1
|
Meng L, Gao J, Mo W, Wang B, Shen H, Cao W, Ding M, Diao W, Chen W, Zhang Q, Shu J, Dai H, Guo H. MIOX inhibits autophagy to regulate the ROS -driven inhibition of STAT3/c-Myc-mediated epithelial-mesenchymal transition in clear cell renal cell carcinoma. Redox Biol 2023; 68:102956. [PMID: 37977044 PMCID: PMC10692917 DOI: 10.1016/j.redox.2023.102956] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2023] [Revised: 10/28/2023] [Accepted: 11/01/2023] [Indexed: 11/19/2023] Open
Abstract
The specific mechanism of clear cell renal cell carcinoma (ccRCC) progression, a pathological type that accounts for the highest proportion of RCC, remains unclear. In this study, bioinformatics analysis of scRNA-seq dataset in ccRCC revealed that MIOX was a gene specifically down-regulated in tumor epithelial cells of ccRCC. Analysis of the TCGA database further validated the association between decreased MIOX mRNA levels and ccRCC malignant phenotype and poor prognosis. Immunohistochemistry indicated the down-regulation of MIOX in ccRCC tissues compared to paired adjacent renal tissues, with further down-regulation of MIOX in the primary tumors of patients with primary metastasis compared to those without metastasis. Also, patients with low expression of MIOX showed shorter metastasis-free survival (MFS) compared to those with high MIOX expression. In vitro results showed that overexpression of MIOX in ccRCC cells inhibited the proliferation, migration and invasion and promoted apoptosis. Mechanistically, up-regulation of MIOX inhibited autophagy to elevate the levels of ROS, and thus suppressed STAT3/c-Myc-mediated epithelial-mesenchymal transition in ccRCC cells. In vivo data further confirmed that increased MIOX expression suppressed the growth and proliferation of RCC cells and reduced the ability of RCC cells to form metastases in the lung. This study demonstrates that MIOX is an important regulatory molecule of ccRCC, which is conducive to understanding the potential molecular mechanism of ccRCC progression.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Longxiyu Meng
- Department of Urology, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, Affiliated Hospital of Medical School, Nanjing University, Institute of Urology Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210008, China
| | - Jie Gao
- Department of Urology, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, Affiliated Hospital of Medical School, Nanjing University, Institute of Urology Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210008, China
| | - Wenjing Mo
- Department of Urology, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital Clinical College of Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210008, China
| | - Baojun Wang
- Department of Urology, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital Clinical College of Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210008, China
| | - Hongwei Shen
- Department of Urology, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital Clinical College of Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210008, China
| | - Wenmin Cao
- Department of Urology, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, Affiliated Hospital of Medical School, Nanjing University, Institute of Urology Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210008, China
| | - Meng Ding
- Department of Urology, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, Affiliated Hospital of Medical School, Nanjing University, Institute of Urology Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210008, China
| | - Wenli Diao
- Department of Urology, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, Affiliated Hospital of Medical School, Nanjing University, Institute of Urology Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210008, China
| | - Wei Chen
- Department of Urology, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, Affiliated Hospital of Medical School, Nanjing University, Institute of Urology Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210008, China
| | - Qing Zhang
- Department of Urology, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, Affiliated Hospital of Medical School, Nanjing University, Institute of Urology Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210008, China
| | - Jiaxin Shu
- Department of Urology, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital Clinical College of Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210008, China
| | - Huiqi Dai
- Department of Urology, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital Clinical College of Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210008, China
| | - Hongqian Guo
- Department of Urology, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, Affiliated Hospital of Medical School, Nanjing University, Institute of Urology Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210008, China.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Tan M, Pan Q, Wu Q, Li J, Wang J. Aldolase B attenuates clear cell renal cell carcinoma progression by inhibiting CtBP2. Front Med 2023; 17:503-517. [PMID: 36790589 DOI: 10.1007/s11684-022-0947-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2022] [Accepted: 06/28/2022] [Indexed: 02/16/2023]
Abstract
Aldolase B (ALDOB), a glycolytic enzyme, is uniformly depleted in clear cell renal cell carcinoma (ccRCC) tissues. We previously showed that ALDOB inhibited proliferation through a mechanism independent of its enzymatic activity in ccRCC, but the mechanism was not unequivocally identified. We showed that the corepressor C-terminal-binding protein 2 (CtBP2) is a novel ALDOB-interacting protein in ccRCC. The CtBP2-to-ALDOB expression ratio in clinical samples was correlated with the expression of CtBP2 target genes and was associated with shorter survival. ALDOB inhibited CtBP2-mediated repression of multiple cell cycle inhibitor, proapoptotic, and epithelial marker genes. Furthermore, ALDOB overexpression decreased the proliferation and migration of ccRCC cells in an ALDOB-CtBP2 interaction-dependent manner. Mechanistically, our findings showed that ALDOB recruited acireductone dioxygenase 1, which catalyzes the synthesis of an endogenous inhibitor of CtBP2, 4-methylthio 2-oxobutyric acid. ALDOB functions as a scaffold to bring acireductone dioxygenase and CtBP2 in close proximity to potentiate acireductone dioxygenase-mediated inhibition of CtBP2, and this scaffolding effect was independent of ALDOB enzymatic activity. Moreover, increased ALDOB expression inhibited tumor growth in a xenograft model and decreased lung metastasis in vivo. Our findings reveal that ALDOB is a negative regulator of CtBP2 and inhibits tumor growth and metastasis in ccRCC.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mingyue Tan
- Department of Urology, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200080, China
- Urology Center, Shuguang Hospital, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, 201203, China
| | - Qi Pan
- Department of Urology, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200080, China
| | - Qi Wu
- Department of Urology, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200080, China
- Department of Urology, The Sixth Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University (The People's Hospital of Lishui), Lishui, 323000, China
| | - Jianfa Li
- Department of Urology, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200080, China
| | - Jun Wang
- Department of Urology, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200080, China.
- Urology Center, Shuguang Hospital, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, 201203, China.
- Department of Urology, The Sixth Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University (The People's Hospital of Lishui), Lishui, 323000, China.
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Qiu J, Wang Z, Xu Y, Zhao L, Zhang P, Gao H, Wang Q, Xia Q. Low expression of SLC34A1 is associated with poor prognosis in clear cell renal cell carcinoma. BMC Urol 2023; 23:45. [PMID: 36978048 PMCID: PMC10044763 DOI: 10.1186/s12894-023-01212-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2022] [Accepted: 03/13/2023] [Indexed: 03/30/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Clear cell renal cell carcinoma (ccRCC) is a malignant renal tumor that is highly prone to metastasis and recurrence. The exact pathogenesis of this cancer is still not well understood. This study aimed to identify novel hub genes in renal clear cell carcinoma and determine their diagnostic and prognostic value. METHODS Intersection genes were obtained from multiple databases, and protein-protein interaction analysis and functional enrichment analysis were performed to identify key pathways related to the intersection genes. Hub genes were identified using the cytoHubba plugin in Cytoscape. GEPIA and UALCAN were utilized to observe differences in mRNA and protein expression of hub genes between KIRC and adjacent normal tissues. The Wilcoxon rank sum test was used to analyze hub gene levels between paired KIRC and matched non-cancer samples. IHC results were obtained from the HPA online database, and according to the median gene expression level, they were divided into a high-expression group and a low-expression group. The correlation of these groups with the prognosis of KIRC patients was analyzed. Logistic regression and the Wilcoxon rank sum test were used to test the relationship between SLC34A1 level and clinicopathological features. The diagnostic value of SLC34A1 was evaluated by drawing the receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve and calculating the area under the curve (AUC). Cox regression analysis was used to analyze the relationship between clinicopathological features, SLC34A1 expression, and KIRC survival rate. LinkedOmics was used to obtain the genes most related to SLC34A1 and their functional enrichment. Genetic mutations and methylation levels of SLC34A1 in KIRC were obtained from the cBioPortal website and the MethSurv website, respectively. RESULTS Fifty-eight ccRCC differential genes were identified from six datasets, and they were mainly enriched in 10 functional items and 4 pathways. A total of 5 hub genes were identified. According to the GEPIA database analysis, low expression of SLC34A1, CASR, and ALDOB in tumors led to poor prognosis. Low expression of SLC34A1 mRNA was found to be related to clinicopathological features of patients. SLC34A1 expression in normal tissues could accurately identify tumors (AUC 0.776). SLC34A1 was also found to be an independent predictor of ccRCC in univariate and multivariate Cox analyses. The mutation rate of the SLC34A1 gene was 13%. Eight of the 10 DNA methylated CpG sites were associated with the prognosis of ccRCC. SLC34A1 expression in ccRCC was positively correlated with B cells, eosinophils, neutrophils, T cells, TFH, and Th17 cells, and negatively correlated with Tem, Tgd, and Th2 cells. CONCLUSION The expression level of SLC34A1 in KIRC samples was found to be decreased, which predicted a decreased survival rate of KIRC. SLC34A1 may serve as a molecular prognostic marker and therapeutic target for KIRC patients.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jiechuan Qiu
- Department of Urology, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong First Medical University, 9677 Jingshidong Road, Jinan City, 250001, Shandong Province, China
| | - Zicheng Wang
- Department of Urology, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong First Medical University, 9677 Jingshidong Road, Jinan City, 250001, Shandong Province, China
| | - Yingkun Xu
- Department of Breast and Thyroid Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400042, China
| | - Leizuo Zhao
- Department of Urology, Shandong Provincial Hospital, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, 250021, China
- Department of Urology, Dongying People's Hospital, Dongying, 257000, China
| | - Peizhi Zhang
- Department of Urology, Shandong Provincial Hospital, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, 250021, China
| | - Han Gao
- Department of Urology, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong First Medical University, 9677 Jingshidong Road, Jinan City, 250001, Shandong Province, China
| | - Qingliang Wang
- Department of Urology, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong First Medical University, 9677 Jingshidong Road, Jinan City, 250001, Shandong Province, China
| | - Qinghua Xia
- Department of Urology, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong First Medical University, 9677 Jingshidong Road, Jinan City, 250001, Shandong Province, China.
- Department of Urology, Shandong Provincial Hospital, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, 250021, China.
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Jia W, Wu Q, Yu X, Shen M, Zhang R, Li J, Zhao L, Huang G, Liu J. Prognostic values of ALDOB expression and 18F-FDG PET/CT in hepatocellular carcinoma. Front Oncol 2022; 12:1044902. [PMID: 36644641 PMCID: PMC9834807 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2022.1044902] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2022] [Accepted: 10/25/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose The glycolytic enzyme fructose 1,6-bisphosphate aldolase B (ALDOB) is aberrantly expressed and impacts the prognosis in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). Hepatic ALDOB loss leads to paradoxical upregulation of glucose metabolism, favoring hepatocellular carcinogenesis. Nevertheless, the relationship between ALDOB expression and 18F-fluorodeoxyglucose (18F-FDG) uptake, and their effects on HCC prognosis remain unclear. We evaluated whether ALDOB expression is associated with 18F-FDG uptake and their impacts on HCC prognosis prediction. Methods Changes in ALDOB expression levels and the prognostic values in HCC were analyzed using data from The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) database. Ultimately, 34 patients with HCC who underwent 18F-FDG positron emission tomography/computed tomography (PET/CT) preoperatively were enrolled in this retrospective study. ALDOB expression was determined using immunohistochemistry (IHC) staining, and the maximum standardized uptake value (SUVmax) of HCC was calculated from the 18F-FDG PET/CT scans. The relationship between ALDOB expression and SUVmax was examined, and their impacts on overall survival were evaluated using Cox proportional hazards models and Kaplan-Meier survival analysis. ALDOB overexpression in HUH7 and 7721 cells was used to analyze its role in tumor metabolism. Results According to TCGA database, the ALDOB mRNA level was downregulated in HCC compared to normal tissue, and significantly shortened overall survival in HCC patients. ALDOB protein expression was similarly decreased in IHC findings in HCC than that in adjacent normal tissues (P<0.05) and was significantly associated with tumor size (P<0.001), high tumor-node-metastasis stage (P=0.022), and elevated SUVmax (P=0.009). ALDOB expression in HCC was inversely correlated with SUVmax (r=-0.454; P=0.012), and the optimal SUVmax cutoff value for predicting its expression was 4.15. Prognostically, low ALDOB expression or SUVmax ≥3.9 indicated shorter overall survival time in HCC. Moreover, COX regression analysis suggested high SUVmax as an independent prognostic risk factor for HCC (P=0.036). HCC patients with negative ALDOB expression and positive SUVmax (≥3.9) were correlated with worse prognosis. ALDOB overexpression in HCC cells significantly decreases 18F-FDG uptake and lactate production. Conclusion SUVmax in HCC patients is inversely correlated with ALDOB expression, and 18F-FDG PET/CT may be useful for ALDOB status prediction. The combined use of ALDOB expression and 18F-FDG PET/CT data can provide additional information on disease prognosis in HCC patients.
Collapse
|
5
|
Hinze C, Kocks C, Leiz J, Karaiskos N, Boltengagen A, Cao S, Skopnik CM, Klocke J, Hardenberg JH, Stockmann H, Gotthardt I, Obermayer B, Haghverdi L, Wyler E, Landthaler M, Bachmann S, Hocke AC, Corman V, Busch J, Schneider W, Himmerkus N, Bleich M, Eckardt KU, Enghard P, Rajewsky N, Schmidt-Ott KM. Single-cell transcriptomics reveals common epithelial response patterns in human acute kidney injury. Genome Med 2022; 14:103. [PMID: 36085050 PMCID: PMC9462075 DOI: 10.1186/s13073-022-01108-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2022] [Accepted: 08/12/2022] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Acute kidney injury (AKI) occurs frequently in critically ill patients and is associated with adverse outcomes. Cellular mechanisms underlying AKI and kidney cell responses to injury remain incompletely understood. Methods We performed single-nuclei transcriptomics, bulk transcriptomics, molecular imaging studies, and conventional histology on kidney tissues from 8 individuals with severe AKI (stage 2 or 3 according to Kidney Disease: Improving Global Outcomes (KDIGO) criteria). Specimens were obtained within 1–2 h after individuals had succumbed to critical illness associated with respiratory infections, with 4 of 8 individuals diagnosed with COVID-19. Control kidney tissues were obtained post-mortem or after nephrectomy from individuals without AKI. Results High-depth single cell-resolved gene expression data of human kidneys affected by AKI revealed enrichment of novel injury-associated cell states within the major cell types of the tubular epithelium, in particular in proximal tubules, thick ascending limbs, and distal convoluted tubules. Four distinct, hierarchically interconnected injured cell states were distinguishable and characterized by transcriptome patterns associated with oxidative stress, hypoxia, interferon response, and epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition, respectively. Transcriptome differences between individuals with AKI were driven primarily by the cell type-specific abundance of these four injury subtypes rather than by private molecular responses. AKI-associated changes in gene expression between individuals with and without COVID-19 were similar. Conclusions The study provides an extensive resource of the cell type-specific transcriptomic responses associated with critical illness-associated AKI in humans, highlighting recurrent disease-associated signatures and inter-individual heterogeneity. Personalized molecular disease assessment in human AKI may foster the development of tailored therapies.
Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s13073-022-01108-9.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Christian Hinze
- Department of Nephrology and Hypertension, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany.,Department of Nephrology and Medical Intensive Care, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität Zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany.,Max Delbrueck Center for Molecular Medicine in the Helmholtz Association, Berlin, Germany
| | - Christine Kocks
- Berlin Institute for Medical Systems Biology, Max Delbrueck Center in the Helmholtz Association, Berlin, Germany
| | - Janna Leiz
- Department of Nephrology and Medical Intensive Care, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität Zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany.,Max Delbrueck Center for Molecular Medicine in the Helmholtz Association, Berlin, Germany
| | - Nikos Karaiskos
- Berlin Institute for Medical Systems Biology, Max Delbrueck Center in the Helmholtz Association, Berlin, Germany
| | - Anastasiya Boltengagen
- Berlin Institute for Medical Systems Biology, Max Delbrueck Center in the Helmholtz Association, Berlin, Germany
| | - Shuang Cao
- Department of Nephrology and Hypertension, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany.,Department of Nephrology and Medical Intensive Care, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität Zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany.,Max Delbrueck Center for Molecular Medicine in the Helmholtz Association, Berlin, Germany
| | - Christopher Mark Skopnik
- Department of Nephrology and Medical Intensive Care, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität Zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany.,Deutsches Rheumaforschungszentrum, an Institute of the Leibniz Foundation, Berlin, Germany
| | - Jan Klocke
- Department of Nephrology and Medical Intensive Care, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität Zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany.,Deutsches Rheumaforschungszentrum, an Institute of the Leibniz Foundation, Berlin, Germany.,Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin, Germany
| | - Jan-Hendrik Hardenberg
- Department of Nephrology and Medical Intensive Care, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität Zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Helena Stockmann
- Department of Nephrology and Medical Intensive Care, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität Zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Inka Gotthardt
- Department of Nephrology and Medical Intensive Care, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität Zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | | | - Laleh Haghverdi
- Berlin Institute for Medical Systems Biology, Max Delbrueck Center in the Helmholtz Association, Berlin, Germany
| | - Emanuel Wyler
- Berlin Institute for Medical Systems Biology, Max Delbrueck Center in the Helmholtz Association, Berlin, Germany
| | - Markus Landthaler
- Berlin Institute for Medical Systems Biology, Max Delbrueck Center in the Helmholtz Association, Berlin, Germany
| | - Sebastian Bachmann
- Institute for Functional Anatomy, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität Zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Andreas C Hocke
- Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin, Germany.,Department of Infectious Diseases and Respiratory Medicine, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität Zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Victor Corman
- Institute of Virology, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität Zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Jonas Busch
- Department of Urology, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität Zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Wolfgang Schneider
- Department of Pathology, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität Zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Nina Himmerkus
- Institute of Physiology, Christian-Albrechts-Universität, Kiel, Germany
| | - Markus Bleich
- Institute of Physiology, Christian-Albrechts-Universität, Kiel, Germany
| | - Kai-Uwe Eckardt
- Department of Nephrology and Medical Intensive Care, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität Zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Philipp Enghard
- Department of Nephrology and Medical Intensive Care, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität Zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany.,Deutsches Rheumaforschungszentrum, an Institute of the Leibniz Foundation, Berlin, Germany
| | - Nikolaus Rajewsky
- Berlin Institute for Medical Systems Biology, Max Delbrueck Center in the Helmholtz Association, Berlin, Germany
| | - Kai M Schmidt-Ott
- Department of Nephrology and Hypertension, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany. .,Department of Nephrology and Medical Intensive Care, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität Zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany. .,Max Delbrueck Center for Molecular Medicine in the Helmholtz Association, Berlin, Germany.
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Serum metabolomic analysis of men on a low-carbohydrate diet for biochemically recurrent prostate cancer reveals the potential role of ketogenesis to slow tumor growth: a secondary analysis of the CAPS2 diet trial. Prostate Cancer Prostatic Dis 2022; 25:770-777. [PMID: 35338353 DOI: 10.1038/s41391-022-00525-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2021] [Revised: 02/16/2022] [Accepted: 03/02/2022] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Systemic treatments for prostate cancer (PC) have significant side effects. Thus, newer alternatives with fewer side effects are urgently needed. Animal and human studies suggest the therapeutic potential of low carbohydrate diet (LCD) for PC. To test this possibility, Carbohydrate and Prostate Study 2 (CAPS2) trial was conducted in PC patients with biochemical recurrence (BCR) after local treatment to determine the effect of a 6-month LCD intervention vs. usual care control on PC growth as measured by PSA doubling time (PSADT). We previously reported the LCD intervention led to significant weight loss, higher HDL, and lower triglycerides and HbA1c with a suggested longer PSADT. However, the metabolic basis of these effects are unknown. METHODS To identify the potential metabolic basis of effects of LCD on PSADT, serum metabolomic analysis was performed using baseline, month 3, and month 6 banked sera to identify the metabolites significantly altered by LCD and that correlated with varying PSADT. RESULTS LCD increased the serum levels of ketone bodies, glycine and hydroxyisocaproic acid. Reciprocally, LCD reduced the serum levels of alanine, cytidine, asymmetric dimethylarginine (ADMA) and 2-oxobutanoate. As high ADMA level is shown to inhibit nitric oxide (NO) signaling and contribute to various cardiovascular diseases, the ADMA repression under LCD may contribute to the LCD-associated health benefit. Regression analysis of the PSADT revealed a correlation between longer PSADT with higher level of 2-hydroxybutyric acids, ketone bodies, citrate and malate. Longer PSADT was also associated with LCD reduced nicotinamide, fructose-1, 6-biphosphate (FBP) and 2-oxobutanoate. CONCLUSION These results suggest a potential association of ketogenesis and TCA metabolites with slower PC growth and conversely glycolysis with faster PC growth. The link of high ketone bodies with longer PSADT supports future studies of ketogenic diets to slow PC growth.
Collapse
|
7
|
Huang H, Zhu L, Huang C, Dong Y, Fan L, Tao L, Peng Z, Xiang R. Identification of Hub Genes Associated With Clear Cell Renal Cell Carcinoma by Integrated Bioinformatics Analysis. Front Oncol 2021; 11:726655. [PMID: 34660292 PMCID: PMC8516333 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2021.726655] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2021] [Accepted: 09/06/2021] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Clear cell renal cell carcinoma (ccRCC) is a common genitourinary cancer type with a high mortality rate. Due to a diverse range of biochemical alterations and a high level of tumor heterogeneity, it is crucial to select highly validated prognostic biomarkers to be able to identify subtypes of ccRCC early and apply precision medicine approaches. Methods Transcriptome data of ccRCC and clinical traits of patients were obtained from the GSE126964 dataset of Gene Expression Omnibus and The Cancer Genome Atlas Kidney Renal Clear Cell Carcinoma (TCGA-KIRC) database. Weighted gene co-expression network analysis (WGCNA) and differentially expressed gene (DEG) screening were applied to detect common differentially co-expressed genes. Gene Ontology, Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes analysis, survival analysis, prognostic model establishment, and gene set enrichment analysis were also performed. Immunohistochemical analysis results of the expression levels of prognostic genes were obtained from The Human Protein Atlas. Single-gene RNA sequencing data were obtained from the GSE131685 and GSE171306 datasets. Results In the present study, a total of 2,492 DEGs identified between ccRCC and healthy controls were filtered, revealing 1,300 upregulated genes and 1,192 downregulated genes. Using WGCNA, the turquoise module was identified to be closely associated with ccRCC. Hub genes were identified using the maximal clique centrality algorithm. After having intersected the hub genes and the DEGs in GSE126964 and TCGA-KIRC dataset, and after performing univariate, least absolute shrinkage and selection operator, and multivariate Cox regression analyses, ALDOB, EFHD1, and ESRRG were identified as significant prognostic factors in patients diagnosed with ccRCC. Single-gene RNA sequencing analysis revealed the expression profile of ALDOB, EFHD1, and ESRRG in different cell types of ccRCC. Conclusions The present results demonstrated that ALDOB, EFHD1, and ESRRG may act as potential targets for medical therapy and could serve as diagnostic biomarkers for ccRCC.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hao Huang
- Department of Nephrology, Xiangya Hospital Central South University, Changsha, China.,Department of Cell Biology, School of Life Sciences, Central South University, Changsha, China.,Hunan Key Laboratory of Organ Fibrosis, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Ling Zhu
- Department of Cell Biology, School of Life Sciences, Central South University, Changsha, China.,Hunan Key Laboratory of Organ Fibrosis, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Chao Huang
- Hunan Key Laboratory of Organ Fibrosis, Central South University, Changsha, China.,Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Second Xiangya Hospital Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Yi Dong
- Department of Cell Biology, School of Life Sciences, Central South University, Changsha, China.,Hunan Key Laboratory of Organ Fibrosis, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Liangliang Fan
- Department of Cell Biology, School of Life Sciences, Central South University, Changsha, China.,Hunan Key Laboratory of Organ Fibrosis, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Lijian Tao
- Department of Nephrology, Xiangya Hospital Central South University, Changsha, China.,Hunan Key Laboratory of Organ Fibrosis, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Zhangzhe Peng
- Department of Nephrology, Xiangya Hospital Central South University, Changsha, China.,Hunan Key Laboratory of Organ Fibrosis, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Rong Xiang
- Department of Cell Biology, School of Life Sciences, Central South University, Changsha, China.,Hunan Key Laboratory of Organ Fibrosis, Central South University, Changsha, China
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Zhang F, Wang X, Bai Y, Hu H, Yang Y, Wang J, Tang Y, Ma H, Feng D, Li D, Han P. Development and Validation of a Hypoxia-Related Signature for Predicting Survival Outcomes in Patients With Bladder Cancer. Front Genet 2021; 12:670384. [PMID: 34122523 PMCID: PMC8188560 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2021.670384] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2021] [Accepted: 04/06/2021] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Objectives This study aimed to develop and validate a hypoxia signature for predicting survival outcomes in patients with bladder cancer. Methods We downloaded the RNA sequence and the clinicopathologic data of the patients with bladder cancer from The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) (https://portal.gdc.cancer.gov/repository?facetTab=files) and the Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO) (https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/geo/) databases. Hypoxia genes were retrieved from the Molecular Signatures Database (https://www.gsea-msigdb.org/gsea/msigdb/index.jsp). Differentially expressed hypoxia-related genes were screened by univariate Cox regression analysis and Lasso regression analysis. Then, the selected genes constituted the hypoxia signature and were included in multivariate Cox regression to generate the risk scores. After that, we evaluate the predictive performance of this signature by multiple receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves. The CIBERSORT tool was applied to investigate the relationship between the hypoxia signature and the immune cell infiltration, and the maftool was used to summarize and analyze the mutational data. Gene-set enrichment analysis (GSEA) was used to investigate the related signaling pathways of differentially expressed genes in both risk groups. Furthermore, we developed a model and presented it with a nomogram to predict survival outcomes in patients with bladder cancer. Results Eight genes (AKAP12, ALDOB, CASP6, DTNA, HS3ST1, JUN, KDELR3, and STC1) were included in the hypoxia signature. The patients with higher risk scores showed worse overall survival time than the ones with lower risk scores in the training set (TCGA) and two external validation sets (GSE13507 and GSE32548). Immune infiltration analysis showed that two types of immune cells (M0 and M1 macrophages) had a significant infiltration in the high-risk group. Tumor mutation burden (TMB) analysis showed that the risk scores between the wild types and the mutation types of TP53, MUC16, RB1, and FGFR3 were significantly different. Gene-Set Enrichment Analysis (GSEA) showed that immune or cancer-associated pathways belonged to the high-risk groups and metabolism-related signal pathways were enriched into the low-risk group. Finally, we constructed a predictive model with risk score, age, and stage and validated its performance in GEO datasets. Conclusion We successfully constructed and validated a novel hypoxia signature in bladder cancer, which could accurately predict patients’ prognosis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Facai Zhang
- Department of Urology, West China Hospital, Institute of Urology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China.,Department of Urology, The Affiliated Hospital of Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, China
| | - Xiaoming Wang
- Department of Urology, West China Hospital, Institute of Urology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Yunjin Bai
- Department of Urology, West China Hospital, Institute of Urology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Huan Hu
- School of Clinical Medicine, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, China
| | - Yubo Yang
- Department of Urology, West China Hospital, Institute of Urology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Jiahao Wang
- Department of Urology, West China Hospital, Institute of Urology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Yin Tang
- Department of Urology, West China Hospital, Institute of Urology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Honggui Ma
- Department of Urology, The Affiliated Hospital of Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, China
| | - Dechao Feng
- Department of Urology, West China Hospital, Institute of Urology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Dengxiong Li
- Department of Urology, West China Hospital, Institute of Urology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Ping Han
- Department of Urology, West China Hospital, Institute of Urology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China.,The Second People's Hospital of Yibin, Yibin, China
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Trisolini L, Laera L, Favia M, Muscella A, Castegna A, Pesce V, Guerra L, De Grassi A, Volpicella M, Pierri CL. Differential Expression of ADP/ATP Carriers as a Biomarker of Metabolic Remodeling and Survival in Kidney Cancers. Biomolecules 2020; 11:38. [PMID: 33396658 PMCID: PMC7824283 DOI: 10.3390/biom11010038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2020] [Revised: 12/19/2020] [Accepted: 12/24/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
ADP/ATP carriers (AACs) are mitochondrial transport proteins playing a strategic role in maintaining the respiratory chain activity, fueling the cell with ATP, and also regulating mitochondrial apoptosis. To understand if AACs might represent a new molecular target for cancer treatment, we evaluated AAC expression levels in cancer/normal tissue pairs available on the Tissue Cancer Genome Atlas database (TCGA), observing that AACs are dysregulated in most of the available samples. It was observed that at least two AACs showed a significant differential expression in all the available kidney cancer/normal tissue pairs. Thus, we investigated AAC expression in the corresponding kidney non-cancer (HK2)/cancer (RCC-Shaw and CaKi-1) cell lines, grown in complete medium or serum starvation, for investigating how metabolic alteration induced by different growth conditions might influence AAC expression and resistance to mitochondrial apoptosis initiators, such as "staurosporine" or the AAC highly selective inhibitor "carboxyatractyloside". Our analyses showed that AAC2 and AAC3 transcripts are more expressed than AAC1 in all the investigated kidney cell lines grown in complete medium, whereas serum starvation causes an increase of at least two AAC transcripts in kidney cancer cell lines compared to non-cancer cells. However, the total AAC protein content is decreased in the investigated cancer cell lines, above all in the serum-free medium. The observed decrease in AAC protein content might be responsible for the decrease of OXPHOS activity and for the observed lowered sensitivity to mitochondrial apoptosis induced by staurosporine or carboxyatractyloside. Notably, the cumulative probability of the survival of kidney cancer patients seriously decreases with the decrease of AAC1 expression in KIRC and KIRP tissues making AAC1 a possible new biomarker of metabolic remodeling and survival in kidney cancers.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lucia Trisolini
- Department of Biosciences, Biotechnologies, Biopharmaceutics, University “Aldo Moro” of Bari, Via E. Orabona, 4, 70125 Bari, Italy; (L.T.); (L.L.); (M.F.); (A.C.); (V.P.); (L.G.)
| | - Luna Laera
- Department of Biosciences, Biotechnologies, Biopharmaceutics, University “Aldo Moro” of Bari, Via E. Orabona, 4, 70125 Bari, Italy; (L.T.); (L.L.); (M.F.); (A.C.); (V.P.); (L.G.)
| | - Maria Favia
- Department of Biosciences, Biotechnologies, Biopharmaceutics, University “Aldo Moro” of Bari, Via E. Orabona, 4, 70125 Bari, Italy; (L.T.); (L.L.); (M.F.); (A.C.); (V.P.); (L.G.)
| | - Antonella Muscella
- Dipartimento di Scienze e Tecnologie Biologiche e Ambientali (Di.S.Te.B.A.), Università del Salento, 73100 Lecce, Italy;
| | - Alessandra Castegna
- Department of Biosciences, Biotechnologies, Biopharmaceutics, University “Aldo Moro” of Bari, Via E. Orabona, 4, 70125 Bari, Italy; (L.T.); (L.L.); (M.F.); (A.C.); (V.P.); (L.G.)
| | - Vito Pesce
- Department of Biosciences, Biotechnologies, Biopharmaceutics, University “Aldo Moro” of Bari, Via E. Orabona, 4, 70125 Bari, Italy; (L.T.); (L.L.); (M.F.); (A.C.); (V.P.); (L.G.)
| | - Lorenzo Guerra
- Department of Biosciences, Biotechnologies, Biopharmaceutics, University “Aldo Moro” of Bari, Via E. Orabona, 4, 70125 Bari, Italy; (L.T.); (L.L.); (M.F.); (A.C.); (V.P.); (L.G.)
| | - Anna De Grassi
- Department of Biosciences, Biotechnologies, Biopharmaceutics, University “Aldo Moro” of Bari, Via E. Orabona, 4, 70125 Bari, Italy; (L.T.); (L.L.); (M.F.); (A.C.); (V.P.); (L.G.)
- BROWSer S.r.l. c/o, Department of Biosciences, Biotechnologies, Biopharmaceutics, University “Aldo Moro” of Bari, Via E. Orabona, 4, 70126 Bari, Italy
| | - Mariateresa Volpicella
- Department of Biosciences, Biotechnologies, Biopharmaceutics, University “Aldo Moro” of Bari, Via E. Orabona, 4, 70125 Bari, Italy; (L.T.); (L.L.); (M.F.); (A.C.); (V.P.); (L.G.)
| | - Ciro Leonardo Pierri
- Department of Biosciences, Biotechnologies, Biopharmaceutics, University “Aldo Moro” of Bari, Via E. Orabona, 4, 70125 Bari, Italy; (L.T.); (L.L.); (M.F.); (A.C.); (V.P.); (L.G.)
- BROWSer S.r.l. c/o, Department of Biosciences, Biotechnologies, Biopharmaceutics, University “Aldo Moro” of Bari, Via E. Orabona, 4, 70126 Bari, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Huang W, Chen J, Weng W, Xiang Y, Shi H, Shan Y. Development of cancer prognostic signature based on pan-cancer proteomics. Bioengineered 2020; 11:1368-1381. [PMID: 33200655 PMCID: PMC8291886 DOI: 10.1080/21655979.2020.1847398] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Utilizing genomic data to predict cancer prognosis was insufficient. Proteomics can improve our understanding of the etiology and progression of cancer and improve the assessment of cancer prognosis. And the Clinical Proteomic Tumor Analysis Consortium (CPTAC) has generated extensive proteomics data of the vast majority of tumors. Based on CPTAC, we can perform a proteomic pan-carcinoma analysis. We collected the proteomics data and clinical features of cancer patients from CPTAC. Then, we screened 69 differentially expressed proteins (DEPs) with R software in five cancers: hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), children’s brain tumor tissue consortium (CBTTC), clear cell renal cell carcinoma (CCRC), lung adenocarcinoma (LUAD) and uterine corpus endometrial carcinoma (UCEC). GO and KEGG analysis were performed to clarify the function of these proteins. We also identified their interactions. The DEPs-based prognostic model for predicting over survival was identified by least absolute shrinkage and selection operator (LASSO)-Cox regression model in training cohort. Then, we used the time-dependent receiver operating characteristics analysis to evaluate the ability of the prognostic model to predict overall survival and validated it in validation cohort. The results showed that the DEPs-based prognostic model could accurately and effectively predict the survival rate of most cancers.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Weiguo Huang
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University , Wenzhou, China
| | - Jianhui Chen
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University , Wenzhou, China
| | - Wanqing Weng
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University , Wenzhou, China
| | - Yukai Xiang
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University , Wenzhou, China
| | - Hongqi Shi
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University , Wenzhou, China
| | - Yunfeng Shan
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University , Wenzhou, China
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Swiatek M, Jancewicz I, Kluebsoongnoen J, Zub R, Maassen A, Kubala S, Udomkit A, Siedlecki JA, Sarnowski TJ, Sarnowska E. Various forms of HIF-1α protein characterize the clear cell renal cell carcinoma cell lines. IUBMB Life 2020; 72:1220-1232. [PMID: 32250548 DOI: 10.1002/iub.2281] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2020] [Revised: 03/14/2020] [Accepted: 03/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Renal cell carcinoma (RCC) represents around 2-3% of all malignancies diagnosed in adult patients. Most frequent (around 70-80% cases) and the most aggressive subtype is clear cell RCC (ccRCC). Mutations in VHL (von Hippel Lindau) gene, characteristic for this cancer type, lead to altered activity of the trimeric VBC (pVHL-elongin B-C) complex and consequently to HIF-1α stabilization. In this study, we present results of exhaustive investigation of HIF-1α alternative transcript variants abundance in A498, CAKI-1, and 786-O ccRCC cell lines. We proved the existence of truncated HIF-1α protein form (HIF1A∆-6) in A498 and HIF1A gene rearrangements in 786-O cell lines. Subsequently, we found that HIF1A∆2-6 was more stable than the full-length HIF-1α. Moreover, the shorter HIF-1α was insensitive for hypoxia and was overaccumulated after proteasome inhibitor treatment indicative of potential diversified roles of full-length and truncated HIF-1α forms in the cell. We also showed that A498, CAKI-1, and 786-O exhibit differential expression of various regulatory genes involved in the control of metabolic processes, that is, glucose and lipid metabolism, and encoding subunits of such machineries like SWI/SNF chromatin remodeling complex. Furthermore, these cell lines exhibited differential responses to axitinib, everolimus, and sunitinib-anticancer drugs-in normoxia and hypoxia as well as various alterations in metabolism-related regulatory processes. Finally, we have shown that overexpression of truncated HIF1A∆2-6 form may affect the protein level of endogenous full-length HIF-1α protein. Thus, our study proves an important role of HIF-1α in the ccRCC development.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Monika Swiatek
- Department of Molecular and Translational Oncology, Maria Sklodowska-Curie National Research Institute of Oncology, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Iga Jancewicz
- Department of Molecular and Translational Oncology, Maria Sklodowska-Curie National Research Institute of Oncology, Warsaw, Poland
| | | | - Renata Zub
- Department of Molecular and Translational Oncology, Maria Sklodowska-Curie National Research Institute of Oncology, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Anna Maassen
- Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Szymon Kubala
- Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Apinunt Udomkit
- Institute of Molecular Biosciences, Mahidol University, Nakhon Pathom, Thailand
| | - Janusz A Siedlecki
- Department of Molecular and Translational Oncology, Maria Sklodowska-Curie National Research Institute of Oncology, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Tomasz J Sarnowski
- Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Elzbieta Sarnowska
- Department of Molecular and Translational Oncology, Maria Sklodowska-Curie National Research Institute of Oncology, Warsaw, Poland
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Xiao Y, Meierhofer D. Glutathione Metabolism in Renal Cell Carcinoma Progression and Implications for Therapies. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:E3672. [PMID: 31357507 PMCID: PMC6696504 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20153672] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2019] [Revised: 07/24/2019] [Accepted: 07/26/2019] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
A significantly increased level of the reactive oxygen species (ROS) scavenger glutathione (GSH) has been identified as a hallmark of renal cell carcinoma (RCC). The proposed mechanism for increased GSH levels is to counteract damaging ROS to sustain the viability and growth of the malignancy. Here, we review the current knowledge about the three main RCC subtypes, namely clear cell RCC (ccRCC), papillary RCC (pRCC), and chromophobe RCC (chRCC), at the genetic, transcript, protein, and metabolite level and highlight their mutual influence on GSH metabolism. A further discussion addresses the question of how the manipulation of GSH levels can be exploited as a potential treatment strategy for RCC.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yi Xiao
- Max Planck Institute for Molecular Genetics, Ihnestraße 63-73, 14195 Berlin, Germany
- Freie Universität Berlin, Fachbereich Biologie, Chemie, Pharmazie, Takustraße 3, 14195 Berlin, Germany
| | - David Meierhofer
- Max Planck Institute for Molecular Genetics, Ihnestraße 63-73, 14195 Berlin, Germany.
| |
Collapse
|