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Lu CY, Chen HH, Chi KH, Chen PC. Obesity indices and the risk of total and cardiovascular mortality among people with diabetes: a long-term follow-up study in Taiwan. Cardiovasc Diabetol 2023; 22:345. [PMID: 38093333 PMCID: PMC10720223 DOI: 10.1186/s12933-023-02072-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2023] [Accepted: 11/21/2023] [Indexed: 12/17/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The association between obesity indicators and mortality in individuals with diabetes remains unclear, and data on cardiovascular mortality are scarce. Therefore, we investigated the associations between the five adiposity indices and both all-cause and cardiovascular mortality in patients with diabetes. METHODS This cohort study included 34,686 adults with diabetes who underwent a standard health-screening program between 1996 and 2017 in Taiwan. The dates and causes of death till January 2022 were retrieved from the National Death Registry. Cox proportional hazards models were used to calculate the hazard ratios (HR) and 95% confidence intervals (CI) for all-cause and cardiovascular mortality in relation to body mass index (BMI), waist circumference, waist-hip ratio (WHR), body fat percentage (BF%), and A Body Shape Index (ABSI), using the third quintile as the reference group. RESULTS During a median follow-up of 15 years, there were 8,324 deaths, of which 1,748 were attributed to cardiovascular disease. After adjusting for demographics, lifestyle factors and comorbidities, ABSI was associated with all-cause mortality in an exposure-response manner; the HR (95% CI) for first and fifth vs. third quintile was 0.78 (0.69-0.89) and 1.24 (1.14-1.35), respectively. A similar but weaker exposure-response relationship was found between WHR and mortality. People with a lower BMI and BF% had an increased risk of mortality (HR [95% CI] for the first vs. third quintiles, 1.33 [1.22, 1.44] and 1.42 [1.30, 1.56], respectively). No association was observed between waist circumference categories and risk of mortality. Similar results were observed for the association of BF%, waist circumference, and ABSI with cardiovascular mortality. However, no significant association was observed between BMI and cardiovascular mortality. The association between WHR and cardiovascular mortality was stronger than that between WHR and all-cause mortality. CONCLUSIONS ABSI demonstrated a consistent exposure-response relationship with both all-cause and cardiovascular mortality in this Asian cohort with diabetes. Our findings highlight the importance of monitoring ABSI, a surrogate index of central adiposity, in patients with diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chung-Yen Lu
- Department of Sport and Health Management, Da-Yeh University, Changhua, 515, Taiwan
- Long Health Chinese Medicine Clinic, Taipei, 106, Taiwan
| | - Hsiao-Hui Chen
- Department of Public Health, China Medical University, Taichung, 406, Taiwan
- Department of Medical Research, Taichung Veterans General Hospital, Taichung, 407, Taiwan
| | - Kuan-Hui Chi
- National Center for Geriatrics and Welfare Research, National Health Research Institutes, 35 Keyan Road, Miaoli, 350, Taiwan
| | - Pei-Chun Chen
- National Center for Geriatrics and Welfare Research, National Health Research Institutes, 35 Keyan Road, Miaoli, 350, Taiwan.
- Big Data Center, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung, 404, Taiwan.
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Huang Y, Peng J, Wang W, Zheng X, Qin G, Xu H. Age-Dependent Association Between Body Mass Index and All-Cause Mortality Among Patients with Hypertension: A Longitudinal Population-Based Cohort Study in China. Clin Epidemiol 2023; 15:1159-1170. [PMID: 38089006 PMCID: PMC10712248 DOI: 10.2147/clep.s442162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2023] [Accepted: 11/28/2023] [Indexed: 01/18/2024] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE The association between body mass index (BMI) and all-cause mortality may vary among hypertensive patients of different ages. This study aimed to investigate the age-dependent association between BMI and all-cause mortality among patients with hypertension. PATIENTS AND METHODS A total of 212,394 participants with hypertension aged 20-85 years from Minhang Hypertension Standardization Management System in Shanghai of China were included. Follow-up began at the time when individuals were first recorded and ended at death, loss to follow-up, or December 31, 2018, whichever came first. Additive Cox proportional hazards models with thin plate smoothing functions and conventional Cox proportional hazards models were adopted to examine the relationship between BMI, age, and mortality. The joint effect of BMI and age on mortality was assessed using a bivariate response model. RESULTS We found that the BMI-mortality relationship followed a U-shaped pattern, with a trough at 26-27 kg/m2. Compared with normal weight, underweight was associated with a 50% increased risk of premature mortality (hazard ratio 1.50, 95% confidence interval 1.43 to 1.57). Whereas among those aged 45-59 and 60-85 years, overweight was associated with 13% (0.87, 0.80 to 0.94) and 18% (0.82, 0.80 to 0.84) reduction in risk of death, respectively. Bivariate response model indicated a significant interaction between BMI and age (P < 0.05). Among younger and older patients, we found a descending trend for mortality risk, with BMI increasing at different age levels, whereas a reverse J-shaped relation pattern was observed among middle-aged patients. CONCLUSION The impact of BMI on all-cause mortality in hypertensive patients varies with age, and moderate weight gain may benefit longevity in middle-aged and older patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yifang Huang
- Shanghai Institute of Infectious Disease and Biosecurity, Fudan University, Shanghai, People’s Republic of China
- Department of Biostatistics, National Health Commission Key Laboratory of Health Technology Assessment, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Public Health Safety, School of Public Health, Fudan University, Shanghai, People’s Republic of China
| | - Jiahuan Peng
- Department of Biostatistics, National Health Commission Key Laboratory of Health Technology Assessment, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Public Health Safety, School of Public Health, Fudan University, Shanghai, People’s Republic of China
| | - Weibing Wang
- Shanghai Institute of Infectious Disease and Biosecurity, Fudan University, Shanghai, People’s Republic of China
| | - Xueying Zheng
- Department of Biostatistics, National Health Commission Key Laboratory of Health Technology Assessment, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Public Health Safety, School of Public Health, Fudan University, Shanghai, People’s Republic of China
| | - Guoyou Qin
- Shanghai Institute of Infectious Disease and Biosecurity, Fudan University, Shanghai, People’s Republic of China
- Department of Biostatistics, National Health Commission Key Laboratory of Health Technology Assessment, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Public Health Safety, School of Public Health, Fudan University, Shanghai, People’s Republic of China
| | - Huilin Xu
- Shanghai Minhang Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Shanghai, People’s Republic of China
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Matsuki H, Genma T, Mandai S, Fujiki T, Mori Y, Ando F, Mori T, Susa K, Iimori S, Naito S, Sohara E, Rai T, Fushimi K, Uchida S. National Trends in Mortality and Urgent Dialysis after Acute Hypertension in Japan From 2010 Through 2019. Hypertension 2023; 80:2591-2600. [PMID: 37818643 DOI: 10.1161/hypertensionaha.123.21880] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2023] [Accepted: 09/25/2023] [Indexed: 10/12/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Despite increasing incidences of hypertension, recent trends in mortality and urgent dialysis following acute hypertension (AHT) remain undetermined. METHODS This retrospective observational cohort study evaluated 50 316 hospitalized AHT patients from 2010 to 2019, using an administrative claims database in Japan. We examined trends in incidence, urgent dialysis, mortality, and its risk factors using Poisson regression models. Using International Classification of Disease and Related Health Problems, 10th Revision codes, AHT was categorized into 5 spectrums: malignant hypertension (n=1792), hypertensive emergency (n=17 907), hypertensive urgency (n=1562), hypertensive encephalopathy (n=6593), and hypertensive heart failure (HHF; n=22 462). RESULTS The median age of the patients was 76 years, and 54.9% were women. The total AHT incidence was 70 cases per 100 000 admission year. The absolute death rate increased from 1.83% (95% CI, 1.40-2.40) to 2.88% ([95% CI, 2.42-3.41]; Cochran-Armitage trend test, P<0.0001). Upward trends were observed in patients aged ≥80, with lean body mass index ≤18.4, and with HHF. Urgent dialysis rates increased from 1.52% (95% CI, 1.12-2.06) to 2.60% (2.17-3.1; Cochran-Armitage trend test; P=0.0071) in 48 235 patients, excluding maintenance dialysis patients. Older age, men, lean body mass, malignant hypertension, HHF, and underlying chronic kidney disease correlated with higher mortality risk; greater hospital volume correlated with lower mortality risk; and malignant hypertension, HHF, diabetes, chronic kidney disease, and scleroderma correlated with a higher risk of urgent dialysis. CONCLUSIONS Mortality and urgent dialysis rates following AHT have increased. Aging, complex comorbidities, and HHF-type AHT contributed to the rising trend of mortality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hisazumi Matsuki
- Department of Nephrology, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Bunkyo, Tokyo, Japan (H.M., T.G., S.M., T.F., Y.M., F.A., T.M., K.S., S.I., S.N., E.S., T.R., S.U.)
| | - Taku Genma
- Department of Nephrology, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Bunkyo, Tokyo, Japan (H.M., T.G., S.M., T.F., Y.M., F.A., T.M., K.S., S.I., S.N., E.S., T.R., S.U.)
| | - Shintaro Mandai
- Department of Nephrology, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Bunkyo, Tokyo, Japan (H.M., T.G., S.M., T.F., Y.M., F.A., T.M., K.S., S.I., S.N., E.S., T.R., S.U.)
| | - Tamami Fujiki
- Department of Nephrology, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Bunkyo, Tokyo, Japan (H.M., T.G., S.M., T.F., Y.M., F.A., T.M., K.S., S.I., S.N., E.S., T.R., S.U.)
| | - Yutaro Mori
- Department of Nephrology, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Bunkyo, Tokyo, Japan (H.M., T.G., S.M., T.F., Y.M., F.A., T.M., K.S., S.I., S.N., E.S., T.R., S.U.)
| | - Fumiaki Ando
- Department of Nephrology, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Bunkyo, Tokyo, Japan (H.M., T.G., S.M., T.F., Y.M., F.A., T.M., K.S., S.I., S.N., E.S., T.R., S.U.)
| | - Takayasu Mori
- Department of Nephrology, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Bunkyo, Tokyo, Japan (H.M., T.G., S.M., T.F., Y.M., F.A., T.M., K.S., S.I., S.N., E.S., T.R., S.U.)
| | - Koichiro Susa
- Department of Nephrology, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Bunkyo, Tokyo, Japan (H.M., T.G., S.M., T.F., Y.M., F.A., T.M., K.S., S.I., S.N., E.S., T.R., S.U.)
| | - Soichiro Iimori
- Department of Nephrology, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Bunkyo, Tokyo, Japan (H.M., T.G., S.M., T.F., Y.M., F.A., T.M., K.S., S.I., S.N., E.S., T.R., S.U.)
| | - Shotaro Naito
- Department of Nephrology, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Bunkyo, Tokyo, Japan (H.M., T.G., S.M., T.F., Y.M., F.A., T.M., K.S., S.I., S.N., E.S., T.R., S.U.)
| | - Eisei Sohara
- Department of Nephrology, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Bunkyo, Tokyo, Japan (H.M., T.G., S.M., T.F., Y.M., F.A., T.M., K.S., S.I., S.N., E.S., T.R., S.U.)
| | - Tatemitsu Rai
- Department of Nephrology, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Bunkyo, Tokyo, Japan (H.M., T.G., S.M., T.F., Y.M., F.A., T.M., K.S., S.I., S.N., E.S., T.R., S.U.)
- Department of Nephrology and Hypertension, Dokkyo Medical University, Shimotsuga, Tochigi, Japan (T.R.)
| | - Kiyohide Fushimi
- Department of Health Policy and Informatics, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Bunkyo, Tokyo, Japan (K.F.)
| | - Shinichi Uchida
- Department of Nephrology, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Bunkyo, Tokyo, Japan (H.M., T.G., S.M., T.F., Y.M., F.A., T.M., K.S., S.I., S.N., E.S., T.R., S.U.)
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Wu J, Han X, Sun D, Zhang J, Li J, Qin G, Deng W, Yu Y, Xu H. Age-specific association of stage of hypertension at diagnosis with cardiovascular and all-cause mortality among elderly patients with hypertension: a cohort study. BMC Cardiovasc Disord 2023; 23:270. [PMID: 37221473 DOI: 10.1186/s12872-023-03250-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2023] [Accepted: 04/19/2023] [Indexed: 05/25/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Hypertension affects 31.1% of adults worldwide, with higher prevalence of great than 60% in elderly. Advanced hypertension stage was associated with the higher risk of mortality. However, little is known about the age-specific association of stage of hypertension at diagnosis on cardiovascular mortality or all-cause mortality. Therefore, we aim to explore this age-specific association among the hypertensive elderly through stratified and interaction analyses. METHODS This cohort study included 125,978 elderly hypertensive patients aged 60+ years from Shanghai of China. Cox regression was used to estimate the independent and joint effect of hypertension stage and age at diagnosis on cardiovascular and all-cause mortality. Interactions were evaluated both additively and multiplicatively. Multiplicative interaction was examined by the Wald test of the interaction term. Additive interaction was assessed by relative excess risk due to interaction (RERI). All analyses were performed stratified by sex. RESULTS 28,250 patients died during the follow-up up to 8.85 years, and 13,164 died of cardiovascular events. Older age and advanced hypertension stage were risk factors of cardiovascular mortality and all-cause mortality. Besides, smoking, rarely exercise, BMI < 18.5 and diabetes were also the risk factors. When we compared stage 3 hypertension with stage 1 hypertension, hazard ratios (95% confidence interval) of cardiovascular mortality and all-cause mortality were 1.56(1.41-1.72) and 1.29(1.21-1.37) for males aged 60-69 years, 1.25(1.14-1.36) and 1.13(1.06-1.20) for males aged 70-85 years, 1.48(1.32-1.67) and 1.29(1.19-1.40) for females aged 60-69 years, and 1.19(1.10-1.29) and 1.08(1.01-1.15) for females aged 70-85 years, respectively. Negative multiplicative interaction and positive additive interaction between age at diagnosis and stage of hypertension at diagnosis on cardiovascular mortality were observed in males (HR: 0.81, 95% CI: 0.71-0.93 RERI: 0.59, 95% CI: 0.09-1.07) and females (HR: 0.81, 95% CI: 0.70-0.93 RERI: 0.66, 95% CI: 0.10-1.23). CONCLUSIONS Diagnosed with stage 3 hypertension was associated with higher risks of cardiovascular mortality and all-cause mortality, which were stronger among patients with age at diagnosis of 60-69 years compared with those with age at diagnosis of 70-85 years. Therefore, for the younger part of the elderly, the Department of Health should pay more attention to treating patients with stage 3 hypertension.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingyi Wu
- Department of Biostatistics, School of Public Health, The Key Laboratory of Public Health Safety of Ministry of Education, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiaojie Han
- The Fifth People's Hospital of Shanghai, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Di Sun
- Department of Cardiology, Shengli Oilfield Central Hospital, Dongying, Shandong, China
| | - Jie Zhang
- Department of Public Health, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
- NCRR-National Centre for Register-based Research, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Jiong Li
- Department of Clinical Medicine-Department of Clinical Epidemiology, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Guoyou Qin
- Department of Biostatistics, School of Public Health, The Key Laboratory of Public Health Safety of Ministry of Education, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Wei Deng
- Department of Biostatistics, School of Public Health, The Key Laboratory of Public Health Safety of Ministry of Education, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.
- , 130 Dong'an Road, Shanghai, 200032, China.
| | - Yongfu Yu
- Department of Biostatistics, School of Public Health, The Key Laboratory of Public Health Safety of Ministry of Education, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.
- , 130 Dong'an Road, Shanghai, 200032, China.
| | - Huilin Xu
- Shanghai Minhang Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Shanghai, China.
- , 965 Zhong Yi Road, Shanghai, 201101, China.
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Tu J, Wu B, Xiu J, Deng J, Lin S, Lu J, Yan Y, Yu P, Zhu J, Chen K, Ding S, Chen L. Advanced lung cancer inflammation index is associated with long-term cardiovascular death in hypertensive patients: national health and nutrition examination study, 1999-2018. Front Physiol 2023; 14:1074672. [PMID: 37206362 PMCID: PMC10189044 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2023.1074672] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2022] [Accepted: 04/17/2023] [Indexed: 05/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: Hypertension is one of the main causes of cardiovascular death. Inflammation was considered influential factors of cardiovascular (CVD) death in patients with hypertension. Advanced lung cancer inflammation index (ALI) is an index to assess inflammation, few studies have investigated the relationship between advanced lung cancer inflammation index and cardiovascular death in hypertensive patients. Objective: The aim of this study was to investigate the association between advanced lung cancer inflammation index and long-term cardiovascular death in hypertensive patients. Method: Data from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) 1999-2018 with mortality follow-up through 31 December 2019 were analyzed. Advanced lung cancer inflammation index was calculated as BMI (kg/㎡) × serum albumin level (g/dL)/neutrophil to lymphocyte ratio (NLR). A total of 20,517 participants were evaluated. Patients were divided into three groups based on tertiles of advanced lung cancer inflammation index as follows: T1 (n = 6,839), T2 (n = 6,839), and T3 (n = 6,839) groups. The relationship between advanced lung cancer inflammation index and long-term cardiovascular death was assessed by survival curves and Cox regression analysis based on the NHANES recommended weights. Results: The median advanced lung cancer inflammation index value in this study was 61.9 [44.4, 84.6]. After full adjustment, the T2 group (hazard ratio [HR]: 0.59, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.50-0.69; p < 0.001) and T3 group (HR: 0.48, 95% CI: 0.39-0.58; p < 0.001) were found to have a significantly lower risk of cardiovascular death compared to the T1 group. Conclusion: High levels of advanced lung cancer inflammation index were associated with reduced risk of cardiovascular death in hypertensive patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiabin Tu
- Longyan First Affiliated Hospital of Fujian Medical University, Longyan, China
| | - Bo Wu
- Longyan First Affiliated Hospital of Fujian Medical University, Longyan, China
| | - Jiaming Xiu
- Longyan First Affiliated Hospital of Fujian Medical University, Longyan, China
| | - Jiayi Deng
- Longyan First Affiliated Hospital of Fujian Medical University, Longyan, China
| | - Shuqiong Lin
- Zhangzhou Affiliated Hospital to Fujian Medical University, Zhangzhou, China
| | - Jin Lu
- Longyan First Affiliated Hospital of Fujian Medical University, Longyan, China
| | - Yanfang Yan
- Longyan First Affiliated Hospital of Fujian Medical University, Longyan, China
| | - Pei Yu
- Longyan First Affiliated Hospital of Fujian Medical University, Longyan, China
| | - Jinlong Zhu
- Longyan First Affiliated Hospital of Fujian Medical University, Longyan, China
| | - Kaihong Chen
- Longyan First Affiliated Hospital of Fujian Medical University, Longyan, China
- *Correspondence: Kaihong Chen, ; Shan Ding, ; Liling Chen,
| | - Shan Ding
- Zhongshan Hospital (Xiamen), Fudan University, Xiamen, China
- *Correspondence: Kaihong Chen, ; Shan Ding, ; Liling Chen,
| | - Liling Chen
- Longyan First Affiliated Hospital of Fujian Medical University, Longyan, China
- *Correspondence: Kaihong Chen, ; Shan Ding, ; Liling Chen,
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Yang Y, Xu H, Liu X, Li J, Liew Z, Liu X, Huang C, Zhu J, Zhang J, Chen L, Hao Y, Qin G, Yu Y. Joint association of smoking and physical activity with mortality in elderly hypertensive patients: A Chinese population-based cohort study in 2007-2018. Front Public Health 2022; 10:1005260. [PMID: 36249230 PMCID: PMC9558130 DOI: 10.3389/fpubh.2022.1005260] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2022] [Accepted: 08/31/2022] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Although associations of physical activity and smoking with mortality have been well-established, the joint impact of physical activity and smoking on premature mortality among elderly hypertensive population was still unclear. This study aimed to assess association of physical activity, smoking, and their interaction with all-cause and cardiovascular disease (CVD) mortality risk in elderly hypertensive patients. Methods We included 125,978 Chinese hypertensive patients aged 60-85 years [mean (SD) age, 70.5 (6.9) years] who had records in electronic health information system of Minhang District of Shanghai, China in 2007-2015. Cox regression was used to estimate individual and joint association of smoking and physical activity on all-cause and CVD mortality. Interactions were measured both additively and multiplicatively. Additive interaction was evaluated by relative excess risk due to interaction (RERI), attributable proportion due to interaction (AP) and synergy index (S). Results Among 125,978 elderly hypertensive patients (median age 70.1), 28,250 deaths from all causes and 13,164 deaths from CVD were observed during the follow-up up to 11 years. There was an additive interaction between smoking and physical inactivity [RERI: all-cause 0.19 (95% CI: 0.04-0.34), CVD 0.28 (0.06-0.50); AP: all-cause 0.09 (0.02-0.16), CVD 0.14 (0.04-0.23); S: all-cause 1.21 (1.04-1.42), CVD 1.36 (1.06-1.75)], while the concurrence of both risk factors was associated with more than 2-fold risk of death [hazard ratio (HR): all-cause 2.10 (1.99-2.21), CVD 2.19 (2.02-2.38)]. Conclusion Our study suggested that smoking and physical inactivity together may have amplified association on premature death compared to the sum of their individual associations, highlighting the importance of improving behavioral factors in combination and promoting a comprehensive healthy lifestyle in hypertensive elderly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yating Yang
- Department of Biostatistics, School of Public Health, The Key Laboratory of Public Health Safety of Ministry of Education, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Huilin Xu
- Shanghai Minhang Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiaoqin Liu
- NCRR-National Centre for Register-Based Research, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Jiong Li
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark,Department of Clinical Epidemiology, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Zeyan Liew
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Yale School of Public Health, New Haven, CT, United States
| | - Xing Liu
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, The Key Laboratory of Public Health Safety of Ministry of Education, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Chen Huang
- Department of Biostatistics, School of Public Health, The Key Laboratory of Public Health Safety of Ministry of Education, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Jingjing Zhu
- Department of Biostatistics, School of Public Health, The Key Laboratory of Public Health Safety of Ministry of Education, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Jinling Zhang
- Shanghai Minhang Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Shanghai, China
| | - Linli Chen
- Shanghai Minhang Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Shanghai, China
| | - Yuantao Hao
- Department of Medical Statistics and Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China,*Correspondence: Yuantao Hao
| | - Guoyou Qin
- Shanghai Institute of Infectious Disease and Biosecurity, Shanghai, China,Guoyou Qin
| | - Yongfu Yu
- Department of Biostatistics, School of Public Health, The Key Laboratory of Public Health Safety of Ministry of Education, Fudan University, Shanghai, China,Yongfu Yu
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