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Bloomfield M, Cimini D. The fate of extra centrosomes in newly formed tetraploid cells: should I stay, or should I go? Front Cell Dev Biol 2023; 11:1210983. [PMID: 37576603 PMCID: PMC10413984 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2023.1210983] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2023] [Accepted: 07/17/2023] [Indexed: 08/15/2023] Open
Abstract
An increase in centrosome number is commonly observed in cancer cells, but the role centrosome amplification plays along with how and when it occurs during cancer development is unclear. One mechanism for generating cancer cells with extra centrosomes is whole genome doubling (WGD), an event that occurs in over 30% of human cancers and is associated with poor survival. Newly formed tetraploid cells can acquire extra centrosomes during WGD, and a generally accepted model proposes that centrosome amplification in tetraploid cells promotes cancer progression by generating aneuploidy and chromosomal instability. Recent findings, however, indicate that newly formed tetraploid cells in vitro lose their extra centrosomes to prevent multipolar cell divisions. Rather than persistent centrosome amplification, this evidence raises the possibility that it may be advantageous for tetraploid cells to initially restore centrosome number homeostasis and for a fraction of the population to reacquire additional centrosomes in the later stages of cancer evolution. In this review, we explore the different evolutionary paths available to newly formed tetraploid cells, their effects on centrosome and chromosome number distribution in daughter cells, and their probabilities of long-term survival. We then discuss the mechanisms that may alter centrosome and chromosome numbers in tetraploid cells and their relevance to cancer progression following WGD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mathew Bloomfield
- Department of Biological Sciences and Fralin Life Sciences Institute, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA, United States
| | - Daniela Cimini
- Department of Biological Sciences and Fralin Life Sciences Institute, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA, United States
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2
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Piemonte KM, Anstine LJ, Keri RA. Centrosome Aberrations as Drivers of Chromosomal Instability in Breast Cancer. Endocrinology 2021; 162:6381103. [PMID: 34606589 PMCID: PMC8557634 DOI: 10.1210/endocr/bqab208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Chromosomal instability (CIN), or the dynamic change in chromosome number and composition, has been observed in cancer for decades. Recently, this phenomenon has been implicated as facilitating the acquisition of cancer hallmarks and enabling the formation of aggressive disease. Hence, CIN has the potential to serve as a therapeutic target for a wide range of cancers. CIN in cancer often occurs as a result of disrupting key regulators of mitotic fidelity and faithful chromosome segregation. As a consequence of their essential roles in mitosis, dysfunctional centrosomes can induce and maintain CIN. Centrosome defects are common in breast cancer, a heterogeneous disease characterized by high CIN. These defects include amplification, structural defects, and loss of primary cilium nucleation. Recent studies have begun to illuminate the ability of centrosome aberrations to instigate genomic flux in breast cancer cells and the tumor evolution associated with aggressive disease and poor patient outcomes. Here, we review the role of CIN in breast cancer, the processes by which centrosome defects contribute to CIN in this disease, and the emerging therapeutic approaches that are being developed to capitalize upon such aberrations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katrina M Piemonte
- Department of Pharmacology, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
- Department of Cancer Biology, Cleveland Clinic Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland, OH 44195, USA
| | - Lindsey J Anstine
- Department of Pharmacology, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
- Department of Cancer Biology, Cleveland Clinic Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland, OH 44195, USA
- Cleveland Clinic Lerner College of Medicine at Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 44195, USA
| | - Ruth A Keri
- Department of Cancer Biology, Cleveland Clinic Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland, OH 44195, USA
- Cleveland Clinic Lerner College of Medicine at Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 44195, USA
- Case Comprehensive Cancer Center, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
- Correspondence: Ruth A. Keri, PhD, Department of Cancer Biology, Cleveland Clinic Lerner Research Institute, 9500 Euclid Avenue, Cleveland, OH 44195, USA.
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Oleuropein Activates Neonatal Neocortical Proteasomes, but Proteasome Gene Targeting by AAV9 Is Variable in a Clinically Relevant Piglet Model of Brain Hypoxia-Ischemia and Hypothermia. Cells 2021; 10:cells10082120. [PMID: 34440889 PMCID: PMC8391411 DOI: 10.3390/cells10082120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2021] [Revised: 08/13/2021] [Accepted: 08/16/2021] [Indexed: 10/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Cerebral hypoxia-ischemia (HI) compromises the proteasome in a clinically relevant neonatal piglet model. Protecting and activating proteasomes could be an adjunct therapy to hypothermia. We investigated whether chymotrypsin-like proteasome activity differs regionally and developmentally in the neonatal brain. We also tested whether neonatal brain proteasomes can be modulated by oleuropein, an experimental pleiotropic neuroprotective drug, or by targeting a proteasome subunit gene using recombinant adeno-associated virus-9 (AAV). During post-HI hypothermia, we treated piglets with oleuropein, used AAV-short hairpin RNA (shRNA) to knock down proteasome activator 28γ (PA28γ), or enforced PA28γ using AAV-PA28γ with green fluorescent protein (GFP). Neonatal neocortex and subcortical white matter had greater proteasome activity than did liver and kidney. Neonatal white matter had higher proteasome activity than did juvenile white matter. Lower arterial pH 1 h after HI correlated with greater subsequent cortical proteasome activity. With increasing brain homogenate protein input into the assay, the initial proteasome activity increased only among shams, whereas HI increased total kinetic proteasome activity. OLE increased the initial neocortical proteasome activity after hypothermia. AAV drove GFP expression, and white matter PA28γ levels correlated with proteasome activity and subunit levels. However, AAV proteasome modulation varied. Thus, neonatal neocortical proteasomes can be pharmacologically activated. HI slows the initial proteasome performance, but then augments ongoing catalytic activity. AAV-mediated genetic manipulation in the piglet brain holds promise, though proteasome gene targeting requires further development.
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4
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Primary cilia and the DNA damage response: linking a cellular antenna and nuclear signals. Biochem Soc Trans 2021; 49:829-841. [PMID: 33843966 DOI: 10.1042/bst20200751] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2021] [Revised: 03/09/2021] [Accepted: 03/10/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The maintenance of genome stability involves integrated biochemical activities that detect DNA damage or incomplete replication, delay the cell cycle, and direct DNA repair activities on the affected chromatin. These processes, collectively termed the DNA damage response (DDR), are crucial for cell survival and to avoid disease, particularly cancer. Recent work has highlighted links between the DDR and the primary cilium, an antenna-like, microtubule-based signalling structure that extends from a centriole docked at the cell surface. Ciliary dysfunction gives rise to a range of complex human developmental disorders termed the ciliopathies. Mutations in ciliopathy genes have been shown to impact on several functions that relate to centrosome integrity, DNA damage signalling, responses to problems in DNA replication and the control of gene expression. This review covers recent findings that link cilia and the DDR and explores the various roles played by key genes in these two contexts. It outlines how proteins encoded by ciliary genes impact checkpoint signalling, DNA replication and repair, gene expression and chromatin remodelling. It discusses how these diverse activities may integrate nuclear responses with those that affect a structure of the cell periphery. Additional directions for exploration of the interplay between these pathways are highlighted, with a focus on new ciliary gene candidates that alter genome stability.
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5
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Ma S, Rong Z, Liu C, Qin X, Zhang X, Chen Q. DNA damage promotes microtubule dynamics through a DNA-PK-AKT axis for enhanced repair. J Cell Biol 2021; 220:211656. [PMID: 33404607 PMCID: PMC7791344 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.201911025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2019] [Revised: 11/01/2020] [Accepted: 12/02/2020] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
DNA double-strand breaks (DSBs) are mainly repaired by c-NHEJ and HR pathways. The enhanced DSB mobility after DNA damage is critical for efficient DSB repair. Although microtubule dynamics have been shown to regulate DSB mobility, the reverse effect of DSBs to microtubule dynamics remains elusive. Here, we uncovered a novel DSB-induced microtubule dynamics stress response (DMSR), which promotes DSB mobility and facilitates c-NHEJ repair. DMSR is accompanied by interphase centrosome maturation, which occurs in a DNA-PK-AKT-dependent manner. Depletion of PCM proteins attenuates DMSR and the mobility of DSBs, resulting in delayed c-NHEJ. Remarkably, DMSR occurs only in G1 or G0 cells and lasts around 6 h. Both inhibition of DNA-PK and depletion of 53BP1 abolish DMSR. Taken together, our study reveals a positive DNA repair mechanism in G1 or G0 cells in which DSBs actively promote microtubule dynamics and facilitate the c-NHEJ process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuyun Ma
- Department of Radiation and Medical Oncology, Medical Research Institute, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China,Frontier Science Center for Immunology and Metabolism, Medical Research Institute, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Zeming Rong
- Department of Radiation and Medical Oncology, Medical Research Institute, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China,Frontier Science Center for Immunology and Metabolism, Medical Research Institute, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Chen Liu
- Department of Radiation and Medical Oncology, Medical Research Institute, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China,Frontier Science Center for Immunology and Metabolism, Medical Research Institute, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Xiaobing Qin
- Department of Radiation and Medical Oncology, Medical Research Institute, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China,Frontier Science Center for Immunology and Metabolism, Medical Research Institute, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Xiaoyan Zhang
- College of Biomedicine and Health, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China,College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Qiang Chen
- Department of Radiation and Medical Oncology, Medical Research Institute, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China,Frontier Science Center for Immunology and Metabolism, Medical Research Institute, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China,Correspondence to Qiang Chen:
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Arroyo M, Cañuelo A, Calahorra J, Hastert F, Sánchez A, Clarke DJ, Marchal J. Mitotic entry upon Topo II catalytic inhibition is controlled by Chk1 and Plk1. FEBS J 2020; 287:4933-4951. [PMID: 32144855 PMCID: PMC7483426 DOI: 10.1111/febs.15280] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2019] [Revised: 01/13/2020] [Accepted: 03/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Catalytic inhibition of topoisomerase II during G2 phase delays onset of mitosis due to the activation of the so-called decatenation checkpoint. This checkpoint is less known compared with the extensively studied G2 DNA damage checkpoint and is partially compromised in many tumor cells. We recently identified MCPH1 as a key regulator that confers cells with the capacity to adapt to the decatenation checkpoint. In the present work, we have explored the contributions of checkpoint kinase 1 (Chk1) and polo-like kinase 1 (Plk1), in order to better understand the molecular basis of decatenation checkpoint. Our results demonstrate that Chk1 function is required to sustain the G2 arrest induced by catalytic inhibition of Topo II. Interestingly, Chk1 loss of function restores adaptation in cells lacking MCPH1. Furthermore, we demonstrate that Plk1 function is required to bypass the decatenation checkpoint arrest in cells following Chk1 inhibition. Taken together, our data suggest that MCPH1 is critical to allow checkpoint adaptation by counteracting Chk1-mediated inactivation of Plk1. Importantly, we also provide evidence that MCPH1 function is not required to allow recovery from this checkpoint, which lends support to the notion that checkpoint adaptation and recovery are different mechanisms distinguished in part by specific effectors.
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Affiliation(s)
- M. Arroyo
- Departamento de Biología ExperimentalUniversidad de Jaén, Spain
| | - A. Cañuelo
- Departamento de Biología ExperimentalUniversidad de Jaén, Spain
| | - J. Calahorra
- Departamento de Biología ExperimentalUniversidad de Jaén, Spain
| | - F.D. Hastert
- Department of Biology, Technische Universität Darmstadt, Germany
| | - A. Sánchez
- Departamento de Biología ExperimentalUniversidad de Jaén, Spain
| | - D. J. Clarke
- Department of Genetics, Cell Biology and Development, University of Minnesota, US
| | - J.A. Marchal
- Departamento de Biología ExperimentalUniversidad de Jaén, Spain
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Zhang Y, Tian J, Qu C, Peng Y, Lei J, Sun L, Zong B, Liu S. A look into the link between centrosome amplification and breast cancer. Biomed Pharmacother 2020; 132:110924. [PMID: 33128942 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2020.110924] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2020] [Revised: 10/18/2020] [Accepted: 10/20/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Centrosome amplification (CA) is a common feature of human tumors, but it is not clear whether this is a cause or a consequence of cancer. The centrosome amplification observed in tumor cells may be explained by a series of events, such as failure of cell division, dysregulation of centrosome cycle checkpoints, and de novo centriole biogenesis disorder. The formation and progression of breast cancer are characterized by genomic abnormality. The centrosomes in breast cancer cells show characteristic structural aberrations, caused by centrosome amplification, which include: an increase in the number and volume of centrosomes, excessive increase of pericentriolar material (PCM), inappropriate phosphorylation of centrosomal molecular, and centrosome clustering formation induced by the dysregulation of important genes. The mechanism of intracellular centrosome amplification, the impact of which on breast cancer and the latest breast cancer target treatment options for centrosome amplification are exhaustively elaborated in this review.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yingzi Zhang
- Department of Endocrine Breast Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, 1 Yixueyuan Road, Yuanjiagang, Yuzhong District, Chongqing, 400016, China.
| | - Jiao Tian
- Department of Endocrine Breast Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, 1 Yixueyuan Road, Yuanjiagang, Yuzhong District, Chongqing, 400016, China.
| | - Chi Qu
- Department of Endocrine Breast Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, 1 Yixueyuan Road, Yuanjiagang, Yuzhong District, Chongqing, 400016, China.
| | - Yang Peng
- Department of Endocrine Breast Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, 1 Yixueyuan Road, Yuanjiagang, Yuzhong District, Chongqing, 400016, China.
| | - Jinwei Lei
- Department of Endocrine Breast Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, 1 Yixueyuan Road, Yuanjiagang, Yuzhong District, Chongqing, 400016, China.
| | - Lu Sun
- Department of Endocrine Breast Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, 1 Yixueyuan Road, Yuanjiagang, Yuzhong District, Chongqing, 400016, China.
| | - Beige Zong
- Department of Endocrine Breast Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, 1 Yixueyuan Road, Yuanjiagang, Yuzhong District, Chongqing, 400016, China.
| | - Shengchun Liu
- Department of Endocrine Breast Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, 1 Yixueyuan Road, Yuanjiagang, Yuzhong District, Chongqing, 400016, China.
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8
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Denu RA, Burkard ME. Analysis of the "centrosome-ome" identifies MCPH1 deletion as a cause of centrosome amplification in human cancer. Sci Rep 2020; 10:11921. [PMID: 32681070 PMCID: PMC7368085 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-68629-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2019] [Accepted: 06/23/2020] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
The centrosome is the microtubule organizing center of human cells and facilitates a myriad of cellular functions including organization of the mitotic spindle to ensure faithful chromosome segregation during mitosis, cell polarization and migration, and primary cilia formation. A numerical increase in centrosomes, or centrosome amplification (CA), is common in cancer and correlates with more aggressive clinical features and worse patient outcomes. However, the causes of CA in human cancer are unclear. Many previous studies have identified mechanisms of CA in cellulo, such as overexpression of PLK4, but it is unclear how often these are the primary mechanism in human disease. To identify a primary cause of CA, we analyzed The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) genomic and transcriptomic data for genes encoding the 367 proteins that localize to the centrosome (the "centrosome-ome"). We identified the following candidates for primary causes of CA: gain-of-function alterations of CEP19, CEP72, CTNNB1, PTK2, NDRG1, SPATC1, TBCCD1; and loss-of-function alterations of CEP76, MCPH1, NEURL4, and NPM1. In cellulo analysis of these candidates revealed that loss of MCPH1/microcephalin caused the most robust increase in centriole number. MCPH1 deep gene deletions are seen in 5-15% of human cancers, depending on the anatomic site of the tumor. Mechanistic experiments demonstrated that loss of MCPH1 caused a CDK2-dependent increase in STIL levels at the centrosome to drive CA. We conclude that loss of MCPH1 is common in human cancer and is likely to be a cause of CA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryan A Denu
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Medicine, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 6059 WIMR, 1111 Highland Avenue, Madison, WI, 53705, USA
- Carbone Cancer Center, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, USA
- Medical Scientist Training Program, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Mark E Burkard
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Medicine, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 6059 WIMR, 1111 Highland Avenue, Madison, WI, 53705, USA.
- Carbone Cancer Center, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, USA.
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9
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Wilhelm T, Said M, Naim V. DNA Replication Stress and Chromosomal Instability: Dangerous Liaisons. Genes (Basel) 2020; 11:E642. [PMID: 32532049 PMCID: PMC7348713 DOI: 10.3390/genes11060642] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2020] [Revised: 06/04/2020] [Accepted: 06/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Chromosomal instability (CIN) is associated with many human diseases, including neurodevelopmental or neurodegenerative conditions, age-related disorders and cancer, and is a key driver for disease initiation and progression. A major source of structural chromosome instability (s-CIN) leading to structural chromosome aberrations is "replication stress", a condition in which stalled or slowly progressing replication forks interfere with timely and error-free completion of the S phase. On the other hand, mitotic errors that result in chromosome mis-segregation are the cause of numerical chromosome instability (n-CIN) and aneuploidy. In this review, we will discuss recent evidence showing that these two forms of chromosomal instability can be mechanistically interlinked. We first summarize how replication stress causes structural and numerical CIN, focusing on mechanisms such as mitotic rescue of replication stress (MRRS) and centriole disengagement, which prevent or contribute to specific types of structural chromosome aberrations and segregation errors. We describe the main outcomes of segregation errors and how micronucleation and aneuploidy can be the key stimuli promoting inflammation, senescence, or chromothripsis. At the end, we discuss how CIN can reduce cellular fitness and may behave as an anticancer barrier in noncancerous cells or precancerous lesions, whereas it fuels genomic instability in the context of cancer, and how our current knowledge may be exploited for developing cancer therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Therese Wilhelm
- CNRS UMR9019 Genome Integrity and Cancers, Université Paris Saclay, Gustave Roussy, 94805 Villejuif, France; (T.W.); (M.S.)
- UMR144 Cell Biology and Cancer, Institut Curie, 75005 Paris, France
| | - Maha Said
- CNRS UMR9019 Genome Integrity and Cancers, Université Paris Saclay, Gustave Roussy, 94805 Villejuif, France; (T.W.); (M.S.)
| | - Valeria Naim
- CNRS UMR9019 Genome Integrity and Cancers, Université Paris Saclay, Gustave Roussy, 94805 Villejuif, France; (T.W.); (M.S.)
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10
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Wilhelm T, Olziersky AM, Harry D, De Sousa F, Vassal H, Eskat A, Meraldi P. Mild replication stress causes chromosome mis-segregation via premature centriole disengagement. Nat Commun 2019; 10:3585. [PMID: 31395887 PMCID: PMC6687892 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-019-11584-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2018] [Accepted: 07/23/2019] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Replication stress, a hallmark of cancerous and pre-cancerous lesions, is linked to structural chromosomal aberrations. Recent studies demonstrated that it could also lead to numerical chromosomal instability (CIN). The mechanism, however, remains elusive. Here, we show that inducing replication stress in non-cancerous cells stabilizes spindle microtubules and favours premature centriole disengagement, causing transient multipolar spindles that lead to lagging chromosomes and micronuclei. Premature centriole disengagement depends on the G2 activity of the Cdk, Plk1 and ATR kinases, implying a DNA-damage induced deregulation of the centrosome cycle. Premature centriole disengagement also occurs spontaneously in some CIN+ cancer cell lines and can be suppressed by attenuating replication stress. Finally, we show that replication stress potentiates the effect of the chemotherapeutic agent taxol, by increasing the incidence of multipolar cell divisions. We postulate that replication stress in cancer cells induces numerical CIN via transient multipolar spindles caused by premature centriole disengagement. Chromosome instability can be caused by replication stress, although the mechanism is unclear. Here, the authors show that inducing mild replication stress in cancerous and non-cancerous cell lines leads to centriole disengagement and the subsequent formation of lagging chromosomes and micronuclei.
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Affiliation(s)
- Therese Wilhelm
- Department of Cell Physiology and Metabolism, University of Geneva, 1211, Geneva 4, Switzerland. .,Department of Genetic Stability and Oncogenesis, Institut Gustave Roussy, CNRS UMR8200, 94805, Villejuif, France.
| | - Anna-Maria Olziersky
- Department of Cell Physiology and Metabolism, University of Geneva, 1211, Geneva 4, Switzerland
| | - Daniela Harry
- Department of Cell Physiology and Metabolism, University of Geneva, 1211, Geneva 4, Switzerland
| | - Filipe De Sousa
- Department of Cell Physiology and Metabolism, University of Geneva, 1211, Geneva 4, Switzerland
| | - Helène Vassal
- Department of Cell Physiology and Metabolism, University of Geneva, 1211, Geneva 4, Switzerland.,National Institute of Applied Sciences, Villeurbanne, 69621, France
| | - Anja Eskat
- Department of Cell Physiology and Metabolism, University of Geneva, 1211, Geneva 4, Switzerland.,Clinical Trials Center, University Hospital Zurich, 8091, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Patrick Meraldi
- Department of Cell Physiology and Metabolism, University of Geneva, 1211, Geneva 4, Switzerland. .,Translational Research Centre in Onco-hematology, University of Geneva, 1211, Geneva 4, Switzerland.
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11
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Bigot N, Day M, Baldock RA, Watts FZ, Oliver AW, Pearl LH. Phosphorylation-mediated interactions with TOPBP1 couple 53BP1 and 9-1-1 to control the G1 DNA damage checkpoint. eLife 2019; 8:e44353. [PMID: 31135337 PMCID: PMC6561707 DOI: 10.7554/elife.44353] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2018] [Accepted: 05/25/2019] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Coordination of the cellular response to DNA damage is organised by multi-domain 'scaffold' proteins, including 53BP1 and TOPBP1, which recognise post-translational modifications such as phosphorylation, methylation and ubiquitylation on other proteins, and are themselves carriers of such regulatory signals. Here we show that the DNA damage checkpoint regulating S-phase entry is controlled by a phosphorylation-dependent interaction of 53BP1 and TOPBP1. BRCT domains of TOPBP1 selectively bind conserved phosphorylation sites in the N-terminus of 53BP1. Mutation of these sites does not affect formation of 53BP1 or ATM foci following DNA damage, but abolishes recruitment of TOPBP1, ATR and CHK1 to 53BP1 damage foci, abrogating cell cycle arrest and permitting progression into S-phase. TOPBP1 interaction with 53BP1 is structurally complimentary to its interaction with RAD9-RAD1-HUS1, allowing these damage recognition factors to bind simultaneously to the same TOPBP1 molecule and cooperate in ATR activation in the G1 DNA damage checkpoint.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicolas Bigot
- Cancer Research UK DNA Repair Enzymes Group, Genome Damage and Stability Centre, School of Life SciencesUniversity of SussexBrightonUnited Kingdom
| | - Matthew Day
- Cancer Research UK DNA Repair Enzymes Group, Genome Damage and Stability Centre, School of Life SciencesUniversity of SussexBrightonUnited Kingdom
| | - Robert A Baldock
- Genome Damage and Stability Centre, School of Life SciencesUniversity of SussexBrightonUnited Kingdom
| | - Felicity Z Watts
- Genome Damage and Stability Centre, School of Life SciencesUniversity of SussexBrightonUnited Kingdom
| | - Antony W Oliver
- Cancer Research UK DNA Repair Enzymes Group, Genome Damage and Stability Centre, School of Life SciencesUniversity of SussexBrightonUnited Kingdom
| | - Laurence H Pearl
- Cancer Research UK DNA Repair Enzymes Group, Genome Damage and Stability Centre, School of Life SciencesUniversity of SussexBrightonUnited Kingdom
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12
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Moreno-Marín N, Merino JM, Alvarez-Barrientos A, Patel DP, Takahashi S, González-Sancho JM, Gandolfo P, Rios RM, Muñoz A, Gonzalez FJ, Fernández-Salguero PM. Aryl Hydrocarbon Receptor Promotes Liver Polyploidization and Inhibits PI3K, ERK, and Wnt/β-Catenin Signaling. iScience 2018; 4:44-63. [PMID: 30240752 PMCID: PMC6147018 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2018.05.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2017] [Revised: 04/25/2018] [Accepted: 05/09/2018] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR) deficiency alters tissue homeostasis. However, how AhR regulates organ maturation and differentiation remains mostly unknown. Liver differentiation entails a polyploidization process fundamental for cell growth, metabolism, and stress responses. Here, we report that AhR regulates polyploidization during the preweaning-to-adult mouse liver maturation. Preweaning AhR-null (AhR−/−) livers had smaller hepatocytes, hypercellularity, altered cell cycle regulation, and enhanced proliferation. Those phenotypes persisted in adult AhR−/− mice and correlated with compromised polyploidy, predominance of diploid hepatocytes, and enlarged centrosomes. Phosphatidylinositol-3-phosphate kinase (PI3K), extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK), and Wnt/β-catenin signaling remained upregulated from preweaning to adult AhR-null liver, likely increasing mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) activation. Metabolomics revealed the deregulation of mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation intermediates succinate and fumarate in AhR−/− liver. Consistently, PI3K, ERK, and Wnt/β-catenin inhibition partially rescued polyploidy in AhR−/− mice. Thus, AhR may integrate survival, proliferation, and metabolism for liver polyploidization. Since tumor cells tend to be polyploid, AhR modulation could have therapeutic value in the liver. AhR is required for liver polyploidization during preweaning-to-adult transition INS-R/PI3K/AKT, ERK, Wnt/β-Cat and mTOR are downregulated during liver polyploidization Reduced polyploidy relates with enhanced mitochondrial metabolism in AhR-null liver Understanding how AhR modulates polyploidy may provide strategies against cancer
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Affiliation(s)
- Nuria Moreno-Marín
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Extremadura, Badajoz, Badajoz 06071, Spain
| | - Jaime M Merino
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Extremadura, Badajoz, Badajoz 06071, Spain
| | - Alberto Alvarez-Barrientos
- Servicio de Técnicas Aplicadas a las Biociencias (STAB), Universidad de Extremadura, Badajoz, Badajoz 06071, Spain
| | - Daxeshkumar P Patel
- Laboratory of Metabolism, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Shogo Takahashi
- Laboratory of Metabolism, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - José M González-Sancho
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas "Alberto Sols", Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas - Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, and CIBER de Cáncer (CIBERONC), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid 28029, Spain
| | - Pablo Gandolfo
- Cell Signaling Department, CABIMER-CSIC, Sevilla 41092, Spain
| | - Rosa M Rios
- Cell Signaling Department, CABIMER-CSIC, Sevilla 41092, Spain
| | - Alberto Muñoz
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas "Alberto Sols", Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas - Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, and CIBER de Cáncer (CIBERONC), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid 28029, Spain
| | - Frank J Gonzalez
- Laboratory of Metabolism, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Pedro M Fernández-Salguero
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Extremadura, Badajoz, Badajoz 06071, Spain.
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13
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Seo MY, Rhee K. Caspase-mediated cleavage of the centrosomal proteins during apoptosis. Cell Death Dis 2018; 9:571. [PMID: 29752437 PMCID: PMC5948218 DOI: 10.1038/s41419-018-0632-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2018] [Revised: 04/22/2018] [Accepted: 04/26/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The centrosome is the major microtubule-organizing center and plays important roles in intracellular transport, cellular morphology, and motility. In mitotic cells, centrosomes function as spindle poles to pull a set of chromosomes into daughter cells. In quiescent cells, primary cilia are originated from the centrosomes. Given its involvement in various cellular processes, it is little surprising that the organelle would also participate in apoptotic events. However, it remains elusive how the centrosome changes in structure and organization during apoptosis. Apoptosis, a programmed cell death, is required for homeostatic tissue maintenance, embryonic development, stress responses, etc. Activation of caspases generates a cascade of apoptotic pathways, explaining much of what happens during apoptosis. Here, we report the proteolytic cleavage of selected centrosomal proteins in apoptotic cells. SAS-6, a cartwheel component of centrioles, was specifically cleaved at the border of the coiled-coil domain and the disordered C-terminus. Pericentrin, a scaffold of pericentriolar material, was also cleaved during apoptosis. These cleavages were efficiently blocked by the caspase inhibitors. We propose that the caspase-dependent proteolysis of the centrosomal proteins may destabilize the configuration of a centrosome. Loss of centrosomes may be required for the formation of apoptotic microtubule networks, which are essential for apoptotic fragmentation. This work demonstrates the first centrosomal targets by caspases during apoptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mi Young Seo
- Department of Biological Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Korea
| | - Kunsoo Rhee
- Department of Biological Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Korea.
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14
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Roque H, Saurya S, Pratt MB, Johnson E, Raff JW. Drosophila PLP assembles pericentriolar clouds that promote centriole stability, cohesion and MT nucleation. PLoS Genet 2018; 14:e1007198. [PMID: 29425198 PMCID: PMC5823460 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1007198] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2017] [Revised: 02/22/2018] [Accepted: 01/12/2018] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Pericentrin is a conserved centrosomal protein whose dysfunction has been linked to several human diseases. It has been implicated in many aspects of centrosome and cilia function, but its precise role is unclear. Here, we examine Drosophila Pericentrin-like-protein (PLP) function in vivo in tissues that form both centrosomes and cilia. Plp mutant centrioles exhibit four major defects: (1) They are short and have subtle structural abnormalities; (2) They disengage prematurely, and so overduplicate; (3) They organise fewer cytoplasmic MTs during interphase; (4) When forming cilia, they fail to establish and/or maintain a proper connection to the plasma membrane—although, surprisingly, they can still form an axoneme-like structure that can recruit transition zone (TZ) proteins. We show that PLP helps assemble “pericentriolar clouds” of electron-dense material that emanate from the central cartwheel spokes and spread outward to surround the mother centriole. We propose that the partial loss of these structures may largely explain the complex centriole, centrosome and cilium defects we observe in Plp mutant cells. Centrioles are complex, microtubule (MT) based structures that organise two important cell organelles, the centrosome and the cilium. The centrosome is a major MT organising centre in many cell types, while the cilium functions as a cellular “antenna” responsible for regulating several cellular signalling pathways. Pericentrin is conserved centriole-binding protein that plays an important part in centrosome and cilium function, and mutations in the Pericentrin gene are linked to several human diseases. Here we use the fruit-fly Drosophila melanogaster to investigate how Pericentrin-Like-Protein (the fly homolog of Pericentrin) contributes to centriole, centrosome and cilium function. We find that Plp mutant fly centrioles have subtle structural defects, organize less microtubules, and do not properly migrate to the cell membrane to form cilia. We also observe that PLP helps assemble “pericentriolar clouds”—dense structures that emanate from the centriole, and appear to interact with microtubules, as well as connect existing centrioles to newly formed ones. In mutant flies these structures are significantly reduced in size. We propose that the defects in these PLP structures can explain most, if not all, the complex defects observed in Plp mutants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Helio Roque
- The Sir William Dunn School of Pathology, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Saroj Saurya
- The Sir William Dunn School of Pathology, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Metta B. Pratt
- The Sir William Dunn School of Pathology, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Errin Johnson
- The Sir William Dunn School of Pathology, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Jordan W. Raff
- The Sir William Dunn School of Pathology, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford, United Kingdom
- * E-mail:
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15
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Patwardhan D, Mani S, Passemard S, Gressens P, El Ghouzzi V. STIL balancing primary microcephaly and cancer. Cell Death Dis 2018; 9:65. [PMID: 29352115 PMCID: PMC5833631 DOI: 10.1038/s41419-017-0101-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2017] [Revised: 10/04/2017] [Accepted: 10/23/2017] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Cell division and differentiation are two fundamental physiological processes that need to be tightly balanced to achieve harmonious development of an organ or a tissue without jeopardizing its homeostasis. The role played by the centriolar protein STIL is highly illustrative of this balance at different stages of life as deregulation of the human STIL gene expression has been associated with either insufficient brain development (primary microcephaly) or cancer, two conditions resulting from perturbations in cell cycle and chromosomal segregation. This review describes the recent advances on STIL functions in the control of centriole duplication and mitotic spindle integrity, and discusses how pathological perturbations of its finely tuned expression result in chromosomal instability in both embryonic and postnatal situations, highlighting the concept that common key factors are involved in developmental steps and tissue homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dhruti Patwardhan
- PROTECT, INSERM, Université Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France
- Centre for Neuroscience, IISC Bangalore, India
| | - Shyamala Mani
- PROTECT, INSERM, Université Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France
- Curadev Pharma, B 87, Sector 83, Noida, UP, 201305,, India
| | - Sandrine Passemard
- PROTECT, INSERM, Université Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France
- AP HP, Hôpital Robert Debré, Service de Génétique Clinique, Paris, France
| | - Pierre Gressens
- PROTECT, INSERM, Université Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France
- Centre for the Developing Brain, Division of Imaging Sciences and Biomedical Engineering, King's College London, King's Health Partners, St. Thomas' Hospital, London, UK
| | - Vincent El Ghouzzi
- PROTECT, INSERM, Université Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France.
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16
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Ogden A, Rida PCG, Aneja R. Centrosome amplification: a suspect in breast cancer and racial disparities. Endocr Relat Cancer 2017; 24:T47-T64. [PMID: 28515047 PMCID: PMC5837860 DOI: 10.1530/erc-17-0072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2017] [Accepted: 05/17/2017] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
The multifaceted involvement of centrosome amplification (CA) in tumorigenesis is coming into focus following years of meticulous experimentation, which have elucidated the powerful abilities of CA to promote cellular invasion, disrupt stem cell division, drive chromosomal instability (CIN) and perturb tissue architecture, activities that can accelerate tumor progression. Integration of the extant in vitro, in vivo and clinical data suggests that in some tissues CA may be a tumor-initiating event, in others a consequential 'hit' in multistep tumorigenesis, and in some others, non-tumorigenic. However, in vivo data are limited and primarily focus on PLK4 (which has CA-independent mechanisms by which it promotes aggressive cellular phenotypes). In vitro breast cancer models suggest that CA can promote tumorigenesis in breast cancer cells in the setting of p53 loss or mutation, which can both trigger CA and promote cellular tolerance to its tendency to slow proliferation and induce aneuploidy. It is thus our perspective that CA is likely an early hit in multistep breast tumorigenesis that may sometimes be lost to preserve aggressive karyotypes acquired through centrosome clustering-mediated CIN, both numerical and structural. We also envision that the robust link between p53 and CA may underlie, to a considerable degree, racial health disparity in breast cancer outcomes. This question is clinically significant because, if it is true, then analysis of centrosomal profiles and administration of centrosome declustering drugs could prove highly efficacious in risk stratifying breast cancers and treating African American (AA) women with breast cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angela Ogden
- Department of BiologyGeorgia State University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | | | - Ritu Aneja
- Department of BiologyGeorgia State University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
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17
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McClure-Begley TD, Klymkowsky MW. Nuclear roles for cilia-associated proteins. Cilia 2017; 6:8. [PMID: 28560031 PMCID: PMC5445336 DOI: 10.1186/s13630-017-0052-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2017] [Accepted: 05/02/2017] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Cilia appear to be derived, evolutionarily, from structures present in the ancestral (pre-ciliary) eukaryote, such as microtubule-based vesicle trafficking and chromosome segregation systems. Experimental observations suggest that the ciliary gate, the molecular complex that mediates the selective molecular movement between cytoplasmic and ciliary compartments, shares features with nuclear pores. Our hypothesis is that this shared transport machinery is at least partially responsible for the observation that a number of ciliary and ciliogenesis-associated proteins are found within nuclei where they play roles in the regulation of gene expression, DNA repair, and nuclear import and export. Recognizing the potential for such nuclear roles is critical when considering the phenotypic effects that arise from the mutational modification of ciliary proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tristan D McClure-Begley
- Molecular, Cellular and Developmental Biology, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO 80309 USA
| | - Michael W Klymkowsky
- Molecular, Cellular and Developmental Biology, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO 80309 USA
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18
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Abstract
Here, we review how DNA damage affects the centrosome and how centrosomes communicate with the DNA damage response (DDR) apparatus. We discuss how several proteins of the DDR are found at centrosomes, including the ATM, ATR, CHK1 and CHK2 kinases, the BRCA1 ubiquitin ligase complex and several members of the poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase family. Stereotypical centrosome organisation, in which two centriole barrels are orthogonally arranged in a roughly toroidal pericentriolar material (PCM), is strongly affected by exposure to DNA-damaging agents. We describe the genetic dependencies and mechanisms for how the centrioles lose their close association, and the PCM both expands and distorts after DNA damage. Another consequence of genotoxic stress is that centrosomes undergo duplication outside the normal cell cycle stage, meaning that centrosome amplification is commonly seen after DNA damage. We discuss several potential mechanisms for how centrosome numbers become dysregulated after DNA damage and explore the links between the DDR and the PLK1- and separase-dependent mechanisms that drive centriole separation and reduplication. We also describe how centrosome components, such as centrin2, are directly involved in responding to DNA damage. This review outlines current questions on the involvement of centrosomes in the DDR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa I Mullee
- Centre for Chromosome Biology, School of Natural Sciences, National University of Ireland Galway, Biosciences Building, Dangan, Galway, Ireland
| | - Ciaran G Morrison
- Centre for Chromosome Biology, School of Natural Sciences, National University of Ireland Galway, Biosciences Building, Dangan, Galway, Ireland.
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19
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Johnson CA, Collis SJ. Ciliogenesis and the DNA damage response: a stressful relationship. Cilia 2016; 5:19. [PMID: 27335639 PMCID: PMC4916530 DOI: 10.1186/s13630-016-0040-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2015] [Accepted: 03/22/2016] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Both inherited and sporadic mutations can give rise to a plethora of human diseases. Through myriad diverse cellular processes, sporadic mutations can arise through a failure to accurately replicate the genetic code or by inaccurate separation of duplicated chromosomes into daughter cells. The human genome has therefore evolved to encode a large number of proteins that work together with regulators of the cell cycle to ensure that it remains error-free. This is collectively known as the DNA damage response (DDR), and genome stability mechanisms involve a complex network of signalling and processing factors that ensure redundancy and adaptability of these systems. The importance of genome stability mechanisms is best illustrated by the dramatic increased risk of cancer in individuals with underlying disruption to genome maintenance mechanisms. Cilia are microtubule-based sensory organelles present on most vertebrate cells, where they facilitate transduction of external signals into the cell. When not embedded within the specialised ciliary membrane, components of the primary cilium's basal body help form the microtubule organising centre that controls cellular trafficking and the mitotic segregation of chromosomes. Ciliopathies are a collection of diseases associated with functional disruption to cilia function through a variety of different mechanisms. Ciliopathy phenotypes can vary widely, and although some cellular overgrowth phenotypes are prevalent in a subset of ciliopathies, an increased risk of cancer is not noted as a clinical feature. However, recent studies have identified surprising genetic and functional links between cilia-associated proteins and genome maintenance factors. The purpose of this mini-review is to therefore highlight some of these discoveries and discuss their implications with regards to functional crosstalk between the DDR and ciliogenesis pathways, and how this may impact on the development of human disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Colin A. Johnson
- />Section of Ophthalmology and Neurosciences, Wellcome Trust Brenner Building, Leeds Institute of Molecular Medicine, St. James’s University Hospital, Leeds, LS9 7TF UK
| | - Spencer J. Collis
- />Genome Stability Group, Department of Oncology and Metabolism, Academic Unit of Molecular Oncology, Medical School, University of Sheffield, Beech Hill Road, Sheffield, S10 2RX UK
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20
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Zheng Y, Mennella V, Marks S, Wildonger J, Elnagdi E, Agard D, Megraw TL. The Seckel syndrome and centrosomal protein Ninein localizes asymmetrically to stem cell centrosomes but is not required for normal development, behavior, or DNA damage response in Drosophila. Mol Biol Cell 2016; 27:1740-52. [PMID: 27053665 PMCID: PMC4884065 DOI: 10.1091/mbc.e15-09-0655] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2015] [Accepted: 03/28/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Ninein associates with the microtubule regulator γ-tubulin, regulates microtubule assembly, and localizes to centrosomes and noncentrosomal microtubule-organizing centers in Drosophila. Ninein localizes to stem cell centrosomes asymmetrically, with a bias for the daughter centrosome. Remarkably, Ninein is dispensable for development, fertility, or viability. Ninein (Nin) is a centrosomal protein whose gene is mutated in Seckel syndrome (SCKL, MIM 210600), an inherited recessive disease that results in primordial dwarfism, cognitive deficiencies, and increased sensitivity to genotoxic stress. Nin regulates neural stem cell self-renewal, interkinetic nuclear migration, and microtubule assembly in mammals. Nin is evolutionarily conserved, yet its role in cell division and development has not been investigated in a model organism. Here we characterize the single Nin orthologue in Drosophila. Drosophila Nin localizes to the periphery of the centrosome but not at centriolar structures as in mammals. However, Nin shares the property of its mammalian orthologue of promoting microtubule assembly. In neural and germline stem cells, Nin localizes asymmetrically to the younger (daughter) centrosome, yet it is not required for the asymmetric division of stem cells. In wing epithelia and muscle, Nin localizes to noncentrosomal microtubule-organizing centers. Surprisingly, loss of nin expression from a nin mutant does not significantly affect embryonic and brain development, fertility, or locomotor performance of mutant flies or their survival upon exposure to DNA-damaging agents. Although it is not essential, our data suggest that Nin plays a supportive role in centrosomal and extracentrosomal microtubule organization and asymmetric stem cell division.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yiming Zheng
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL 32306-4300
| | - Vito Mennella
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, M5G 0A4, Canada Cell Biology Program, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, M5G 1X8, Canada
| | - Steven Marks
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL 32306-4300
| | - Jill Wildonger
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706
| | - Esraa Elnagdi
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, M5G 0A4, Canada Cell Biology Program, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, M5G 1X8, Canada
| | - David Agard
- The Howard Hughes Medical Institute and Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143-2240
| | - Timothy L Megraw
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL 32306-4300
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