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Nechanitzky R, Ramachandran P, Nechanitzky D, Li WY, Wakeham AC, Haight J, Saunders ME, Epelman S, Mak TW. CaSSiDI: novel single-cell "Cluster Similarity Scoring and Distinction Index" reveals critical functions for PirB and context-dependent Cebpb repression. Cell Death Differ 2024; 31:265-279. [PMID: 38383888 PMCID: PMC10923835 DOI: 10.1038/s41418-024-01268-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2023] [Revised: 01/15/2024] [Accepted: 02/07/2024] [Indexed: 02/23/2024] Open
Abstract
PirB is an inhibitory cell surface receptor particularly prominent on myeloid cells. PirB curtails the phenotypes of activated macrophages during inflammation or tumorigenesis, but its functions in macrophage homeostasis are obscure. To elucidate PirB-related functions in macrophages at steady-state, we generated and compared single-cell RNA-sequencing (scRNAseq) datasets obtained from myeloid cell subsets of wild type (WT) and PirB-deficient knockout (PirB KO) mice. To facilitate this analysis, we developed a novel approach to clustering parameter optimization called "Cluster Similarity Scoring and Distinction Index" (CaSSiDI). We demonstrate that CaSSiDI is an adaptable computational framework that facilitates tandem analysis of two scRNAseq datasets by optimizing clustering parameters. We further show that CaSSiDI offers more advantages than a standard Seurat analysis because it allows direct comparison of two or more independently clustered datasets, thereby alleviating the need for batch-correction while identifying the most similar and different clusters. Using CaSSiDI, we found that PirB is a novel regulator of Cebpb expression that controls the generation of Ly6Clo patrolling monocytes and the expansion properties of peritoneal macrophages. PirB's effect on Cebpb is tissue-specific since it was not observed in splenic red pulp macrophages (RPMs). However, CaSSiDI revealed a segregation of the WT RPM population into a CD68loIrf8+ "neuronal-primed" subset and an CD68hiFtl1+ "iron-loaded" subset. Our results establish the utility of CaSSiDI for single-cell assay analyses and the determination of optimal clustering parameters. Our application of CaSSiDI in this study has revealed previously unknown roles for PirB in myeloid cell populations. In particular, we have discovered homeostatic functions for PirB that are related to Cebpb expression in distinct macrophage subsets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert Nechanitzky
- Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, Ontario Cancer Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, ON, Canada.
- Providence Therapeutics Holdings Inc., Calgary, AB, Canada.
| | - Parameswaran Ramachandran
- Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, Ontario Cancer Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Duygu Nechanitzky
- Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, Ontario Cancer Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Wanda Y Li
- Centre for Oncology and Immunology, Hong Kong Science Park, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Andrew C Wakeham
- Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, Ontario Cancer Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Jillian Haight
- Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, Ontario Cancer Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Mary E Saunders
- Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, Ontario Cancer Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Slava Epelman
- Toronto General Hospital Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Ted Rogers Centre for Heart Research, Translational Biology and Engineering Program, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Peter Munk Cardiac Centre, UHN, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Departments of Immunology and Medical Biophysics, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Tak W Mak
- Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, Ontario Cancer Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, ON, Canada.
- Centre for Oncology and Immunology, Hong Kong Science Park, Hong Kong SAR, China.
- Department of Pathology Department of Pathology, School of Clinical Medicine, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China.
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Ren Y, Cui YN, Wang HW. Effects of different concentrations of nicotinamide on hematopoietic stem cells cultured in vitro. World J Stem Cells 2024; 16:163-175. [PMID: 38455103 PMCID: PMC10915957 DOI: 10.4252/wjsc.v16.i2.163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2023] [Revised: 12/14/2023] [Accepted: 01/12/2024] [Indexed: 02/26/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND In vitro expansion to increase numbers of hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) in cord blood could improve clinical efficacy of this vital resource. Nicotinamide (NAM) can promote HSC expansion ex vivo, but its effect on hematopoietic stem and progenitor cells (HSPCs, CD34+CD38) and functional subtypes of HSCs - short-term repopulating HSCs (ST-HSCs, CD34+CD38CD45RACD49f+) and long-term repopulating HSCs (LT-HSCs, CD34+CD38CD45RACD49f+CD90+) is not yet known. As a sirtuin 1 (SIRT1) inhibitor, NAM participates in regulating cell adhesion, polarity, migration, proliferation, and differentiation. However, SIRT1 exhibits dual effects by promoting or inhibiting differentiation in different tissues or cells. We propose that the concentration of NAM may influence proliferation, differentiation, and SIRT1 signaling of HSCs. AIM To evaluate the effects and underlying mechanisms of action of different concentrations of NAM on HSC proliferation and differentiation. METHODS CD34+ cells were purified from umbilical cord blood using MacsCD34 beads, and cultured for 10-12 d in a serum-free medium supplemented with cytokines, with different concentrations of NAM added according to experimental requirements. Flow cytometry was used to detect phenotype, cell cycle distribution, and apoptosis of the cultured cells. Real-time polymerase chain reaction was used to detect the transcription levels of target genes encoding stemness-related factors, chemokines, components of hypoxia pathways, and antioxidant enzymes. Dichloro-dihydro-fluorescein diacetate probes were used to evaluate intracellular production of reactive oxygen species (ROS). Determination of the effect of different culture conditions on the balance of cytokine by cytometric bead array. RESULTS Compared with the control group, the proportion and expansion folds of HSPCs (CD34+CD38) incubated with 5 mmol/L or 10 mmol/L NAM were significantly increased (all P < 0.05). The ST-HSCs ratio and fold expansion of the 5 mmol/L NAM group were significantly higher than those of the control and 10 mmol/L NAM groups (all P < 0.001), whereas the LT-HSCs ratio and fold expansion of the 10 mmol/L NAM group were significantly higher than those of the other two groups (all P < 0.05). When the NAM concentration was > 10 mmol/L, cell viability significantly decreased. In addition, compared with the 5 mmol/L NAM group, the proportion of apoptotic cells in the 10 mmol/L NAM group increased and the proportion of cells in S and G2 phase decreased. Compared with the 5 mmol/L NAM group, the HSCs incubated with 10 mmol/L NAM exhibited significantly inhibited SIRT1 expression, increased intracellular ROS content, and downregulated expression of genes encoding antioxidant enzymes (superoxide dismutase 1, peroxiredoxin 1). CONCLUSION Low concentrations (5 mmol/L) of NAM can better regulate the balance between proliferation and differentiation, thereby promoting expansion of HSCs. These findings allow adjustment of NAM concentrations according to expansion needs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Ren
- The Second Clinical Medical College, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan 030001, Shanxi Province, China
- Department of Hematology, The Second Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan 030001, Shanxi Province, China
| | - Yan-Ni Cui
- The Second Clinical Medical College, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan 030001, Shanxi Province, China
- Department of Hematology, The Second Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan 030001, Shanxi Province, China
| | - Hong-Wei Wang
- Department of Hematology, The Second Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan 030001, Shanxi Province, China
- Department of Hematology, Key Laboratory of Molecular Diagnosis and Treatment of Blood Diseases in Shanxi Province, Taiyuan 030001, Shanxi Province, China.
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Rydström A, Grahn THM, Niroula A, Mansell E, van der Garde M, Pertesi M, Subramaniam A, Soneji S, Zubarev R, Enver T, Nilsson B, Miharada K, Larsson J, Karlsson S. Functional and molecular profiling of hematopoietic stem cells during regeneration. Exp Hematol 2023; 127:40-51. [PMID: 37666355 DOI: 10.1016/j.exphem.2023.08.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2023] [Revised: 08/28/2023] [Accepted: 08/29/2023] [Indexed: 09/06/2023]
Abstract
Hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) enable hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HCT) through their ability to replenish the entire blood system. Proliferation of HSCs is linked to decreased reconstitution potential, and a precise regulation of actively dividing HSCs is thus essential to ensure long-term functionality. This regulation becomes important in the transplantation setting where HSCs undergo proliferation followed by a gradual transition to quiescence and homeostasis. Although mouse HSCs have been well studied under homeostatic conditions, the mechanisms regulating HSC activation under stress remain unclear. Here, we analyzed the different phases of regeneration after transplantation. We isolated bone marrow from mice at 8 time points after transplantation and examined the reconstitution dynamics and transcriptional profiles of stem and progenitor populations. We found that regenerating HSCs initially produced rapidly expanding progenitors and displayed distinct changes in fatty acid metabolism and glycolysis. Moreover, we observed molecular changes in cell cycle, MYC and mTOR signaling in both HSCs, and progenitor subsets. We used a decay rate model to fit the temporal transcription profiles of regenerating HSCs and identified genes with progressively decreased or increased expression after transplantation. These genes overlapped to a large extent with published gene sets associated with key aspects of HSC function, demonstrating the potential of this data set as a resource for identification of novel HSC regulators. Taken together, our study provides a detailed functional and molecular characterization of HSCs at different phases of regeneration and identifies a gene set associated with the transition from proliferation to quiescence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Rydström
- Molecular Medicine and Gene Therapy, Lund Stem Cell Center, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Tan H M Grahn
- Molecular Medicine and Gene Therapy, Lund Stem Cell Center, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Abhishek Niroula
- Hematology and Transfusion Medicine, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Els Mansell
- Molecular Medicine and Gene Therapy, Lund Stem Cell Center, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Mark van der Garde
- Molecular Medicine and Gene Therapy, Lund Stem Cell Center, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Maroulio Pertesi
- Hematology and Transfusion Medicine, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | | | - Shamit Soneji
- Division of Molecular Hematology, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Lund Stem Cell Center, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Roman Zubarev
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Karolinska Institute, Solna, Sweden
| | - Tariq Enver
- Stem Cell Group, Cancer Institute, University College London, United Kingdom
| | - Björn Nilsson
- Hematology and Transfusion Medicine, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Kenichi Miharada
- Molecular Medicine and Gene Therapy, Lund Stem Cell Center, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Jonas Larsson
- Molecular Medicine and Gene Therapy, Lund Stem Cell Center, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Stefan Karlsson
- Molecular Medicine and Gene Therapy, Lund Stem Cell Center, Lund University, Lund, Sweden.
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Wang Y, Kang X, Kang X, Yang F. S100A6: molecular function and biomarker role. Biomark Res 2023; 11:78. [PMID: 37670392 PMCID: PMC10481514 DOI: 10.1186/s40364-023-00515-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2023] [Accepted: 08/03/2023] [Indexed: 09/07/2023] Open
Abstract
S100A6 (also called calcyclin) is a Ca2+-binding protein that belongs to the S100 protein family. S100A6 has many functions related to the cytoskeleton, cell stress, proliferation, and differentiation. S100A6 also has many interacting proteins that are distributed in the cytoplasm, nucleus, cell membrane, and outside the cell. Almost all these proteins interact with S100A6 in a Ca2+-dependent manner, and some also have specific motifs responsible for binding to S100A6. The expression of S100A6 is regulated by several transcription factors (such as c-Myc, P53, NF-κB, USF, Nrf2, etc.). The expression level depends on the specific cell type and the transcription factors activated in specific physical and chemical environments, and is also related to histone acetylation, DNA methylation, and other epigenetic modifications. The differential expression of S100A6 in various diseases, and at different stages of those diseases, makes it a good biomarker for differential diagnosis and prognosis evaluation, as well as a potential therapeutic target. In this review, we mainly focus on the S100A6 ligand and its transcriptional regulation, molecular function (cytoskeleton, cell stress, cell differentiation), and role as a biomarker in human disease and stem cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yidian Wang
- Department of Joint Surgery, Honghui Hospital, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shanxi, China
| | - Xuewen Kang
- Department of Orthopedics, Lanzhou University Second Hospital, Lanzhou, China
- The Second Clinical Medical College, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China
- Orthopaedics Key Laboratory of Gansu Province, Lanzhou University Second Hospital, Lanzhou, China
| | - Xin Kang
- Department of Joint Surgery, Honghui Hospital, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shanxi, China.
| | - Fengguang Yang
- Department of Orthopedics, Lanzhou University Second Hospital, Lanzhou, China.
- The Second Clinical Medical College, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China.
- Orthopaedics Key Laboratory of Gansu Province, Lanzhou University Second Hospital, Lanzhou, China.
- The Orthopedics Department of the Second Hospital of Lanzhou University, 82 Cuiying Men, Lanzhou, Gansu Province, 730000, PR China.
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Zhai Y, Meng F, Li J, Ma J, Shen L, Zhang W. Upregulation of S100A6 and its relation with CD34 + cells apoptosis in high-risk myelodysplastic syndromes patients. Heliyon 2023; 9:e18947. [PMID: 37609402 PMCID: PMC10440510 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e18947] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2022] [Revised: 07/28/2023] [Accepted: 08/03/2023] [Indexed: 08/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Objectives Myelodysplastic syndromes (MDS) are a group of myeloid malignancies characterized by peripheral blood cytopenia and hematopoietic dysplasia that often progress to acute myeloid leukemia (AML). Increased apoptosis of normal hematopoietic cells and decreased apoptosis of malignant clonal hematopoietic cells in patients with MDS is some of the mechanisms leading to ineffective hematopoietic cells in the bone marrow. S100 calcium-binding protein A6 (S100A6) is upregulated in many malignancies. The overexpression of S100A6 in these malignancies has been associated with proliferation, migration, and invasion phenotypes in cancer cells, and we aimed to investigate the expression of S100A6 in CD34+ cells and the relationship between S100A6 expression and apoptosis of CD34+ cells in high-risk patients with MDS. Methods We measured S100A6 mRNA expression in bone marrow (BM) CD34+ cells from high-risk patients with MDS using RT-PCR. Next, we examined S100A6 expression in CD34+ cells using flow cytometry. We also analyzed the correlation between CD34+ cell apoptosis and S100A6 expression in high-risk patients with MDS. Results Our data showed increased S100A6 mRNA expression in CD34+ cells in patients with MDS (1.05 ± 0.69 vs. 0.17 ± 0.12; P<0.01). The expression of S100A6 in BM CD34+ cells also increased (58.40 ± 13.18 vs. 45.83 ± 15.01). The expression of S100A6 in CD34+ cells and apoptosis of CD34+ cells were negatively correlated in patients (r = -0.75; P < 0.01). Conclusions Collectively, S100A6 may be a potential marker of CD34+ cells in high-risk patients with MDS and may participate in the pathological behaviors of CD34+ cells, such as evasion of apoptosis. Thus, S100A6 may be a potential target for eliminating minimal residual disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Zhai
- Department of Hematology, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, China
| | - Fanqiao Meng
- Department of Hematology, Army Medical Center of PLA (Daping Hospital), Army Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Jiaojiao Li
- Department of Hematology, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, China
| | - Junlan Ma
- Department of Hematology, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, China
| | - Li Shen
- Department of Hematology, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, China
| | - Wei Zhang
- Department of Hematology, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, China
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Yang F, Ma J, Zhu D, Wang Z, Li Y, He X, Zhang G, Kang X. The Role of S100A6 in Human Diseases: Molecular Mechanisms and Therapeutic Potential. Biomolecules 2023; 13:1139. [PMID: 37509175 PMCID: PMC10377078 DOI: 10.3390/biom13071139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2023] [Revised: 07/11/2023] [Accepted: 07/14/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023] Open
Abstract
S100A6, also known as calcyclin, is a low-molecular-weight Ca2+-binding protein from the S100 family that contains two EF-hands. S100A6 is expressed in a variety of mammalian cells and tissues. It is also expressed in lung, colorectal, pancreatic, and liver cancers, as well as other cancers such as melanoma. S100A6 has many molecular functions related to cell proliferation, the cell cycle, cell differentiation, and the cytoskeleton. It is not only involved in tumor invasion, proliferation, and migration, but also the pathogenesis of other non-neoplastic diseases. In this review, we focus on the molecular mechanisms and potential therapeutic targets of S100A6 in tumors, nervous system diseases, leukemia, endometriosis, cardiovascular disease, osteoarthritis, and other related diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fengguang Yang
- Department of Orthopedics, Lanzhou University Second Hospital, Lanzhou 730030, China; (F.Y.); (X.H.); (G.Z.)
- The Second Clinical Medical College, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730030, China
- Orthopaedics Key Laboratory of Gansu Province, Lanzhou University Second Hospital, Lanzhou 730030, China
| | - Jinglin Ma
- Department of Orthopedics, Lanzhou University Second Hospital, Lanzhou 730030, China; (F.Y.); (X.H.); (G.Z.)
- The Second Clinical Medical College, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730030, China
- Orthopaedics Key Laboratory of Gansu Province, Lanzhou University Second Hospital, Lanzhou 730030, China
- School of Petrochemical Engineering, Lanzhou University of Technology, Lanzhou 730050, China
| | - Daxue Zhu
- Department of Orthopedics, Lanzhou University Second Hospital, Lanzhou 730030, China; (F.Y.); (X.H.); (G.Z.)
- The Second Clinical Medical College, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730030, China
- Orthopaedics Key Laboratory of Gansu Province, Lanzhou University Second Hospital, Lanzhou 730030, China
| | - Zhaoheng Wang
- Department of Orthopedics, Lanzhou University Second Hospital, Lanzhou 730030, China; (F.Y.); (X.H.); (G.Z.)
- The Second Clinical Medical College, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730030, China
- Orthopaedics Key Laboratory of Gansu Province, Lanzhou University Second Hospital, Lanzhou 730030, China
| | - Yanhu Li
- Department of Orthopedics, Lanzhou University Second Hospital, Lanzhou 730030, China; (F.Y.); (X.H.); (G.Z.)
- The Second Clinical Medical College, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730030, China
- Orthopaedics Key Laboratory of Gansu Province, Lanzhou University Second Hospital, Lanzhou 730030, China
| | - Xuegang He
- Department of Orthopedics, Lanzhou University Second Hospital, Lanzhou 730030, China; (F.Y.); (X.H.); (G.Z.)
- The Second Clinical Medical College, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730030, China
- Orthopaedics Key Laboratory of Gansu Province, Lanzhou University Second Hospital, Lanzhou 730030, China
| | - Guangzhi Zhang
- Department of Orthopedics, Lanzhou University Second Hospital, Lanzhou 730030, China; (F.Y.); (X.H.); (G.Z.)
- The Second Clinical Medical College, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730030, China
- Orthopaedics Key Laboratory of Gansu Province, Lanzhou University Second Hospital, Lanzhou 730030, China
| | - Xuewen Kang
- Department of Orthopedics, Lanzhou University Second Hospital, Lanzhou 730030, China; (F.Y.); (X.H.); (G.Z.)
- The Second Clinical Medical College, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730030, China
- Orthopaedics Key Laboratory of Gansu Province, Lanzhou University Second Hospital, Lanzhou 730030, China
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Zhang Y, Kong R, Yang W, Hu K, Zhao Z, Li L, Geng X, Liu L, Chen H, Xiao P, Liu D, Luo Y, Chen H, Hu J, Sun B. DUSP2 recruits CSNK2A1 to suppress AKT1-mediated apoptosis resistance under hypoxic microenvironment in pancreatic cancer. Cancer Lett 2023:216288. [PMID: 37390887 DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2023.216288] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2023] [Revised: 06/23/2023] [Accepted: 06/23/2023] [Indexed: 07/02/2023]
Abstract
Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) is characterized by hypoxic tumor microenvironment (TME), which aids tumor progression, drug resistance, and immune evasion. Dual-specificity phosphatase 2 (DUSP2), a member of the mitogen-activated protein kinase phosphatase family, regulates pancreatic cancer metastasis. However, its role in the hypoxic TME in PDAC remains unknown. We explored the role of DUSP2 by simulating the hypoxic TME. DUSP2 significantly promoted apoptosis in PDAC both in vitro and in vivo, mainly through AKT1 rather than ERK1/2. Mechanistically, DUSP2 competed with AKT1 to bind to casein kinase 2 alpha 1 (CSNK2A1) and inhibited the phosphorylation of AKT1, which plays a crucial role in apoptosis resistance. Interestingly, aberrant activation of AKT1 resulted in an increase in the ubiquitin E3 ligase tripartite motif-containing 21 (TRIM21), which binds to and mediates the ubiquitination-dependent proteasomal degradation of DUSP2. Overall, we identified CSNK2A1 as a novel binding partner of DUSP2 that promotes PDAC apoptosis through CSN2KA1/AKT1 in an ERK1/2-independent manner. Activation of AKT1 also mediated proteasomal degradation of DUSP2 via the AKT1/TRIM21 positive feedback loop. We propose increasing the level of DUSP2 as a potential therapeutic strategy for PDAC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yangyang Zhang
- Department of Pancreatic and Biliary Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang, China; Key Laboratory of Hepatosplenic Surgery, Ministry of Education, The First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, China
| | - Rui Kong
- Department of Pancreatic and Biliary Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang, China; Key Laboratory of Hepatosplenic Surgery, Ministry of Education, The First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, China
| | - Wenbo Yang
- Department of Pancreatic and Biliary Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang, China; Key Laboratory of Hepatosplenic Surgery, Ministry of Education, The First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, China
| | - Keyi Hu
- Department of Pancreatic and Biliary Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang, China; Key Laboratory of Hepatosplenic Surgery, Ministry of Education, The First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, China
| | - Zhongjie Zhao
- Department of Pancreatic and Biliary Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang, China; Key Laboratory of Hepatosplenic Surgery, Ministry of Education, The First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, China
| | - Le Li
- Department of Pancreatic and Biliary Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang, China; Key Laboratory of Hepatosplenic Surgery, Ministry of Education, The First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, China
| | - Xinglong Geng
- Department of Pancreatic and Biliary Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang, China; Key Laboratory of Hepatosplenic Surgery, Ministry of Education, The First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, China
| | - Liwei Liu
- Department of Pancreatic and Biliary Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang, China; Key Laboratory of Hepatosplenic Surgery, Ministry of Education, The First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, China
| | - Hongze Chen
- Department of Pancreatic and Biliary Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang, China; Key Laboratory of Hepatosplenic Surgery, Ministry of Education, The First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, China
| | - Peng Xiao
- Department of Pancreatic and Biliary Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang, China; Key Laboratory of Hepatosplenic Surgery, Ministry of Education, The First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, China
| | - Danxi Liu
- Department of Pancreatic and Biliary Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang, China; Key Laboratory of Hepatosplenic Surgery, Ministry of Education, The First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, China
| | - Yan Luo
- Department of Pancreatic and Biliary Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang, China; Key Laboratory of Hepatosplenic Surgery, Ministry of Education, The First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, China
| | - Hua Chen
- Department of Pancreatic and Biliary Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang, China; Key Laboratory of Hepatosplenic Surgery, Ministry of Education, The First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, China
| | - Jisheng Hu
- Department of Pancreatic and Biliary Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang, China; Key Laboratory of Hepatosplenic Surgery, Ministry of Education, The First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, China.
| | - Bei Sun
- Department of Pancreatic and Biliary Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang, China; Key Laboratory of Hepatosplenic Surgery, Ministry of Education, The First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, China.
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Karagiannis TT, Dowrey TW, Villacorta-Martin C, Montano M, Reed E, Belkina AC, Andersen SL, Perls TT, Monti S, Murphy GJ, Sebastiani P. Multi-modal profiling of peripheral blood cells across the human lifespan reveals distinct immune cell signatures of aging and longevity. EBioMedicine 2023; 90:104514. [PMID: 37005201 PMCID: PMC10114155 DOI: 10.1016/j.ebiom.2023.104514] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2022] [Revised: 01/27/2023] [Accepted: 02/22/2023] [Indexed: 04/03/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Age-related changes in immune cell composition and functionality are associated with multimorbidity and mortality. However, many centenarians delay the onset of aging-related disease suggesting the presence of elite immunity that remains highly functional at extreme old age. METHODS To identify immune-specific patterns of aging and extreme human longevity, we analyzed novel single cell profiles from the peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) of a random sample of 7 centenarians (mean age 106) and publicly available single cell RNA-sequencing (scRNA-seq) datasets that included an additional 7 centenarians as well as 52 people at younger ages (20-89 years). FINDINGS The analysis confirmed known shifts in the ratio of lymphocytes to myeloid cells, and noncytotoxic to cytotoxic cell distributions with aging, but also identified significant shifts from CD4+ T cell to B cell populations in centenarians suggesting a history of exposure to natural and environmental immunogens. We validated several of these findings using flow cytometry analysis of the same samples. Our transcriptional analysis identified cell type signatures specific to exceptional longevity that included genes with age-related changes (e.g., increased expression of STK17A, a gene known to be involved in DNA damage response) as well as genes expressed uniquely in centenarians' PBMCs (e.g., S100A4, part of the S100 protein family studied in age-related disease and connected to longevity and metabolic regulation). INTERPRETATION Collectively, these data suggest that centenarians harbor unique, highly functional immune systems that have successfully adapted to a history of insults allowing for the achievement of exceptional longevity. FUNDING TK, SM, PS, GM, SA, TP are supported by NIH-NIAUH2AG064704 and U19AG023122. MM and PS are supported by NIHNIA Pepper center: P30 AG031679-10. This project is supported by the Flow Cytometry Core Facility at BUSM. FCCF is funded by the NIH Instrumentation grant: S10 OD021587.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tanya T Karagiannis
- Institute for Clinical Research and Health Policy Studies, Tufts Medical Center, Boston, MA, USA.
| | - Todd W Dowrey
- Center for Regenerative Medicine (CReM), Boston University and Boston Medical Center, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Carlos Villacorta-Martin
- Center for Regenerative Medicine (CReM), Boston University and Boston Medical Center, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Monty Montano
- Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA; Boston Pepper Center, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Eric Reed
- Data Intensive Study Center, Tufts University, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Anna C Belkina
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA; Flow Cytometry Core Facility, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Stacy L Andersen
- Department of Medicine, Geriatrics Section, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Thomas T Perls
- Department of Medicine, Geriatrics Section, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Stefano Monti
- Bioinformatics Program, Boston University, Boston, MA, USA; Division of Computational Biomedicine, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA; Department of Biostatistics, Boston University School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
| | - George J Murphy
- Center for Regenerative Medicine (CReM), Boston University and Boston Medical Center, Boston, MA, USA; Section of Hematology and Medical Oncology, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Paola Sebastiani
- Institute for Clinical Research and Health Policy Studies, Tufts Medical Center, Boston, MA, USA; Department of Medicine, Tufts University, Boston, MA, USA
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9
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Park H, Imoto S, Miyano S. Gene Regulatory Network-Classifier: Gene Regulatory Network-Based Classifier and Its Applications to Gastric Cancer Drug (5-Fluorouracil) Marker Identification. J Comput Biol 2023; 30:223-243. [PMID: 36450117 DOI: 10.1089/cmb.2022.0181] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
The complex mechanisms of diseases involve the disturbance of the molecular network, rather than disorder in a single gene, implying that single gene-based analysis is insufficient to understand these mechanisms. Gene regulatory networks (GRNs) have attracted a lot of interest and various approaches have been developed for their statistical inference and gene network-based analysis. Although various computational methods have been developed, relatively little attention has been paid to incorporation of biological knowledge into the computational approaches. Furthermore, existing studies on network-based analysis perform prediction/classification of status of cell lines based on preconstructed GRNs, implying that we cannot extract prediction/classification-specific gene networks, leading to difficulty in interpretation of biological mechanisms and marker identification related to the status of cancer cell lines. We developed a novel strategy to build a GRN-based classifier, called a GRN-classifier. The proposed GRN-classifier estimates GRNs and classifies cell lines simultaneously, where the gene network is estimated to minimize error in gene network estimation and the negative log-likelihood for classifying cell lines. Thus, we can identify biological status-specific gene regulatory systems, enabling us to achieve biologically reliable interpretation of the classification. We also propose an algorithm to implement the GRN-classifier based on coordinate descent update. Monte Carlo simulations were conducted to examine performance of the GRN-classifier. Results: Our strategy provides effective results in feature selection in the classification model and edge selection in gene network estimation. The GRN-classifier also shows outstanding classification accuracy. We apply the GRN-classifier to classify cancer cell lines into anticancer drug-related status, that is, 5-fluorouracil (5-FU)-sensitive/resistant and 5-FU target/nontarget cancer cell lines. We then identified 5-FU markers based on 5-FU-related status classification-specific gene networks. The mechanisms of the identified markers were verified through literature survey. Our results suggest that the molecular interplay between MYOF and AHNAK2 may play a crucial role in drug resistance and can provide information on the chemotherapy efficiency of 5-FU. It is also suggested that suppression of the identified 5-FU markers, including MYOF/AHNAK2 and AKR1C1/AKR1C3 may improve 5-FU resistance of cancer cell lines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heewon Park
- M&D Data Science Center, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Seiya Imoto
- Human Genome Center, The Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Satoru Miyano
- M&D Data Science Center, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan.,Human Genome Center, The Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
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10
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S100A6 Protein-Expression and Function in Norm and Pathology. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24021341. [PMID: 36674873 PMCID: PMC9866648 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24021341] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2022] [Revised: 01/03/2023] [Accepted: 01/06/2023] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
S100A6, also known as calcyclin, is a calcium-binding protein belonging to the S100 protein family. It was first identified and purified more than 30 years ago. Initial structural studies, focused mostly on the mode and affinity of Ca2+ binding and resolution of the resultant conformational changes, were soon complemented by research on its expression, localization and identification of binding partners. With time, the use of biophysical methods helped to resolve the structure and versatility of S100A6 complexes with some of its ligands. Meanwhile, it became clear that S100A6 expression was altered in various pathological states and correlated with the stage/progression of many diseases, including cancers, indicative of its important, and possibly causative, role in some of these diseases. This, in turn, prompted researchers to look for the mechanism of S100A6 action and to identify the intermediary signaling pathways and effectors. After all these years, our knowledge on various aspects of S100A6 biology is robust but still incomplete. The list of S100A6 ligands is growing all the time, as is our understanding of the physiological importance of these interactions. The present review summarizes available data concerning S100A6 expression/localization, interaction with intracellular and extracellular targets, involvement in Ca2+-dependent cellular processes and association with various pathologies.
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11
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Stancill JS, Hansen PA, Mathison AJ, Schmidt EE, Corbett JA. Deletion of Thioredoxin Reductase Disrupts Redox Homeostasis and Impairs β-Cell Function. FUNCTION (OXFORD, ENGLAND) 2022; 3:zqac034. [PMID: 35873655 PMCID: PMC9301323 DOI: 10.1093/function/zqac034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2022] [Revised: 06/17/2022] [Accepted: 06/27/2022] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Reactive oxygen species (ROS) have been implicated as mediators of pancreatic β-cell damage. While β-cells are thought to be vulnerable to oxidative damage, we have shown, using inhibitors and acute depletion, that thioredoxin reductase, thioredoxin, and peroxiredoxins are the primary mediators of antioxidant defense in β-cells. However, the role of this antioxidant cycle in maintaining redox homeostasis and β-cell survival in vivo remains unclear. Here, we generated mice with a β-cell specific knockout of thioredoxin reductase 1 (Txnrd1fl/fl; Ins1Cre/+ , βKO). Despite blunted glucose-stimulated insulin secretion, knockout mice maintain normal whole-body glucose homeostasis. Unlike pancreatic islets with acute Txnrd1 inhibition, βKO islets do not demonstrate increased sensitivity to ROS. RNA-sequencing analysis revealed that Txnrd1-deficient β-cells have increased expression of nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2)-regulated genes, and altered expression of genes involved in heme and glutathione metabolism, suggesting an adaptive response. Txnrd1-deficient β-cells also have decreased expression of factors controlling β-cell function and identity which may explain the mild functional impairment. Together, these results suggest that Txnrd1-knockout β-cells compensate for loss of this essential antioxidant pathway by increasing expression of Nrf2-regulated antioxidant genes, allowing for protection from excess ROS at the expense of normal β-cell function and identity.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Polly A Hansen
- Department of Biochemistry, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, 53226, USA
| | - Angela J Mathison
- Genomic Sciences and Precision Medicine Center, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI 53226, USA,Division of Research, Department of Surgery, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI 53226, USA
| | - Edward E Schmidt
- Department of Microbiology and Cell Biology, Montana State University, Bozeman, MN 59717, USA,Redox Biology Laboratory, University of Veterinary Medicine, Budapest 1078, Hungary
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12
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Li Z, Huang F, Chen L, Huang T, Cai YD. Identifying In Vitro Cultured Human Hepatocytes Markers with Machine Learning Methods Based on Single-Cell RNA-Seq Data. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2022; 10:916309. [PMID: 35706505 PMCID: PMC9189284 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2022.916309] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2022] [Accepted: 05/11/2022] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Cell transplantation is an effective method for compensating for the loss of liver function and improve patient survival. However, given that hepatocytes cultivated in vitro have diverse developmental processes and physiological features, obtaining hepatocytes that can properly function in vivo is difficult. In the present study, we present an advanced computational analysis on single-cell transcriptional profiling to resolve the heterogeneity of the hepatocyte differentiation process in vitro and to mine biomarkers at different periods of differentiation. We obtained a batch of compressed and effective classification features with the Boruta method and ranked them using the Max-Relevance and Min-Redundancy method. Some key genes were identified during the in vitro culture of hepatocytes, including CD147, which not only regulates terminally differentiated cells in the liver but also affects cell differentiation. PPIA, which encodes a CD147 ligand, also appeared in the identified gene list, and the combination of the two proteins mediated multiple biological pathways. Other genes, such as TMSB10, TMEM176B, and CD63, which are involved in the maturation and differentiation of hepatocytes and assist different hepatic cell types in performing their roles were also identified. Then, several classifiers were trained and evaluated to obtain optimal classifiers and optimal feature subsets, using three classification algorithms (random forest, k-nearest neighbor, and decision tree) and the incremental feature selection method. The best random forest classifier with a 0.940 Matthews correlation coefficient was constructed to distinguish different hepatic cell types. Finally, classification rules were created for quantitatively describing hepatic cell types. In summary, This study provided potential targets for cell transplantation associated liver disease treatment strategies by elucidating the process and mechanism of hepatocyte development at both qualitative and quantitative levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- ZhanDong Li
- College of Biological and Food Engineering, Jilin Engineering Normal University, Changchun, China
| | - FeiMing Huang
- School of Life Sciences, Shanghai University, Shanghai, China
| | - Lei Chen
- College of Information Engineering, Shanghai Maritime University, Shanghai, China
| | - Tao Huang
- Bio-Med Big Data Center, CAS Key Laboratory of Computational Biology, Shanghai Institute of Nutrition and Health, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
- CAS Key Laboratory of Tissue Microenvironment and Tumor, Shanghai Institute of Nutrition and Health, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
- *Correspondence: Tao Huang, ; Yu-Dong Cai,
| | - Yu-Dong Cai
- School of Life Sciences, Shanghai University, Shanghai, China
- *Correspondence: Tao Huang, ; Yu-Dong Cai,
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13
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Bonora M, Kahsay A, Pinton P. Mitochondrial calcium homeostasis in hematopoietic stem cell: Molecular regulation of quiescence, function, and differentiation. INTERNATIONAL REVIEW OF CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2022; 362:111-140. [PMID: 34253293 DOI: 10.1016/bs.ircmb.2021.05.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/11/2023]
Abstract
Hematopoiesis is based on the existence of hematopoietic stem cells (HSC) with the capacity to self-proliferate and self-renew or to differentiate into specialized cells. The hematopoietic niche is the essential microenvironment where stem cells reside and integrate various stimuli to determine their fate. Recent studies have identified niche containing high level of calcium (Ca2+) suggesting that HSCs are sensitive to Ca2+. This is a highly versatile and ubiquitous second messenger that regulates a wide variety of cellular functions. Advanced methods for measuring its concentrations, genetic experiments, cell fate tracing data, single-cell imaging, and transcriptomics studies provide information into its specific roles to integrate signaling into an array of mechanisms that determine HSC identity, lineage potential, maintenance, and self-renewal. Accumulating and contrasting evidence, are revealing Ca2+ as a previously unacknowledged feature of HSC, involved in functional maintenance, by regulating multiple actors including transcription and epigenetic factors, Ca2+-dependent kinases and mitochondrial physiology. Mitochondria are significant participants in HSC functions and their responsiveness to cellular demands is controlled to a significant extent via Ca2+ signals. Recent reports indicate that mitochondrial Ca2+ uptake also controls HSC fate. These observations reveal a physiological feature of hematopoietic stem cells that can be harnessed to improve HSC-related disease. In this review, we discuss the current knowledge Ca2+ in hematopoietic stem cell focusing on its potential involvement in proliferation, self-renewal and maintenance of HSC and discuss future research directions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Massimo Bonora
- Department of Medical Sciences, Section of Experimental Medicine, Laboratory for Technologies of Advanced Therapies (LTTA), University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy.
| | - Asrat Kahsay
- Department of Medical Sciences, Section of Experimental Medicine, Laboratory for Technologies of Advanced Therapies (LTTA), University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Paolo Pinton
- Department of Medical Sciences, Section of Experimental Medicine, Laboratory for Technologies of Advanced Therapies (LTTA), University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy.
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14
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OUP accepted manuscript. Brief Funct Genomics 2022; 21:159-176. [DOI: 10.1093/bfgp/elac002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2021] [Revised: 01/20/2022] [Accepted: 01/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
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15
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The S100 Protein Family as Players and Therapeutic Targets in Pulmonary Diseases. Pulm Med 2021; 2021:5488591. [PMID: 34239729 PMCID: PMC8214497 DOI: 10.1155/2021/5488591] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2021] [Accepted: 05/27/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The S100 protein family consists of over 20 members in humans that are involved in many intracellular and extracellular processes, including proliferation, differentiation, apoptosis, Ca2+ homeostasis, energy metabolism, inflammation, tissue repair, and migration/invasion. Although there are structural similarities between each member, they are not functionally interchangeable. The S100 proteins function both as intracellular Ca2+ sensors and as extracellular factors. Dysregulated responses of multiple members of the S100 family are observed in several diseases, including the lungs (asthma, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis, cystic fibrosis, pulmonary hypertension, and lung cancer). To this degree, extensive research was undertaken to identify their roles in pulmonary disease pathogenesis and the identification of inhibitors for several S100 family members that have progressed to clinical trials in patients for nonpulmonary conditions. This review outlines the potential role of each S100 protein in pulmonary diseases, details the possible mechanisms observed in diseases, and outlines potential therapeutic strategies for treatment.
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16
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Mitochondria at Work: New Insights into Regulation and Dysregulation of Cellular Energy Supply and Metabolism. Biomedicines 2020; 8:biomedicines8110526. [PMID: 33266387 PMCID: PMC7700424 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines8110526] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2020] [Revised: 11/10/2020] [Accepted: 11/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Mitochondria are of great relevance to health, and their dysregulation is associated with major chronic diseases. Research on mitochondria-156 brand new publications from 2019 and 2020-have contributed to this review. Mitochondria have been fundamental for the evolution of complex organisms. As important and semi-autonomous organelles in cells, they can adapt their function to the needs of the respective organ. They can program their function to energy supply (e.g., to keep heart muscle cells going, life-long) or to metabolism (e.g., to support hepatocytes and liver function). The capacity of mitochondria to re-program between different options is important for all cell types that are capable of changing between a resting state and cell proliferation, such as stem cells and immune cells. Major chronic diseases are characterized by mitochondrial dysregulation. This will be exemplified by cardiovascular diseases, metabolic syndrome, neurodegenerative diseases, immune system disorders, and cancer. New strategies for intervention in chronic diseases will be presented. The tumor microenvironment can be considered a battlefield between cancer and immune defense, competing for energy supply and metabolism. Cancer cachexia is considered as a final stage of cancer progression. Nevertheless, the review will present an example of complete remission of cachexia via immune cell transfer. These findings should encourage studies along the lines of mitochondria, energy supply, and metabolism.
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