LncRNA ROR modulates myocardial ischemia-reperfusion injury mediated by the miR-185-5p/CDK6 axis

Non-coding RNAs modulate pyroptosis in myocardial ischemia-reperfusion injury: A comprehensive review

Reperfusion therapy is the most effective treatment for acute myocardial infarction. However, reperfusion itself can also cause cardiomyocytes damage. Pyroptosis has been shown to be an important mode of myocardial cell death during ischemia-reperfusion. Non-coding RNAs (ncRNAs) play critical roles in regulating pyroptosis. The regulation of pyroptosis by microRNAs, long ncRNAs, and circular RNAs may represent a new mechanism of myocardial ischemia-reperfusion injury. This review summarizes the currently known regulatory roles of ncRNAs in myocardial ischemia-reperfusion injury and interactions between ncRNAs. Potential therapeutic strategies using ncRNA modulation are also discussed.

LncRNA RNA ROR Aggravates Hypoxia/Reoxygenation-Induced Cardiomyocyte Ferroptosis by Targeting miR-769-5p/CBX7 Axis

Ferroptosis is a new way of cell death which is reported to participate in the pathology of myocardial ischemia-reperfusion (MI/R) injury, but it's mechanism remains unclear. The present investigation is to study the emerging role of long non-coding RNA (lncRNA) regulator of reprogramming (ROR) in cardiomyocyte ferroptosis after hypoxia/reoxygenation (H/R) administration. RT-qPCR and/or Western blot methods were performed to examine the gene/or protein levels, and CCK-8, ELISA, and DCFH-DA staining determined the cellular viability and ferroptosis. Dual-luciferase and RNA immunoprecipitation were applied to verify molecular interaction. LncRNA ROR and miR-769-5p were overexpressed and reduced in blood samples from MI patients and H/R-treated AC16 cells, respectively. Mechanistically, lncROR sponged to miR-769-5p, thus upregulating CBX7 expression. Functional experiments presented that lncRNA ROR silence mitigated H/R-stimulated inflammatory damage, oxidative stress, and ferroptosis in AC16 cells, whereas these roles could be reversed by co-downregulation of miR-769-5p or co-overexpression of CBX7. These data uncovered that lncRNA ROR prevented against H/R-induced cardiomyocyte ferroptosis by modulating miR-769-5p/CBX7 signaling, emphasizing the therapeutic value of lncRNA ROR in MI/R injury.

MALAT1/miR-185-5p mediated high glucose-induced oxidative stress, mitochondrial injury and cardiomyocyte apoptosis via the RhoA/ROCK pathway

To explore the underlying mechanism of lncRNA MALAT1 in the pathogenesis of diabetic cardiomyopathy (DCM). DCM models were confirmed in db/db mice. MiRNAs in myocardium were detected by miRNA sequencing. The interactions of miR-185-5p with MALAT1 and RhoA were validated by dual-luciferase reporter assays. Primary neonatal cardiomyocytes were cultured with 5.5 or 30 mmol/L D-glucose (HG) in the presence or absence of MALAT1-shRNA and fasudil, a ROCK inhibitor. MALAT1 and miR-185-5p expression were determined by real-time quantitative PCR. The apoptotic cardiomyocytes were evaluated using flow cytometry and TUNEL staining. SOD activity and MDA contents were measured. The ROCK activity, phosphorylation of Drp1S616 , mitofusin 2 and apoptosis-related proteins were analysed by Western blotting. Mitochondrial membrane potential was examined by JC-1. MALAT1 was significantly up-regulated while miR-185-5p was down-regulated in myocardium of db/db mice and HG-induced cardiomyocytes. MALAT1 regulated RhoA/ROCK pathway via sponging miR-185-5p in cardiomyocytes in HG. Knockdown of MALAT1 and fasudil all inhibited HG-induced oxidative stress, and alleviated imbalance of mitochondrial dynamics and mitochondrial dysfunction, accompanied by reduced cardiomyocyte apoptosis. MALAT1 activated the RhoA/ROCK pathway via sponging miR-185-5p and mediated HG-induced oxidative stress, mitochondrial damage and apoptosis of cardiomyocytes in mice.

miR-185-5p / ATG101 axis alleviated intestinal barrier damage in intestinal ischemia reperfusion through autophagy

Objective

Intestinal ischemia-reperfusion (II/R) is a common pathological injury in clinic, and the systemic inflammatory response it causes will lead to multiple organ damage and functional failure. miR-185-5p has been reported to be a regulator of inflammatory response and autophagy, but whether it participates in the regulation of autophagy in II/R is still unclear. Therefore, we aimed to explore the mechanism of miR-185-5p regulating intestinal barrier injury in (II/R).

Methods

Caco-2 cells was induced by oxygen-glucose deprivation/reoxygenation (OGD/R) to establish II/R model. The superior mesenteric artery of C57BL/6 mice was clamped for 45 min and then subjected to reperfusion for 4 h for the establishment of II/R mice model. miR-185-5p mimic, miR-185-5p inhibitor, pcDNA-autophagy-related 101 (ATG101) were respectively transfected into Caco-2 cells. Real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR) was performed to assess miR-185-5p expression. Western blot detected the level of ATG101 and tight junction-associated proteins ZO1, Occludin, E-cadherin, β-catenin, as well as autophagy markers ATG5, ATG12, LC3Ⅰ/Ⅱ, Beclin1 and SQSTM1. Transepithelial electrical resistance (TEER) values was detected by a resistance meter. FITC-Dextran was performed to measure cell permeability. 5-ethynyl-2'-deoxyuridine (EDU) staining measured cell proliferation. Transmission electron microscope was conducted to observe autophagosomes. Hematoxylin & eosin (H&E) staining observed the damage of mice intestinal. Immunohistochemistry (IHC) measured the percentage of ki67 positive cells. TdT-mediated dUTP nick-end labeling (TUNEL) assay assessed cell apoptosis in intestinal tissues of II/R. Dual-luciferase assay verified the targeting relationship between miR-185-5p and ATG101.Results miR-185-5p was overexpressed in OGD/R-induced Caco-2 cells and intestinal tissues of II/R mice. Knocking down miR-185-5p markedly promoted autophagy and TEER values, reduced cell permeability, and alleviated intestinal barrier damage. ATG101 was a target of miR-185-5p, and overexpression of ATG101 promoted autophagy and dampened OGD/R-induced intestinal barrier damage. Overexpression of miR-185-5p reversed the effect of overexpressed ATG101 on OGD/R-induced Caco-2 cells.

Conclusion

Knockdown of miR-185-5p enhanced autophagy and alleviated II/R intestinal barrier damage by targeting ATG101.

Accelerated Wound Healing in Diabetic Rat by miRNA-185-5p and Its Anti-Inflammatory Activity

Aim

Addressing both inflammation and epithelialization during the treatment of diabetic foot ulcers is an important step, but current treatment options are limited. MiRNA has important prospects in the treatment of diabetic foot refractory wound ulcers. Previous studies have reported that miR-185-5p reduces hepatic glycogen production and fasting blood glucose levels. We herein hypothesized that miR-185-5p might play an important role in the field of diabetic foot wounds.

Materials and Methods

MiR-185-5p in skin tissue samples from patients with diabetic ulcers and diabetic rats were measured using quantitative real-time PCR (qRT-PCR). The streptozotocin-induced diabetes rat model (male Sprague-Dawley rats) for diabetic wound healing was conducted. The therapeutic potential was observed by subcutaneous injection of miR-185-5p mimic into diabetic rat wounds. The anti-inflammation roles of miR-185-5p on human dermal fibroblast cells were analyzed.

Results

We found that miR-185-5p is significantly downregulated in diabetic skin (people with DFU and diabetic rats) compared to controls. Further, in vitro upregulation of miR-185-5p decreased the inflammatory factors (IL-6, TNF-α) and intercellular adhesion molecule 1 (ICAM-1) of human skin fibroblasts under advanced glycation end products (AGEs). Meanwhile, the increase of miR-185-5p promoted cell migration. Our results also confirmed that the topical increase of miR-185-5p decreases diabetic wound p-nuclear factor-κB (p-NF-κB), ICAM-1, IL-6, TNF-α, and CD68 expression in diabetic wounds. MiR-185-5p overexpression boosted re-epithelization and expedited wound closure of diabetic rats.

Conclusion

MiR-185-5p accelerated wound healing of diabetic rats, reepithelization, and inhibited the inflammation of diabetic wounds in the healing process, a potentially new and valid treatment for refractory diabetic foot ulcers.

LOXL1-AS1 Aggravates Myocardial Ischemia/Reperfusion Injury Through the miR-761/PTEN Axis

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES

Myocardial ischemia and reperfusion injury (MIRI) has high morbidity and mortality worldwide. We aimed to explore the role of long noncoding RNA lysyl oxidase like 1 antisense RNA 1 (LOXL1-AS1) in cardiomyocyte pyroptosis.

METHODS

Hypoxia/reoxygenation (H/R) injury was constructed in human cardiomyocyte (HCM). The level of LOXL1-AS1, miR-761, phosphatase and tensin homolog (PTEN) and pyroptosis-related proteins was monitored by quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction or western blot. Flow cytometry examined the pyroptosis level. Lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), creatine kinase-MB and cardiac troponin I levels were detected by test kits. Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay measured the release of inflammatory cytokines. Dual-luciferase assay validated the binding relationship among LOXL1-AS1, miR-761, and PTEN. Finally, ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) animal model was constructed. Hematoxylin and eosin staining assessed morphological changes of myocardial tissue. NOD-like receptor pyrin domain-containing protein 3 (NLRP3) and casepase-1 expression was determined by immunohistochemistry.

RESULTS

After H/R treatment, LOXL1-AS1 and PTEN were highly expressed but miR-761 level was suppressed. LOXL1-AS1 inhibition or miR-761 overexpression increased cell viability, blocked the release of LDH and inflammatory cytokines (interleukin [IL]-1β, IL-18), inhibited pyroptosis level, and downregulated pyroptosis-related proteins (ASC, cleaved caspase-1, gasdermin D-N, NLRP3, IL-1β, and IL-18) levels in HCMs. LOXL1-AS1 sponged miR-761 to up-regulate PTEN. Knockdown of miR-761 reversed the effect of LOXL1-AS1 down regulation on H/R induced HCM pyroptosis. LOXL1-AS1 aggravated the MIRI by regulating miR-761/PTEN axis in vivo.

CONCLUSIONS

LOXL1-AS1 targeted miR-761 to regulate PTEN expression, then enhance cardiomyocyte pyroptosis, providing a new alternative target for the treatment of MIRI.

Salvianolic acid B suppresses hepatic stellate cell activation and liver fibrosis by inhibiting the NF-κB signaling pathway via miR-6499-3p/LncRNA-ROR

BACKGROUND

Long non-coding RNA (LncRNAs) have been reported to play an important role in liver fibrosis and are closely associated with hepatic stellate cell (HSC) activation. We previously found that salvianolic acid B (Sal B) improves liver fibrosis by regulating the NF-κB signaling pathway. However, whether the LncRNA, regulator of reprogramming (LncRNA-ROR) plays a role in Sal B-mediated anti-fibrosis effects via the NF-κB signaling pathway remain unclear.

PURPOSE

This study aimed to evaluate the effects of Sal B on HSC activation and liver fibrosis and investigate its mechanism from the perspective of LncRNA-ROR-mediated NF-κB signaling pathways.

METHODS

LX-2 and T6 cell lines were cultured. Animal models of liver fibrosis were established using CCl4 in male BALB/c mice. Primary HSCs were isolated from mice and cultured. Serum biochemical and liver histological analyses were performed to evaluate the effects of Sal B on liver fibrosis. The index of HSC activation and the expression of LncRNA-ROR, microRNAs (miRNAs), and inflammatory factors were determined by quantitative real-time reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR) or immunofluorescence staining. Cell proliferation was measured by a Cell Counting Kit-8 (CCK-8). NF-κB signaling-associated protein levels were assessed using western blotting or immunofluorescence staining. A luciferase reporter assay was used to detect transcription activity.

RESULTS

In this study, a lower level of LncRNA-ROR was found during Sal B attenuating HSC activation in HSCs. Mechanistically, Sal B impeded the NF-κB signaling pathway to inhibit HSC proliferation and activation by downregulating LncRNA-ROR. Additionally, Sal B upregulated miR-6499-3p to target LncRNA-ROR for degradation. Functionally, Sal B treatment ameliorated CCl4-induced liver fibrosis in mice by inhibiting HSC activation.

CONCLUSION

Sal B suppresses HSC activation and liver fibrosis via regulation of miR-6499-3p/LncRNA-ROR-mediated NF-κB signaling pathway. These results reveal a new molecular mechanism of Sal B on liver fibrosis from the insight of LncRNAs.

Circulating small extracellular vesicle-encapsulated SEMA5A-IT1 attenuates myocardial ischemia-reperfusion injury after cardiac surgery with cardiopulmonary bypass

Cardiomyocyte injury is a common complication during cardiac surgery with cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB). Studies have shown that circulating small extracellular vesicles (sEVs) are involved in the pathological process of cardiovascular diseases via delivering signaling molecules. This study aims to investigate the relationship between circulating sEV-encapsulated long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs) and cardiac injury after CPB. Here, we found that the expression of sEV SEMA5A-IT1 in serum samples of patients after CPB was higher than that of pre-CPB serum samples. Moreover, serum-derived sEV SEMA5A-IT1 levels were negatively correlated with creatine kinase-MB (CK-MB) levels in patients who underwent CPB operation. Notably, circulating sEVs packaged with SEMA5A-IT1 could be uptaken by cardiomyocyte-like cells AC16 and increased SEMA5A-IT1 expression in AC16 cells. Upregulated SEMA5A-IT1 protected cardiomyocytes against hypoxia/reoxygenation injury, confirmed by increased cell viability, reduced cell apoptosis, and inhibited ferroptosis in AC16 cells. Mechanistically, SEMA5A-IT1 regulated the expression of B-cell CLL/lymphoma 2 (BCL2) and solute carrier family 7 member 11 (SLC7A11) through sponging miR-143-3p. Transfection of miR-143-3p mimics, BCL2, or SLC7A11 knockdown could attenuate the protective effect of SEMA5A-IT1 on cardiomyocytes. In conclusion, we propose that SEMA5A-IT1, which is transported to cardiomyocytes through circulating sEVs, is an important regulatory molecule that protects cardiomyocytes from ischemia–reperfusion injury, providing a target for the prevention and treatment of myocardial ischemia–reperfusion injury.

Research Progress on the Role of Pyroptosis in Myocardial Ischemia-Reperfusion Injury

Myocardial ischemia-reperfusion injury (MIRI) results in the aggravation of myocardial injury caused by rapid recanalization of the ischemic myocardium. In the past few years, there is a growing interest in investigating the complex pathophysiological mechanism of MIRI for the identification of effective targets and drugs to alleviate MIRI. Currently, pyroptosis, a type of inflammatory programmed death, has received greater attention. It is involved in the MIRI development in combination with other mechanisms of MIRI, such as oxidative stress, calcium overload, necroptosis, and apoptosis, thereby forming an intertwined association between different pathways that affect MIRI by regulating common pathway molecules. This review describes the pyroptosis mechanism in MIRI and its relationship with other mechanisms, and also highlights non-coding RNAs and non-cardiomyocytes as regulators of cardiomyocyte pyroptosis by mediating associated pathways or proteins to participate in the initiation and development of MIRI. The research progress on novel small molecule drugs, clinical drugs, traditional Chinese medicine, etc. for regulating pyroptosis can play a crucial role in effective MIRI alleviation. When compared to research on other mature mechanisms, the research studies on pyroptosis in MIRI are inadequate. Although many related protective drugs have been identified, these drugs generally lack clinical applications. It is necessary to further explore and verify these drugs to expand their applications in clinical setting. Early inhibition of MIRI by targeted regulation of pyroptosis is a key concern that needs to be addressed in future studies.

MicroRNA-582-5p targeting Creb1 modulates apoptosis in cardiomyocytes hypoxia/reperfusion-induced injury

BACKGROUND

Myocardial ischemia-reperfusion injury (MIRI) caused by the reperfusion therapy of myocardial ischemic diseases is a kind of major disease that threatens human health and lives severely. There are lacking of effective therapeutic measures for MIRI. MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are abundant in mammalian species and play a critical role in the initiation, promotion, and progression of MIRI. However, the biological role and molecular mechanism of miRNAs in MIRI are not entirely clear.

METHODS

We used bioinformatics analysis to uncover the significantly different miRNA by analyzing transcriptome sequencing data from myocardial tissue in the mouse MIRI model. Multiple miRNA-related databases, including miRdb, PicTar, and TargetScan were used to forecast the downstream target genes of the differentially expressed miRNA. Then, the experimental models, including male C57BL/6J mice and HL-1 cell line, were used for subsequent experiments including quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction analysis, western blot analysis, hematoxylin and eosin staining, flow cytometry, luciferase assay, gene interference, and overexpression.

RESULTS

MiR-582-5p was found to be differentially upregulated from the transcriptome sequencing data. The elevated levels of miR-582-5p were verified in MIRI mice and hypoxia/reperfusion (H/R)-induced HL-1 cells. Functional experiments revealed that miR-582-5p promoted apoptosis of H/R-induced HL-1 cells via downregulating cAMP-response element-binding protein 1 (Creb1). The inhibiting action of miR-582-5p inhibitor on H/R-induced apoptosis was partially reversed after Creb1 interference.

CONCLUSIONS

Collectively, the research findings reported that upregulation of miR-582-5p promoted H/R-induced cardiomyocyte apoptosis by inhibiting Creb1. The potential diagnostic and therapeutic strategies targeting miR-582-5p and Creb1 could be beneficial for the MIRI treatment.