell proliferation and differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yukiko Ikeuchi
- Division of Medical Biophysics, Kobe University Graduate School of Health Sciences, Kobe, 654-0142, Japan
| | - Azusa Imanishi
- Division of Medical Biophysics, Kobe University Graduate School of Health Sciences, Kobe, 654-0142, Japan
| | - Katsuko Sudo
- Pre-clinical Research Center, Tokyo Medical University, Tokyo, 160-8402, Japan; Consolidated Research Institute for Advanced Science and Medical Care, Waseda University, Tokyo, 169-8555, Japan
| | - Takako Fukunaga
- Division of Medical Biophysics, Kobe University Graduate School of Health Sciences, Kobe, 654-0142, Japan
| | - Aya Yokoi
- Division of Medical Biophysics, Kobe University Graduate School of Health Sciences, Kobe, 654-0142, Japan
| | - Leo Matsubara
- Division of Medical Biophysics, Kobe University Graduate School of Health Sciences, Kobe, 654-0142, Japan
| | - Chie Goto
- Division of Medical Biophysics, Kobe University Graduate School of Health Sciences, Kobe, 654-0142, Japan
| | - Tomoya Fukuoka
- Division of Medical Biophysics, Kobe University Graduate School of Health Sciences, Kobe, 654-0142, Japan
| | - Kana Kuronuma
- Division of Medical Biophysics, Kobe University Graduate School of Health Sciences, Kobe, 654-0142, Japan
| | - Ruri Kono
- Division of Medical Biophysics, Kobe University Graduate School of Health Sciences, Kobe, 654-0142, Japan
| | - Natsumi Hasegawa
- Division of Medical Biophysics, Kobe University Graduate School of Health Sciences, Kobe, 654-0142, Japan
| | - Shigetaka Asano
- Consolidated Research Institute for Advanced Science and Medical Care, Waseda University, Tokyo, 169-8555, Japan
| | - Mitsuhiro Ito
- Division of Medical Biophysics, Kobe University Graduate School of Health Sciences, Kobe, 654-0142, Japan; Consolidated Research Institute for Advanced Science and Medical Care, Waseda University, Tokyo, 169-8555, Japan.
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13
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Trax: A versatile signaling protein plays key roles in synaptic plasticity and DNA repair. Neurobiol Learn Mem 2018; 159:46-51. [PMID: 30017897 DOI: 10.1016/j.nlm.2018.07.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2018] [Revised: 06/20/2018] [Accepted: 07/03/2018] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
Translin-associated protein X (TSNAX), also called trax, was first identified as a protein that interacts with translin. Subsequent studies demonstrated that these proteins form a heteromeric RNase complex that mediates degradation of microRNAs, a pivotal finding that has stimulated interest in understanding the role of translin and trax in cell signaling. Recent studies addressing this question have revealed that trax plays key roles in both synaptic plasticity and DNA repair signaling pathways. In the context of synaptic plasticity, trax works together with its partner protein, translin, to degrade a subset of microRNAs. Activation of the translin/trax RNase complex reverses microRNA-mediated translational silencing to trigger dendritic protein synthesis critical for synaptic plasticity. In the context of DNA repair, trax binds to and activates ATM, a central component of the double-stranded DNA repair process. Thus, these studies focus attention on trax as a critical signaling protein that interacts with multiple partners to impact diverse signaling pathways. To stimulate interest in deciphering the multifaceted role of trax in cell signaling, we summarize the current understanding of trax biology and highlight gaps in our knowledge about this protean protein.
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14
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Kasai M, Ishida R, Nakahara K, Okumura K, Aoki K. Mesenchymal cell differentiation and diseases: involvement of translin/TRAX complexes and associated proteins. Ann N Y Acad Sci 2018; 1421:37-45. [PMID: 29740830 DOI: 10.1111/nyas.13690] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2018] [Revised: 02/22/2018] [Accepted: 03/01/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Translin and translin-associated factor X (translin/TRAX) proteins have been implicated in a variety of cellular activities central to nucleic acid metabolism. Accumulating evidence indicates that translin/TRAX complexes participate in processes ensuring the replication of DNA, as well as cell division. Significant progress has been made in understanding the roles of translin/TRAX complexes in RNA metabolism, such as through RNA-induced silencing complex activation or the microRNA depletion that occurs in Dicer deficiency. At the cellular level, translin-deficient (Tsn-/- ) mice display delayed endochondral ossification or progressive bone marrow failure with ectopic osteogenesis and adipogenesis, suggesting involvement in mesenchymal cell differentiation. In this review, we summarize the molecular and cellular functions of translin homo-octamer and translin/TRAX hetero-octamer. Finally, we discuss the multifaceted roles of translin, TRAX, and associated proteins in the healthy and disease states.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masataka Kasai
- Juntendo University School of Medicine, Atopy Research Center, Tokyo, Japan.,Department of Immunology, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Reiko Ishida
- Center for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kazuhiko Nakahara
- National Institution for Academic Degrees and Quality Enhancement of Higher Education, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Ko Okumura
- Juntendo University School of Medicine, Atopy Research Center, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Katsunori Aoki
- Occupational Health Department, Sony Corporate Service Corporation, Kanagawa, Japan
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15
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Chien T, Weng YT, Chang SY, Lai HL, Chiu FL, Kuo HC, Chuang DM, Chern Y. GSK3β negatively regulates TRAX, a scaffold protein implicated in mental disorders, for NHEJ-mediated DNA repair in neurons. Mol Psychiatry 2018; 23:2375-2390. [PMID: 29298990 PMCID: PMC6294740 DOI: 10.1038/s41380-017-0007-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2017] [Revised: 10/28/2017] [Accepted: 10/30/2017] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Translin-associated protein X (TRAX) is a scaffold protein with various functions and has been associated with mental illnesses, including schizophrenia. We have previously demonstrated that TRAX interacts with a Gsα protein-coupled receptor, the A2A adenosine receptor (A2AR), and mediates the function of this receptor in neuritogenesis. In addition, stimulation of the A2AR markedly ameliorates DNA damage evoked by elevated oxidative stress in neurons derived from induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs). Here, we report that glycogen synthase kinase 3 beta (GSK3β) and disrupted-in-schizophrenia 1 (DISC1) are two novel interacting proteins of TRAX. We present evidence to suggest that the stimulation of A2AR markedly facilitated DNA repair through the TRAX/DISC1/GSK3β complex in a rat neuronal cell line (PC12), primary mouse neurons, and human medium spiny neurons derived from iPSCs. A2AR stimulation led to the inhibition of GSK3β, thus dissociating the TRAX/DISC1/GSK3β complex and facilitating the non-homologous end-joining pathway (NHEJ) by enhancing the activation of a DNA-dependent protein kinase via phosphorylation at Thr2609. Similarly, pharmacological inhibition of GSK3β by SB216763 also facilitated the TRAX-mediated repair of oxidative DNA damage. Collectively, GSK3β binds with TRAX and negatively affects its ability to facilitate NHEJ repair. The suppression of GSK3β by A2AR activation or a GSK3β inhibitor releases TRAX for the repair of oxidative DNA damage. Our findings shed new light on the molecular mechanisms underlying diseases associated with DNA damage and provides a novel target (i.e., the TRAX/DISC1/GSK3β complex) for future therapeutic development for mental disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ting Chien
- 0000 0004 0634 0356grid.260565.2Graduate Institute of Life Sciences, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan ,0000 0004 0633 7958grid.482251.8Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Ting Weng
- 0000 0004 0633 7958grid.482251.8Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan ,0000 0001 2287 1366grid.28665.3fProgram in Molecular Medicine, National Yang-Ming University and Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Shu-Yung Chang
- 0000 0004 0633 7958grid.482251.8Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan ,0000 0001 0425 5914grid.260770.4Institute of Neuroscience, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Hsing-Lin Lai
- 0000 0004 0633 7958grid.482251.8Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Feng-Lan Chiu
- 0000 0001 2287 1366grid.28665.3fInstitute of Cellular and Organismic Biology, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Hung-Chih Kuo
- 0000 0001 2287 1366grid.28665.3fInstitute of Cellular and Organismic Biology, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - De-Maw Chuang
- 0000 0004 0464 0574grid.416868.5Intramural Research Program, National Institute of Mental Health, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD USA
| | - Yijuang Chern
- Graduate Institute of Life Sciences, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan. .,Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan. .,Institute of Neuroscience, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan. .,Program in Molecular Medicine, National Yang-Ming University and Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan.
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16
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Gomez-Escobar N, Almobadel N, Alzahrani O, Feichtinger J, Planells-Palop V, Alshehri Z, Thallinger GG, Wakeman JA, McFarlane RJ. Translin and Trax differentially regulate telomere-associated transcript homeostasis. Oncotarget 2017; 7:33809-20. [PMID: 27183912 PMCID: PMC5085120 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.9278] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2016] [Accepted: 04/19/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Translin and Trax proteins are highly conserved nucleic acid binding proteins that have been implicated in RNA regulation in a range of biological processes including tRNA processing, RNA interference, microRNA degradation during oncogenesis, spermatogenesis and neuronal regulation. Here, we explore the function of this paralogue pair of proteins in the fission yeast. Using transcript analysis we demonstrate a reciprocal mechanism for control of telomere-associated transcripts. Mutation of tfx1+ (Trax) elevates transcript levels from silenced sub-telomeric regions of the genome, but not other silenced regions, such as the peri-centromeric heterochromatin. In the case of some sub-telomeric transcripts, but not all, this elevation is dependent on the Trax paralogue, Tsn1 (Translin). In a reciprocal fashion, Tsn1 (Translin) serves to repress levels of transcripts (TERRAs) from the telomeric repeats, whereas Tfx1 serves to maintain these elevated levels. This reveals a novel mechanism for the regulation of telomeric transcripts. We extend this to demonstrate that human Translin and Trax also control telomere-associated transcript levels in human cells in a telomere-specific fashion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalia Gomez-Escobar
- North West Cancer Research Institute, School of Medical Sciences, Bangor University, Bangor, Gwynedd, United Kingdom
| | - Nasser Almobadel
- North West Cancer Research Institute, School of Medical Sciences, Bangor University, Bangor, Gwynedd, United Kingdom
| | - Othman Alzahrani
- North West Cancer Research Institute, School of Medical Sciences, Bangor University, Bangor, Gwynedd, United Kingdom
| | - Julia Feichtinger
- Computational Biotechnology and Bioinformatics Group, Institute of Molecular Biotechnology, Graz University of Technology, Graz, Austria.,Omics Center Graz, BioTechMed Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Vicente Planells-Palop
- North West Cancer Research Institute, School of Medical Sciences, Bangor University, Bangor, Gwynedd, United Kingdom
| | - Zafer Alshehri
- North West Cancer Research Institute, School of Medical Sciences, Bangor University, Bangor, Gwynedd, United Kingdom
| | - Gerhard G Thallinger
- Computational Biotechnology and Bioinformatics Group, Institute of Molecular Biotechnology, Graz University of Technology, Graz, Austria.,Omics Center Graz, BioTechMed Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Jane A Wakeman
- North West Cancer Research Institute, School of Medical Sciences, Bangor University, Bangor, Gwynedd, United Kingdom
| | - Ramsay J McFarlane
- North West Cancer Research Institute, School of Medical Sciences, Bangor University, Bangor, Gwynedd, United Kingdom
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17
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Baraban JM, Shah A, Fu X. Multiple Pathways Mediate MicroRNA Degradation: Focus on the Translin/Trax RNase Complex. ADVANCES IN PHARMACOLOGY (SAN DIEGO, CALIF.) 2017; 82:1-20. [PMID: 29413516 DOI: 10.1016/bs.apha.2017.08.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
The discovery of the microRNA system has revolutionized our understanding of translational control. Furthermore, growing appreciation of the pivotal role that de novo translation plays in activity-dependent synaptic plasticity has fueled interest among neuroscientists in deciphering how the microRNA system impacts neuronal signaling and the pathophysiology of neuropsychiatric disorders. Although we have a general understanding of how the microRNA system operates, many key questions remain. In particular, the biosynthesis of microRNAs and their role in translational silencing are fairly well understood. However, much less is known about how microRNAs are degraded and silencing is reversed, crucial aspects of microRNA signaling. In contrast to microRNA synthesis which is mediated almost exclusively by a single pathway that culminates in Dicer, recent studies indicate that there are multiple pathways of microRNA degradation that target different subpopulations of microRNAs. While the Lin-28 pathway of microRNA degradation has been investigated extensively, the translin/trax RNase complex has emerged recently as another pathway mediating microRNA degradation. Accordingly, we summarize herein key features of the translin/trax RNase complex as well as important gaps in our understanding of its regulation and function that are the focus of ongoing studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jay M Baraban
- Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States.
| | - Aparna Shah
- Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Xiuping Fu
- Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States
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18
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Liu Z, Li G, Gou Y, Xiao D, Luo G, Saavedra JE, Liu J, Wang H. JS-K, a nitric oxide prodrug, induces DNA damage and apoptosis in HBV-positive hepatocellular carcinoma HepG2.2.15 cell. Biomed Pharmacother 2017; 92:989-997. [PMID: 28605880 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2017.05.141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2017] [Revised: 05/29/2017] [Accepted: 05/30/2017] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is the most important cause of cancer-related death, and 85% of HCC is caused by chronic HBV infection, the prognosis of patients and the reduction of HBV DNA levels remain unsatisfactory. JS-K, a nitric oxide-releasing diazeniumdiolates, is effective against various tumors, but little is known on its effects on HBV positive HCC. We found that JS-K reduced the expression of HBsAg and HBeAg in HBV-positive HepG2.2.15 cells. This study aimed to further examine anti-tumor effects of JS-K on HepG2.2.15 cells. The MTT assay and colony forming assay were used to study the cell growth inhibition of JS-K; scratch assay and transwell assay were performed to detect cell migration. The cell cycle was detected by flow cytometry. The immunofluorescence, flow cytometry analysis, and western blot were used to study DNA damage and cell apoptosis. JS-K inhibited HepG2.2.15 cell growth in a dose-dependent manner, suppressed cell colony formation and migration, arrested cells gather in the G2 phase. JS-K (1-20μM) increased the expression of DNA damage-associated protein phosphorylation H2AX (γH2AX), phosphorylation of checkpoint kinase 1 (p-Chk1), phosphorylation of checkpoint kinase 2 (p-Chk2), ataxia-telangiectasia mutated (ATM), phosphorylation of ataxia-telangiectasia mutated rad3-related (p-ATR) and apoptotic-associated proteins cleaved caspase-3, cleaved caspase-7, cleaved poly ADP-ribose polymerase (cleaved PARP). The study demonstrated JS-K is effective against HBV-positive HepG2.2.15 cells, the mechanisms are not only related to inhibition of HBsAg and HBeAg secretion, but also related with induction of DNA damage and apoptosis. JS-K is a promising anti-cancer candidate against HBV-positive HCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhengyun Liu
- Key Laboratory of infectious disease, Provincial Department of Education, Zunyi Medical College Guizhou, 563000 China; Research Center for Medicine and Biology, Zunyi Medical College, Guizhou, 563000 China; Key Lab for Basic Pharmacology of Ministry of Education, Zunyi Medical College, Guizhou, 563000 China
| | - Guangmin Li
- Department of emergency, Affiliated Hospital of Zunyi Medical College, China
| | - Ying Gou
- Key Laboratory of infectious disease, Provincial Department of Education, Zunyi Medical College Guizhou, 563000 China; Research Center for Medicine and Biology, Zunyi Medical College, Guizhou, 563000 China; Department of Microbiology, Zunyi Medical College, Guizhou, 563000 China
| | - Dongyan Xiao
- Key Laboratory of infectious disease, Provincial Department of Education, Zunyi Medical College Guizhou, 563000 China; Research Center for Medicine and Biology, Zunyi Medical College, Guizhou, 563000 China; Department of Microbiology, Zunyi Medical College, Guizhou, 563000 China
| | - Guo Luo
- Key Laboratory of infectious disease, Provincial Department of Education, Zunyi Medical College Guizhou, 563000 China; Research Center for Medicine and Biology, Zunyi Medical College, Guizhou, 563000 China
| | | | - Jie Liu
- Key Lab for Basic Pharmacology of Ministry of Education, Zunyi Medical College, Guizhou, 563000 China
| | - Huan Wang
- Key Laboratory of infectious disease, Provincial Department of Education, Zunyi Medical College Guizhou, 563000 China; Research Center for Medicine and Biology, Zunyi Medical College, Guizhou, 563000 China; Department of Microbiology, Zunyi Medical College, Guizhou, 563000 China.
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