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Martínez-Ortega JI. Peritumoral Clefts in Basal Cell Carcinoma: Matrix Metabolism and Primary Cilium. Cureus 2024; 16:e58316. [PMID: 38752104 PMCID: PMC11094477 DOI: 10.7759/cureus.58316] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/15/2024] [Indexed: 05/18/2024] Open
Abstract
The phenomenon of tissue retraction, characterized by peritumoral spaces or clefts, is prominent in basal cell carcinoma (BCC) tumors, yet its underlying mechanisms remain unclear. Proposed factors include changes in cell structures, enzymatic activity, and alterations in the Hedgehog (Hh) signaling pathway. This article discusses these factors and proposes that structural changes in BCC cells' primary cilia may contribute to matrix alterations, leading to the formation of peritumoral clefts. Further research is needed to confirm these hypotheses and understand BCC's unique growth patterns.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jesús Iván Martínez-Ortega
- Dermatology, Instituto Dermatológico de Jalisco, Zapopan, MEX
- Histology, Autonomous University of Nuevo León, Monterrey, MEX
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2
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Kapaganti VK, Purkait S, Nayak P, Biswas D, Mohamedali R, Adhya AK, Mitra S. Diminution of Primary Cilia in the Stromal Cells at the Tumor-stromal Interface Correlates With an Aggressive Tumor Biology in the Urothelial Carcinoma of the Urinary Bladder. Appl Immunohistochem Mol Morphol 2024; 32:130-136. [PMID: 38374714 DOI: 10.1097/pai.0000000000001187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2023] [Accepted: 01/26/2024] [Indexed: 02/21/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Primary cilia (PC) are cellular organelles that regulate the cellular homeostasis. They are the seats of many oncogenic pathways and indirectly regulate the epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) and extracellular matrix, both critical for the tumor microenvironment (TME). Though there are a few studies highlighting the alteration of PC in the tumor cells of various malignancies, none depict the PC in the stromal cells in the urothelial carcinoma of the urinary bladder (UC), the stromal cells being an essential component of TME. Therefore, we intend to evaluate the PC in the stromal cells at the tumor-stromal interface in UC. METHODS Immunohistochemistry for acetylated-α-tubulin (for PC), Ki67, E-cadherin, and SNAI1 was performed in 141 cases of UC and 5 normal controls, and primary cilium: nucleus (C:N) ratio was counted in the stromal cells at the tumor-stromal interface. The C:N ratio was correlated with various clinical and histopathological parameters. RESULTS The C:N ratio showed significant diminution from normal control (mean=0.75) to low-grade UC (mean=0.24) ( P =0.001) to high-grade UC (mean value=0.17) ( P =0.001). There was a significant diminution of the C:N ratio from the noninvasive to invasive UC ( P =0.025). The C:N ratio did not show any correlation with EMT although negatively correlated with the Ki67 index ( r =-0.32; P =0.001), and a higher ratio showed a trend with a higher recurrence-free survival ( P =0.07). CONCLUSIONS The diminution of the PC in the stromal cells at the tumor-stromal interface is an early event and correlates with an aggressive tumor biology of UC.
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Lo Faro V, Bhattacharya A, Zhou W, Zhou D, Wang Y, Läll K, Kanai M, Lopera-Maya E, Straub P, Pawar P, Tao R, Zhong X, Namba S, Sanna S, Nolte IM, Okada Y, Ingold N, MacGregor S, Snieder H, Surakka I, Shortt J, Gignoux C, Rafaels N, Crooks K, Verma A, Verma SS, Guare L, Rader DJ, Willer C, Martin AR, Brantley MA, Gamazon ER, Jansonius NM, Joos K, Cox NJ, Hirbo J. Novel ancestry-specific primary open-angle glaucoma loci and shared biology with vascular mechanisms and cell proliferation. Cell Rep Med 2024; 5:101430. [PMID: 38382466 PMCID: PMC10897632 DOI: 10.1016/j.xcrm.2024.101430] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2022] [Revised: 03/28/2023] [Accepted: 01/25/2024] [Indexed: 02/23/2024]
Abstract
Primary open-angle glaucoma (POAG), a leading cause of irreversible blindness globally, shows disparity in prevalence and manifestations across ancestries. We perform meta-analysis across 15 biobanks (of the Global Biobank Meta-analysis Initiative) (n = 1,487,441: cases = 26,848) and merge with previous multi-ancestry studies, with the combined dataset representing the largest and most diverse POAG study to date (n = 1,478,037: cases = 46,325) and identify 17 novel significant loci, 5 of which were ancestry specific. Gene-enrichment and transcriptome-wide association analyses implicate vascular and cancer genes, a fifth of which are primary ciliary related. We perform an extensive statistical analysis of SIX6 and CDKN2B-AS1 loci in human GTEx data and across large electronic health records showing interaction between SIX6 gene and causal variants in the chr9p21.3 locus, with expression effect on CDKN2A/B. Our results suggest that some POAG risk variants may be ancestry specific, sex specific, or both, and support the contribution of genes involved in programmed cell death in POAG pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valeria Lo Faro
- Department of Ophthalmology, Amsterdam University Medical Center (AMC), Amsterdam, the Netherlands; Department of Clinical Genetics, Amsterdam University Medical Center (AMC), Amsterdam, the Netherlands; Department of Immunology, Genetics and Pathology, Science for Life Laboratory, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Arjun Bhattacharya
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA; Institute for Quantitative and Computational Biosciences, David Geffen School of Medicine, UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Wei Zhou
- Analytic and Translational Genetics Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA; Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, MA, USA; Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research, Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Dan Zhou
- Department of Medicine, Division of Genetic Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA; Vanderbilt Genetics Institute, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Ying Wang
- Analytic and Translational Genetics Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA; Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, MA, USA; Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research, Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Kristi Läll
- Estonian Genome Centre, Institute of Genomics, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Masahiro Kanai
- Analytic and Translational Genetics Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA; Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, MA, USA; Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research, Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, MA, USA; Department of Statistical Genetics, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka, Japan; Department of Biomedical Informatics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Esteban Lopera-Maya
- University of Groningen, UMCG, Department of Genetics, Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Peter Straub
- Department of Medicine, Division of Genetic Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA; Vanderbilt Genetics Institute, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Priyanka Pawar
- Vanderbilt Eye Institute, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Ran Tao
- Vanderbilt Genetics Institute, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA; Department of Biostatistics, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Xue Zhong
- Department of Medicine, Division of Genetic Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA; Vanderbilt Genetics Institute, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Shinichi Namba
- Department of Statistical Genetics, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka, Japan
| | - Serena Sanna
- University of Groningen, UMCG, Department of Genetics, Groningen, the Netherlands; Institute for Genetics and Biomedical Research (IRGB), National Research Council (CNR), Cagliari, Italy
| | - Ilja M Nolte
- Department of Epidemiology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Yukinori Okada
- Department of Statistical Genetics, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka, Japan; Laboratory for Systems Genetics, RIKEN Center for Integrative Medical Sciences, Yokohama, Japan; Laboratory of Statistical Immunology, Immunology Frontier Research Center (WPI-IFReC), Osaka, Japan; Integrated Frontier Research for Medical Science Division, Institute for Open and Transdisciplinary Research Initiatives, Osaka, Japan; Center for Infectious Disease Education and Research (CiDER), Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Nathan Ingold
- Statistical Genetics, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, QLD, Australia; School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Stuart MacGregor
- Statistical Genetics, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Harold Snieder
- Department of Epidemiology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Ida Surakka
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Jonathan Shortt
- Colorado Center for Personalized Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
| | - Chris Gignoux
- Colorado Center for Personalized Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
| | - Nicholas Rafaels
- Colorado Center for Personalized Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
| | - Kristy Crooks
- Colorado Center for Personalized Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
| | - Anurag Verma
- Department of Medicine, Division of Translational Medicine and Human Genetics, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA; Institute for Translational Medicine and Therapeutics, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Shefali S Verma
- Department of Pathology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Lindsay Guare
- Department of Pathology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA; Institute for Biomedical Informatics, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Daniel J Rader
- Department of Medicine, Division of Translational Medicine and Human Genetics, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA; Institute for Translational Medicine and Therapeutics, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA; Department of Genetics, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Cristen Willer
- K.G. Jebsen Center for Genetic Epidemiology, Department of Public Health and Nursing, NTNU, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway; Department of Biostatistics and Center for Statistical Genetics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA; Department of Human Genetics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Alicia R Martin
- Analytic and Translational Genetics Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA; Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, MA, USA; Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research, Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Milam A Brantley
- Vanderbilt Eye Institute, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Eric R Gamazon
- Department of Medicine, Division of Genetic Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA; Vanderbilt Genetics Institute, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Nomdo M Jansonius
- Department of Ophthalmology, Amsterdam University Medical Center (AMC), Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Karen Joos
- Vanderbilt Eye Institute, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Nancy J Cox
- Department of Medicine, Division of Genetic Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA; Vanderbilt Genetics Institute, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Jibril Hirbo
- Department of Medicine, Division of Genetic Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA; Vanderbilt Genetics Institute, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA.
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Tessier CE, Dupuy AMM, Pelé T, Juin PP, Lees JA, Guen VJ. EMT and primary ciliogenesis: For better or worse in sickness and in health. Genesis 2024; 62:e23568. [PMID: 37946671 DOI: 10.1002/dvg.23568] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2023] [Revised: 08/23/2023] [Accepted: 10/13/2023] [Indexed: 11/12/2023]
Abstract
Epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) and primary ciliogenesis are two cell-biological programs that are essential for development of multicellular organisms and whose abnormal regulation results in many diseases (i.e., developmental anomalies and cancers). Emerging studies suggest an intricate interplay between these two processes. Here, we discuss physiological and pathological contexts in which their interconnections promote normal development or disease progression. We describe underlying molecular mechanisms of the interplay and EMT/ciliary signaling axes that influence EMT-related processes (i.e., stemness, motility and invasion). Understanding the molecular and cellular mechanisms of the relationship between EMT and primary ciliogenesis may provide new insights in the etiology of diseases related to EMT and cilia dysfunction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Camille E Tessier
- Nantes Université, Inserm, CNRS, Université d'Angers, CRCI2NA, Nantes, France
| | - Aurore M M Dupuy
- Nantes Université, Inserm, CNRS, Université d'Angers, CRCI2NA, Nantes, France
| | - Thomas Pelé
- Nantes Université, Inserm, CNRS, Université d'Angers, CRCI2NA, Nantes, France
| | - Philippe P Juin
- Nantes Université, Inserm, CNRS, Université d'Angers, CRCI2NA, Nantes, France
- ICO René Gauducheau, Saint Herblain, France
| | - Jacqueline A Lees
- Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research @ MIT, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Vincent J Guen
- Nantes Université, Inserm, CNRS, Université d'Angers, CRCI2NA, Nantes, France
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Guan YT, Zhang C, Zhang HY, Wei WL, Yue W, Zhao W, Zhang DH. Primary cilia: Structure, dynamics, and roles in cancer cells and tumor microenvironment. J Cell Physiol 2023; 238:1788-1807. [PMID: 37565630 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.31092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2023] [Revised: 06/24/2023] [Accepted: 07/13/2023] [Indexed: 08/12/2023]
Abstract
Despite the initiation of tumor arises from tumorigenic transformation signaling in cancer cells, cancer cell survival, invasion, and metastasis also require a dynamic and reciprocal association with extracellular signaling from tumor microenvironment (TME). Primary cilia are the antenna-like structure that mediate signaling sensation and transduction in different tissues and cells. Recent studies have started to uncover that the heterogeneous ciliation in cancer cells and cells from the TME in tumor growth impels asymmetric paracellular signaling in the TME, indicating the essential functions of primary cilia in homeostasis maintenance of both cancer cells and the TME. In this review, we discussed recent advances in the structure and assembly of primary cilia, and the role of primary cilia in tumor and TME formation, as well as the therapeutic potentials that target ciliary dynamics and signaling from the cells in different tumors and the TME.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi-Ting Guan
- Zhanjiang Institute of Clinical Medicine, Central People's Hospital of Zhanjiang, Guangdong Medical University Zhanjiang Central Hospital, Zhanjiang, P. R. China
| | - Chong Zhang
- Zhanjiang Institute of Clinical Medicine, Central People's Hospital of Zhanjiang, Guangdong Medical University Zhanjiang Central Hospital, Zhanjiang, P. R. China
| | - Hong-Yong Zhang
- Zhanjiang Institute of Clinical Medicine, Central People's Hospital of Zhanjiang, Guangdong Medical University Zhanjiang Central Hospital, Zhanjiang, P. R. China
| | - Wen-Lu Wei
- Zhanjiang Institute of Clinical Medicine, Central People's Hospital of Zhanjiang, Guangdong Medical University Zhanjiang Central Hospital, Zhanjiang, P. R. China
| | - Wei Yue
- State Key Laboratory of Stem Cell and Reproductive Biology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Wei Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Shaanxi Province for Craniofacial Precision Medicine Research, College of Stomatology, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, P. R. China
- Department of Posthodontics, College of Stomatology, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, P. R. China
| | - Dong-Hui Zhang
- Zhanjiang Institute of Clinical Medicine, Central People's Hospital of Zhanjiang, Guangdong Medical University Zhanjiang Central Hospital, Zhanjiang, P. R. China
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Ralli S, Jones SJ, Leach S, Lynch HT, Brooks-Wilson AR. Gene and pathway based burden analyses in familial lymphoid cancer cases: Rare variants in immune pathway genes. PLoS One 2023; 18:e0287602. [PMID: 37379307 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0287602] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2022] [Accepted: 06/08/2023] [Indexed: 06/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Genome-wide association studies have revealed common genetic variants with small effect sizes associated with diverse lymphoid cancers. Family studies have uncovered rare variants with high effect sizes. However, these variants explain only a portion of the heritability of these cancers. Some of the missing heritability may be attributable to rare variants with small effect sizes. We aim to identify rare germline variants associated with familial lymphoid cancers using exome sequencing. One case per family was selected from 39 lymphoid cancer families based on early onset of disease or rarity of subtype. Control data was from Non-Finnish Europeans in gnomAD exomes (N = 56,885) or ExAC (N = 33,370). Gene and pathway-based burden tests for rare variants were performed using TRAPD. Five putatively pathogenic germline variants were found in four genes: INTU, PEX7, EHHADH, and ASXL1. Pathway-based association tests identified the innate and adaptive immune systems, peroxisomal pathway and olfactory receptor pathway as associated with lymphoid cancers in familial cases. Our results suggest that rare inherited defects in the genes involved in immune system and peroxisomal pathway may predispose individuals to lymphoid cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sneha Ralli
- Department of Biomedical Physiology and Kinesiology, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, British Columbia, Canada
- Canada's Michael Smith Genome Sciences Centre, BC Cancer, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Samantha J Jones
- Department of Biomedical Physiology and Kinesiology, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Stephen Leach
- Department of Biomedical Physiology and Kinesiology, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Henry T Lynch
- Hereditary Cancer Center, Creighton University, Omaha, Nebraska, United States of America
| | - Angela R Brooks-Wilson
- Department of Biomedical Physiology and Kinesiology, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, British Columbia, Canada
- Canada's Michael Smith Genome Sciences Centre, BC Cancer, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
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Multifaceted investigation underlies diverse mechanisms contributing to the downregulation of Hedgehog pathway-associated genes INTU and IFT88 in lung adenocarcinoma and uterine corpus endometrial carcinoma. Aging (Albany NY) 2022; 14:7794-7823. [PMID: 36084949 PMCID: PMC9596204 DOI: 10.18632/aging.204262] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2022] [Accepted: 08/25/2022] [Indexed: 12/03/2022]
Abstract
Hedgehog (Hh) signaling primarily functions in the control of mammalian embryonic development but also has roles in cancer. The Hh activation depends on ciliogenesis, a cellular process that describes outgrowth of the primary cilium from cell membrane. Ciliogenesis initiation requires a set of proteins known as planar cell polarity (PCP) effectors. Inturned (INTU) is a PCP effector that reportedly functions synergistically with Hh signaling in basal cell carcinoma, suggesting that INTU has an oncogenic role. In this study, we carried out a pan-cancer investigation on the prognostic significance of INTU in different types of cancer. We demonstrated that INTU downregulation correlated with reduced survival probabilities in lung adenocarcinoma (LUAD) and uterine corpus endometrial carcinoma (UCEC) patients. Similar expression patterns and prognostic values were identified for intraflagellar transport 88 (IFT88), another Hh pathway-associated gene. We elucidated multiple mechanisms at transcriptional, post-transcriptional and translational levels that involved transcription factor 4 and non-coding RNAs-associated regulatory networks contributing to the reduction of INTU and IFT88 levels in LUAD and UCEC samples. Taken together, this study demonstrates the prognostic significance of the Hh-related genes INTU and IFT88 in LUAD and UCEC and further delineates multifaceted mechanisms leading to INTU and IFT88 downregulation in tumor samples.
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Yin F, Wei Z, Chen F, Xin C, Chen Q. Molecular targets of primary cilia defects in cancer (Review). Int J Oncol 2022; 61:98. [DOI: 10.3892/ijo.2022.5388] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2022] [Accepted: 06/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Fengying Yin
- Stomatology Hospital, School of Stomatology, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Zhejiang Provincial Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedical Research of Zhejiang Province, Cancer Center of Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310006, P.R. China
| | - Zihao Wei
- Stomatology Hospital, School of Stomatology, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Zhejiang Provincial Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedical Research of Zhejiang Province, Cancer Center of Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310006, P.R. China
| | - Fangman Chen
- Stomatology Hospital, School of Stomatology, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Zhejiang Provincial Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedical Research of Zhejiang Province, Cancer Center of Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310006, P.R. China
| | - Chuan Xin
- Stomatology Hospital, School of Stomatology, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Zhejiang Provincial Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedical Research of Zhejiang Province, Cancer Center of Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310006, P.R. China
| | - Qianming Chen
- Stomatology Hospital, School of Stomatology, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Zhejiang Provincial Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedical Research of Zhejiang Province, Cancer Center of Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310006, P.R. China
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Martín-Salazar JE, Valverde D. CPLANE Complex and Ciliopathies. Biomolecules 2022; 12:biom12060847. [PMID: 35740972 PMCID: PMC9221175 DOI: 10.3390/biom12060847] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2022] [Revised: 06/10/2022] [Accepted: 06/16/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Primary cilia are non-motile organelles associated with the cell cycle, which can be found in most vertebrate cell types. Cilia formation occurs through a process called ciliogenesis, which involves several mechanisms including planar cell polarity (PCP) and the Hedgehog (Hh) signaling pathway. Some gene complexes, such as BBSome or CPLANE (ciliogenesis and planar polarity effector), have been linked to ciliogenesis. CPLANE complex is composed of INTU, FUZ and WDPCP, which bind to JBTS17 and RSG1 for cilia formation. Defects in these genes have been linked to a malfunction of intraflagellar transport and defects in the planar cell polarity, as well as defective activation of the Hedgehog signalling pathway. These faults lead to defective cilium formation, resulting in ciliopathies, including orofacial-digital syndrome (OFDS) and Bardet-Biedl syndrome (BBS). Considering the close relationship, between the CPLANE complex and cilium formation, it can be expected that defects in the genes that encode subunits of the CPLANE complex may be related to other ciliopathies.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Diana Valverde
- CINBIO, Biomedical Research Centre, University of Vigo, 36310 Vigo, Spain;
- Galicia Sur Health Research Institute (IIS-GS), 36310 Vigo, Spain
- Correspondence:
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10
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Chen ZS, Lin X, Chan TF, Chan HYE. Pan-cancer investigation reveals mechanistic insights of planar cell polarity gene Fuz in carcinogenesis. Aging (Albany NY) 2021; 13:7259-7283. [PMID: 33658400 PMCID: PMC7993721 DOI: 10.18632/aging.202582] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2020] [Accepted: 01/13/2021] [Indexed: 04/14/2023]
Abstract
The fuzzy planar cell polarity protein (Fuz) is an effector component of the planar cell polarity (PCP) signaling. Together with other core and effector proteins, the PCP pathway controls polarized cell movements. Fuz was also reported as a negative regulator of cell survival. In this study, we performed a pan-cancer survey to demonstrate the role of Fuz in multiple types of cancer. In head-neck squamous cell carcinoma and lung adenocarcinoma tumor samples, a reduction of Fuz transcript expression was detected. This coincides with the poor overall survival probabilities of these patients. We further showed that Fuz promoter hypermethylation contributes to its transcriptional downregulation. Meanwhile, we also identified a relatively higher mutation frequency at the 404th arginine amino acid residue in the coding sequence of Fuz locus, and further demonstrated that mutant Fuz proteins perturb the pro-apoptotic function of Fuz. In summary, our study unveiled an intriguing relationship between Fuz dysregulation and cancer prognosis, and further provides mechanistic insights of Fuz's involvement in carcinogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhefan Stephen Chen
- Nexus of Rare Neurodegenerative Diseases, School of Life Sciences, Faculty of Science, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, N.T., Hong Kong SAR, China
- School of Life Sciences, Faculty of Science, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, N.T., Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Xiao Lin
- School of Life Sciences, Faculty of Science, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, N.T., Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Ting-Fung Chan
- School of Life Sciences, Faculty of Science, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, N.T., Hong Kong SAR, China
- Gerald Choa Neuroscience Centre, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, N.T., Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Ho Yin Edwin Chan
- Nexus of Rare Neurodegenerative Diseases, School of Life Sciences, Faculty of Science, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, N.T., Hong Kong SAR, China
- School of Life Sciences, Faculty of Science, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, N.T., Hong Kong SAR, China
- Gerald Choa Neuroscience Centre, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, N.T., Hong Kong SAR, China
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Kobayashi T, Tanaka K, Mashima Y, Shoda A, Tokuda M, Itoh H. CEP164 Deficiency Causes Hyperproliferation of Pancreatic Cancer Cells. Front Cell Dev Biol 2020; 8:587691. [PMID: 33251215 PMCID: PMC7674857 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2020.587691] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2020] [Accepted: 10/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Primary cilia are hair-like projections that protrude from most mammalian cells and mediate various extracellular signaling pathways. Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) cells are known to lose their primary cilia, but the relevance of this phenomenon remains unclear. In this study, we generated PDAC-originated Panc1 cells devoid of primary cilia by mutating a centriolar protein, centrosomal protein 164 (CEP164), which is required for ciliogenesis. CEP164 depletion enhanced the clonogenicity of Panc1 cells, along with chemically induced elimination of primary cilia, suggesting that a lack of these organelles promotes PDAC cells proliferation. In addition, the loss of CEP164 altered the cell cycle progression irrespective of absence of primary cilia. We found that CEP164 was co-localized with the GLI2 transcription factor at the mother centriole and controlled its activation, thus inducing Cyclin D-CDK6 expression. Furthermore, CEP164-mutated Panc1 cells were significantly tolerant to KRAS depletion-dependent growth inhibition. This study suggests that CEP164 deficiency is advantageous for PDAC cells proliferation due to not only lack of ciliation but also cilia-independent GLI2-Cyclin D/CDK6 activation, and that CEP164 is a potential therapeutic target for PDAC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tetsuo Kobayashi
- Division of Biological Science, Graduate School of Science and Technology, Nara Institute of Science and Technology, Ikoma, Japan
| | - Kosuke Tanaka
- Division of Biological Science, Graduate School of Science and Technology, Nara Institute of Science and Technology, Ikoma, Japan
| | - Yu Mashima
- Division of Biological Science, Graduate School of Science and Technology, Nara Institute of Science and Technology, Ikoma, Japan
| | - Ayano Shoda
- Division of Biological Science, Graduate School of Science and Technology, Nara Institute of Science and Technology, Ikoma, Japan
| | - Mio Tokuda
- Division of Biological Science, Graduate School of Science and Technology, Nara Institute of Science and Technology, Ikoma, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Itoh
- Division of Biological Science, Graduate School of Science and Technology, Nara Institute of Science and Technology, Ikoma, Japan
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12
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Halder P, Khatun S, Majumder S. Freeing the brake: Proliferation needs primary cilium to disassemble. J Biosci 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/s12038-020-00090-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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13
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Choudhury A, Neumann NM, Raleigh DR, Lang UE. Clinical Implications of Primary Cilia in Skin Cancer. Dermatol Ther (Heidelb) 2020; 10:233-248. [PMID: 31997226 PMCID: PMC7090118 DOI: 10.1007/s13555-020-00355-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2019] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The primary cilium is a cell surface organelle that is an important component of cellular biology. While it was once believed to be a vestigial structure without biologic function, it is now known to have essential roles in critical cellular signaling pathways such as Hedgehog (HH) and Wnt. The HH and Wnt pathways are involved in pathogenesis of basal cell carcinoma and melanoma, respectively, and this knowledge is now beginning to inform therapeutic and diagnostic options for patients. The purpose of this review is to familiarize clinicians with primary cilia biology and how this complex cellular organelle has started to translate into clinical care.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abrar Choudhury
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Neil M Neumann
- Department of Pathology, Dermatopathology Service, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - David R Raleigh
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Ursula E Lang
- Department of Pathology, Dermatopathology Service, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA.
- Department of Dermatology, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA.
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14
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Sanchez-Pulido L, Ponting CP. Hexa-Longin domain scaffolds for inter-Rab signalling. Bioinformatics 2020; 36:990-993. [PMID: 31562761 PMCID: PMC7703760 DOI: 10.1093/bioinformatics/btz739] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2019] [Revised: 08/26/2019] [Accepted: 09/25/2019] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Summary CPLANE is a protein complex required for assembly and maintenance of primary cilia. It contains several proteins, such as INTU, FUZ, WDPCP, JBTS17 and RSG1 (REM2- and RAB-like small GTPase 1), whose genes are mutated in ciliopathies. Using two contrasting evolutionary analyses, coevolution-based contact prediction and sequence conservation, we first identified the INTU/FUZ heterodimer as a novel member of homologous HerMon (Hermansky-Pudlak syndrome and MON1-CCZ1) complexes. Subsequently, we identified homologous Longin domains that are triplicated in each of these six proteins (MON1A, CCZ1, HPS1, HPS4, INTU and FUZ). HerMon complexes are known to be Rab effectors and Rab GEFs (Guanine nucleotide Exchange Factors) that regulate vesicular trafficking. Consequently, INTU/FUZ, their homologous complex, is likely to act as a GEF during activation of Rab GTPases involved in ciliogenesis. Supplementary information Supplementary data are available at Bioinformatics online.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luis Sanchez-Pulido
- Medical Research Council Human Genetics Unit, IGMM, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH4 2XU, UK
| | - Chris P Ponting
- Medical Research Council Human Genetics Unit, IGMM, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH4 2XU, UK
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15
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Eguether T, Hahne M. Mixed signals from the cell's antennae: primary cilia in cancer. EMBO Rep 2018; 19:embr.201846589. [PMID: 30348893 DOI: 10.15252/embr.201846589] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2018] [Revised: 08/08/2018] [Accepted: 09/24/2018] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Primary cilia (PC) are antenna-like organelles that protrude from most mammalian cells. They are essential for the regulation of several signaling pathways such as Hedgehog and WNT It is therefore not surprising that a dysfunction of PC is frequently associated with pathologies. Originally, PC were found to be involved in a variety of diseases commonly referred to as ciliopathies including cystic kidney diseases. Evidence is accumulating that PC play also an important role in cancer formation and regulation, which is the focus of this review.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thibaut Eguether
- École Normale Supérieure, CNRS, INSERM, APHP, Laboratoire des Biomolécules (LBM), Sorbonne Université, PSL Research University, Paris, France
| | - Michael Hahne
- IGMM, CNRS, University of Montpellier, Montpellier, France
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16
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Abstract
The primary cilium is an antenna-like organelle assembled on most types of quiescent and differentiated mammalian cells. This immotile structure is essential for interpreting extracellular signals that regulate growth, development and homeostasis. As such, ciliary defects produce a spectrum of human diseases, termed ciliopathies, and deregulation of this important organelle also plays key roles during tumor formation and progression. Recent studies have begun to clarify the key mechanisms that regulate ciliary assembly and disassembly in both normal and tumor cells, highlighting new possibilities for therapeutic intervention. Here, we review these exciting new findings, discussing the molecular factors involved in cilium formation and removal, the intrinsic and extrinsic control of cilium assembly and disassembly, and the relevance of these processes to mammalian cell growth and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Wang
- Department of Pathology, New York University Cancer Institute, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA
| | - Brian D Dynlacht
- Department of Pathology, New York University Cancer Institute, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA
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17
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Abstract
Although tumours initiate from oncogenic changes in a cancer cell, subsequent tumour progression and therapeutic response depend on interactions between the cancer cells and the tumour microenvironment (TME). The primary monocilium, or cilium, provides a spatially localized platform for signalling by Hedgehog, Notch, WNT and some receptor tyrosine kinase pathways and mechanosensation. Changes in ciliation of cancer cells and/or cells of the TME during tumour development enforce asymmetric intercellular signalling in the TME. Growing evidence indicates that some oncogenic signalling pathways as well as some targeted anticancer therapies induce ciliation, while others repress it. The links between the genomic profile of cancer cells, drug treatment and ciliary signalling in the TME likely affect tumour growth and therapeutic response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanqing Liu
- School of Pharmacy, Jiangsu University, Jiangsu, China
| | - Anna A Kiseleva
- Program in Molecular Therapeutics, Fox Chase Cancer Center, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Kazan Federal University, Kazan, Russia
| | - Erica A Golemis
- Program in Molecular Therapeutics, Fox Chase Cancer Center, Philadelphia, PA, USA.
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18
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Wheatley DN. The primary cilium - once a "rudimentary" organelle that is now a ubiquitous sensory cellular structure involved in many pathological disorders. J Cell Commun Signal 2018; 12:211-216. [PMID: 29218455 PMCID: PMC5842197 DOI: 10.1007/s12079-017-0436-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2017] [Accepted: 11/16/2017] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
This article looks mostly at the steps that have led to the primary cilium finding its place in our understanding of cell biology, developmental biology, and medical syndromes due to its aberrations. It is a personal account that stresses, if nothing else, the value of the adage "stick to your guns". My obsession with this organelle, following on from fascination with the centriole, has led to a whole career devoted to determining the nature and role of primary cilia in basic cell biology, which has proved much more important than had been appreciated for almost a century. They are heavily involved in very many aspects of cell physiology that have much wider implications with regard to human biology and probably throughout the animal kingdom. That aberrations, to the surprise of many researchers in their structure or functioning has led to their being implicated or perhaps deeply involved in an extraordinary range of medical conditions. This invitation allows me to raise crucial questions that need answers regarding the regulation of their genesis, their cache of both intracellular and extracellular signal, and their association with a multitude of development processes from embryo to adult status.
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Affiliation(s)
- Denys N Wheatley
- BioMedES, Leggat, Keithall, Inverurie, AB51 0LX, Aberdeenshire, UK.
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19
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EMT programs promote basal mammary stem cell and tumor-initiating cell stemness by inducing primary ciliogenesis and Hedgehog signaling. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2017; 114:E10532-E10539. [PMID: 29158396 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1711534114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Tissue regeneration relies on adult stem cells (SCs) that possess the ability to self-renew and produce differentiating progeny. In an analogous manner, the development of certain carcinomas depends on a small subset of tumor cells, called "tumor-initiating cells" (TICs), with SC-like properties. Mammary SCs (MaSCs) reside in the basal compartment of the mammary epithelium, and their neoplastic counterparts, mammary TICs (MaTICs), are thought to serve as the TICs for the claudin-low subtype of breast cancer. MaSCs and MaTICs both use epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) programs to acquire SC properties, but the mechanism(s) connecting EMT programs to stemness remain unclear. Here we show that this depends on primary cilia, which are nonmotile, cell-surface structures that serve as platforms for receiving cues and enable activation of various signaling pathways. We show that MaSC and MaTIC EMT programs induce primary cilia formation and Hedgehog (Hh) signaling, which has previously been implicated in both MaSC and MaTIC function. Moreover, ablation of these primary cilia is sufficient to repress Hh signaling, the stemness of MaSCs, and the tumor-forming potential of MaTICs. Together, our findings establish primary ciliogenesis and consequent Hh signaling as a key mechanism by which MaSC and MaTIC EMT programs promote stemness and thereby support mammary tissue outgrowth and tumors of basal origin.
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