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Xin DE, Liao Y, Rao R, Ogurek S, Sengupta S, Xin M, Bayat AE, Seibel WL, Graham RT, Koschmann C, Lu QR. Chaetocin-mediated SUV39H1 inhibition targets stemness and oncogenic networks of diffuse midline gliomas and synergizes with ONC201. Neuro Oncol 2024; 26:735-748. [PMID: 38011799 PMCID: PMC10995509 DOI: 10.1093/neuonc/noad222] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2023] [Indexed: 11/29/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Diffuse intrinsic pontine gliomas (DIPG/DMG) are devastating pediatric brain tumors with extraordinarily limited treatment options and uniformly fatal prognosis. Histone H3K27M mutation is a common recurrent alteration in DIPG and disrupts epigenetic regulation. We hypothesize that genome-wide H3K27M-induced epigenetic dysregulation makes tumors vulnerable to epigenetic targeting. METHODS We performed a screen of compounds targeting epigenetic enzymes to identify potential inhibitors for the growth of patient-derived DIPG cells. We further carried out transcriptomic and genomic landscape profiling including RNA-seq and CUT&RUN-seq as well as shRNA-mediated knockdown to assess the effects of chaetocin and SUV39H1, a target of chaetocin, on DIPG growth. RESULTS High-throughput small-molecule screening identified an epigenetic compound chaetocin as a potent blocker of DIPG cell growth. Chaetocin treatment selectively decreased proliferation and increased apoptosis of DIPG cells and significantly extended survival in DIPG xenograft models, while restoring H3K27me3 levels. Moreover, the loss of H3K9 methyltransferase SUV39H1 inhibited DIPG cell growth. Transcriptomic and epigenomic profiling indicated that SUV39H1 loss or inhibition led to the downregulation of stemness and oncogenic networks including growth factor receptor signaling and stemness-related programs; however, D2 dopamine receptor (DRD2) signaling adaptively underwent compensatory upregulation conferring resistance. Consistently, a combination of chaetocin treatment with a DRD2 antagonist ONC201 synergistically increased the antitumor efficacy. CONCLUSIONS Our studies reveal a therapeutic vulnerability of DIPG cells through targeting the SUV39H1-H3K9me3 pathway and compensatory signaling loops for treating this devastating disease. Combining SUV39H1-targeting chaetocin with other agents such as ONC201 may offer a new strategy for effective DIPG treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dazhuan Eric Xin
- Brain Tumor Center, Division of Experimental Hematology and Cancer Biology, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA
| | - Yunfei Liao
- Brain Tumor Center, Division of Experimental Hematology and Cancer Biology, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA
| | - Rohit Rao
- Brain Tumor Center, Division of Experimental Hematology and Cancer Biology, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA
| | - Sean Ogurek
- Brain Tumor Center, Division of Experimental Hematology and Cancer Biology, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA
| | - Soma Sengupta
- Department of Neurology and Rehabilitation Medicine, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA
| | - Mei Xin
- Brain Tumor Center, Division of Experimental Hematology and Cancer Biology, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA
| | - Arman Esshaghi Bayat
- Brain Tumor Center, Division of Experimental Hematology and Cancer Biology, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA
| | - William L Seibel
- Brain Tumor Center, Division of Experimental Hematology and Cancer Biology, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA
| | - Richard T Graham
- Brain Tumor Center, Division of Experimental Hematology and Cancer Biology, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati and Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA
| | - Carl Koschmann
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Pediatric Hematology-Oncology, University of Michigan School of Medicine, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Q Richard Lu
- Brain Tumor Center, Division of Experimental Hematology and Cancer Biology, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati and Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA
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2
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Huang G, Yin Z, Wang X, Wen Z, Su R, Li C, Liu Y, Yang J, Hu H, Nie H, Zeng X, Fei J. System analysis of Huang-Lian-Jie-Du-Tang and their key active ingredients for overcoming CML resistance by suppression of leukemia stem cells. PHYTOMEDICINE : INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PHYTOTHERAPY AND PHYTOPHARMACOLOGY 2023; 117:154918. [PMID: 37329755 DOI: 10.1016/j.phymed.2023.154918] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/25/2022] [Revised: 05/22/2023] [Accepted: 06/02/2023] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND BCR-ABL1-based resistance to imatinib, mainly resulting from BCR-ABL1 mutations, is largely solved after second- and third-generation tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs) are discovered. Nonetheless, imatinib resistance without BCR-ABL1 mutations, including intrinsic resistance induced by stem cells within chronic myeloid leukemia (CML), remains the major clinical challenge for many patients. PURPOSE To study the key active ingredients and corresponding target proteins in Huang-Lian-Jie-Du-Tang (HLJDT) against BCR-ABL1-independent CML resistance to therapeutics, and then explore its mechanism of against CML drug resistance. METHODS Cytotoxicity of HLJDT and its active ingredients in BCR-ABL1-independent imatinib resistance cells was analyzed through MTT assay. The cloning ability was measured through soft agar assay. Monitoring therapeutic effect on Xenografted mice CML model by in vivo imaging technology and mice survival time. Predicting the potential target protein binding sites by the technology of photocrosslinking sensor chip, molecular space simulation docking, and use Surface Plasmon Resonance (SPR) technology . Flow cytometry to detect the ratio of stem progenitor cells (CD34+). Constructing bone marrow transplantation mice CML leukemia model, detect the effects on leukemia stem cells LSK (Lin-\ Sca-1+ \C-kit+) self-renewal. RESULTS Treatment with HLJDT, berberine and baicalein inhibited cell viability and colony formation of BCR-ABL1-independent imatinib-resistant cells in vitro while prolonging survival in mouse with CML xenografts and transplatation CML-like mouse models in vivo. JAK2 and MCL1were identified as targets of berberine and baicalein. JAK2 and MCL1 are involved in multi-leukemia stem cell-related pathways. Moreover, the ratio of CD34+ cells in resistant CML cells is higher than in treatment-sensitive CML cells. Treatment with BBR or baicalein partially suppressed CML leukemic stem cells (LSCs) self-renewal in vitro and in vivo. CONCLUSION From the above, we concluded that HLJDT and its key active ingredients (BBR and baicalein) allowed to overcome imatinib resistance with BCR-ABL1 independent by eradication of LSCs by targeting the JAK2 and MCL1 protein levels. Our results lay the foundation for applying HLJDT in patients with TKI-resistant CML.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guiping Huang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Medical College of Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China; Guangdong Engineering Technology Research Center of Drug Development for Small Nucleic Acids, Guangzhou 510632, China; Antisense Biopharmaceutical Technology Company, Limited, Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - Zhao Yin
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Medical College of Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China; Guangdong Engineering Technology Research Center of Drug Development for Small Nucleic Acids, Guangzhou 510632, China; Antisense Biopharmaceutical Technology Company, Limited, Guangzhou 510632, China; Department of Hematology, Guangdong Second Provincial General Hospital, Jinan university, Guangdong, Guangzhou 510317, China
| | - Xiuyuan Wang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Medical College of Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China; Guangdong Engineering Technology Research Center of Drug Development for Small Nucleic Acids, Guangzhou 510632, China; Antisense Biopharmaceutical Technology Company, Limited, Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - Ziqi Wen
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Medical College of Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China; Guangdong Engineering Technology Research Center of Drug Development for Small Nucleic Acids, Guangzhou 510632, China; Antisense Biopharmaceutical Technology Company, Limited, Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - Rui Su
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Medical College of Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China; Guangdong Engineering Technology Research Center of Drug Development for Small Nucleic Acids, Guangzhou 510632, China; Antisense Biopharmaceutical Technology Company, Limited, Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - Chuting Li
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Medical College of Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China; Guangdong Engineering Technology Research Center of Drug Development for Small Nucleic Acids, Guangzhou 510632, China; Antisense Biopharmaceutical Technology Company, Limited, Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - Yanjun Liu
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Medical College of Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China; Guangdong Engineering Technology Research Center of Drug Development for Small Nucleic Acids, Guangzhou 510632, China; Antisense Biopharmaceutical Technology Company, Limited, Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - Juhua Yang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Medical College of Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China; Guangdong Engineering Technology Research Center of Drug Development for Small Nucleic Acids, Guangzhou 510632, China; Antisense Biopharmaceutical Technology Company, Limited, Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - Haiyan Hu
- Department of Oncology, Sixth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200011, China.
| | - Hong Nie
- International Cooperative Laboratory of Traditional Chinese Medicine Modernization andInnovative Drug Development of Chinese Ministry of Education (MOE), College of Pharmacy, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China; Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Pharmacodynamic Constituents of TCM and New Drugs Research, College of Pharmacy, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China.
| | - Xiaobin Zeng
- Center Lab of Longhua Branch, Shenzhen People's Hospital (The Second Clinical Medical College, Jinan University), Guangdong, Shenzhen 518020, China.
| | - Jia Fei
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Medical College of Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China; Guangdong Engineering Technology Research Center of Drug Development for Small Nucleic Acids, Guangzhou 510632, China; Antisense Biopharmaceutical Technology Company, Limited, Guangzhou 510632, China.
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3
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Expanding the armory for treating lymphoma: Targeting redox cellular status through thioredoxin reductase inhibition. Pharmacol Res 2022; 177:106134. [DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2022.106134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2022] [Revised: 02/14/2022] [Accepted: 02/15/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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4
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Wang H, Wen C, Chen S, Li W, Qin Q, He L, Wang F, Chen J, Ye W, Li W, Peng J, Yang X, Liu H. ROS/JNK/C-Jun Pathway is Involved in Chaetocin Induced Colorectal Cancer Cells Apoptosis and Macrophage Phagocytosis Enhancement. Front Pharmacol 2021; 12:729367. [PMID: 34776955 PMCID: PMC8578663 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2021.729367] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2021] [Accepted: 10/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
There is an urgent need for novel agents for colorectal cancer (CRC) due to the increasing number of cases and drug-resistance related to current treatments. In this study, we aim to uncover the potential of chaetocin, a natural product, as a chemotherapeutic for CRC treatment. We showed that, regardless of 5-FU-resistance, chaetocin induced proliferation inhibition by causing G2/M phase arrest and caspase-dependent apoptosis in CRC cells. Mechanically, our results indicated that chaetocin could induce reactive oxygen species (ROS) accumulation and activate c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK)/c-Jun pathway in CRC cells. This was confirmed by which the JNK inhibitor SP600125 partially rescued CRC cells from chaetocin induced apoptosis and the ROS scavenger N-acetyl-L-cysteine (NAC) reversed both the chaetocin induced apoptosis and the JNK/c-Jun pathway activation. Additionally, this study indicated that chaetocin could down-regulate the expression of CD47 at both mRNA and protein levels, and enhance macrophages phagocytosis of CRC cells. Chaetocin also inhibited tumor growth in CRC xenograft models. In all, our study reveals that chaetocin induces CRC cell apoptosis, irrelevant to 5-FU sensitivity, by causing ROS accumulation and activating JNK/c-Jun, and enhances macrophages phagocytosis, which suggests chaetocin as a candidate for CRC chemotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huihui Wang
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, The Sixth Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China.,Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Colorectal and Pelvic Floor Diseases, Guangdong Institute of Gastroenterology, The Sixth Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Chuangyu Wen
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Colorectal and Pelvic Floor Diseases, Guangdong Institute of Gastroenterology, The Sixth Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China.,Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Affiliated Dongguan Hospital, Southern Medical University, Dongguan, China
| | - Siyu Chen
- Guangdong Laboratory Animals Monitoring Institute, Guangdong Key Laboratory Animal Lab, Guangzhou, China
| | - Weiqian Li
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Colorectal and Pelvic Floor Diseases, Guangdong Institute of Gastroenterology, The Sixth Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Qiyuan Qin
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Colorectal and Pelvic Floor Diseases, Guangdong Institute of Gastroenterology, The Sixth Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Lu He
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Colorectal and Pelvic Floor Diseases, Guangdong Institute of Gastroenterology, The Sixth Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Fang Wang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Colorectal and Pelvic Floor Diseases, Guangdong Institute of Gastroenterology, The Sixth Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Junxiong Chen
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, The Sixth Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China.,Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Colorectal and Pelvic Floor Diseases, Guangdong Institute of Gastroenterology, The Sixth Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Weibiao Ye
- Department of Pathology, Affiliated Dongguan Hospital, Southern Medical University, Dongguan, China
| | - Wende Li
- Guangdong Laboratory Animals Monitoring Institute, Guangdong Key Laboratory Animal Lab, Guangzhou, China
| | - Junsheng Peng
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Colorectal and Pelvic Floor Diseases, Guangdong Institute of Gastroenterology, The Sixth Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China.,Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, The Sixth Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xiangling Yang
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, The Sixth Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China.,Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Colorectal and Pelvic Floor Diseases, Guangdong Institute of Gastroenterology, The Sixth Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Huanliang Liu
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, The Sixth Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China.,Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Colorectal and Pelvic Floor Diseases, Guangdong Institute of Gastroenterology, The Sixth Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
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5
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Jiang H, Li Y, Xiang X, Tang Z, Liu K, Su Q, Zhang X, Li L. Chaetocin: A review of its anticancer potentials and mechanisms. Eur J Pharmacol 2021; 910:174459. [PMID: 34464601 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2021.174459] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2021] [Revised: 08/17/2021] [Accepted: 08/26/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Chaetocin is a natural metabolite product with various biological activities and pharmacological functions isolated from Chaetomium species fungi belonging to the thiodiketopyrazines. Numerous studies have demonstrated a wide range of antitumor activities of chaetocin in vitro and in vivo. Several studies have demonstrated that chaetocin suppresses the growth and proliferation of various tumour cells by regulating multiple signalling pathways related to tumour initiation and progression, inducing cancer cell apoptosis (intrinsic and extrinsic), enhancing autophagy, inducing cell cycle arrest, and inhibiting tumour angiogenesis, invasion, and migration. The antitumor effects and molecular mechanisms of chaetocin are reviewed and analysed in this paper, and the prospective applications of chaetocin in cancer prevention and therapy are also discussed. This review aimed to summarize the recent advances in the antitumor activity of chaetocin and to provide a rationale for further exploring the potential application of chaetocin in overcoming cancer in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hangyu Jiang
- Department of Pharmacy, The Second Clinical Medical College of North Sichuan Medical College, Nanchong, China; School of Pharmacy, North Sichuan Medical College, Nanchong, China
| | - Yuqi Li
- Department of Pharmacy, The Second Clinical Medical College of North Sichuan Medical College, Nanchong, China; School of Pharmacy, North Sichuan Medical College, Nanchong, China
| | - Xiaocong Xiang
- Institute of Tissue Engineering and Stem Cells, The Second Clinical Medical College of North Sichuan Medical College, Nanchong, China
| | - Zhili Tang
- Department of Pharmacy, The Second Clinical Medical College of North Sichuan Medical College, Nanchong, China
| | - Kang Liu
- Institute of Tissue Engineering and Stem Cells, The Second Clinical Medical College of North Sichuan Medical College, Nanchong, China
| | - Qiang Su
- Department of Pharmacy, The Second Clinical Medical College of North Sichuan Medical College, Nanchong, China
| | - Xiaofen Zhang
- Department of Urology, The Second Clinical Medical College of North Sichuan Medical College, Nanchong, China.
| | - Lin Li
- Department of Pharmacy, The Second Clinical Medical College of North Sichuan Medical College, Nanchong, China; College of Bioengineering, Chongqing University, Chongqing, China.
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6
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Zhang J, Duan D, Song ZL, Liu T, Hou Y, Fang J. Small molecules regulating reactive oxygen species homeostasis for cancer therapy. Med Res Rev 2020; 41:342-394. [PMID: 32981100 DOI: 10.1002/med.21734] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2020] [Revised: 07/27/2020] [Accepted: 08/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Elevated intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) and antioxidant defense systems have been recognized as one of the hallmarks of cancer cells. Compared with normal cells, cancer cells exhibit increased ROS to maintain their malignant phenotypes and are more dependent on the "redox adaptation" mechanism. Thus, there are two apparently contradictory but virtually complementary therapeutic strategies for the regulation of ROS to prevent or treat cancer. The first strategy, that is, chemoprevention, is to prevent or reduce intracellular ROS either by suppressing ROS production pathways or by employing antioxidants to enhance ROS clearance, which protects normal cells from malignant transformation and inhibits the early stage of tumorigenesis. The second strategy is the ROS-mediated anticancer therapy, which stimulates intracellular ROS to a toxicity threshold to activate ROS-induced cell death pathways. Therefore, targeting the regulation of intracellular ROS-related pathways by small-molecule candidates is considered to be a promising treatment for tumors. We herein first briefly introduce the source and regulation of ROS, and then focus on small molecules that regulate ROS-related pathways and show efficacy in cancer therapy from the perspective of pharmacophores. Finally, we discuss several challenges in developing cancer therapeutic agents based on ROS regulation and propose the direction of future development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junmin Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, and School of Pharmacy, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Dongzhu Duan
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, and School of Pharmacy, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China.,Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Phytochemistry, Baoji University of Arts and Sciences, Baoji, China
| | - Zi-Long Song
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, and School of Pharmacy, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Tianyu Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, and School of Pharmacy, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Yanan Hou
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, and School of Pharmacy, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Jianguo Fang
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, and School of Pharmacy, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China
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7
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SPT6-driven error-free DNA repair safeguards genomic stability of glioblastoma cancer stem-like cells. Nat Commun 2020; 11:4709. [PMID: 32948765 PMCID: PMC7501306 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-020-18549-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2019] [Accepted: 09/01/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Glioblastoma cancer-stem like cells (GSCs) display marked resistance to ionizing radiation (IR), a standard of care for glioblastoma patients. Mechanisms underpinning radio-resistance of GSCs remain largely unknown. Chromatin state and the accessibility of DNA lesions to DNA repair machineries are crucial for the maintenance of genomic stability. Understanding the functional impact of chromatin remodeling on DNA repair in GSCs may lay the foundation for advancing the efficacy of radio-sensitizing therapies. Here, we present the results of a high-content siRNA microscopy screen, revealing the transcriptional elongation factor SPT6 to be critical for the genomic stability and self-renewal of GSCs. Mechanistically, SPT6 transcriptionally up-regulates BRCA1 and thereby drives an error-free DNA repair in GSCs. SPT6 loss impairs the self-renewal, genomic stability and tumor initiating capacity of GSCs. Collectively, our results provide mechanistic insights into how SPT6 regulates DNA repair and identify SPT6 as a putative therapeutic target in glioblastoma. Cancer stem cells can evade treatment. Here, the authors perform an in vitro screen to identify proteins that are involved in protecting glioma cancer stem cells from therapy and find that SPT6 increases BRCA1 expression and drives error-free DNA repair, thereby ensuring the survival of the cells.
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8
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Ozyerli-Goknar E, Sur-Erdem I, Seker F, Cingöz A, Kayabolen A, Kahya-Yesil Z, Uyulur F, Gezen M, Tolay N, Erman B, Gönen M, Dunford J, Oppermann U, Bagci-Onder T. The fungal metabolite chaetocin is a sensitizer for pro-apoptotic therapies in glioblastoma. Cell Death Dis 2019; 10:894. [PMID: 31772153 PMCID: PMC6879621 DOI: 10.1038/s41419-019-2107-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2019] [Revised: 09/12/2019] [Accepted: 10/16/2019] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Glioblastoma Multiforme (GBM) is the most common and aggressive primary brain tumor. Despite recent developments in surgery, chemo- and radio-therapy, a currently poor prognosis of GBM patients highlights an urgent need for novel treatment strategies. TRAIL (TNF Related Apoptosis Inducing Ligand) is a potent anti-cancer agent that can induce apoptosis selectively in cancer cells. GBM cells frequently develop resistance to TRAIL which renders clinical application of TRAIL therapeutics inefficient. In this study, we undertook a chemical screening approach using a library of epigenetic modifier drugs to identify compounds that could augment TRAIL response. We identified the fungal metabolite chaetocin, an inhibitor of histone methyl transferase SUV39H1, as a novel TRAIL sensitizer. Combining low subtoxic doses of chaetocin and TRAIL resulted in very potent and rapid apoptosis of GBM cells. Chaetocin also effectively sensitized GBM cells to further pro-apoptotic agents, such as FasL and BH3 mimetics. Chaetocin mediated apoptosis sensitization was achieved through ROS generation and consequent DNA damage induction that involved P53 activity. Chaetocin induced transcriptomic changes showed induction of antioxidant defense mechanisms and DNA damage response pathways. Heme Oxygenase 1 (HMOX1) was among the top upregulated genes, whose induction was ROS-dependent and HMOX1 depletion enhanced chaetocin mediated TRAIL sensitization. Finally, chaetocin and TRAIL combination treatment revealed efficacy in vivo. Taken together, our results provide a novel role for chaetocin as an apoptosis priming agent and its combination with pro-apoptotic therapies might offer new therapeutic approaches for GBMs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ezgi Ozyerli-Goknar
- Brain Cancer Research and Therapy Laboratory, Koç University School of Medicine, 34450, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Ilknur Sur-Erdem
- Brain Cancer Research and Therapy Laboratory, Koç University School of Medicine, 34450, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Fidan Seker
- Brain Cancer Research and Therapy Laboratory, Koç University School of Medicine, 34450, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Ahmet Cingöz
- Brain Cancer Research and Therapy Laboratory, Koç University School of Medicine, 34450, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Alisan Kayabolen
- Brain Cancer Research and Therapy Laboratory, Koç University School of Medicine, 34450, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Zeynep Kahya-Yesil
- Brain Cancer Research and Therapy Laboratory, Koç University School of Medicine, 34450, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Fırat Uyulur
- Department of Computational Biology, Koç University, 34450, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Melike Gezen
- Molecular Biology, Genetics and Bioengineering Program, Faculty of Engineering and Natural Sciences, Sabanci University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Nazife Tolay
- Molecular Biology, Genetics and Bioengineering Program, Faculty of Engineering and Natural Sciences, Sabanci University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Batu Erman
- Molecular Biology, Genetics and Bioengineering Program, Faculty of Engineering and Natural Sciences, Sabanci University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Mehmet Gönen
- Department of Industrial Engineering, College of Engineering, Koç University, İstanbul, Turkey
| | - James Dunford
- Botnar Research Centre, NIHR Biomedical Research Centre Oxford, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX3 7LD, UK
| | - Udo Oppermann
- Botnar Research Centre, NIHR Biomedical Research Centre Oxford, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX3 7LD, UK
- Structural Genomics Consortium, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX3 7DQ, UK
- FRIAS, Freiburg Institute of Advanced Studies, University of Freiburg, 79104, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Tugba Bagci-Onder
- Brain Cancer Research and Therapy Laboratory, Koç University School of Medicine, 34450, Istanbul, Turkey.
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9
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Wen C, Wang H, Wu X, He L, Zhou Q, Wang F, Chen S, Huang L, Chen J, Wang H, Ye W, Li W, Yang X, Liu H, Peng J. ROS-mediated inactivation of the PI3K/AKT pathway is involved in the antigastric cancer effects of thioredoxin reductase-1 inhibitor chaetocin. Cell Death Dis 2019; 10:809. [PMID: 31649256 PMCID: PMC6813365 DOI: 10.1038/s41419-019-2035-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2019] [Revised: 07/17/2019] [Accepted: 08/02/2019] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Novel drugs are urgently needed for gastric cancer (GC) treatment. The thioredoxin-thioredoxin reductase (TRX-TRXR) system has been found to play a critical role in GC tumorigenesis and progression. Thus, agents that target the TRX-TRXR system may be highly efficacious as GC treatments. In this study, we showed that chaetocin, a natural product isolated from the Chaetomium species of fungi, inhibited proliferation, induced G2/M phase arrest and caspase-dependent apoptosis in both in vitro and in vivo models (cell xenografts and patient-derived xenografts) of GC. Chaetocin inactivated TRXR-1, resulting in the accumulation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in GC cells; overexpression of TRX-1 as well as cotreatment of GC cells with the ROS scavenger N-acetyl-L-cysteine attenuated chaetocin-induced apoptosis; chaetocin-induced apoptosis was significantly increased when GC cells were cotreated with auranofin. Moreover, chaetocin was shown to inactivate the PI3K/AKT pathway by inducing ROS generation; AKT-1 overexpression also attenuated chaetocin-induced apoptosis. Taken together, these results reveal that chaetocin induces the excessive accumulation of ROS via inhibition of TRXR-1. This is followed by PI3K/AKT pathway inactivation, which ultimately inhibits proliferation and induces caspase-dependent apoptosis in GC cells. Chaetocin therefore may be a potential agent for GC treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chuangyu Wen
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Colorectal and Pelvic Floor Diseases, Guangdong Institute of Gastroenterology, The Sixth Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China.,Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, The Sixth Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Huihui Wang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Colorectal and Pelvic Floor Diseases, Guangdong Institute of Gastroenterology, The Sixth Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China.,Department of Clinical Laboratory, The Sixth Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Xiaobin Wu
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Colorectal and Pelvic Floor Diseases, Guangdong Institute of Gastroenterology, The Sixth Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China.,Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, The Sixth Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Lu He
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Colorectal and Pelvic Floor Diseases, Guangdong Institute of Gastroenterology, The Sixth Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Qian Zhou
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Colorectal and Pelvic Floor Diseases, Guangdong Institute of Gastroenterology, The Sixth Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China.,Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, The Sixth Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Fang Wang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Colorectal and Pelvic Floor Diseases, Guangdong Institute of Gastroenterology, The Sixth Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Siyu Chen
- Guangdong Laboratory Animals Monitoring Institute, Guangdong Key Laboratory Animal Lab, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Lanlan Huang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Colorectal and Pelvic Floor Diseases, Guangdong Institute of Gastroenterology, The Sixth Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Junxiong Chen
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Colorectal and Pelvic Floor Diseases, Guangdong Institute of Gastroenterology, The Sixth Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China.,Department of Clinical Laboratory, The Sixth Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Huashe Wang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Colorectal and Pelvic Floor Diseases, Guangdong Institute of Gastroenterology, The Sixth Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China.,Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, The Sixth Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Weibiao Ye
- Dongguan Hospital of Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Wende Li
- Guangdong Laboratory Animals Monitoring Institute, Guangdong Key Laboratory Animal Lab, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Xiangling Yang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Colorectal and Pelvic Floor Diseases, Guangdong Institute of Gastroenterology, The Sixth Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Huanliang Liu
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Colorectal and Pelvic Floor Diseases, Guangdong Institute of Gastroenterology, The Sixth Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China. .,Department of Clinical Laboratory, The Sixth Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China.
| | - Junsheng Peng
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Colorectal and Pelvic Floor Diseases, Guangdong Institute of Gastroenterology, The Sixth Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China. .,Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, The Sixth Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China. .,School of Nursing, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China.
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10
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Li Z, Huang L, Wei L, Hou Z, Ye W, Huang S. Chaetocin induces caspase-dependent apoptosis in ovarian cancer cells via the generation of reactive oxygen species. Oncol Lett 2019; 18:1915-1921. [PMID: 31423261 PMCID: PMC6614685 DOI: 10.3892/ol.2019.10507] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2018] [Accepted: 05/24/2019] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Ovarian cancer (OC) is one of the most common types of cancer among women worldwide. The majority of patients with OC respond to current chemotherapy approaches initially; however, patients are likely to experience cancer recurrence and become resistant to the chemotherapy. Therefore, novel agents for the treatment of OC are urgently required. Chaetocin, a natural product isolated from Chaetomium fungi, has been reported to exhibit anticancer activity against various types of cancer; however, the pharmacological action and detailed mechanism underlying the effects of chaetocin on OC cells remain unclear. Therefore, the present study investigated the cytotoxic effects of chaetocin on OC cells. A Cell Counting kit-8 assay was used to study cell viability, a colony formation assay was used to assess cell proliferation, flow cytometry was used to detect apoptosis, cell cycle and reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation, and western blotting was used to determine the protein levels of poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase, caspase-3 and cleaved-caspase-3. The results demonstrated that chaetocin significantly decreased the viability of OC cells. Chaetocin inhibited the proliferation and induced G2/M phase arrest of the OVCAR-3 OC cell line. Additionally, chaetocin induced apoptotic cell death in OVCAR-3 cells via the caspase pathway. It was observed that chaetocin induced the accumulation of ROS in OVCAR-3 cells. Treatment with the ROS scavenger N-acetyl-L-cysteine reversed the apoptotic effects and activation of the caspase pathway induced by chaetocin. Collectively, these results revealed that chaetocin suppressed the proliferation and promoted the caspase-dependent apoptosis of OC cells by increasing the levels of ROS. Therefore, chaetocin may serve as a potential therapeutic agent for the treatment of OC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhongjun Li
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Dongguan Affiliated Hospital of Southern Medical University, Dongguan, Guangdong 523059, P.R. China
| | - Lishan Huang
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Dongguan Affiliated Hospital of Southern Medical University, Dongguan, Guangdong 523059, P.R. China
| | - Li Wei
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Dongguan Affiliated Hospital of Southern Medical University, Dongguan, Guangdong 523059, P.R. China
| | - Zhiyong Hou
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Dongguan Affiliated Hospital of Southern Medical University, Dongguan, Guangdong 523059, P.R. China
| | - Weibiao Ye
- Department of Pathology, Dongguan Affiliated Hospital of Southern Medical University, Dongguan, Guangdong 523059, P.R. China
| | - Suran Huang
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Dongguan Affiliated Hospital of Southern Medical University, Dongguan, Guangdong 523059, P.R. China
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11
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Prieto-Bermejo R, Romo-González M, Pérez-Fernández A, Ijurko C, Hernández-Hernández Á. Reactive oxygen species in haematopoiesis: leukaemic cells take a walk on the wild side. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL & CLINICAL CANCER RESEARCH : CR 2018; 37:125. [PMID: 29940987 PMCID: PMC6019308 DOI: 10.1186/s13046-018-0797-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2018] [Accepted: 06/15/2018] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Oxidative stress is related to ageing and degenerative diseases, including cancer. However, a moderate amount of reactive oxygen species (ROS) is required for the regulation of cellular signalling and gene expression. A low level of ROS is important for maintaining quiescence and the differentiation potential of haematopoietic stem cells (HSCs), whereas the level of ROS increases during haematopoietic differentiation; thus, suggesting the importance of redox signalling in haematopoiesis. Here, we will analyse the importance of ROS for haematopoiesis and include evidence showing that cells from leukaemia patients live under oxidative stress. The potential sources of ROS will be described. Finally, the level of oxidative stress in leukaemic cells can also be harnessed for therapeutic purposes. In this regard, the reliance of front-line anti-leukaemia chemotherapeutics on increased levels of ROS for their mechanism of action, as well as the active search for novel compounds that modulate the redox state of leukaemic cells, will be analysed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rodrigo Prieto-Bermejo
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Salamanca, Lab. 122, Edificio Departamental, Plaza Doctores de la Reina s/n, 37007, Salamanca, Spain.,IBSAL (Instituto de investigación Biomédica de Salamanca), Salamanca, Spain
| | - Marta Romo-González
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Salamanca, Lab. 122, Edificio Departamental, Plaza Doctores de la Reina s/n, 37007, Salamanca, Spain.,IBSAL (Instituto de investigación Biomédica de Salamanca), Salamanca, Spain
| | - Alejandro Pérez-Fernández
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Salamanca, Lab. 122, Edificio Departamental, Plaza Doctores de la Reina s/n, 37007, Salamanca, Spain.,IBSAL (Instituto de investigación Biomédica de Salamanca), Salamanca, Spain
| | - Carla Ijurko
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Salamanca, Lab. 122, Edificio Departamental, Plaza Doctores de la Reina s/n, 37007, Salamanca, Spain.,IBSAL (Instituto de investigación Biomédica de Salamanca), Salamanca, Spain
| | - Ángel Hernández-Hernández
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Salamanca, Lab. 122, Edificio Departamental, Plaza Doctores de la Reina s/n, 37007, Salamanca, Spain. .,IBSAL (Instituto de investigación Biomédica de Salamanca), Salamanca, Spain.
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12
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Zhang J, Zhang B, Li X, Han X, Liu R, Fang J. Small molecule inhibitors of mammalian thioredoxin reductase as potential anticancer agents: An update. Med Res Rev 2018; 39:5-39. [DOI: 10.1002/med.21507] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2017] [Revised: 04/11/2018] [Accepted: 04/12/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Junmin Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry and College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering; Lanzhou University; Lanzhou China
- School of Pharmacy; Lanzhou University; Lanzhou China
| | - Baoxin Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry and College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering; Lanzhou University; Lanzhou China
| | - Xinming Li
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry and College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering; Lanzhou University; Lanzhou China
| | - Xiao Han
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry and College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering; Lanzhou University; Lanzhou China
| | - Ruijuan Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry and College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering; Lanzhou University; Lanzhou China
- School of Pharmacy; Lanzhou University; Lanzhou China
| | - Jianguo Fang
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry and College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering; Lanzhou University; Lanzhou China
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13
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Adipocytes cause leukemia cell resistance to daunorubicin via oxidative stress response. Oncotarget 2018; 7:73147-73159. [PMID: 27705905 PMCID: PMC5341969 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.12246] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2016] [Accepted: 09/19/2016] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Adipocytes promote cancer progression and impair treatment, and have been shown to protect acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) cells from chemotherapies. Here we investigate whether this protection is mediated by changes in oxidative stress. Co-culture experiments showed that adipocytes protect ALL cells from oxidative stress induced by drugs or irradiation. We demonstrated that ALL cells induce intracellular ROS and an oxidative stress response in adipocytes. This adipocyte oxidative stress response leads to the secretion of soluble factors which protect ALL cells from daunorubicin (DNR). Collectively, our investigation shows that ALL cells elicit an oxidative stress response in adipocytes, leading to adipocyte protection of ALL cells against DNR.
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14
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Han X, Han Y, Zheng Y, Sun Q, Ma T, Zhang J, Xu L. Chaetocin induces apoptosis in human melanoma cells through the generation of reactive oxygen species and the intrinsic mitochondrial pathway, and exerts its anti-tumor activity in vivo. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0175950. [PMID: 28419143 PMCID: PMC5395229 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0175950] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2016] [Accepted: 04/03/2017] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Chaetocin is a small-molecule natural product produced by Chaetomium species fungi, and it has a potent anti-proliferative pharmacological activity on various cancer cells. However, the effect of chaetocin on anti-melanoma pharmacological role has not been investigated. Therefore, in this study, we explored the effect of chaetocin on cell proliferation in the human melanoma Sk-Mel-28 and A375 cells and the growth of tumor xenografts in nude mice. The results indicated that chaetocin treatment significantly suppressed cell proliferation and induced apoptosis in the Sk-Mel-28 and A375 cells in a dose- and time-dependent manner. Furthermore, chaetocin treatment resulted in an increased level of cellular reactive oxygen species (ROS), and pre-incubation of cells with N-acetylcysteine (NAC) significantly abrogated chaetocin-induced apoptosis in the melanoma cells. A significant reduction of mitochondrial membrane potential and the release of cytochrome c were observed after chaetocin treatment. Additionally, chaetocin treatment significantly up-regulated the protein levels of Bax, cleaved caspase-9/-3, simultaneously down-regulated the protein levels of Bcl-2, procaspase-9/-3, and activated caspase-9/-3 activity in the melanoma cells. The in vivo data demonstrated that chaetocin treatment significantly inhibited the growth of melanoma tumor xenografts in nude mice, which was closely associated with apoptosis induction, a reduced level of PCNA (proliferating cell nuclear antigen) expression, and activation of capase-9/-3 in tumor xenografts. These are the first data to demonstrate that chaetocin exerts a proapoptotic activity on human melanoma cells through ROS generation and the intrinsic mitochondrial pathway. Therefore, chaetocin might represent an effective candidate for melanoma chemotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinming Han
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
- Medical Cosmetic Center, Beijing Tongren Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Yan Han
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
- * E-mail:
| | - Yongsheng Zheng
- Medical Cosmetic Center, Beijing Tongren Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Qiang Sun
- Medical Cosmetic Center, Beijing Tongren Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Tao Ma
- Medical Cosmetic Center, Beijing Tongren Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Junyi Zhang
- Medical Cosmetic Center, Beijing Tongren Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Lianji Xu
- Medical Cosmetic Center, Beijing Tongren Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
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