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Mire MM, Elesela S, Morris S, Corfas G, Rasky A, Lukacs NW. Respiratory Virus-Induced PARP1 Alters DC Metabolism and Antiviral Immunity Inducing Pulmonary Immunopathology. Viruses 2024; 16:910. [PMID: 38932202 PMCID: PMC11209157 DOI: 10.3390/v16060910] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2024] [Revised: 05/30/2024] [Accepted: 06/01/2024] [Indexed: 06/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Previous studies from our laboratory and others have established the dendritic cell (DC) as a key target of RSV that drives infection-induced pathology. Analysis of RSV-induced transcriptomic changes in RSV-infected DC revealed metabolic gene signatures suggestive of altered cellular metabolism. Reverse phase protein array (RPPA) data showed significantly increased PARP1 phosphorylation in RSV-infected DC. Real-time cell metabolic analysis demonstrated increased glycolysis in PARP1-/- DC after RSV infection, confirming a role for PARP1 in regulating DC metabolism. Our data show that enzymatic inhibition or genomic ablation of PARP1 resulted in increased ifnb1, il12, and il27 in RSV-infected DC which, together, promote a more appropriate anti-viral environment. PARP1-/- mice and PARP1-inhibitor-treated mice were protected against RSV-induced immunopathology including airway inflammation, Th2 cytokine production, and mucus hypersecretion. However, delayed treatment with PARP1 inhibitor in RSV-infected mice provided only partial protection, suggesting that PARP1 is most important during the earlier innate immune stage of RSV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohamed M. Mire
- Department of Pathology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Srikanth Elesela
- Department of Pathology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
- Mary H Weiser Food Allergy Center, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Susan Morris
- Department of Pathology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Gabriel Corfas
- Department of Otolaryngology, Kresege Hearing Research Institute, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA;
| | - Andrew Rasky
- Department of Pathology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Nicholas W. Lukacs
- Department of Pathology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
- Mary H Weiser Food Allergy Center, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
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2
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Orlikova-Boyer B, Lorant A, Gajulapalli SR, Cerella C, Schnekenburger M, Lee JY, Paik JY, Lee Y, Siegel D, Ross D, Han BW, Nguyen TKY, Christov C, Kang HJ, Dicato M, Diederich M. Antileukemic potential of methylated indolequinone MAC681 through immunogenic necroptosis and PARP1 degradation. Biomark Res 2024; 12:47. [PMID: 38704604 PMCID: PMC11069214 DOI: 10.1186/s40364-024-00594-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2024] [Accepted: 04/27/2024] [Indexed: 05/06/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Despite advancements in chronic myeloid leukemia (CML) therapy with tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs), resistance and intolerance remain significant challenges. Leukemia stem cells (LSCs) and TKI-resistant cells rely on altered mitochondrial metabolism and oxidative phosphorylation. Targeting rewired energy metabolism and inducing non-apoptotic cell death, along with the release of damage-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs), can enhance therapeutic strategies and immunogenic therapies against CML and prevent the emergence of TKI-resistant cells and LSC persistence. METHODS Transcriptomic analysis was conducted using datasets of CML patients' stem cells and healthy cells. DNA damage was evaluated by fluorescent microscopy and flow cytometry. Cell death was assessed by trypan blue exclusion test, fluorescent microscopy, flow cytometry, colony formation assay, and in vivo Zebrafish xenografts. Energy metabolism was determined by measuring NAD+ and NADH levels, ATP production rate by Seahorse analyzer, and intracellular ATP content. Mitochondrial fitness was estimated by measurements of mitochondrial membrane potential, ROS, and calcium accumulation by flow cytometry, and morphology was visualized by TEM. Bioinformatic analysis, real-time qPCR, western blotting, chemical reaction prediction, and molecular docking were utilized to identify the drug target. The immunogenic potential was assessed by high mobility group box (HMGB)1 ELISA assay, luciferase-based extracellular ATP assay, ectopic calreticulin expression by flow cytometry, and validated by phagocytosis assay, and in vivo vaccination assay using syngeneic C57BL/6 mice. RESULTS Transcriptomic analysis identified metabolic alterations and DNA repair deficiency signatures in CML patients. CML patients exhibited enrichment in immune system, DNA repair, and metabolic pathways. The gene signature associated with BRCA mutated tumors was enriched in CML datasets, suggesting a deficiency in double-strand break repair pathways. Additionally, poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP)1 was significantly upregulated in CML patients' stem cells compared to healthy counterparts. Consistent with the CML patient DNA repair signature, treatment with the methylated indolequinone MAC681 induced DNA damage, mitochondrial dysfunction, calcium homeostasis disruption, metabolic catastrophe, and necroptotic-like cell death. In parallel, MAC681 led to PARP1 degradation that was prevented by 3-aminobenzamide. MAC681-treated myeloid leukemia cells released DAMPs and demonstrated the potential to generate an immunogenic vaccine in C57BL/6 mice. MAC681 and asciminib exhibited synergistic effects in killing both imatinib-sensitive and -resistant CML, opening new therapeutic opportunities. CONCLUSIONS Overall, increasing the tumor mutational burden by PARP1 degradation and mitochondrial deregulation makes CML suitable for immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barbora Orlikova-Boyer
- Laboratoire de Biologie Moléculaire du Cancer, BAM3 Pavillon 2, 6A Rue Nicolas-Ernest Barblé, L-1210, Luxembourg, Luxembourg
| | - Anne Lorant
- Laboratoire de Biologie Moléculaire du Cancer, BAM3 Pavillon 2, 6A Rue Nicolas-Ernest Barblé, L-1210, Luxembourg, Luxembourg
| | - Sruthi Reddy Gajulapalli
- Department of Pharmacy, Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences & Natural Products Research Institute, College of Pharmacy, Seoul National University, 1, Gwanak-Ro, Gwanak-Gu, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Claudia Cerella
- Laboratoire de Biologie Moléculaire du Cancer, BAM3 Pavillon 2, 6A Rue Nicolas-Ernest Barblé, L-1210, Luxembourg, Luxembourg
| | - Michael Schnekenburger
- Laboratoire de Biologie Moléculaire du Cancer, BAM3 Pavillon 2, 6A Rue Nicolas-Ernest Barblé, L-1210, Luxembourg, Luxembourg
| | - Jin-Young Lee
- Department of Pharmacy, Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences & Natural Products Research Institute, College of Pharmacy, Seoul National University, 1, Gwanak-Ro, Gwanak-Gu, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea
- Present address: Department of Biological Sciences, Keimyung University, Daegu, 42601, Republic of Korea
| | - Ji Yeon Paik
- Department of Pharmacy, Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences & Natural Products Research Institute, College of Pharmacy, Seoul National University, 1, Gwanak-Ro, Gwanak-Gu, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Yejin Lee
- Department of Pharmacy, Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences & Natural Products Research Institute, College of Pharmacy, Seoul National University, 1, Gwanak-Ro, Gwanak-Gu, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - David Siegel
- Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, 80045, USA
| | - David Ross
- Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, 80045, USA
| | - Byung Woo Han
- Department of Pharmacy, Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences & Natural Products Research Institute, College of Pharmacy, Seoul National University, 1, Gwanak-Ro, Gwanak-Gu, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Thi Kim Yen Nguyen
- Department of Pharmacy, Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences & Natural Products Research Institute, College of Pharmacy, Seoul National University, 1, Gwanak-Ro, Gwanak-Gu, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea
| | | | - Hyoung Jin Kang
- Department of Pediatrics, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul National University Cancer Research Institute, Seoul National University Children's Hospital, Seoul, 03080, Republic of Korea
| | - Mario Dicato
- Laboratoire de Biologie Moléculaire du Cancer, BAM3 Pavillon 2, 6A Rue Nicolas-Ernest Barblé, L-1210, Luxembourg, Luxembourg
| | - Marc Diederich
- Department of Pharmacy, Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences & Natural Products Research Institute, College of Pharmacy, Seoul National University, 1, Gwanak-Ro, Gwanak-Gu, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea.
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3
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Hasan A, Khan NA, Uddin S, Khan AQ, Steinhoff M. Deregulated transcription factors in the emerging cancer hallmarks. Semin Cancer Biol 2024; 98:31-50. [PMID: 38123029 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcancer.2023.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2023] [Revised: 11/25/2023] [Accepted: 12/14/2023] [Indexed: 12/23/2023]
Abstract
Cancer progression is a multifaceted process that entails several stages and demands the persistent expression or activation of transcription factors (TFs) to facilitate growth and survival. TFs are a cluster of proteins with DNA-binding domains that attach to promoter or enhancer DNA strands to start the transcription of genes by collaborating with RNA polymerase and other supporting proteins. They are generally acknowledged as the major regulatory molecules that coordinate biological homeostasis and the appropriate functioning of cellular components, subsequently contributing to human physiology. TFs proteins are crucial for controlling transcription during the embryonic stage and development, and the stability of different cell types depends on how they function in different cell types. The development and progression of cancer cells and tumors might be triggered by any anomaly in transcription factor function. It has long been acknowledged that cancer development is accompanied by the dysregulated activity of TF alterations which might result in faulty gene expression. Recent studies have suggested that dysregulated transcription factors play a major role in developing various human malignancies by altering and rewiring metabolic processes, modifying the immune response, and triggering oncogenic signaling cascades. This review emphasizes the interplay between TFs involved in metabolic and epigenetic reprogramming, evading immune attacks, cellular senescence, and the maintenance of cancer stemness in cancerous cells. The insights presented herein will facilitate the development of innovative therapeutic modalities to tackle the dysregulated transcription factors underlying cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adria Hasan
- Molecular Cell Biology Laboratory, Integral Information and Research Centre-4 (IIRC-4), Integral University, Lucknow 226026, India; Department of Bioengineering, Faculty of Engineering, Integral University, Lucknow 226026, India
| | - Naushad Ahmad Khan
- Department of Surgery, Trauma and Vascular Surgery Clinical Research, Hamad General Hospital, Doha 3050, Qatar
| | - Shahab Uddin
- Translational Research Institute, Academic Health System, Hamad Medical Corporation, Doha 3050, Qatar; Department of Biosciences, Integral University, Lucknow 226026, India; Animal Research Center, Qatar University, Doha, Qatar; Dermatology Institute, Academic Health System, Hamad Medical Corporation, Doha 3050, Qatar
| | - Abdul Q Khan
- Translational Research Institute, Academic Health System, Hamad Medical Corporation, Doha 3050, Qatar.
| | - Martin Steinhoff
- Translational Research Institute, Academic Health System, Hamad Medical Corporation, Doha 3050, Qatar; Animal Research Center, Qatar University, Doha, Qatar; Department of Dermatology and Venereology, Rumailah Hospital, Hamad Medical Corporation, Doha 3050, Qatar; Department of Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine Qatar, Qatar Foundation-Education City, Doha 24144, Qatar; Department of Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine, 1300 York Avenue, New York, NY 10065, USA; College of Medicine, Qatar University, Doha 2713, Qatar
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4
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Abreu P, Garay BI, Nemkov T, Yamashita AMS, Perlingeiro RCR. Metabolic Changes during In Vivo Maturation of PSC-Derived Skeletal Myogenic Progenitors. Cells 2023; 13:76. [PMID: 38201280 PMCID: PMC10778145 DOI: 10.3390/cells13010076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2023] [Revised: 12/16/2023] [Accepted: 12/19/2023] [Indexed: 01/12/2024] Open
Abstract
In vitro-generated pluripotent stem cell (PSC)-derived Pax3-induced (iPax3) myogenic progenitors display an embryonic transcriptional signature, but upon engraftment, the profile of re-isolated iPax3 donor-derived satellite cells changes toward similarity with postnatal satellite cells, suggesting that engrafted PSC-derived myogenic cells remodel their transcriptional signature upon interaction within the adult muscle environment. Here, we show that engrafted myogenic progenitors also remodel their metabolic state. Assessment of oxygen consumption revealed that exposure to the adult muscle environment promotes overt changes in mitochondrial bioenergetics, as shown by the substantial suppression of energy requirements in re-isolated iPax3 donor-derived satellite cells compared to their in vitro-generated progenitors. Mass spectrometry-based metabolomic profiling further confirmed the relationship of engrafted iPax3 donor-derived cells to adult satellite cells. The fact that in vitro-generated myogenic progenitors remodel their bioenergetic signature upon in vivo exposure to the adult muscle environment may have important implications for therapeutic applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Phablo Abreu
- Lillehei Heart Institute, Department of Medicine, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA; (P.A.); (B.I.G.); (A.M.S.Y.)
| | - Bayardo I. Garay
- Lillehei Heart Institute, Department of Medicine, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA; (P.A.); (B.I.G.); (A.M.S.Y.)
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
| | - Travis Nemkov
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045, USA;
| | - Aline M. S. Yamashita
- Lillehei Heart Institute, Department of Medicine, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA; (P.A.); (B.I.G.); (A.M.S.Y.)
| | - Rita C. R. Perlingeiro
- Lillehei Heart Institute, Department of Medicine, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA; (P.A.); (B.I.G.); (A.M.S.Y.)
- Stem Cell Institute, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
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5
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Gayatri MB, Kancha RK, Behera A, Patchva D, Velugonda N, Gundeti S, Reddy ABM. AMPK-induced novel phosphorylation of RUNX1 inhibits STAT3 activation and overcome imatinib resistance in chronic myelogenous leukemia (CML) subjects. Cell Death Discov 2023; 9:401. [PMID: 37903788 PMCID: PMC10616083 DOI: 10.1038/s41420-023-01700-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2023] [Revised: 10/12/2023] [Accepted: 10/18/2023] [Indexed: 11/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Imatinib resistance remains an unresolved problem in CML disease. Activation of JAK2/STAT3 pathway and increased expression of RUNX1 have become one reason for development of imatinib resistance in CML subjects. Metformin has gained attention as an antileukemic drug in recent times. However, the molecular mechanism remains elusive. The present study shows that RUNX1 is a novel substrate of AMP-activated kinase (AMPK), where AMPK phosphorylates RUNX1 at Ser 94 position. Activation of AMPK by metformin could lead to increased cytoplasmic retention of RUNX1 due to Ser 94 phosphorylation. RUNX1 Ser 94 phosphorylation resulted in increased interaction with STAT3, which was reflected in reduced transcriptional activity of both RUNX1 and STAT3 due to their cytoplasmic retention. The reduced transcriptional activity of STAT3 and RUNX1 resulted in the down-regulation of their signaling targets involved in proliferation and anti-apoptosis. Our cell proliferation assays using in vitro resistant cell line models and PBMCs isolated from CML clinical patients and normal subjects demonstrate that metformin treatment resulted in reduced growth and improved imatinib sensitivity of resistant subjects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meher Bolisetti Gayatri
- Department of Animal Biology, School of Life Sciences, University of Hyderabad, Hyderabad, 500046, India
| | - Rama Krishna Kancha
- Molecular Medicine and Therapeutics Laboratory, CPMB, Osmania University, Hyderabad, 500007, India
| | - Abhayananda Behera
- Department of Animal Biology, School of Life Sciences, University of Hyderabad, Hyderabad, 500046, India
| | - Dorababu Patchva
- Department of Pharmacology, Apollo Institute of Medical Sciences and Research, Jubilee Hills, Hyderabad, 500033, India
| | - Nagaraj Velugonda
- Department of Medical Oncology, Nizam's Institute of Medical Sciences, Hyderabad, 500082, India
| | - Sadasivudu Gundeti
- Department of Medical Oncology, Nizam's Institute of Medical Sciences, Hyderabad, 500082, India
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6
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Qiu S, Sheth V, Yan C, Liu J, Chacko BK, Li H, Crossman DK, Fortmann SD, Aryal S, Rennhack A, Grant MB, Welner RS, Paterson AJ, Wende AR, Darley-Usmar VM, Lu R, Locasale JW, Bhatia R. Metabolic adaptation to tyrosine kinase inhibition in leukemia stem cells. Blood 2023; 142:574-588. [PMID: 37192295 PMCID: PMC10447615 DOI: 10.1182/blood.2022018196] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2022] [Revised: 04/27/2023] [Accepted: 04/29/2023] [Indexed: 05/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs) are very effective in treating chronic myelogenous leukemia (CML), but primitive, quiescent leukemia stem cells persist as a barrier to the cure. We performed a comprehensive evaluation of metabolic adaptation to TKI treatment and its role in CML hematopoietic stem and progenitor cell persistence. Using a CML mouse model, we found that glycolysis, glutaminolysis, the tricarboxylic acid cycle, and oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS) were initially inhibited by TKI treatment in CML-committed progenitors but were restored with continued treatment, reflecting both selection and metabolic reprogramming of specific subpopulations. TKI treatment selectively enriched primitive CML stem cells with reduced metabolic gene expression. Persistent CML stem cells also showed metabolic adaptation to TKI treatment through altered substrate use and mitochondrial respiration maintenance. Evaluation of transcription factors underlying these changes helped detect increased HIF-1 protein levels and activity in TKI-treated stem cells. Treatment with an HIF-1 inhibitor in combination with TKI treatment depleted murine and human CML stem cells. HIF-1 inhibition increased mitochondrial activity and reactive oxygen species (ROS) levels, reduced quiescence, increased cycling, and reduced the self-renewal and regenerating potential of dormant CML stem cells. We, therefore, identified the HIF-1-mediated inhibition of OXPHOS and ROS and maintenance of CML stem cell dormancy and repopulating potential as a key mechanism of CML stem cell adaptation to TKI treatment. Our results identify a key metabolic dependency in CML stem cells persisting after TKI treatment that can be targeted to enhance their elimination.
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MESH Headings
- Mice
- Humans
- Animals
- Protein-Tyrosine Kinases/metabolism
- Protein Kinase Inhibitors/pharmacology
- Protein Kinase Inhibitors/therapeutic use
- Reactive Oxygen Species/metabolism
- Neoplastic Stem Cells/metabolism
- Leukemia, Myelogenous, Chronic, BCR-ABL Positive/drug therapy
- Leukemia, Myelogenous, Chronic, BCR-ABL Positive/genetics
- Leukemia, Myelogenous, Chronic, BCR-ABL Positive/metabolism
- Drug Resistance, Neoplasm
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Affiliation(s)
- Shaowei Qiu
- Division of Hematology and Oncology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL
- State Key Laboratory of Experimental Hematology, National Clinical Research Center for Blood Diseases, Haihe Laboratory of Cell Ecosystem, Institute of Hematology and Blood Diseases Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Science and Peking Union Medical College, Tianjin, China
| | - Vipul Sheth
- Division of Hematology and Oncology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL
| | - Chengcheng Yan
- Division of Hematology and Oncology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL
| | - Juan Liu
- Department of Pharmacology and Cancer Biology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC
| | - Balu K. Chacko
- Department of Pathology, Mitochondrial Medicine Laboratory, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL
| | - Hui Li
- Division of Hematology and Oncology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL
| | - David K. Crossman
- Genomics Core Facility, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL
| | - Seth D. Fortmann
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL
- Medical Scientist Training Program, School of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL
| | - Sajesan Aryal
- Division of Hematology and Oncology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL
| | - Ashley Rennhack
- Division of Hematology and Oncology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL
| | - Maria B. Grant
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL
| | - Robert S. Welner
- Division of Hematology and Oncology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL
| | - Andrew J. Paterson
- Division of Hematology and Oncology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL
| | - Adam R. Wende
- Department of Pathology, Mitochondrial Medicine Laboratory, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL
| | - Victor M. Darley-Usmar
- Department of Pathology, Mitochondrial Medicine Laboratory, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL
| | - Rui Lu
- Division of Hematology and Oncology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL
| | - Jason W. Locasale
- Department of Pharmacology and Cancer Biology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC
| | - Ravi Bhatia
- Division of Hematology and Oncology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL
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Pang H, Hu Z. Metabolomics in drug research and development: The recent advances in technologies and applications. Acta Pharm Sin B 2023; 13:3238-3251. [PMID: 37655318 PMCID: PMC10465962 DOI: 10.1016/j.apsb.2023.05.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2023] [Revised: 03/21/2023] [Accepted: 04/28/2023] [Indexed: 09/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Emerging evidence has demonstrated the vital role of metabolism in various diseases or disorders. Metabolomics provides a comprehensive understanding of metabolism in biological systems. With advanced analytical techniques, metabolomics exhibits unprecedented significant value in basic drug research, including understanding disease mechanisms, identifying drug targets, and elucidating the mode of action of drugs. More importantly, metabolomics greatly accelerates the drug development process by predicting pharmacokinetics, pharmacodynamics, and drug response. In addition, metabolomics facilitates the exploration of drug repurposing and drug-drug interactions, as well as the development of personalized treatment strategies. Here, we briefly review the recent advances in technologies in metabolomics and update our knowledge of the applications of metabolomics in drug research and development.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Zeping Hu
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tsinghua-Peking Center for Life Sciences, Beijing Frontier Research Center for Biological Structure, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
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8
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Rattigan KM, Zarou MM, Helgason GV. Metabolism in stem cell-driven leukemia: parallels between hematopoiesis and immunity. Blood 2023; 141:2553-2565. [PMID: 36634302 PMCID: PMC10646800 DOI: 10.1182/blood.2022018258] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2022] [Revised: 12/21/2022] [Accepted: 01/03/2023] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Our understanding of cancer metabolism spans from its role in cellular energetics and supplying the building blocks necessary for proliferation, to maintaining cellular redox and regulating the cellular epigenome and transcriptome. Cancer metabolism, once thought to be solely driven by upregulated glycolysis, is now known to comprise multiple pathways with great plasticity in response to extrinsic challenges. Furthermore, cancer cells can modify their surrounding niche during disease initiation, maintenance, and metastasis, thereby contributing to therapy resistance. Leukemia is a paradigm model of stem cell-driven cancer. In this study, we review how leukemia remodels the niche and rewires its metabolism, with particular attention paid to therapy-resistant stem cells. Specifically, we aim to give a global, nonexhaustive overview of key metabolic pathways. By contrasting the metabolic rewiring required by myeloid-leukemic stem cells with that required for hematopoiesis and immune cell function, we highlight the metabolic features they share. This is a critical consideration when contemplating anticancer metabolic inhibitor options, especially in the context of anticancer immune therapies. Finally, we examine pathways that have not been studied in leukemia but are critical in solid cancers in the context of metastasis and interaction with new niches. These studies also offer detailed mechanisms that are yet to be investigated in leukemia. Given that cancer (and normal) cells can meet their energy requirements by not only upregulating metabolic pathways but also utilizing systemically available substrates, we aim to inform how interlinked these metabolic pathways are, both within leukemic cells and between cancer cells and their niche.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin M. Rattigan
- Wolfson Wohl Cancer Research Centre, School of Cancer Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Martha M. Zarou
- Wolfson Wohl Cancer Research Centre, School of Cancer Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - G. Vignir Helgason
- Wolfson Wohl Cancer Research Centre, School of Cancer Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom
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9
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Limsuwanachot N, Rerkamnuaychoke B, Niparuck P, Singdong R, Kongruang A, Hirunpatrawong P, Siriyakorn T, Yenchitsomanus PT, Siriboonpiputtana T. A customized mass array panel for BCR:: ABL1 tyrosine kinase domain mutation screening in chronic myeloid leukemia. J Mass Spectrom Adv Clin Lab 2023; 28:122-132. [PMID: 37128502 PMCID: PMC10148036 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmsacl.2023.04.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2022] [Revised: 03/25/2023] [Accepted: 04/10/2023] [Indexed: 05/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction The therapeutic strategy and management of chronic myeloid leukemia (CML) have rapidly improved with the discovery of effective tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs) to target BCR::ABL1 oncoprotein. However, nearly 30% of patients develop TKI resistance due to acquired mutations on the tyrosine kinase domain (TKD) of BCR::ABL1. Methods We customized a mass array panel initially intended to detect and monitor the mutational burden of hotspot BCR::ABL1 TKD mutations accumulated in our database, including key mutations recently recommended by European LeukemiaNet. Additionally, we extended the feasibility of using the assay panel for the molecular classification of myeloproliferative neoplasms (MPNs) by incorporating primer sets specific for analyzing JAK2 V617F, MPL 515 K/L, and CALR types 1 and 2. Results We found that the developed mass array panel was superior for detecting and monitoring clinically significant BCR::ABL1 TKD mutations, especially in cases with low mutational burden and harboring compound/polyclonal mutations, compared with direct sequencing. Moreover, our customized mass array panel detected common genetic alterations in MPNs, and the findings were consistent with those of other comparable assays available in our laboratory. Conclusions Our customized mass array panel was practicably used as a routine robust assay for screening and monitoring BCR::ABL1 TKD mutations in patients with CML undergoing TKI treatment and feasible for analyzing common genetic mutations in MPNs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nittaya Limsuwanachot
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Ramathibodi Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Budsaba Rerkamnuaychoke
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Ramathibodi Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Pimjai Niparuck
- Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Ramathibodi Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Roongrudee Singdong
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Ramathibodi Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Adcharee Kongruang
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Ramathibodi Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | | | | | - Pa-thai Yenchitsomanus
- Siriraj Center of Research Excellence for Cancer Immunotherapy (SiCORE-CIT), Faculty of Medicine, Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Teerapong Siriboonpiputtana
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Ramathibodi Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
- Corresponding author at: Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Ramathibodi Hospital, Mahidol University, 270 Rama VI Road, Ratchathewi, Bangkok 10400, Thailand.
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10
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Tau S, Miller TW. The role of cancer cell bioenergetics in dormancy and drug resistance. Cancer Metastasis Rev 2023; 42:87-98. [PMID: 36696004 PMCID: PMC10233409 DOI: 10.1007/s10555-023-10081-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2022] [Accepted: 01/11/2023] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
While anti-cancer drug treatments are often effective for the clinical management of cancer, these treatments frequently leave behind drug-tolerant persister cancer cells that can ultimately give rise to recurrent disease. Such persistent cancer cells can lie dormant for extended periods of time, going undetected by conventional clinical means. Understanding the mechanisms that such dormant cancer cells use to survive, and the mechanisms that drive emergence from dormancy, is critical to the development of improved therapeutic strategies to prevent and manage disease recurrence. Cancer cells often exhibit metabolic alterations compared to their non-transformed counterparts. An emerging body of evidence supports the notion that dormant cancer cells also have unique metabolic adaptations that may offer therapeutically targetable vulnerabilities. Herein, we review mechanisms through which cancer cells metabolically adapt to persist during drug treatments and develop drug resistance. We also highlight emerging therapeutic strategies to target dormant cancer cells via their metabolic features.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steven Tau
- Department of Molecular and Systems Biology, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Dartmouth Cancer Center, Lebanon, NH, USA
| | - Todd W Miller
- Department of Molecular and Systems Biology, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Dartmouth Cancer Center, Lebanon, NH, USA.
- Dartmouth-Hitchcock Medical Center, One Medical Center Drive, HB-7936, Lebanon, NH 03756, USA.
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11
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Borbor M, Yin D, Brockmeier U, Wang C, Doeckel M, Pillath-Eilers M, Kaltwasser B, Hermann DM, Dzyubenko E. Neurotoxicity of ischemic astrocytes involves STAT3-mediated metabolic switching and depends on glycogen usage. Glia 2023; 71:1553-1569. [PMID: 36810803 DOI: 10.1002/glia.24357] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2022] [Revised: 02/08/2023] [Accepted: 02/10/2023] [Indexed: 02/24/2023]
Abstract
Astrocytic responses are critical for the maintenance of neuronal networks in health and disease. In stroke, reactive astrocytes undergo functional changes potentially contributing to secondary neurodegeneration, but the mechanisms of astrocyte-mediated neurotoxicity remain elusive. Here, we investigated metabolic reprogramming in astrocytes following ischemia-reperfusion in vitro, explored their role in synaptic degeneration, and verified the key findings in a mouse model of stroke. Using indirect cocultures of primary mouse astrocytes and neurons, we demonstrate that transcription factor STAT3 controls metabolic switching in ischemic astrocytes promoting lactate-directed glycolysis and hindering mitochondrial function. Upregulation of astrocytic STAT3 signaling associated with nuclear translocation of pyruvate kinase isoform M2 and hypoxia response element activation. Reprogrammed thereby, the ischemic astrocytes induced mitochondrial respiration failure in neurons and triggered glutamatergic synapse loss, which was prevented by inhibiting astrocytic STAT3 signaling with Stattic. The rescuing effect of Stattic relied on the ability of astrocytes to utilize glycogen bodies as an alternative metabolic source supporting mitochondrial function. After focal cerebral ischemia in mice, astrocytic STAT3 activation was associated with secondary synaptic degeneration in the perilesional cortex. Inflammatory preconditioning with LPS increased astrocytic glycogen content, reduced synaptic degeneration, and promoted neuroprotection post stroke. Our data indicate the central role of STAT3 signaling and glycogen usage in reactive astrogliosis and suggest novel targets for restorative stroke therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mina Borbor
- Department of Neurology and Center for Translational Neuro- and Behavioral Sciences (C-TNBS), University Hospital Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Dongpei Yin
- Department of Neurology and Center for Translational Neuro- and Behavioral Sciences (C-TNBS), University Hospital Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Ulf Brockmeier
- Department of Neurology and Center for Translational Neuro- and Behavioral Sciences (C-TNBS), University Hospital Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Chen Wang
- Department of Neurology and Center for Translational Neuro- and Behavioral Sciences (C-TNBS), University Hospital Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Marius Doeckel
- Department of Neurology and Center for Translational Neuro- and Behavioral Sciences (C-TNBS), University Hospital Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Matthias Pillath-Eilers
- Department of Neurology and Center for Translational Neuro- and Behavioral Sciences (C-TNBS), University Hospital Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Britta Kaltwasser
- Department of Neurology and Center for Translational Neuro- and Behavioral Sciences (C-TNBS), University Hospital Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Dirk M Hermann
- Department of Neurology and Center for Translational Neuro- and Behavioral Sciences (C-TNBS), University Hospital Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Egor Dzyubenko
- Department of Neurology and Center for Translational Neuro- and Behavioral Sciences (C-TNBS), University Hospital Essen, Essen, Germany
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12
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Qin R, Wang T, He W, Wei W, Liu S, Gao M, Huang Z. Jak2/STAT6/c-Myc pathway is vital to the pathogenicity of Philadelphia-positive acute lymphoblastic leukemia caused by P190 BCR-ABL. Cell Commun Signal 2023; 21:27. [PMID: 36721266 PMCID: PMC9887777 DOI: 10.1186/s12964-023-01039-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2022] [Accepted: 01/02/2023] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The Philadelphia chromosome encodes the BCR-ABL fusion protein, which has two primary subtypes, P210 and P190. P210 and P190 cause Philadelphia-positive chronic myeloid leukemia (Ph+ CML) and Philadelphia-positive acute lymphoblastic leukemia (Ph+ ALL), respectively. The Ph+ ALL is more malignant than Ph+ CML in disease phenotype and progression. This implies the key pathogenic molecules and regulatory mechanisms caused by BCR-ABL in two types of leukemia are different. It is reported that STAT6 was significantly activated only in P190 transformed cells. However, the potential role and the mechanism of STAT6 activation in Ph+ ALL and its activation mechanism by P190 are still unknown. METHODS The protein and mRNA levels of STAT6, c-Myc, and other molecules were measured by western blot and quantitative real-time PCR. The STAT6 inhibitor AS1517499 was used to specifically inhibit p-STAT6. The effect of p-STAT6 inhibition on Ph+ CML and Ph+ ALL cells was identified by CCK-8 and FCM assay. Dual luciferase reporter and ChIP assay were performed to confirm the direct binding between STAT6 and c-Myc. The impact of STAT6 inhibition on tumor progression was detected in Ph+ CML and Ph+ ALL mouse models. RESULTS Our results demonstrated that P210 induced CML-like disease, and P190 caused the more malignant ALL-like disease in mouse models. STAT6 was activated in P190 cell lines but not in P210 cell lines. Inhibition of STAT6 suppressed the malignancy of Ph+ ALL in vitro and in vivo, whereas it had little effect on Ph+ CML. We confirmed that p-STAT6 regulated the transcription of c-Myc, and STAT6 was phosphorylated by p-Jak2 in P190 cell lines, which accounted for the discrepant expression of p-STAT6 in P190 and P210 cell lines. STAT6 inhibition synergized with imatinib in Ph+ ALL cells. CONCLUSIONS Our study suggests that STAT6 activation plays an essential role in the development of Ph+ ALL and may be a potential therapeutic target in Ph+ ALL. Video abstract.
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Affiliation(s)
- Run Qin
- grid.203458.80000 0000 8653 0555Key Laboratory of Laboratory Medical Diagnostics Designated By the Ministry of Education, Department of Clinical Hematology, School of Laboratory Medicine, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Teng Wang
- grid.412461.40000 0004 9334 6536Department of Hematology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Wei He
- grid.203458.80000 0000 8653 0555Key Laboratory of Laboratory Medical Diagnostics Designated By the Ministry of Education, Department of Clinical Hematology, School of Laboratory Medicine, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Wei Wei
- grid.203458.80000 0000 8653 0555Key Laboratory of Laboratory Medical Diagnostics Designated By the Ministry of Education, Department of Clinical Hematology, School of Laboratory Medicine, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Suotian Liu
- grid.203458.80000 0000 8653 0555Key Laboratory of Laboratory Medical Diagnostics Designated By the Ministry of Education, Department of Clinical Hematology, School of Laboratory Medicine, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Miao Gao
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, No. 1, Youyi Road, Yuzhong District, Chongqing, 400016, China.
| | - Zhenglan Huang
- Key Laboratory of Laboratory Medical Diagnostics Designated By the Ministry of Education, Department of Clinical Hematology, School of Laboratory Medicine, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China.
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13
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Vinothkumar K, Chanda S, Singh VK, Biswas S, Mohapatra S, Biswas G, Chakraborty S. EVI1 upregulates PTGS1 (COX1) and decreases the action of tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs) in chronic myeloid leukemia cells. Int J Hematol 2023; 117:110-120. [PMID: 36282419 DOI: 10.1007/s12185-022-03465-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2022] [Revised: 09/29/2022] [Accepted: 10/02/2022] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs) are highly effective in treating chronic myelogenous leukemia (CML). However, primary and acquired drug resistance to TKIs have been reported. In this study, we used RNA sequencing followed by RQ-PCR to show that the proto-oncogene EVI1 targets the drug-metabolizing gene PTGS1 in CML. The PTGS1 promoter element had an EVI1 binding site, and CHIP assay confirmed its presence. Data from a publicly available CML microarray dataset and an independent set of CML samples showed a significant positive correlation between EVI1 and PTGS1 expression in CML. Downregulation of EVI1 in K562 cells and subsequent treatment with TKIs resulted in a lower IC50 in the control cells. Furthermore, combined inhibition of BCR-ABL with imatinib and PTGS1 with FR122047 (PTGS1 inhibitor) synergistically reduced the viability of imatinib-resistant K562 cells. We conclude that elevated EVI1 expression contributes to TKIs resistance and that combined inhibition of PTGS1 and BCR-ABL may represent a novel therapeutic approach.
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MESH Headings
- Humans
- Apoptosis
- Cyclooxygenase 1/pharmacology
- Cyclooxygenase 1/therapeutic use
- Drug Resistance, Neoplasm/genetics
- Fusion Proteins, bcr-abl
- Imatinib Mesylate/pharmacology
- Imatinib Mesylate/therapeutic use
- K562 Cells
- Leukemia, Myelogenous, Chronic, BCR-ABL Positive/drug therapy
- Leukemia, Myelogenous, Chronic, BCR-ABL Positive/genetics
- Leukemia, Myelogenous, Chronic, BCR-ABL Positive/metabolism
- Protein Kinase Inhibitors/pharmacology
- Protein Kinase Inhibitors/therapeutic use
- Tyrosine Protein Kinase Inhibitors
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Affiliation(s)
- Kittappa Vinothkumar
- Cancer Biology Group, Institute of Life Sciences, Nalco Square, Bhubaneswar, Odisha, India
| | - Sayantan Chanda
- Cancer Biology Group, Institute of Life Sciences, Nalco Square, Bhubaneswar, Odisha, India
- Regional Centre for Biotechnology, Faridabad, Haryana, India
| | - Vivek Kumar Singh
- Cancer Biology Group, Institute of Life Sciences, Nalco Square, Bhubaneswar, Odisha, India
| | - Sutapa Biswas
- Sparsh Hospital and Critical Care, Bhubaneswar, India
| | - Sonali Mohapatra
- Department of Medical Oncology/Hematology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Bhubaneswar, India
| | | | - Soumen Chakraborty
- Cancer Biology Group, Institute of Life Sciences, Nalco Square, Bhubaneswar, Odisha, India.
- Regional Centre for Biotechnology, Faridabad, Haryana, India.
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14
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Gao F, Chen J, Zhang T, Liu N. LPCAT1 functions as an oncogene in cervical cancer through mediating JAK2/STAT3 signaling. Exp Cell Res 2022; 421:113360. [PMID: 36122769 DOI: 10.1016/j.yexcr.2022.113360] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2022] [Revised: 09/12/2022] [Accepted: 09/13/2022] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Cervical cancer is a major gynecological tumor worldwide. Unfortunately, the molecular mechanisms involved in cervical cancer tumorigenesis still requires more clarification. Lysophosphatidylcholine acyltransferase 1 (LPCAT1), an enzyme involved in phosphatidylcholine metabolism, has been reported to regulate the proliferation, epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) and recurrence of malignancies. Here in our study, we found that LPAT1 was over-expressed in clinical cervical cancer tissues, and its high expression was closely correlated with poor outcomes of patients. We further showed that LPCAT1 knockdown remarkably restrained the proliferation, migration and invasion of cervical cancer cells, while it significantly induced apoptosis. RNA-seq and bioinformatics assays initially showed that interleukin-6/signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (IL-6/STAT3) pathway was a key mechanism for LPCAT1 to regulate cervical cancer progression. LPCAT1 silence strongly decreased IL-6, p-Janus kinase 2 (JAK2) and p-STAT3 expression levels in cervical cancer cells. Similarly, the expression levels of IL-6/STAT3 target genes were also highly down-regulated in cervical cancer cells with LPCAT1 deletion. Importantly, we found that human recombinant IL-6 addition considerably abolished the function of LPCAT1-knockdown to suppress the proliferation and EMT process in cervical cancer cells, accompanied with mitigated apoptotic cell death. Furthermore, our animal experiment results validated that stable LPCAT1 deletion efficiently reduced the tumor growth rates of xenograft mouse models and lung metastasis in vivo. Collectively, all our findings revealed that LPCAT1 may be a promising alternative prognostic biomarker and therapeutic target for cervical cancer through regulating JAK2/STAT3 signaling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fufeng Gao
- Department of Gynecologic Tumor, Shandong Cancer Hospital and Institute, Shandong First Medical University and Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Shandong Cancer Hospital, 440 Jiyan Road, Huaiyin District, Jinan, 250117, Shandong Province, China
| | - Jinlong Chen
- Department of Gynecologic Tumor, Shandong Cancer Hospital and Institute, Shandong First Medical University and Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Shandong Cancer Hospital, 440 Jiyan Road, Huaiyin District, Jinan, 250117, Shandong Province, China
| | - Tingting Zhang
- Department of Gynecologic Tumor, Shandong Cancer Hospital and Institute, Shandong First Medical University and Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Shandong Cancer Hospital, 440 Jiyan Road, Huaiyin District, Jinan, 250117, Shandong Province, China
| | - Naifu Liu
- Department of Gynecologic Tumor, Shandong Cancer Hospital and Institute, Shandong First Medical University and Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Shandong Cancer Hospital, 440 Jiyan Road, Huaiyin District, Jinan, 250117, Shandong Province, China.
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15
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Kant R, Manne RK, Anas M, Penugurti V, Chen T, Pan BS, Hsu CC, Lin HK. Deregulated transcription factors in cancer cell metabolisms and reprogramming. Semin Cancer Biol 2022; 86:1158-1174. [PMID: 36244530 PMCID: PMC11220368 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcancer.2022.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2022] [Revised: 09/10/2022] [Accepted: 10/11/2022] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Metabolic reprogramming is an important cancer hallmark that plays a key role in cancer malignancies and therapy resistance. Cancer cells reprogram the metabolic pathways to generate not only energy and building blocks but also produce numerous key signaling metabolites to impact signaling and epigenetic/transcriptional regulation for cancer cell proliferation and survival. A deeper understanding of the mechanisms by which metabolic reprogramming is regulated in cancer may provide potential new strategies for cancer targeting. Recent studies suggest that deregulated transcription factors have been observed in various human cancers and significantly impact metabolism and signaling in cancer. In this review, we highlight the key transcription factors that are involved in metabolic control, dissect the crosstalk between signaling and transcription factors in metabolic reprogramming, and offer therapeutic strategies targeting deregulated transcription factors for cancer treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rajni Kant
- Department of Cancer Biology, Wake Forest Baptist Medical Center, Wake Forest University, Winston-Salem, NC 27101, USA
| | - Rajesh Kumar Manne
- Department of Cancer Biology, Wake Forest Baptist Medical Center, Wake Forest University, Winston-Salem, NC 27101, USA
| | - Mohammad Anas
- Department of Cancer Biology, Wake Forest Baptist Medical Center, Wake Forest University, Winston-Salem, NC 27101, USA
| | - Vasudevarao Penugurti
- Department of Cancer Biology, Wake Forest Baptist Medical Center, Wake Forest University, Winston-Salem, NC 27101, USA
| | - Tingjin Chen
- Department of Cancer Biology, Wake Forest Baptist Medical Center, Wake Forest University, Winston-Salem, NC 27101, USA
| | - Bo-Syong Pan
- Department of Cancer Biology, Wake Forest Baptist Medical Center, Wake Forest University, Winston-Salem, NC 27101, USA
| | - Che-Chia Hsu
- Department of Cancer Biology, Wake Forest Baptist Medical Center, Wake Forest University, Winston-Salem, NC 27101, USA
| | - Hui-Kuan Lin
- Department of Cancer Biology, Wake Forest Baptist Medical Center, Wake Forest University, Winston-Salem, NC 27101, USA.
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16
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Patel SB, Kuznetsova V, Matkins VR, Franceski AM, Bassal MA, Welner RS. Ex Vivo Expansion of Phenotypic and Transcriptomic Chronic Myeloid Leukemia Stem Cells. Exp Hematol 2022; 115:1-13. [PMID: 36115580 DOI: 10.1016/j.exphem.2022.09.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2022] [Revised: 09/06/2022] [Accepted: 09/08/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Despite decades of research, standard therapies remain ineffective for most leukemias, pushing toward an essential unmet need for targeted drug screens. Moreover, preclinical drug testing is an important consideration for success of clinical trials without affecting non-transformed stem cells. Using the transgenic chronic myeloid leukemia (CML) mouse model, we determine that leukemic stem cells (LSCs) are transcriptionally heterogenous with a preexistent drug-insensitive signature. To test targeting of potentially important pathways, we establish ex vivo expanded LSCs that have long-term engraftment and give rise to multilineage hematopoiesis. Expanded LSCs share transcriptomic signatures with primary LSCs including enrichment in Wnt, JAK-STAT, MAPK, mTOR and transforming growth factor β signaling pathways. Drug testing on expanded LSCs show that transforming growth factor β and Wnt inhibitors had significant effects on the viability of LSCs, but not leukemia-exposed healthy HSCs. This platform allows testing of multiple drugs at the same time to identify vulnerabilities of LSCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sweta B Patel
- Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology/Oncology, O'Neal Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Alabama, Birmingham, AL; Division of Hematology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO
| | - Valeriya Kuznetsova
- Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology/Oncology, O'Neal Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Alabama, Birmingham, AL
| | - Victoria R Matkins
- Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology/Oncology, O'Neal Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Alabama, Birmingham, AL
| | - Alana M Franceski
- Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology/Oncology, O'Neal Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Alabama, Birmingham, AL
| | - Mahmoud A Bassal
- Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA; Cancer Institute of Singapore, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Robert S Welner
- Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology/Oncology, O'Neal Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Alabama, Birmingham, AL.
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17
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Properties of Leukemic Stem Cells in Regulating Drug Resistance in Acute and Chronic Myeloid Leukemias. Biomedicines 2022; 10:biomedicines10081841. [PMID: 36009388 PMCID: PMC9405586 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines10081841] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2022] [Revised: 07/26/2022] [Accepted: 07/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Notoriously known for their capacity to reconstitute hematological malignancies in vivo, leukemic stem cells (LSCs) represent key drivers of therapeutic resistance and disease relapse, posing as a major medical dilemma. Despite having low abundance in the bulk leukemic population, LSCs have developed unique molecular dependencies and intricate signaling networks to enable self-renewal, quiescence, and drug resistance. To illustrate the multi-dimensional landscape of LSC-mediated leukemogenesis, in this review, we present phenotypical characteristics of LSCs, address the LSC-associated leukemic stromal microenvironment, highlight molecular aberrations that occur in the transcriptome, epigenome, proteome, and metabolome of LSCs, and showcase promising novel therapeutic strategies that potentially target the molecular vulnerabilities of LSCs.
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18
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Tezcanli Kaymaz B, Selvi Gunel N, Sogutlu F, Ozates Ay NP, Baran Y, Gunduz C, Biray Avci C. Investigating the potential therapeutic role of targeting STAT3 for overcoming drug resistance by regulating energy metabolism in chronic myeloid leukemia cells. IRANIAN JOURNAL OF BASIC MEDICAL SCIENCES 2022; 25:904-912. [PMID: 36033954 PMCID: PMC9392574 DOI: 10.22038/ijbms.2022.64138.14121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2022] [Accepted: 06/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Objectives STATs are one of the initial targets of emerging anti-cancer agents due to their regulatory roles in survival, apoptosis, drug response, and cellular metabolism in CML. Aberrant STAT3 activity promotes malignancy, and acts as a metabolic switcher in cancer cell metabolism, contributing to resistance to TKI nilotinib. To investigate the possible therapeutic effects of targeting STAT3 to overcome nilotinib resistance by evaluating various cellular responses in both sensitive and nilotinib resistant CML cells and to test the hypothesis that energy metabolism modulation could be a mechanism for re-sensitization to nilotinib in resistant cells. Materials and Methods By using RNAi-mediated STAT3 gene silencing, cell viability and proliferation assays, apoptotic analysis, expressional regulations of STAT mRNA transcripts, STAT3 total, pTyr705, pSer727 protein expression levels, and metabolic activity as energy metabolism was determined in CML model K562 cells, in vitro. Results Targeting STAT3 sensitized both parental and especially nilotinib resistant cells by decreasing leukemic cell survival; inducing leukemic cell apoptosis, and decreasing STAT3 mRNA and protein expression levels. Besides, cell energy phenotype was modulated by switching energy metabolism from aerobic glycolysis to mitochondrial respiration in resistant cells. RNAi-mediated STAT3 silencing accelerated the sensitization of leukemia cells to nilotinib treatment, and STAT3-dependent energy metabolism regulation could be another underlying mechanism for regaining nilotinib response. Conclusion Targeting STAT3 is an efficient strategy for improving the development of novel CML therapeutics for regaining nilotinib response, and re-sensitization of resistant cells could be mediated by induced apoptosis and regulation in energy metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Burcin Tezcanli Kaymaz
- Department of Medical Biology, Ege University Medicine Faculty, 35100, Izmir, Turkey ,Corresponding author: Burçin Tezcanlı Kaymaz. Ege University Medical School, Medical Biology Department-İzmir, Turkey Tel: 0232 390 22 98; ;
| | - Nur Selvi Gunel
- Department of Medical Biology, Ege University Medicine Faculty, 35100, Izmir, Turkey
| | - Fatma Sogutlu
- Department of Medical Biology, Ege University Medicine Faculty, 35100, Izmir, Turkey
| | | | - Yusuf Baran
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Faculty of Science, Izmir Institute of Technology, 35433, Izmir, Turkey
| | - Cumhur Gunduz
- Department of Medical Biology, Ege University Medicine Faculty, 35100, Izmir, Turkey
| | - Cigir Biray Avci
- Department of Medical Biology, Ege University Medicine Faculty, 35100, Izmir, Turkey
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19
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Patel SB, Nemkov T, D'Alessandro A, Welner RS. Deciphering Metabolic Adaptability of Leukemic Stem Cells. Front Oncol 2022; 12:846149. [PMID: 35756656 PMCID: PMC9213881 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2022.846149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2021] [Accepted: 05/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Therapeutic targeting of leukemic stem cells is widely studied to control leukemia. An emerging approach gaining popularity is altering metabolism as a potential therapeutic opportunity. Studies have been carried out on hematopoietic and leukemic stem cells to identify vulnerable pathways without impacting the non-transformed, healthy counterparts. While many metabolic studies have been conducted using stem cells, most have been carried out in vitro or on a larger population of progenitor cells due to challenges imposed by the low frequency of stem cells found in vivo. This creates artifacts in the studies carried out, making it difficult to interpret and correlate the findings to stem cells directly. This review discusses the metabolic difference seen between hematopoietic stem cells and leukemic stem cells across different leukemic models. Moreover, we also shed light on the advancements of metabolic techniques and current limitations and areas for additional research of the field to study stem cell metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sweta B Patel
- Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology/Oncology, O'Neal Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Alabama at, Birmingham, AL, United States.,Divison of Hematology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, United States
| | - Travis Nemkov
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, United States
| | - Angelo D'Alessandro
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, United States
| | - Robert S Welner
- Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology/Oncology, O'Neal Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Alabama at, Birmingham, AL, United States
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20
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Simón L, Sanhueza S, Gaete-Ramírez B, Varas-Godoy M, Quest AFG. Role of the Pro-Inflammatory Tumor Microenvironment in Extracellular Vesicle-Mediated Transfer of Therapy Resistance. Front Oncol 2022; 12:897205. [PMID: 35646668 PMCID: PMC9130576 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2022.897205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2022] [Accepted: 04/08/2022] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Advances in our understanding of cancer biology have contributed to generating different treatments to improve the survival of cancer patients. However, although initially most of the therapies are effective, relapse and recurrence occur in a large percentage of these cases after the treatment, and patients then die subsequently due to the development of therapy resistance in residual cancer cells. A large spectrum of molecular and cellular mechanisms have been identified as important contributors to therapy resistance, and more recently the inflammatory tumor microenvironment (TME) has been ascribed an important function as a source of signals generated by the TME that modulate cellular processes in the tumor cells, such as to favor the acquisition of therapy resistance. Currently, extracellular vesicles (EVs) are considered one of the main means of communication between cells of the TME and have emerged as crucial modulators of cancer drug resistance. Important in this context is, also, the inflammatory TME that can be caused by several conditions, including hypoxia and following chemotherapy, among others. These inflammatory conditions modulate the release and composition of EVs within the TME, which in turn alters the responses of the tumor cells to cancer therapies. The TME has been ascribed an important function as a source of signals that modulate cellular processes in the tumor cells, such as to favor the acquisition of therapy resistance. Although generally the main cellular components considered to participate in generating a pro-inflammatory TME are from the immune system (for instance, macrophages), more recently other types of cells of the TME have also been shown to participate in this process, including adipocytes, cancer-associated fibroblasts, endothelial cells, cancer stem cells, as well as the tumor cells. In this review, we focus on summarizing available information relating to the impact of a pro-inflammatory tumor microenvironment on the release of EVs derived from both cancer cells and cells of the TME, and how these EVs contribute to resistance to cancer therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Layla Simón
- Laboratory of Cellular Communication, Program of Cell and Molecular Biology, Center for Studies on Exercise, Metabolism and Cancer (CEMC), Institute of Biomedical Sciences (ICBM), Faculty of Medicine, University of Chile, Santiago, Chile.,Advanced Center for Chronic Diseases (ACCDiS), Faculty of Medicine, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile.,Escuela de Nutrición y Dietética, Universidad Finis Terrae, Santiago, Chile
| | - Sofía Sanhueza
- Laboratory of Cellular Communication, Program of Cell and Molecular Biology, Center for Studies on Exercise, Metabolism and Cancer (CEMC), Institute of Biomedical Sciences (ICBM), Faculty of Medicine, University of Chile, Santiago, Chile.,Advanced Center for Chronic Diseases (ACCDiS), Faculty of Medicine, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Belén Gaete-Ramírez
- Cancer Cell Biology Laboratory, Centro de Biología Celular y Biomedicina (CEBICEM), Facultad de Medicina y Ciencia, Universidad San Sebastián, Santiago, Chile
| | - Manuel Varas-Godoy
- Advanced Center for Chronic Diseases (ACCDiS), Faculty of Medicine, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile.,Cancer Cell Biology Laboratory, Centro de Biología Celular y Biomedicina (CEBICEM), Facultad de Medicina y Ciencia, Universidad San Sebastián, Santiago, Chile.,Centro Ciencia & Vida, Fundación Ciencia & Vida, Santiago, Chile
| | - Andrew F G Quest
- Laboratory of Cellular Communication, Program of Cell and Molecular Biology, Center for Studies on Exercise, Metabolism and Cancer (CEMC), Institute of Biomedical Sciences (ICBM), Faculty of Medicine, University of Chile, Santiago, Chile.,Advanced Center for Chronic Diseases (ACCDiS), Faculty of Medicine, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
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21
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Li R, Li X, Zhao J, Meng F, Yao C, Bao E, Sun N, Chen X, Cheng W, Hua H, Li X, Wang B, Wang H, Pan X, You H, Yang J, Ikezoe T. Mitochondrial STAT3 exacerbates LPS-induced sepsis by driving CPT1a-mediated fatty acid oxidation. Am J Cancer Res 2022; 12:976-998. [PMID: 34976224 PMCID: PMC8692896 DOI: 10.7150/thno.63751] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2021] [Accepted: 11/24/2021] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Rationale: We found that a subset of signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (STAT3) translocated into mitochondria in phagocytes, including macrophages isolated from individuals with sepsis. However, the role of mitochondrial STAT3 in macrophages remains unclear. Method: To investigate the function of mitochondrial STAT3 in vivo, we generated inducible mitochondrial STAT3 knock-in mice. A cytokine array analysis, a CBA analysis, flow cytometry, immunofluorescence staining and quantification and metabolic analyses in vivo were subsequently performed in an LPS-induced sepsis model. Single-cell RNA sequencing, a microarray analysis, metabolic assays, mass spectrometry and ChIP assays were utilized to gain insight into the mechanisms of mitochondrial STAT3 in metabolic reprogramming in LPS-induced sepsis. Results: We found that mitochondrial STAT3 induced NF-κB nuclear localization and exacerbated LPS-induced sepsis in parallel with a metabolic switch from mainly using glucose to an increased reliance on fatty acid oxidation (FAO). Moreover, mitochondrial STAT3 abrogated carnitine palmitoyl transferase 1a (CPT1a) ubiquitination and degradation in LPS-treated macrophages. Meanwhile, an interaction between CPT1a and ubiquitin-specific peptidase 50 (USP50) was observed. In contrast, knocking down USP50 decreased CPT1a expression and FAO mediated by mitochondrial STAT3. The ChIP assays revealed that NF-κB bound the USP50 promoter. Curcumin alleviated LPS-mediated sepsis by suppressing the activities of mitochondrial STAT3 and NF-κB. Conclusion: Our findings reveal that mitochondrial STAT3 could trigger FAO by inducing CPT1a stabilization mediated by USP50 in macrophages, at least partially.
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22
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Wu PS, Wang CY, Chen PS, Hung JH, Yen JH, Wu MJ. 8-Hydroxydaidzein Downregulates JAK/STAT, MMP, Oxidative Phosphorylation, and PI3K/AKT Pathways in K562 Cells. Biomedicines 2021; 9:biomedicines9121907. [PMID: 34944720 PMCID: PMC8698423 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines9121907] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2021] [Revised: 12/05/2021] [Accepted: 12/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
A metabolite isolated from fermented soybean, 8-hydroxydaidzein (8-OHD, 7,8,4′-trihydroxyisoflavone, NSC-678112), is widely used in ethnopharmacological research due to its anti-proliferative and anti-inflammatory effects. We reported previously that 8-OHD provoked reactive oxygen species (ROS) overproduction, and induced autophagy, apoptosis, breakpoint cluster region-Abelson murine leukemia viral oncogene (BCR-ABL) degradation, and differentiation in K562 human chronic myeloid leukemia (CML) cells. However, how 8-OHD regulates metabolism, the extracellular matrix during invasion and metastasis, and survival signaling pathways in CML remains largely unexplored. High-throughput technologies have been widely used to discover the therapeutic targets and pathways of drugs. Bioinformatics analysis of 8-OHD-downregulated differentially expressed genes (DEGs) revealed that Janus kinase/signal transducer and activator of transcription (JAK/STAT), matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs), c-Myc, phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K)/AKT, and oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS) metabolic pathways were significantly altered by 8-OHD treatment. Western blot analyses validated that 8-OHD significantly downregulated cytosolic JAK2 and the expression and phosphorylation of STAT3 dose- and time-dependently in K562 cells. Zymography and transwell assays also confirmed that K562-secreted MMP9 and invasion activities were dose-dependently inhibited by 8-OHD after 24 h of treatment. RT-qPCR analyses verified that 8-OHD repressed metastasis and OXPHOS-related genes. In combination with DisGeNET, it was found that 8-OHD’s downregulation of PI3K/AKT is crucial for controlling CML development. A STRING protein–protein interaction analysis further revealed that AKT and MYC are hub proteins for cancer progression. Western blotting revealed that AKT phosphorylation and nuclear MYC expression were significantly inhibited by 8-OHD. Collectively, this systematic investigation revealed that 8-OHD exerts anti-CML effects by downregulating JAK/STAT, PI3K/AKT, MMP, and OXPHOS pathways, and MYC expression. These results could shed new light on the development of 8-OHD for CML therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pei-Shan Wu
- Department of Applied Life Science and Health, Chia Nan University of Pharmacy and Science, Tainan 717, Taiwan; (P.-S.W.); (P.-S.C.)
| | - Chih-Yang Wang
- Ph.D. Program for Cancer Molecular Biology and Drug Discovery, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 11031, Taiwan;
- Graduate Institute of Cancer Biology and Drug Discovery, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 11031, Taiwan
| | - Pin-Shern Chen
- Department of Applied Life Science and Health, Chia Nan University of Pharmacy and Science, Tainan 717, Taiwan; (P.-S.W.); (P.-S.C.)
- Department of Biotechnology, Chia Nan University of Pharmacy and Science, Tainan 717, Taiwan;
| | - Jui-Hsiang Hung
- Department of Biotechnology, Chia Nan University of Pharmacy and Science, Tainan 717, Taiwan;
| | - Jui-Hung Yen
- Department of Molecular Biology and Human Genetics, Tzu Chi University, Hualien 970, Taiwan;
- Institute of Medical Sciences, Tzu Chi University, Hualien 970, Taiwan
| | - Ming-Jiuan Wu
- Department of Applied Life Science and Health, Chia Nan University of Pharmacy and Science, Tainan 717, Taiwan; (P.-S.W.); (P.-S.C.)
- Department of Biotechnology, Chia Nan University of Pharmacy and Science, Tainan 717, Taiwan;
- Correspondence: or ; Tel.: +886-6-2664911 (ext. 2520)
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23
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Houshmand M, Kazemi A, Anjam Najmedini A, Ali MS, Gaidano V, Cignetti A, Fava C, Cilloni D, Saglio G, Circosta P. Shedding Light on Targeting Chronic Myeloid Leukemia Stem Cells. J Clin Med 2021; 10:jcm10245805. [PMID: 34945101 PMCID: PMC8708315 DOI: 10.3390/jcm10245805] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2021] [Accepted: 12/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Chronic myeloid leukemia stem cells (CML LSCs) are a rare and quiescent population that are resistant to tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKI). When TKI therapy is discontinued in CML patients in deep, sustained and apparently stable molecular remission, these cells in approximately half of the cases restart to grow, resuming the leukemic process. The elimination of these TKI resistant leukemic stem cells is therefore an essential step in increasing the percentage of those patients who can reach a successful long-term treatment free remission (TFR). The understanding of the biology of the LSCs and the identification of the differences, phenotypic and/or metabolic, that could eventually allow them to be distinguished from the normal hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) are therefore important steps in designing strategies to target LSCs in a rather selective way, sparing the normal counterparts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Houshmand
- Department of Clinical Biological Sciences, University of Turin, San Luigi University Hospital, 10043 Turin, Italy; (M.H.); (M.S.A.); (C.F.); (D.C.); (P.C.)
| | - Alireza Kazemi
- Department of Hematology and Blood Banking, School of Allied Medical Sciences, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran 1971653313, Iran; (A.K.); (A.A.N.)
| | - Ali Anjam Najmedini
- Department of Hematology and Blood Banking, School of Allied Medical Sciences, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran 1971653313, Iran; (A.K.); (A.A.N.)
| | - Muhammad Shahzad Ali
- Department of Clinical Biological Sciences, University of Turin, San Luigi University Hospital, 10043 Turin, Italy; (M.H.); (M.S.A.); (C.F.); (D.C.); (P.C.)
| | - Valentina Gaidano
- Division of Hematology, A.O. SS Antonio e Biagio e Cesare Arrigo, 15121 Alessandria, Italy;
| | - Alessandro Cignetti
- Division of Hematology and Cell Therapy, A.O. Ordine Mauriziano, 10128 Turin, Italy;
| | - Carmen Fava
- Department of Clinical Biological Sciences, University of Turin, San Luigi University Hospital, 10043 Turin, Italy; (M.H.); (M.S.A.); (C.F.); (D.C.); (P.C.)
| | - Daniela Cilloni
- Department of Clinical Biological Sciences, University of Turin, San Luigi University Hospital, 10043 Turin, Italy; (M.H.); (M.S.A.); (C.F.); (D.C.); (P.C.)
| | - Giuseppe Saglio
- Department of Clinical Biological Sciences, University of Turin, San Luigi University Hospital, 10043 Turin, Italy; (M.H.); (M.S.A.); (C.F.); (D.C.); (P.C.)
- Correspondence:
| | - Paola Circosta
- Department of Clinical Biological Sciences, University of Turin, San Luigi University Hospital, 10043 Turin, Italy; (M.H.); (M.S.A.); (C.F.); (D.C.); (P.C.)
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