Oncogenic MCT-1 activation promotes YY1-EGFR-MnSOD signaling and tumor progression

Immunotherapeutic IL-6R and targeting the MCT-1/IL-6/CXCL7/PD-L1 circuit prevent relapse and metastasis of triple-negative breast cancer

Rationale: Multiple copies in T-cell malignancy 1 (MCT-1) is a prognostic biomarker for aggressive breast cancers. Overexpressed MCT-1 stimulates the IL-6/IL-6R/gp130/STAT3 axis, which promotes epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition and cancer stemness. Because cancer stemness largely contributes to the tumor metastasis and recurrence, we aimed to identify whether the blockade of MCT-1 and IL-6R can render these effects and to understand the underlying mechanisms that govern the process. Methods: We assessed primary tumor invasion, postsurgical local recurrence and distant metastasis in orthotopic syngeneic mice given the indicated immunotherapy and MCT-1 silencing (shMCT-1). Results: We found that shMCT-1 suppresses the transcriptomes of the inflammatory response and metastatic signaling in TNBC cells and inhibits tumor recurrence, metastasis and mortality in xenograft mice. IL-6R immunotherapy and shMCT-1 combined further decreased intratumoral M2 macrophages and T regulatory cells (Tregs) and avoided postsurgical TNBC expansion. shMCT-1 also enhances IL-6R-based immunotherapy effectively in preventing postsurgical TNBC metastasis, recurrence and mortality. Anti-IL-6R improved helper T, cytotoxic T and natural killer (NK) cells in the lymphatic system and decreased Tregs in the recurrent and metastatic tumors. Combined IL-6R and PD-L1 immunotherapies abridged TNBC cell stemness and M2 macrophage activity to a greater extent than monotherapy. Sequential immunotherapy of PD-L1 and IL-6R demonstrated the best survival outcome and lowest postoperative recurrence and metastasis compared with synchronized therapy, particularly in the shMCT-1 context. Multiple positive feedforward loops of the MCT-1/IL-6/IL-6R/CXCL7/PD-L1 axis were identified in TNBC cells, which boosted metastatic niches and immunosuppressive microenvironments. Clinically, MCT-1high/PD-L1high/CXCL7high and CXCL7high/IL-6high/IL-6Rhigh expression patterns predict worse prognosis and poorer survival of breast cancer patients. Conclusion: Systemic targeting the MCT-1/IL-6/IL-6R/CXCL7/PD-L1 interconnections enhances immune surveillance that inhibits the aggressiveness of TNBC.

Super enhancer loci of EGFR regulate EGFR variant 8 through enhancer RNA and strongly associate with survival in HNSCCs

Epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) has been shown to be overexpressed in human cancers due to mutation, amplification, and epigenetic hyperactivity, which leads to deregulated transcriptional mechanism. Among the eight different EGFR isoforms, the mechanism of regulation of full-length variant 1 is well-known, no studies have examined the function & factors regulating the expression of variant 8. This study aimed to understand the function of EGFR super-enhancer loci and its associated transcription factors regulating the expression of EGFR variant 8. Our study shows that overexpression of variant 8 and its transcription was more prevalent than variant 1 in many cancers and positively correlated with the EGFR-AS1 expression in oral cancer and HNSCC. Notably, individuals overexpressing variant 8 showed shorter overall survival and had a greater connection with other clinical traits than patients with overexpression of variant 1. In this study, TCGA enhancer RNA profiling on the constituent enhancer (CE1 and CE2) region revealed that the multiple enhancer RNAs formed from CE2 by employing CE1 as a promoter. Our bioinformatic analysis further supports the enrichment of enhancer RNA specific chromatin marks H3K27ac, H3K4me1, POL2 and H2AZ on CE2. GeneHancer and 3D chromatin capture analysis showed clustered interactions between CE1, CE2 loci and this interaction may regulates expression of both EGFR-eRNA and variant 8. Moreover, increased expression of SNAI2 and its close relationship to EGFR-AS1 and variant 8 suggest that SNAI2 could regulates variant 8 overexpression by building a MegaTrans complex with both EGFR-eRNA and EGFR-AS1. Our findings show that EGFR variant 8 and its transcriptional regulation & chromatin modification by eRNAs may provide a rationale for targeting RNA splicing in combination with targeted EGFR therapies in cancer.

PLK1 regulating chemoradiotherapy sensitivity of esophageal squamous cell carcinoma through pentose phosphate pathway/ferroptosis

BACKGROUND

Esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC) is the most common pathological type of esophageal cancer in China, accounting for more than 90 %. Most patients were diagnosed with advanced-stage ESCC, for whom new adjuvant therapy is recommended. Therefore, it is urgent to explore new therapeutic targets for ESCC. Ferroptosis, a newly discovered iron-dependent programmed cell death, has been shown to play an important role in carcinogenesis by many studies. This study explored the effect of Polo like kinase 1 (PLK1) on chemoradiotherapy sensitivity of ESCC through ferroptosis METHODS: In this study, we knocked out the expression of PLK1 (PLK1-KO) in ESCC cell lines (KYSE150 and ECA109) with CRISPR/CAS9. The effects of PLK1-knock out on G6PD, the rate-limiting enzyme of pentose phosphate pathway (PPP), and downstream NADPH and GSH were explored. The lipid peroxidation was observed by flow cytometry, and the changes in mitochondria were observed by transmission electron microscopy. Next, through the CCK-8 assay and clone formation assay, the sensitivity to cobalt 60 rays, paclitaxel, and cisplatin were assessed after PLK1-knock out, and the nude mouse tumorigenesis experiment further verified it. The regulation of transcription factor YY1 on PLK1 was evaluated by dual luciferase reporter assay. The expression and correlation of PLK1 and YY1, and their impact on prognosis were analyzed in more than 300 ESCC cases from the GEO database and our center. Finally, the above results were further proved by single-cell sequencing.

RESULTS

After PLK1 knockout, the expression of G6PD dimer and the level of NADPH and GSH in KYSE150 and ECA109 cells significantly decreased. Accordingly, lipid peroxidation increased, mitochondria became smaller, membrane density increased, and ferroptosis was more likely to occur. However, with the stimulation of exogenous GSH (10 mM), there was no significant difference in lipid peroxidation and ferroptosis between the PLK1-KO group and the control group. After ionizing radiation, the PLK1-KO group had higher lipid peroxidation ratio, more cell death, and was more sensitive to radiation, while exogenous GSH (10 mM) could eliminate this difference. Similar results could also be observed when receiving paclitaxel combined with cisplatin and chemoradiotherapy. The expression of PLK1, G6PD dimer, and the level of NADPH and GSH in KYSE150, ECA109, and 293 T cells stably transfected with YY1-shRNAs significantly decreased, and the cells were more sensitive to radiotherapy and chemotherapy. ESCC patients from the GEO database and our center, YY1 and PLK1 expression were significantly positively-correlated, and the survival of patients with high expression of PLK1 was significantly shorter. Further analysis of single-cell sequencing specimens of ESCC in our center confirmed the above results.

CONCLUSION

In ESCC, down-regulation of PLK1 can inhibit PPP, and reduce the level of NADPH and GSH, thereby promoting ferroptosis and improving their sensitivity to radiotherapy and chemotherapy. Transcription factor YY1 has a positive regulatory effect on PLK1, and their expressions were positively correlated. PLK1 may be a target for predicting and enhancing the chemoradiotherapy sensitivity of ESCC.

Targeting Transcription Factor YY1 for Cancer Treatment: Current Strategies and Future Directions

Cancer represents a significant and persistent global health burden, with its impact underscored by its prevalence and devastating consequences. Whereas numerous oncogenes could contribute to cancer development, a group of transcription factors (TFs) are overactive in the majority of tumors. Targeting these TFs may also combat the downstream oncogenes activated by the TFs, making them attractive potential targets for effective antitumor therapeutic strategy. One such TF is yin yang 1 (YY1), which plays crucial roles in the development and progression of various tumors. In preclinical studies, YY1 inhibition has shown efficacy in inhibiting tumor growth, promoting apoptosis, and sensitizing tumor cells to chemotherapy. Recent studies have also revealed the potential of combining YY1 inhibition with immunotherapy for enhanced antitumor effects. However, clinical translation of YY1-targeted therapy still faces challenges in drug specificity and delivery. This review provides an overview of YY1 biology, its role in tumor development and progression, as well as the strategies explored for YY1-targeted therapy, with a focus on their clinical implications, including those using small molecule inhibitors, RNA interference, and gene editing techniques. Finally, we discuss the challenges and current limitations of targeting YY1 and the need for further research in this area.

Dissecting the roles and clinical potential of YY1 in the tumor microenvironment

Yin-Yang 1 (YY1) is a member of the GLI-Kruppel family of zinc finger proteins and plays a vital dual biological role in cancer as an oncogene or a tumor suppressor during tumorigenesis and tumor progression. The tumor microenvironment (TME) is identified as the “soil” of tumor that has a critical role in both tumor growth and metastasis. Many studies have found that YY1 is closely related to the remodeling and regulation of the TME. Herein, we reviewed the expression pattern of YY1 in tumors and summarized the function and mechanism of YY1 in regulating tumor angiogenesis, immune and metabolism. In addition, we discussed the potential value of YY1 in tumor diagnosis and treatment and provided a novel molecular strategy for the clinical diagnosis and treatment of tumors.

MCTS1 as a Novel Prognostic Biomarker and Its Correlation With Immune Infiltrates in Breast Cancer

Multiple copies in T‐cell lymphoma‐1 (MCTS1) plays an important role in various cancers; however, its effects on patient prognosis and immune infiltration in breast cancer remain unclear. In this study, the expression profiles and clinical information of patients with breast cancer were obtained from the Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) database. Using the Wilcoxon rank-sum test, the MCTS1 expression levels were compared between breast cancer and normal breast tissues. Functional enrichment analyses were performed to explore the potential signaling pathways and biological functions that are involved. Immune cell infiltration was assessed using single-sample gene set enrichment analysis. The UALCAN and MethSurv databases were used to analyze the methylation status of the MCTS1. The Kaplan-Meier method and Cox regression analysis were used to identify the prognostic value of MCTS1. A nomogram was constructed to predict the overall survival (OS) rates at one-, three-, and five-years post-cancer diagnosis. MCTS1 was overexpressed in breast cancer and significantly associated with the M pathological stage, histological type, PAM50, and increased age. MCTS1 overexpression contributes to a significant decline in OS and disease-specific survival. Multivariate Cox analysis identified MCTS1 as an independent negative prognostic marker of OS. The OS nomogram was generated with a concordance index of 0.715. Similarly, the hypomethylation status of MCTS1 is also associated with poor prognosis. Functional enrichment analysis indicated that the enriched pathways included the reactive oxygen species signaling pathway, MYC targets, interferon alpha response, immune response regulating signaling pathway, and leukocyte migration. Moreover, the overexpression of MCTS1 was negatively correlated with the levels of immune cell infiltration of natural killer cells, CD8⁺ T cells, effector memory T cells, and plasmacytoid dendritic cells. Therefore, MCTS1 maybe a novel prognostic biomarker.

Targeting prooxidant MnSOD effect inhibits triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) progression and M2 macrophage functions under the oncogenic stress

Triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) has been shown with high mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation and production of reactive oxygen species (ROS). MnSOD (SOD2) is a mitochondrial antioxidant defense that has been implicated in inhibition of human malignancies. However, the impact of MnSOD on immunosuppressive macrophage functions and TNBC aggressiveness has never been explored. We found here that SOD2^high is primarily observed in the aggressive subtypes of HER2(+) breast cancers and TNBCs patients. Further analyses demonstrated that the oncoprotein multiple copies in T-cell malignancy-1 (MCT-1 or MCTS1) induces mitochondrial superoxide dismutase (MnSOD) in TNBC cells by stabilizing the transcription factor Nrf2. SOD2^high/MCTS1^high expression correlates with a poor prognosis in breast cancer patients. MnSOD in TNBC cells functions as a prooxidant peroxidase that increases mitochondrial ROS (mROS) and adaptation to oxidative stress under the oncogenic effect. Interleukin-6 (IL-6) in the MCT-1 pathway elevates Nrf2/MnSOD and mROS levels. Knockdown of MnSOD inhibits TNBC cell invasion, breast cancer stem cells (BCSCs), mROS, and IL-6 excretion promoted by MCT-1. TNBC cells deficient in MnSOD prevent the polarization and chemotaxis of M2 macrophages but improve the ability of M1 macrophages to engulf cancer cells. Quenching mROS with MitoQ, a mitochondria-targeted non-metal-based antioxidant MnSOD mimics, effectively suppresses BCSCs and M2 macrophage invasion exacerbated by MnSOD and MCT-1. Consistently, silencing MnSOD impedes TNBC progression and intratumoral M2 macrophage infiltration. We revealed a novel stratagem for TNBC management involving targeting the MCT-1 oncogene-induced mitochondrial prooxidant MnSOD pathway, which prevents the development of an immunosuppressive tumor microenvironment.

The oncogene Mct-1 promotes progression of hepatocellular carcinoma via enhancement of Yap-mediated cell proliferation

Malignant T-cell-amplified sequence 1 (Mct-1) has been reported as an oncogene in multiple malignant diseases. However, the function of Mct-1 in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) and the molecular mechanisms underlying tumor progression have not been explored. In this study, Mct-1 expression levels in HCC tissues and cells were detected by quantitative real-time PCR and western blotting. Mct-1 shRNAs and overexpression vector were transfected into HCC cells to downregulate or upregulate Mct-1 expression. In vitro and in vivo assays were performed to investigate the function of Mct-1 in cell proliferation and apoptosis. RNA sequencing analysis (RNA-seq) was performed to explore differences in gene expression when silenced Mct-1 expression. Mct-1 was upregulated in HCC specimens and cell lines, and higher expression of Mct-1 was predictive of poor survival. Overexpression of Mct-1 was shown to promote cell proliferation and repress cell apoptosis both in vitro and in vivo. The results of RNA-seq indicated that knockdown of Mct-1 suppressed Yap expression, while the results of the luciferase assay also revealed that Mct-1 increases the activity of the Yap promoter. Restoration of Yap expression in Mct-1 knockdown cells partially recovered the promotion of cell proliferation and inhibition of apoptosis. Collectively, these results indicate that Mct-1 acts as a tumor promoter gene in HCC progression by up-regulating Yap expression and, thus, could serve a novel potential diagnostic and prognostic biomarker for HCC.

Salmon acyl-ghrelin increases food intake and reduces doxorubicin-induced myocardial apoptosis in rats, likely by anti-oxidative activity

We had reported that orally administered ghrelin-containing salmon stomach extract prevents doxorubicin (DOX)-induced cardiotoxicity. In this study, we investigated the binding affinity of salmon ghrelin to rat ghrelin receptor and the cardioprotective effects of subcutaneous (sc) injected synthetic salmon ghrelin in rats with DOX-induced acute heart failure in order to clarify the potential efficacy of salmon ghrelin. Intracellular calcium mobilization assay was performed on rat GHS-R1a-expressing CHO cells to reveal ghrelin activity. Rats were divided into five groups; the normal control (I), and toxic control (II) groups were given saline (sc, twice daily), and the salmon acyl-ghrelin (sAG) (III), salmon unacylated-ghrelin (sUAG) (IV), and rat acyl-ghrelin (rAG) (V) groups were given corresponding synthetic ghrelins (sc, twice daily), respectively. After seven days of treatment, DOX (20 mg/kg BW) or saline was administered to the corresponding groups by intraperitoneal injection. The toxic control group was the negative control group for the DOX-induced cardiotoxicity groups. While sAG displayed similar affinity to rAG upon application to GHS-R1a-expressing cells, and also decreased DOX-induced apoptosis and increased food intake, sUAG did not. Both sAG and rAG improved DOX-induced deterioration, showing anti-oxidative activity. The anti-oxidative activity of sAG might contribute to the protective effects on cardiomyocytes. The results also suggest that, similar to rAG, sAG is a potent protectant against DOX-induced cardiotoxicity and a potential functional component in orally administered ghrelin-containing salmon stomach extract, which prevented DOX-induced cardiotoxicity in our previous study.

Long noncoding RNA LINC01578 drives colon cancer metastasis through a positive feedback loop with the NF-κB/YY1 axis

Metastasis accounts for poor prognosis of cancers and related deaths. Accumulating evidence has shown that long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs) play critical roles in several types of cancer. However, which lncRNAs contribute to metastasis of colon cancer is still largely unknown. In this study, we found that lncRNA LINC01578 was correlated with metastasis and poor prognosis of colon cancer. LINC01578 was upregulated in colon cancer, associated with metastasis, advanced clinical stages, poor overall survival, disease-specific survival, and disease-free survival. Gain-of-function and loss-of-function assays revealed that LINC01578 enhanced colon cancer cell viability and mobility in vitro and colon cancer liver metastasis in vivo. Mechanistically, nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB) and Yin Yang 1 (YY1) directly bound to the LINC01578 promoter, enhanced its activity, and activated LINC01578 expression. LINC01578 was shown to be a chromatin-bound lncRNA, which directly bound NFKBIB promoter. Furthermore, LINC01578 interacted with and recruited EZH2 to NFKBIB promoter and further repressed NFKBIB expression, thereby activating NF-κB signaling. Through activation of NF-κB, LINC01578 further upregulated YY1 expression. Through activation of the NF-κB/YY1 axis, LINC01578 in turn enhanced its own promoter activity, suggesting that LINC01578 and NF-κB/YY1 formed a positive feedback loop. Blocking NF-κB signaling abolished the oncogenic roles of LINC01578 in colon cancer. Furthermore, the expression levels of LINC01578, NFKBIB, and YY1 were correlated in clinical tissues. Collectively, this study demonstrated that LINC01578 promoted colon cancer metastasis via forming a positive feedback loop with NF-κB/YY1 and suggested that LINC01578 represents a potential prognostic biomarker and therapeutic target for colon cancer metastasis.

Transcription factor YY1 mediates epithelial-mesenchymal transition through the TGFβ signaling pathway in bladder cancer

Bladder cancer is one of the most aggressive urothelial tumors. Previous studies have suggested that epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) contributes to bladder cancer progression. However, the regulatory network of EMT in bladder cancer remains elusive. In this study, we found Yin Yang 1 (YY1) is a critical regulator of EMT in bladder cancer. First, we showed that YY1 was upregulated in bladder cancer tissues than that in adjacent normal tissues. Then, we proved that YY1 promoted EMT of bladder cancer cells. Further experiments indicated that YY1 affected the EMT of bladder cancer through transforming growth factor-β (TGFβ) signaling pathway. Taken together, our study identifies YY1 as a key EMT driver in bladder cancer, suggesting it as a potential therapeutic target.

Dysregulated Kras/YY1/ZNF322A/Shh transcriptional axis enhances neo-angiogenesis to promote lung cancer progression

Angiogenesis enhances cancer metastasis and progression, however, the roles of transcription regulation in angiogenesis are not fully defined. ZNF322A is an oncogenic zinc-finger transcription factor. Here, we demonstrate a new mechanism of Kras mutation-driven ZNF322A transcriptional activation and elucidate the interplay between ZNF322A and its upstream transcriptional regulators and downstream transcriptional targets in promoting neo-angiogenesis.

Methods: Luciferase activity, RT-qPCR and ChIP-qPCR assays were used to examine transcription regulation in cell models. In vitro and in vivo angiogenesis assays were conducted. Immunohistochemistry, Kaplan-Meier method and multivariate Cox regression assays were performed to examine the clinical correlation in tumor specimens from lung cancer patients.

Results: We validated that Yin Yang 1 (YY1) upregulated ZNF322A expression through targeting its promoter in the context of Kras mutation. Reconstitution experiments by knocking down YY1 under Kras^G13V activation decreased Kras^G13V-promoted cancer cell migration, proliferation and ZNF322A promoter activity. Knockdown of YY1 or ZNF322A attenuated angiogenesis in vitro and in vivo. Notably, we validated that ZNF322A upregulated the expression of sonic hedgehog (Shh) gene which encodes a secreted factor that activates pro-angiogenic responses in endothelial cells. Clinically, ZNF322A protein expression positively correlated with Shh and CD31, an endothelial cell marker, in 133 lung cancer patient samples determined using immunohistochemistry analysis. Notably, patients with concordantly high expression of ZNF322A, Shh and CD31 correlated with poor prognosis.

Conclusions: These findings highlight the mechanism by which dysregulation of Kras/YY1/ZNF322/Shh transcriptional axis enhances neo-angiogenesis and cancer progression in lung cancer. Therapeutic strategies that target Kras/YY1/ZNF322A/Shh signaling axis may provide new insight on targeted therapy for lung cancer patients.

Transcriptional Factor Yin Yang 1 Promotes the Stemness of Breast Cancer Cells by Suppressing miR-873-5p Transcriptional Activity

Transcription factor Yin Yang 1 (YY1) is upregulated in multiple tumors and plays essential roles in tumor proliferation and metastasis. However, the function of YY1 in breast cancer stemness remains unclear. Herein, we found that YY1 expression was negatively correlated with the overall survival and relapse-free survival of breast cancer patients and positively correlated with the expression of stemness markers in breast cancer. Overexpression of YY1 increased the expression of stemness markers, elevated CD44⁺CD24⁻ cell sub-population, and enhanced the capacity of cell spheroid formation and tumor-initiation. In contrast, YY1 knockdown exhibited the opposite effects. Mechanistically, YY1 decreased microRNA-873-5p (miR-873-5p) level by recruiting histone deacetylase 4 (HDAC4) and HDAC9 to miR-873-5p promoter and thus increasing the deacetylation level of miR-873-5p promoter. Sequentially, YY1 activated the downstream PI3K/AKT and ERK1/2 pathways, which have been confirmed to be suppressed by miR-873-5p in our recent work. Moreover, the suppressed effect of YY1/miR-873-5p axis on the stemness of breast cancer cells was partially dependent on PI3K/AKT and ERK1/2 pathways. Finally, it was found that the YY1/miR-873-5p axis is involved in the chemoresistance of breast cancer cells. Our study defines a novel YY1/miR-873-5p axis responsible for the stemness of breast cancer cells.

Curcumin circumvent lactate-induced chemoresistance in hepatic cancer cells through modulation of hydroxycarboxylic acid receptor-1

Curcumin has been demonstrated to affect the chemoresistance in cancer cells of various origins. However, its ability to modulate lactate-induced chemoresistance remains unclear. The Present investigation demonstrates that curcumin inhibits the survival of HepG2 and HuT78 cells and can modulate chemo-susceptibility of HepG2 cells. Experimental simulation of simultaneous and pre-treatment suggest cooperatively between curcumin and anticancer drugs as well as the modulation of molecular regulators. Inhibition of glucose consumption, lactate production, extracellular acidity and augmented level of Nitric oxide were observed. DAPI staining revealed hyper condensation of chromatin in curcumin-treated HepG2 cells. Curcumin also diminished the lactate-induced chemoresistance against doxorubicin in hepatic cancer cells along with down regulation of lactate receptor (hydroxycarboxylic acid receptor-1; HCAR-1/GPR81). Alteration of the extracellular milieu along with inhibited expression of genes (hif-1α, ldh-a, mct-1, mdr-1 and stat-3) and proteins (HIF-1α and HCAR-1) are indicated to be involved in curcumin-induced reversal of chemoresistance in HepG2 cells. Findings of present investigation contribute to knowledge of curcumin mediated chemosensitization and its mechanism.

The biological implications of Yin Yang 1 in the hallmarks of cancer

Tumorigenesis is a multistep process characterized by the acquisition of genetic and epigenetic alterations. During the course of malignancy development, tumor cells acquire several features that allow them to survive and adapt to the stress-related conditions of the tumor microenvironment. These properties, which are known as hallmarks of cancer, include uncontrolled cell proliferation, metabolic reprogramming, tumor angiogenesis, metastasis, and immune system evasion. Zinc-finger protein Yin Yang 1 (YY1) regulates numerous genes involved in cell death, cell cycle, cellular metabolism, and inflammatory response. YY1 is highly expressed in many cancers, whereby it is associated with cell proliferation, survival, and metabolic reprogramming. Furthermore, recent studies also have demonstrated the important role of YY1-related non-coding RNAs in acquiring cancer-specific characteristics. Therefore, these YY1-related non-coding RNAs are also crucial for YY1-mediated tumorigenesis. Herein, we summarize recent progress with respect to YY1 and its biological implications in the context of hallmarks of cancer.

Oligo-Fucoidan Prevents M2 Macrophage Differentiation and HCT116 Tumor Progression

Reactive oxygen species (ROS) produced during intracellular metabolism or triggered by extrinsic factors can promote neoplastic transformation and malignant microenvironment that mediate tumor development. Oligo-Fucoidan is a sulfated polysaccharide isolated from the brown seaweed. Using human THP-1 monocytes and murine Raw264.7 macrophages as well as human HCT116 colorectal cancer cells, primary C6P2-L1 colorectal cancer cells and human MDA-MB231 breast cancer cells, we investigated the effect of Oligo-Fucoidan on inhibiting M2 macrophage differentiation and its therapeutic potential as a supplement in chemotherapy and tumor prevention. We now demonstrate that Oligo-Fucoidan is an antioxidant that suppresses intracellular ROS and mitochondrial superoxide levels in monocytes/macrophages and in aggressive cancer cells. Comparable to ROS inhibitors (DPI and NAC), Oligo-Fucoidan directly induced monocyte polarization toward M1-like macrophages and repolarized M2 macrophages into M1 phenotypes. DPI and Oligo-Fucoidan also cooperatively prevented M2 macrophage invasiveness. Indirectly, M1 polarity was advanced particularly when DPI suppressed ROS generation and supplemented with Oligo-Fucoidan in the cancer cells. Moreover, cisplatin chemoagent polarized monocytes and M0 macrophages toward M2-like phenotypes and Oligo-Fucoidan supplementation reduced these side effects. Furthermore, Oligo-Fucoidan promoted cytotoxicity of cisplatin and antagonized cisplatin effect on cancer cells to prevent M2 macrophage differentiation. More importantly, Oligo-Fucoidan inhibited tumor progression and M2 macrophage infiltration in tumor microenvironment, thus increasing of anti-tumor immunity.

Multiple Copies in T-Cell Malignancy 1 (MCT-1) Promotes the Stemness of Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer Cells via Activating Interleukin-6 (IL-6) Signaling through Suppressing MiR-34a Expression

Background

Although the oncogenic roles of multiple copies in T-cell malignancy 1 (MCT-1) have been revealed in multiple cancers, its effects on non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) progression are still uncertain. This study aimed to reveal the effects of MCT-1 on the stem cell-like traits of NSCLC cells.

Material/Methods

Western blot, real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR), spheroid forming ability, and ALDH1 (aldehyde dehydrogenase 1) activity analysis were carried out to examine the effects of MCT-1/micrRNa-34 (miR-34a)/interleukin-6 (IL-6) on the stem cell-like characteristics of lung cancer cells.

Results

MCT-1 knockdown reduced the spheroid forming ability, characterized as the decreased spheroid size and number. Additionally, MCT-1 knockdown decreased the expression of the NSCLC stemness markers and the activity of ALDH1. Moreover, MCT-1 knockdown decreased IL-6 secretion that promotes NSCLC cell stemness. Furthermore, MCT-1 knockdown increased the level of miR-34a, which attenuated the stemness of NSCLC cells through targeting IL-6R (IL-6 receptor) expression.

Conclusions

These results suggest MCT-1/miR-34a/IL-6/IL-6R axis is responsible for MCT-1-mediated effects on NSCLC cell stemness.

Isovitexin reduces carcinogenicity and stemness in hepatic carcinoma stem-like cells by modulating MnSOD and FoxM1

Background

Manganese superoxide dismutase (MnSOD) upregulating FoxM1 have previously been demonstrated promoting lung cancer stemness. Isovitexin exhibits antitumor activities in various cancers. This study aimed to assess whether isovitexin inhibits hepatic carcinoma stem-like cells (HCSLCs) features via regulating MnSOD and FoxM1 expression.

Methods

Second-generation spheres from the hepatic carcinoma cell lines, respectively, were used as HCSLCs. Protein amounts of MnSOD, FoxM1 and stemness-associated markers (CD133, CD44, ALDH1, Bmi1, Nanog and Oct4) were determined by immunoblotting. In vitro carcinogenicity was evaluated by sphere- and colony-formation assays. The effects of isovitexin on HCSLC carcinogenicity and stemness were examined in vitro and in xenograft models. An adenoviral delivery system was employed to manipulate MnSOD and/or FoxM1. Luciferase reporter assay was performed to verify isovitexin downregulated FoxM1 by inhibiting MnSOD-mediated effects of E2F1 and/or Sp1 on activation of FoxM1 promoter.

Results

FoxM1 upregulation by MnSOD contributed to carcinogenicity and stemness, with increased sphere- and colony-formation capabilities, upregulated stemness-associated markers and CD133⁺ subpopulation as well as elevated oncogenicity in vivo in HCSLCs compared with hepatic carcinoma cells. Isovitexin substantially decreased sphere and colony formation rates, and stemness-associated markers in cultured HCSLCs by suppressing MnSOD and FoxM1 expression. Importantly, isovitexin significantly inhibited tumor growth of in nude mice bearing HCSLCs and reduced CD133 protein expression of xenograft in nude mice. MnSOD or FoxM1 knockdown enhanced the effects of isovitexin suppression on carcinogenicity and stemness in HCSLC. MnSOD or FoxM1 overexpression attenuated the effects of isovitexin. Additionally, isovitexin and MnSOD knockdown could inhibit FoxM1 reporter activity via a decreased binding of E2F1 and/or Sp1 onto FoxM1 promoter. FoxM1 overexpression reversed the effects of isovitexin combined with MnSOD knockdown, without affecting MnSOD expression. Moreover, MnSOD knockdown plus thiostrepton, a FoxM1 specific inhibitor, cooperated with isovitexin to repress xenograft tumor growth and downregulate MnSOD and FoxM1 in nude mice bearing HCSLCs from MHCC97H cells.

Conclusions

Isovitexin inhibits carcinogenicity and stemness in HCSLCs by downregulating FoxM1via inhibition of MnSOD.

Electronic supplementary material

The online version of this article (10.1186/s13046-019-1244-6) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.

MCT-1/miR-34a/IL-6/IL-6R signaling axis promotes EMT progression, cancer stemness and M2 macrophage polarization in triple-negative breast cancer

Background

Triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) is a poor prognostic breast cancer with the highest mutations and limited therapeutic choices. Cytokine networking between cancer cells and the tumor microenvironment (TME) maintains the self-renewing subpopulation of breast cancer stem cells (BCSCs) that mediate tumor heterogeneity, resistance and recurrence. Immunotherapy of those factors combined with targeted therapy or chemoagents may advantage TNBC treatment.

Results

We found that the oncogene Multiple Copies in T-cell Malignancy 1 (MCT-1/MCTS1) expression is a new poor-prognosis marker in patients with aggressive breast cancers. Overexpressing MCT-1 perturbed the oncogenic breast epithelial acini morphogenesis and stimulated epithelial-mesenchymal transition and matrix metalloproteinase activation in invasive TNBC cells, which were repressed after MCT-1 gene silencing. As mammary tumor progression was promoted by oncogenic MCT-1 activation, tumor-promoting M2 macrophages were enriched in TME, whereas M2 macrophages were decreased and tumor-suppressive M1 macrophages were increased as the tumor was repressed via MCT-1 knockdown. MCT-1 stimulated interleukin-6 (IL-6) secretion that promoted monocytic THP-1 polarization into M2-like macrophages to increase TNBC cell invasiveness. In addition, MCT-1 elevated the soluble IL-6 receptor levels, and thus, IL-6R antibodies antagonized the effect of MCT-1 on promoting M2-like polarization and cancer cell invasion. Notably, MCT-1 increased the features of BCSCs, which were further advanced by IL-6 but prevented by tocilizumab, a humanized IL-6R antibody, thus MCT-1 knockdown and tocilizumab synergistically inhibited TNBC stemness. Tumor suppressor miR-34a was induced upon MCT-1 knockdown that inhibited IL-6R expression and activated M1 polarization.

Conclusions

The MCT-1 pathway is a novel and promising therapeutic target for TNBC.

Electronic supplementary material

The online version of this article (10.1186/s12943-019-0988-0) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.

Translation initiation by cap-dependent ribosome recruitment: Recent insights and open questions

Gene expression universally relies on protein synthesis, where ribosomes recognize and decode the messenger RNA template by cycling through translation initiation, elongation, and termination phases. All aspects of translation have been studied for decades using the tools of biochemistry and molecular biology available at the time. Here, we focus on the mechanism of translation initiation in eukaryotes, which is remarkably more complex than prokaryotic initiation and is the target of multiple types of regulatory intervention. The "consensus" model, featuring cap-dependent ribosome entry and scanning of mRNA leader sequences, represents the predominantly utilized initiation pathway across eukaryotes, although several variations of the model and alternative initiation mechanisms are also known. Recent advances in structural biology techniques have enabled remarkable molecular-level insights into the functional states of eukaryotic ribosomes, including a range of ribosomal complexes with different combinations of translation initiation factors that are thought to represent bona fide intermediates of the initiation process. Similarly, high-throughput sequencing-based ribosome profiling or "footprinting" approaches have allowed much progress in understanding the elongation phase of translation, and variants of them are beginning to reveal the remaining mysteries of initiation, as well as aspects of translation termination and ribosomal recycling. A current view on the eukaryotic initiation mechanism is presented here with an emphasis on how recent structural and footprinting results underpin axioms of the consensus model. Along the way, we further outline some contested mechanistic issues and major open questions still to be addressed. This article is categorized under: Translation > Translation Mechanisms Translation > Translation Regulation RNA Interactions with Proteins and Other Molecules > Protein-RNA Interactions: Functional Implications.

Redox control of cancer cell destruction

Redox regulation has been proposed to control various aspects of carcinogenesis, cancer cell growth, metabolism, migration, invasion, metastasis and cancer vascularization. As cancer has many faces, the role of redox control in different cancers and in the numerous cancer-related processes often point in different directions. In this review, we focus on the redox control mechanisms of tumor cell destruction. The review covers the tumor-intrinsic role of oxidants derived from the reduction of oxygen and nitrogen in the control of tumor cell proliferation as well as the roles of oxidants and antioxidant systems in cancer cell death caused by traditional anticancer weapons (chemotherapeutic agents, radiotherapy, photodynamic therapy). Emphasis is also put on the role of oxidants and redox status in the outcome following interactions between cancer cells, cytotoxic lymphocytes and tumor infiltrating macrophages.

The Yin and Yang of YY1 in tumor growth and suppression

Yin Yang-1 (YY1) is a zinc finger protein and member of the GLI-Kruppel family that can activate or inactivate gene expression depending on interacting partners, promoter context and chromatin structure, and may be involved in the transcriptional control of ∼10% of the total mammalian gene set. A growing body of literature indicates that YY1 is overexpressed in multiple cancer types and that increased YY1 levels correlate with poor clinical outcomes in many cancers. However, the role of YY1 in the promotion or suppression of tumor growth remains controversial and its regulatory effects may be tumor cell type dependent at least in experimental systems. The molecular mechanisms responsible for the apparently conflicting roles of YY1 are not yet fully elucidated. This review highlights recent advances in our understanding of regulatory insights involving YY1 function in a range of cancer types. For example, YY1's roles in tumor growth involve stabilization of hypoxia-inducible factor HIF-1α in a p53 independent manner, negative regulation of miR-9 transcription, control of MYCT1 transcription, a novel miR-193a-5p-YY1-APC axis, intracellular ROS and mitochondrial superoxide generation, p53 reduction and EGFR activation, control of genes associated with mitochondrial energy metabolism and miRNA regulatory networks involving miR-7, miR-9, miR-34a, miR-186, miR-381, miR-584-3p and miR-635. On the other hand, tumor suppressor roles of YY1 appear to involve YY1 stimulation of tumor suppressor BRCA1, increased Bax transcription and apoptosis involving cytochrome c release and caspase-3/-7 cleavage, induction of heme oxygenase-1, inhibition of pRb phosphorylation and p21 binding to cyclin D1 and cdk4, reduced expression of long noncoding RNA of SOX2 overlapping transcript, and MUC4/ErbB2/p38/MEF2C-dependent downregulation of MMP-10. YY1 expression is associated with that of cancer stem cell markers SOX2, BMI1 and OCT4 across many cancers suggesting multidynamic regulatory control and groups of cancers with distinct molecular signatures. Greater understanding of the mechanistic roles of YY1 will in turn lead to the development of more specific approaches to modulate YY1 expression and activity with therapeutic potential.

Autophagy promotes metastasis and glycolysis by upregulating MCT1 expression and Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway activation in hepatocellular carcinoma cells

Background

Autophagy is a dynamic physiological process that can generate energy and nutrients for cell survival during stress. Autophagy can regulate the migration and invasive ability in cancer cells. However, the connection between autophagy and metabolism is unclear. Monocarboxylate transporter 1 (MCT1) plays an important role in lactic acid transport and H⁺ clearance in cancer cells, and Wnt/β-catenin signaling can increase cancer cell glycolysis. We investigated whether autophagy promotes glycolysis in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) cells by activating the Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway, accompanied by MCT1 upregulation.

Methods

Autophagic activity was evaluated using western blotting, immunoblotting, and transmission electron microscopy. The underlying mechanisms of autophagy activation on HCC cell glycolysis were studied via western blotting, and Transwell, lactate, and glucose assays. MCT1 expression was detected using quantitative reverse transcription–PCR (real-time PCR), western blotting, and immunostaining of HCC tissues and the paired adjacent tissues.

Results

Autophagy promoted HCC cell glycolysis accompanied by MCT1 upregulation. Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway activation mediated the effect of autophagy on HCC cell glycolysis. β-Catenin downregulation inhibited the autophagy-induced glycolysis in HCC cells, and reduced MCT1 expression in the HCC cells. MCT1 was highly expressed in HCC tissues, and high MCT1 expression correlated positively with the expression of microtubule-associated protein light chain 3 (LC3).

Conclusion

Activation of autophagy can promote metastasis and glycolysis in HCC cells, and autophagy induces MCT1 expression by activating Wnt/β-catenin signaling. Our study describes the connection between autophagy and glucose metabolism in HCC cells and may provide a potential therapeutic target for HCC treatment.

Electronic supplementary material

The online version of this article (10.1186/s13046-018-0673-y) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.