1
|
Stevenson AC, Colley RC, Dasgupta K, Minaker LM, Riva M, Widener MJ, Ross NA. Neighborhood Fast-Food Environments and Hypertension in Canadian Adults. Am J Prev Med 2023; 65:696-703. [PMID: 37068598 DOI: 10.1016/j.amepre.2023.04.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2022] [Revised: 04/12/2023] [Accepted: 04/12/2023] [Indexed: 04/19/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Hypertension is a leading cause of cardiovascular disease and premature death worldwide. Neighborhoods characterized by a high proportion of fast-food outlets may also contribute to hypertension in residents; however, limited research has explored these associations. This cross-sectional study assessed the associations between neighborhood fast-food environments, measured hypertension, and self-reported hypertension. METHODS Data from 10,700 adults living in urban areas were obtained from six Canadian Health Measures Survey cycles (2007-2019). Each participant's blood pressure was measured at a mobile clinic six times. Measured hypertension was defined as having an average systolic blood pressure ≥140 or a diastolic blood pressure ≥90 mm Hg or being on blood pressure-lowering medication. Participants were also asked whether they had been diagnosed with high blood pressure or whether they take blood pressure-lowering medication (i.e., self-reported hypertension). The proportion of fast-food outlets relative to the sum of fast-food outlets and full-service restaurants in each participant's neighborhood was obtained from the Canadian Food Environment Dataset, and analyses were conducted in 2022. RESULTS The mean proportion of fast-food outlets was 23.3% (SD=26.8%). A one SD increase in the proportion of fast-food outlets was associated with higher odds of measured hypertension in the full sample (OR=1.17, 95% CI=1.05, 1.31) and in sex-specific models (women: OR=1.14, 95% CI=1.01, 1.29; men: OR=1.21, 95% CI=1.03, 1.43). Associations between the proportion of fast-food outlets and self-reported hypertension were inconclusive. CONCLUSIONS Findings suggest that reducing the proportion of fast-food restaurants in neighborhoods may be a factor that could help reduce hypertension rates.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Rachel C Colley
- Health Analysis Division, Statistics Canada, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Kaberi Dasgupta
- Department of Epidemiology, Biostatistics and Occupational Health, School of Population and Global Health, McGill University, Montréal, Quebec, Canada; McGill University Health Center, Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, McGill University, Montréal, Quebec, Canada; Center for Outcomes Research & Evaluation (CORE), McGill University Health Centre Research Institute, McGill University, Montréal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Leia M Minaker
- School of Planning, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario, Canada
| | - Mylene Riva
- Department of Geography, McGill University, Montréal, Quebec, Canada; Institute for Health and Social Policy, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Michael J Widener
- Department of Geography & Planning, Faculty of Arts & Science, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Nancy A Ross
- Department of Public Health Sciences, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Khraishah H, Alahmad B, Ostergard RL, AlAshqar A, Albaghdadi M, Vellanki N, Chowdhury MM, Al-Kindi SG, Zanobetti A, Gasparrini A, Rajagopalan S. Climate change and cardiovascular disease: implications for global health. Nat Rev Cardiol 2022; 19:798-812. [PMID: 35672485 DOI: 10.1038/s41569-022-00720-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 30.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/04/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Climate change is the greatest existential challenge to planetary and human health and is dictated by a shift in the Earth's weather and air conditions owing to anthropogenic activity. Climate change has resulted not only in extreme temperatures, but also in an increase in the frequency of droughts, wildfires, dust storms, coastal flooding, storm surges and hurricanes, as well as multiple compound and cascading events. The interactions between climate change and health outcomes are diverse and complex and include several exposure pathways that might promote the development of non-communicable diseases such as cardiovascular disease. A collaborative approach is needed to solve this climate crisis, whereby medical professionals, scientific researchers, public health officials and policymakers should work together to mitigate and limit the consequences of global warming. In this Review, we aim to provide an overview of the consequences of climate change on cardiovascular health, which result from direct exposure pathways, such as shifts in ambient temperature, air pollution, forest fires, desert (dust and sand) storms and extreme weather events. We also describe the populations that are most susceptible to the health effects caused by climate change and propose potential mitigation strategies, with an emphasis on collaboration at the scientific, governmental and policy levels.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Haitham Khraishah
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA. .,Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.
| | - Barrak Alahmad
- Department of Environmental Health, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Harvard University, Boston, MA, USA.,Environmental & Occupational Health Department, Faculty of Public Health, Kuwait University, Hawalli, Kuwait
| | | | - Abdelrahman AlAshqar
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductive Sciences, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Mazen Albaghdadi
- Division of Cardiology, Peter Munk Cardiac Centre, Toronto General Hospital, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Nirupama Vellanki
- Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Mohammed M Chowdhury
- Department of Vascular and Endovascular Surgery, Department of Surgery, Addenbrooke's Hospital, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Sadeer G Al-Kindi
- University Hospitals, Harrington Heart & Vascular Institute, Department of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Antonella Zanobetti
- Department of Environmental Health, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Harvard University, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Antonio Gasparrini
- Centre for Statistical Methodology, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, UK.,Centre on Climate Change and Planetary Health, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, UK.,Department of Public Health Environments and Society, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, UK
| | - Sanjay Rajagopalan
- University Hospitals, Harrington Heart & Vascular Institute, Department of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Saadi D, Tirosh E, Schnell I. The role of social vs. physical environmental nuisances in affecting stress among Jewish and Muslim women in Israel. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2021; 768:144474. [PMID: 33454489 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.144474] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2020] [Revised: 10/31/2020] [Accepted: 12/08/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
We calculate the effects of selected social and physical environmental nuisances on the autonomic nervous system balance among Jewish and Muslim mothers. Seventy-two Jewish and Muslim young healthy mothers from an Arab and Jewish neighboring city were tested in seven urban environments. Three social mediators (social discomfort, participation in household's decision-making and freedom of movement) and three physical mediators (thermal load, carbon monoxide and noise) were considered. Mean differences between Jewish and Muslim heart rate variability (HRV) and the effects of the mediating variables were calculated by ANOVA and stepwise multiple regressions. The results suggest that HRV was predominantly affected by social discomfort. Jewish and Muslim mothers experienced similar levels of social discomfort albeit; their responses differed by type of environment. Jewish mothers experienced stronger social discomfort in outdoor environments while Muslim mothers felt stronger social discomfort at home. Crossing ethnic boundaries was associated with increase in stress in both groups. Social discomfort played a stronger role in predicting stress in inter-ethnic environments. In conclusion, the study shows that social discomfort is a predominant environmental factor in predicting stress and related risk to health as reflected in the ANS balance across ethnicities. In addition ethnic specific factors like women freedom of movement played a minor role in effecting stress. At the same time the physical environmental aspects played essential role in effecting stress.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Diana Saadi
- Porter School of the Environmental and Earth Sciences, the Faculty of Exact Sciences, Tel Aviv University, Israel
| | - Emanuel Tirosh
- Bnei Zion Medical Center, the Rappaport Family Faculty of Medicine, The Technion, Israel Institute of Technology, Israel
| | - Izhak Schnell
- Department of Geography and Human Environment, Tel Aviv University, Israel.
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Newman JD, Rajagopalan S, Levy P, Brook RD. Clearing the air to treat hypertension. J Hum Hypertens 2020; 34:759-763. [PMID: 32439971 PMCID: PMC7665990 DOI: 10.1038/s41371-020-0358-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2020] [Revised: 05/11/2020] [Accepted: 05/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan D Newman
- Division of Cardiology and the Center for the Prevention of Cardiovascular Disease, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Sanjay Rajagopalan
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Phillip Levy
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI, USA
| | - Robert D Brook
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, University of Michigan, New York, NY, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Mahlof EN, Bisognano JD. Reducing cardiovascular risk caused by air pollution: individuals can make a difference. J Hum Hypertens 2020; 34:805-806. [PMID: 32873874 PMCID: PMC7461743 DOI: 10.1038/s41371-020-00404-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2020] [Revised: 08/03/2020] [Accepted: 08/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/02/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Elliot N Mahlof
- University of Rochester Medical Center, Department of Internal Medicine, Cardiology Division, 601 Elmwood Avenue, Box 679, Rochester, NY, 14642, USA
| | - John D Bisognano
- University of Rochester Medical Center, Department of Internal Medicine, Cardiology Division, 601 Elmwood Avenue, Box 679, Rochester, NY, 14642, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Brook RD, Levy P, Rajagopalan S. Cardiometabolic Risk Factor Control During Times of Crises and Beyond. Circ Cardiovasc Qual Outcomes 2020; 13:e006815. [PMID: 32524839 DOI: 10.1161/circoutcomes.120.006815] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Robert D Brook
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor (R.D.B.)
| | - Phillip Levy
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI (P.L.)
| | - Sanjay Rajagopalan
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH (S.R.)
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Morishita M, Wang L, Speth K, Zhou N, Bard RL, Li F, Brook JR, Rajagopalan S, Brook RD. Acute Blood Pressure and Cardiovascular Effects of Near-Roadway Exposures With and Without N95 Respirators. Am J Hypertens 2019; 32:1054-1065. [PMID: 31350540 PMCID: PMC7962899 DOI: 10.1093/ajh/hpz113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2019] [Revised: 07/03/2019] [Accepted: 07/18/2019] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The risk for cardiovascular events increases within hours of near-roadway exposures. We aimed to determine the traffic-related air pollution (TRAP) and biological mechanisms involved and if reducing particulate matter <2.5 µm (PM2.5) inhalation is protective. METHODS Fifty healthy-adults underwent multiple 2-hour near-roadway exposures (Tuesdays to Fridays) in Ann Arbor during 2 separate weeks (randomized to wear an N95 respirator during 1 week). Monday both weeks, participants rested 2 hours in an exam room (once wearing an N95 respirator). Brachial blood pressure, aortic hemodynamics, and heart rate variability were repeatedly measured during exposures. Endothelial function (reactive hyperemia index [RHI]) was measured post-exposures (Thursdays). Black carbon (BC), total particle count (PC), PM2.5, noise and temperature were measured throughout exposures. RESULTS PM2.5 (9.3 ± 7.7 µg/m3), BC (1.3 ± 0.6 µg/m3), PC (8,375 ± 4,930 particles/cm3) and noise (69.2 ± 4.2 dB) were higher (P values <0.01) and aortic hemodynamic parameters trended worse while near-roadway (P values<0.15 vs. exam room). Other outcomes were unchanged. Aortic hemodynamics trended towards improvements with N95 respirator usage while near-roadway (P values<0.15 vs. no-use), whereas other outcomes remained unaffected. Higher near-roadway PC and BC exposures were associated with increases in aortic augmentation pressures (P values<0.05) and trends toward lower RHI (P values <0.2). N95 respirator usage did not mitigate these adverse responses (nonsignificant pollutant-respirator interactions). Near-roadway outdoor-temperature and noise were also associated with cardiovascular changes. CONCLUSIONS Exposure to real-world combustion-derived particulates in TRAP, even at relatively low concentrations, acutely worsened aortic hemodynamics. Our mixed findings regarding the health benefits of wearing N95 respirators support that further studies are needed to validate if they adequately protect against TRAP given their growing worldwide usage.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Masako Morishita
- Department of Family Medicine, College of Human Medicine, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan, USA
| | - Lu Wang
- Department of Biostatistics, School of Public Health, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Kelly Speth
- Department of Biostatistics, School of Public Health, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Nina Zhou
- Department of Biostatistics, School of Public Health, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Robert L Bard
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Fengyao Li
- Department of Family Medicine, College of Human Medicine, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan, USA
| | - Jeffrey R Brook
- Dalla Lana School of Public Health, University of Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Sanjay Rajagopalan
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Case Western Reserve Medical School, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
| | - Robert D Brook
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Brook RD, Brook JR, Tam EK. Volcanic smog and cardiometabolic health: Hawaiian hypertension? J Clin Hypertens (Greenwich) 2019; 21:533-535. [PMID: 30801901 DOI: 10.1111/jch.13500] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2018] [Revised: 01/04/2019] [Accepted: 01/21/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Robert D Brook
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Jeffery R Brook
- Dalla Lana School of Public Health, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario
| | - Elizabeth K Tam
- Department of Medicine, University of Hawai'i John A. Burns School of Medicine, Honolulu, Hawaii
| |
Collapse
|