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Xie D, Chen L, Luo T, Kang W, Qu Y, Wang T. Phase distribution and circular dichroism switchable terahertz chiral metasurface. OPTICS EXPRESS 2024; 32:12104-12117. [PMID: 38571043 DOI: 10.1364/oe.519390] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2024] [Accepted: 03/08/2024] [Indexed: 04/05/2024]
Abstract
Chiral metasurfaces have many applications in the terahertz (THz) band, but they still lack modulation flexibility and functionality expansion. This paper presents a terahertz chiral metasurface with switchable phase distribution and switchable circular dichroism (CD). The metasurface unit consists of a metallic inner ring embedded in vanadium oxide and a vanadium oxide outer ring, state switching by thermal control of vanadium oxide and a change in the frequency of the incident wave. Based on the switchable phase distribution, we designed a focusing vortex beam generator with adjustable focal lengths through simulation. Based on the switching CD capability, we simulate its mode switching in near-field imaging using numerical simulation, and innovatively propose an optical encryption method. Utilizing the chiral property, we also designed dual-channel switchable holographic imaging in the same frequency band, which combined with the state change of VO2 can realize a total of 4 holograms switching. Our proposed metasurface is expected to provide new ideas for the study of optical encryption and wavefront modulation of dynamics.
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2
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Ding X, Zhao Z, Xie P, Cai D, Meng F, Wang C, Wu Q, Liu J, Burokur SN, Hu G. Metasurface-Based Optical Logic Operators Driven by Diffractive Neural Networks. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2024; 36:e2308993. [PMID: 38032696 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202308993] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2023] [Revised: 11/20/2023] [Indexed: 12/01/2023]
Abstract
In this paper, a novel optical logic operator based on the multifunctional metasurface driven by all-optical diffractive neural network is reported, which can perform four principal quantum logic operations (Pauli-X, Pauli-Y, Pauli-Z, and Hadamard gates). The two ground states| 0 ⟩ $|0 \rangle $ and| 1 ⟩ $|1 \rangle $ are characterized by two orthogonal linear polarization states. The proposed spatial- and polarization-multiplexed all-optical diffractive neural network only contains a hidden layer physically mapped as a metasurface with simple and compact unit cells, which dramatically reduces the volume and computing resources required for the system. The designed optical quantum operator is proven to achieve high fidelities for all four quantum logical gates, up to 99.96% numerically and 99.88% experimentally. The solution will facilitate the construction of large-scale optical quantum computing systems and scalable optical quantum devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xumin Ding
- Advanced Microscopy and Instrumentation Research Center, School of Instrumentation Science and Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, 150080, China
| | - Zihan Zhao
- Advanced Microscopy and Instrumentation Research Center, School of Instrumentation Science and Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, 150080, China
| | - Peng Xie
- School of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, 50 Nanyang Avenue, Singapore, 639798, Singapore
| | - Dayu Cai
- Department of Microwave Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, 150001, China
| | - Fanyi Meng
- Department of Microwave Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, 150001, China
| | - Cong Wang
- Department of Microwave Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, 150001, China
| | - Qun Wu
- Department of Microwave Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, 150001, China
| | - Jian Liu
- Advanced Microscopy and Instrumentation Research Center, School of Instrumentation Science and Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, 150080, China
| | | | - Guangwei Hu
- School of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, 50 Nanyang Avenue, Singapore, 639798, Singapore
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3
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Li J, Liu X, Wang Y, Xu H, Li H, Yue Z, Yang Y, He Y, Liang X, Luo L, Tang T, Yao J. Chiral metasurface zone plate for transmission-reflection focusing of circularly polarized terahertz waves. OPTICS LETTERS 2023; 48:4833-4836. [PMID: 37707914 DOI: 10.1364/ol.501704] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2023] [Accepted: 08/23/2023] [Indexed: 09/15/2023]
Abstract
The properties of traditional Fresnel zone plates have been greatly enhanced by metasurfaces, which allow the control of polarization, orbital angular momentum, or other parameters on the basis of focusing. In this Letter, a new, to the best of our knowledge, method for circularly polarized wave manipulation based on a zone plate is proposed. Chiral meta-atoms and binary geometric phase are used for the simultaneous focusing of reflected and transmitted terahertz waves. The silicon-based dielectric chiral units, which show great performance of spin-selective transmission near 0.54 THz, separate the orthogonal circularly polarized components. A binary Pancharatnam-Berry (P-B) phase gradient is obtained by rotating the unit 90 degrees, then the phase zone plate can be easily designed. The simulation results show that the proposed chiral metasurface zone plate has the function of reflection-transmission separation and focusing for the circularly polarized terahertz waves. In addition, we also demonstrate the possibility of using a 1064-nm continuous infrared laser to adjust the intensity of our devices, based on photo-generated carriers in silicon. The design principle of the chiral metasurface zone plates can be extended to other wavelengths, providing new ideas for the regulation of circularly polarized light.
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Li Q, Wu C, Xie Y, Li S, Li H, Jin L. Full Complex-Amplitude Modulation of Surface Waves Based on Spin-Decoupled Metasurface. MICROMACHINES 2023; 14:1511. [PMID: 37630047 PMCID: PMC10456954 DOI: 10.3390/mi14081511] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2023] [Revised: 07/19/2023] [Accepted: 07/24/2023] [Indexed: 08/27/2023]
Abstract
This work proposes a method for surface wave (SW) coupling along with flexible complex amplitude modulation of its wavefront. The linearly polarized incident plane wave is coupled into the surface mode with complex wavefront by exploiting the spin-decouple nature of a reflective chiral meta-atom. As verification, two kinds of metasurface couplers are designed. The first kind contains two examples for SW airy beam generation with and without deflection under linearly polarized illumination, respectively. The second kind is a bi-functional device capable of SW focusing under left-handed circularly polarized illumination, and propagating wave deflection under right-handed circularly polarized illumination, respectively, to verify the fundamental spin-decoupled character. Simulated and experimental results are in good agreement. We believe that this method provides a flexible approach for complex SW applications in integrated optics, optical sensing, and other related fields.
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Affiliation(s)
- Quan Li
- College of Electronic and Information Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China; (Q.L.); (H.L.); (L.J.)
| | - Chao Wu
- College of Electronic and Information Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China; (Q.L.); (H.L.); (L.J.)
- The Institute of Dongguan—Tongji University, Dongguan 523808, China
| | - Yu Xie
- China North Industries Corporation, Beijing 100053, China;
| | - Song Li
- State Key Laboratory of Advanced Fiber Composite, Beijing 102101, China;
| | - Hongqiang Li
- College of Electronic and Information Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China; (Q.L.); (H.L.); (L.J.)
- The Institute of Dongguan—Tongji University, Dongguan 523808, China
| | - Lijun Jin
- College of Electronic and Information Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China; (Q.L.); (H.L.); (L.J.)
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5
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Ji W, Chang J, Xu HX, Gao JR, Gröblacher S, Urbach HP, Adam AJL. Recent advances in metasurface design and quantum optics applications with machine learning, physics-informed neural networks, and topology optimization methods. LIGHT, SCIENCE & APPLICATIONS 2023; 12:169. [PMID: 37419910 PMCID: PMC10328958 DOI: 10.1038/s41377-023-01218-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2023] [Revised: 05/22/2023] [Accepted: 06/25/2023] [Indexed: 07/09/2023]
Abstract
As a two-dimensional planar material with low depth profile, a metasurface can generate non-classical phase distributions for the transmitted and reflected electromagnetic waves at its interface. Thus, it offers more flexibility to control the wave front. A traditional metasurface design process mainly adopts the forward prediction algorithm, such as Finite Difference Time Domain, combined with manual parameter optimization. However, such methods are time-consuming, and it is difficult to keep the practical meta-atom spectrum being consistent with the ideal one. In addition, since the periodic boundary condition is used in the meta-atom design process, while the aperiodic condition is used in the array simulation, the coupling between neighboring meta-atoms leads to inevitable inaccuracy. In this review, representative intelligent methods for metasurface design are introduced and discussed, including machine learning, physics-information neural network, and topology optimization method. We elaborate on the principle of each approach, analyze their advantages and limitations, and discuss their potential applications. We also summarize recent advances in enabled metasurfaces for quantum optics applications. In short, this paper highlights a promising direction for intelligent metasurface designs and applications for future quantum optics research and serves as an up-to-date reference for researchers in the metasurface and metamaterial fields.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenye Ji
- Department of Imaging Physics, Delft University of Technology, Lorentzweg 1, 2628 CJ, Delft, The Netherlands
| | - Jin Chang
- Department of Quantum Nanoscience, Delft University of Technology, Lorentzweg 1, 2628 CJ, Delft, The Netherlands.
| | - He-Xiu Xu
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Flexible Electronics (KLoFE), Northwestern Polytechnical University (NPU), 127 West Youyi Road, Xi'an, 710072, China.
| | - Jian Rong Gao
- Department of Imaging Physics, Delft University of Technology, Lorentzweg 1, 2628 CJ, Delft, The Netherlands
- SRON Netherlands Institute for Space Research, Niels Bohrweg 4, 2333 CA, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Simon Gröblacher
- Department of Quantum Nanoscience, Delft University of Technology, Lorentzweg 1, 2628 CJ, Delft, The Netherlands
| | - H Paul Urbach
- Department of Imaging Physics, Delft University of Technology, Lorentzweg 1, 2628 CJ, Delft, The Netherlands.
| | - Aurèle J L Adam
- Department of Imaging Physics, Delft University of Technology, Lorentzweg 1, 2628 CJ, Delft, The Netherlands
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Fang J, Zhong R, Xu B, Zhang H, Wu Q, Guo B, Wang J, Wu Z, Hu M, Zhang K, Liu D. Reconfigurable Terahertz Spatial Deflection Varifocal Metamirror. MICROMACHINES 2023; 14:1313. [PMID: 37512624 PMCID: PMC10384800 DOI: 10.3390/mi14071313] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2023] [Revised: 06/22/2023] [Accepted: 06/24/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023]
Abstract
A traditional optical lens usually has a fixed focus, and its focus controlling relies on a bulky lens component, which makes integration difficult. In this study, we propose a kind of terahertz spatial varifocal metamirror with a consistent metal-graphene unit structure whose focus can be flexibly adjusted. The focus deflection angle can be theoretically defined by superimposing certain encoded sequence on it according to Fourier convolution theorem. The configurable metamirror allows for the deflection of the focus position in space. The proposed configuration approach presents a design concept and offers potential advancements in the field of developing novel terahertz devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianhui Fang
- Terahertz Research Center, School of Electronic Science and Engineering, Cooperative Innovation Centre of Terahertz Science, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu 610054, China
| | - Renbin Zhong
- Terahertz Research Center, School of Electronic Science and Engineering, Cooperative Innovation Centre of Terahertz Science, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu 610054, China
| | - Boli Xu
- Terahertz Research Center, School of Electronic Science and Engineering, Cooperative Innovation Centre of Terahertz Science, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu 610054, China
| | - Huimin Zhang
- Terahertz Research Center, School of Electronic Science and Engineering, Cooperative Innovation Centre of Terahertz Science, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu 610054, China
| | - Qian Wu
- Terahertz Research Center, School of Electronic Science and Engineering, Cooperative Innovation Centre of Terahertz Science, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu 610054, China
| | - Benzheng Guo
- Terahertz Research Center, School of Electronic Science and Engineering, Cooperative Innovation Centre of Terahertz Science, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu 610054, China
| | - Jianian Wang
- Terahertz Research Center, School of Electronic Science and Engineering, Cooperative Innovation Centre of Terahertz Science, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu 610054, China
| | - Zhenhua Wu
- Terahertz Research Center, School of Electronic Science and Engineering, Cooperative Innovation Centre of Terahertz Science, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu 610054, China
| | - Min Hu
- Terahertz Research Center, School of Electronic Science and Engineering, Cooperative Innovation Centre of Terahertz Science, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu 610054, China
| | - Kaichun Zhang
- Terahertz Research Center, School of Electronic Science and Engineering, Cooperative Innovation Centre of Terahertz Science, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu 610054, China
| | - Diwei Liu
- Terahertz Research Center, School of Electronic Science and Engineering, Cooperative Innovation Centre of Terahertz Science, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu 610054, China
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7
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Xu HX, Hu G, Kong X, Shao Y, Genevet P, Qiu CW. Super-reflector enabled by non-interleaved spin-momentum-multiplexed metasurface. LIGHT, SCIENCE & APPLICATIONS 2023; 12:78. [PMID: 36964150 PMCID: PMC10039034 DOI: 10.1038/s41377-023-01118-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2022] [Revised: 02/04/2023] [Accepted: 02/20/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Electromagnetic wave multiplexing, especially for that occurring at different incidences (spatial-frequency multiplexing), is pivotal for ultrathin multifunctional interfaces and high-capacity information processing and communication. It is yet extremely challenging based on passive and compact wave elements, since the wave excitation and scattering channels are exclusively coupled through gradient phases and hence momentum matching condition at the interface. Here, we propose a spin-momentum multiplexed paradigm called a super-reflector enabling on-demand control of both retroreflections and anomalous reflections using a non-interleaved single-celled metasurface. By multiplexing four channels connecting two spin states excited onto each input of three spatial frequencies, a total of twelve channels are engineered, among which three are retroreflected channels and the residual are anomalous reflection ones. Our compound multiplexed super-reflector allows five degrees of freedom in circular polarization Jones' matrix, approaching the intrinsic upper limit of such planar metasurface. The concept has been experimentally verified by a proof-of-concept super-reflector at microwave frequency, showcasing twelve reflected beams and a high efficiency exceeding 90.6% defined as the ratio of reflected power to incidence for each channel beam. Our strategy opens a new avenue for angle multiplexing and angle-resolved metadevices toward the capacity limit of 2D planar Jones' matrix.
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Affiliation(s)
- He-Xiu Xu
- Air and Missile Defense College, Air Force Engineering University, 710051, Xi'an, China.
| | - Guangwei Hu
- School of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, 639798, Singapore
| | - Xianghong Kong
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore, 117583, Singapore
| | - Yanzhang Shao
- Air and Missile Defense College, Air Force Engineering University, 710051, Xi'an, China
| | - Patrice Genevet
- Université Côte d'Azur, CNRS, Centre de Recherche sur l'Hétéro-Epitaxie et ses Applications (CRHEA), 06560, Valbonne, France
| | - Cheng-Wei Qiu
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore, 117583, Singapore.
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Qi J, Liu J, Yao J, Hu W, Zhang D, Wang X. Generation of complicated millimeter-wave beams based on a wideband high-transmission polarization-independent complex-amplitude metasurface. OPTICS EXPRESS 2022; 30:34188-34200. [PMID: 36242438 DOI: 10.1364/oe.456130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2022] [Accepted: 04/23/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Complex amplitude modulation metasurfaces (CAMM) that can independently control both amplitude and phase have fostered a broad research interest worldwide due to its more robust wave manipulation capability than metasurfaces that can only adjust phase. Although many CAMM structures have been reported, they still suffer from limitations such as low transmittance, complicated structure, polarization dependence, high cost, and difficulty in fabrication. This work proposes a high-transmission polarization-independent CAMM operating in an ultra-wide millimeter-wave frequency range from 30 to 50 GHz realized by cost-effective and easily implementable manners. Three CAMMs are designed to generate complicated millimeter-wave beams like holographic imaging beam, Airy beam, and vortex knot beam. The presented simulation and experimental results clearly demonstrate the effectiveness of the CAMMs. This work presents a new paradigm for CAMM that can be readily extended to other frequency bands. It may also advance further applications of millimeter-wave beams in communication, imaging and detection.
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Li H, Li J, Zheng C, Xu H, Yang F, Li J, Yue Z, Shi W, Zhang Y, Yao J. Dual-band giant spin-selective full-dimensional manipulation of graphene-based chiral meta-mirrors for terahertz waves. OPTICS EXPRESS 2022; 30:22292-22305. [PMID: 36224930 DOI: 10.1364/oe.463220] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2022] [Accepted: 05/25/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
The ability to simultaneous achieve circular dichroism (CD) and wavefront manipulation is extremely important for many practical applications, especially for detecting and imaging. However, many of the previously observed weakness chiral features are limited to nanostructures with complex three-dimensional building configurations, single narrow-band response, and no active tunability, which are getting farther and away from the goal of integration and miniaturization. Here, a platform of bi-layer all-graphene meta-mirrors with spin-selective full-dimensional manipulation is proposed to simultaneously achieve giant dual-band CD response and wavefront shaping, based on the principle of the hybridization coupling. By simply controlling the structural variables of the meta-mirror and the characteristic parameters of graphene, that is, the combination of passive and active regulation, the proposed design can selectively manipulate the polarization, amplitude, phase, and working frequency of the incident circularly polarized wave near-independently. As a proof of concept, we used the meta-mirror to design two metasurface arrays with spin-selective properties for dynamic terahertz (THz) wavefront shaping and near-field digital imaging, both of which show a high-performance dynamic tunability. This method could provide additional options for the next-generation intelligent THz communication systems.
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Liu SQ, Ma ZY, Pei J, Jiao QB, Yang L, Zhang W, Li H, Li YH, Zou YB, Tan X. A review of anomalous refractive and reflective metasurfaces. NANOTECHNOLOGY AND PRECISION ENGINEERING 2022. [DOI: 10.1063/10.0010119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022]
Abstract
Abnormal refraction and reflection refers to the phenomenon in which light does not follow its traditional laws of propagation and instead is subject to refraction and reflection at abnormal angles that satisfy a generalization of Snell’s law. Metasurfaces can realize this phenomenon through appropriate selection of materials and structural design, and they have a wide range of potential applications in the military, communications, scientific, and biomedical fields. This paper summarizes the current state of research on abnormal refractive and reflective metasurfaces and their application scenarios. It discusses types of abnormal refractive and reflective metasurfaces based on their tuning modes (active and passive), their applications in different wavelength bands, and their future development. The technical obstacles that arise with existing metasurface technology are summarized, and prospects for future development and applications of abnormal refractive and reflective metasurfaces are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Si-qi Liu
- Fine Instrument and Equipment R&D Center, Changchun Institute of Optics, Fine Mechanics and Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Jilin 130033, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Zhen-yu Ma
- Fine Instrument and Equipment R&D Center, Changchun Institute of Optics, Fine Mechanics and Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Jilin 130033, China
| | - Jian Pei
- Fine Instrument and Equipment R&D Center, Changchun Institute of Optics, Fine Mechanics and Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Jilin 130033, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Qing-bin Jiao
- Fine Instrument and Equipment R&D Center, Changchun Institute of Optics, Fine Mechanics and Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Jilin 130033, China
| | - Lin Yang
- Fine Instrument and Equipment R&D Center, Changchun Institute of Optics, Fine Mechanics and Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Jilin 130033, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Wei Zhang
- Fine Instrument and Equipment R&D Center, Changchun Institute of Optics, Fine Mechanics and Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Jilin 130033, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Hui Li
- Fine Instrument and Equipment R&D Center, Changchun Institute of Optics, Fine Mechanics and Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Jilin 130033, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Yu-hang Li
- Fine Instrument and Equipment R&D Center, Changchun Institute of Optics, Fine Mechanics and Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Jilin 130033, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Yu-bo Zou
- Fine Instrument and Equipment R&D Center, Changchun Institute of Optics, Fine Mechanics and Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Jilin 130033, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Xin Tan
- Fine Instrument and Equipment R&D Center, Changchun Institute of Optics, Fine Mechanics and Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Jilin 130033, China
- Center of Materials Science and Optoelectronics Engineering, University of Chinese Academy of Science, Beijing 100049, China
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High-Efficiency Polarization Multiplexing Metalenses. NANOMATERIALS 2022; 12:nano12091500. [PMID: 35564209 PMCID: PMC9103879 DOI: 10.3390/nano12091500] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2022] [Revised: 04/16/2022] [Accepted: 04/26/2022] [Indexed: 12/07/2022]
Abstract
The polarization multiplexing technique is a well-established method that improves the communication capacity of an optical system. In this paper, we designed orthogonal linear and circular polarization multiplexing metalens using a library of rectangle TiO2 nanostructures. The former can independently focus x- and y-linearly polarized incident lights to designed positions with a focusing efficiency of 53.81% and 51.56%, respectively, whereas the latter with two preset focal points can independently control left and right circularly polarized incident lights with a focusing efficiency of 42.45% and 42.46%, respectively. We also show that both metalenses can produce diffraction-limited focal spots for four polarization states with no obvious distortion, which opens up new applications in polarization imaging and polarization detection.
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12
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Li F, Li Y, Tang T, Liao Y, Lu Y, Liu X, Wen Q. Dual-band terahertz all-silicon metasurface with giant chirality for frequency-undifferentiated near-field imaging. OPTICS EXPRESS 2022; 30:14232-14242. [PMID: 35473171 DOI: 10.1364/oe.455956] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2022] [Accepted: 03/26/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Chiral metasurfaces are widely used in imaging and biosensing due to their powerful light field control capabilities. Most of the work is devoted to achieving the goals of chirality enhancement and tunability, but lacks consideration of design complexity, loss, cost, and multi-band operation. In order to alleviate this situation, we propose a pair of dual-frequency giant chiral structures based on all-silicon, which can achieve excellent and opposite spin-selective transmission around 1.09 THz and 1.65 THz. The giant chirality derives from the in-plane electric and magnetic dipole moments excited in different degrees. Theoretically, the maximum circular dichroism at the two frequencies are both as high as 0.34, and the coverage bandwidths of the two giant chirality are 85.5 GHz and 41.4 GHz, respectively. The experimental results are in good agreement with the simulation results. Based on the dual-band giant chiral patterns, the terahertz near-field imaging of different Chinese character images is demonstrated at two frequencies. The frequency-undifferentiated characteristics, good intensity contrast and three-dimensional imaging information are shown by the results. This work provides new ideas for the design of terahertz devices with simple structure and multi-functions, which are expected to be applied in the field of terahertz imaging or multi-channel communication.
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Gou Y, Ma HF, Wang ZX, Wu LW, Wu RY, Cui TJ. Dual-band chiral metasurface for independent controls of spin-selective reflections. OPTICS EXPRESS 2022; 30:12775-12787. [PMID: 35472907 DOI: 10.1364/oe.453703] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2022] [Accepted: 03/21/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
The development of chiral metasurfaces with spin-selective reflection or transmission provides a new way to control the circularly polarized (CP) waves. However, it is still a great challenge to independently manipulate the polarization, frequency, and phase of the spin-selective reflected waves in different operating bands, which may have potential applications in improving the data capacity of microwave and optical communication systems. Here, a dual-band chiral metasurface is proposed to generate gigantic intrinsic chirality with strong circular dichroism (CD) in two different frequency bands by piecing two typical mono-chiral units together. The polarization, frequency and phase of the spin-selective reflected waves can also be independently designed in the two operating bands by adjusting the configuration of the chiral unit structures. Based on the proposed chiral structures, a dual-band chiral metasurface with spin-selective anomalous reflections is designed and demonstrated by both simulations and experiments. The results show that the polarization of spin-selective reflected waves can be customized by selecting appreciate chiral structures, while the wavefront of the spin-selective reflected waves can be further controlled by designing their arrangement.
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14
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Wang W, Yang Q, He S, Shi Y, Liu X, Sun J, Guo K, Wang L, Guo Z. Multiplexed multi-focal and multi-dimensional SHE (spin Hall effect) metalens. OPTICS EXPRESS 2021; 29:43270. [DOI: 10.1364/oe.446497] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2021] [Accepted: 12/02/2021] [Indexed: 10/11/2024]
Abstract
Metalenses are two-dimensional ultrathin metalenses composed of subwavelength artificial microstructures. In this paper, various multi-focal spin Hall effect (SHE)-based metalenses are designed to provide spin-dependent splitting in transverse and longitudinal directions, which possess spin-dependent two focal points under left-circularly polarized (LCP) or right-circularly polarized (RCP) incidence, and all four focal points can be observed under the linearly polarized (LP) incidence. A spin-independent bifocal metalens was investigated, which possesses the same bifocal focusing phenomena for LCP and RCP incidences. Our method is significant for designing high-efficiency multifunctional optics devices based on optical SHE.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Shan He
- Shijiazhuang Tiedao University
| | - Yan Shi
- Shijiazhuang Tiedao University
| | | | | | - Kai Guo
- Hefei University of Technology
| | | | - Zhongyi Guo
- Dongguan University of Technology
- Hefei University of Technology
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15
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Xie R, Fang X, Zhang D, Wang X, Chen K, An S, Zheng B, Zhang H, Feng Y, Ding J. Four‐Channel Kaleidoscopic Metasurfaces Enabled by a Single‐Layered Single‐Cell Quad‐Band Meta‐Atom. ADVANCED THEORY AND SIMULATIONS 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/adts.202100301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Rensheng Xie
- State Key Laboratory of Precision Spectroscopy Key Laboratory of Polar Materials and Devices School of Physics and Electronic Sciences East China Normal University Shanghai 200241 China
| | - Xin Fang
- State Key Laboratory of Precision Spectroscopy Key Laboratory of Polar Materials and Devices School of Physics and Electronic Sciences East China Normal University Shanghai 200241 China
| | - Dajun Zhang
- School of Information Science and Technology ShanghaiTech University Shanghai 201210 China
| | - Xiong Wang
- School of Information Science and Technology ShanghaiTech University Shanghai 201210 China
| | - Ke Chen
- School of Electronic Science and Engineering Nanjing University Nanjing 210023 China
| | - Sensong An
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering the University of Massachusetts Lowell Lowell MA 01854 USA
| | - Bowen Zheng
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering the University of Massachusetts Lowell Lowell MA 01854 USA
| | - Hualiang Zhang
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering the University of Massachusetts Lowell Lowell MA 01854 USA
| | - Yijun Feng
- School of Electronic Science and Engineering Nanjing University Nanjing 210023 China
| | - Jun Ding
- State Key Laboratory of Precision Spectroscopy Key Laboratory of Polar Materials and Devices School of Physics and Electronic Sciences East China Normal University Shanghai 200241 China
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16
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Gou Y, Ma HF, Wu LW, Wang ZX, Xu P, Cui TJ. Broadband Spin-Selective Wavefront Manipulations Based on Pancharatnam-Berry Coding Metasurfaces. ACS OMEGA 2021; 6:30019-30026. [PMID: 34778673 PMCID: PMC8582030 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.1c04733] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2021] [Accepted: 10/22/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Spin-selective reflection metadevices are usually realized by using chiral metamirrors that can reflect one state of circularly polarized (CP) waves and restrain the other one. However, most of the chiral metamirrors only exhibit chirality in a narrow band, which may impede their potential applications. Here, we propose a Pancharatnam-Berry (PB) coding metasurface composed of the spin-decoupled elements to realize broadband spin-selective reflections with arbitrary wavefront manipulations. The spin-selective anomalous reflection is designed and measured to validate the performance of the proposed PB coding metasurface. Both simulation and experiment results show that the designated CP wave can be efficiently reflected without reversing the spin state, while at the same time, its orthogonally polarized wave is suppressed by random diffusion, in a broad band from 16 to 24 GHz. The results also reveal that the proposed PB coding metasurface has the chiral-like characteristics, even though it is composed of nonchiral meta-elements.
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17
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Liu Y, Zhang J, Li S, Xia H. Photopolymerization strategy for the preparation of small-diameter artificial blood vessels with micro-nano structures on the inner wall. BIOMEDICAL OPTICS EXPRESS 2021; 12:5844-5854. [PMID: 34692219 PMCID: PMC8515966 DOI: 10.1364/boe.432441] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2021] [Revised: 08/15/2021] [Accepted: 08/16/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Although large diameter vessels made of polyurethane materials have been widely used in clinical practice, the biocompatibility and long-term patency of small diameter artificial vessels have not been well addressed. Any technological innovation and advancement in small-diameter artificial blood vessels is of great interest to the biomedical field. Here a novel technique is used to produce artificial blood vessels with a caliber of less than 6 mm and a wall thickness of less than 0.5 mm by rotational exposure, and to form a bionic inner wall with a periodically micro-nano structure inside the tube by laser double-beam interference. The polyethylene glycol diacrylate used is a widely recognized versatile biomaterial with good hydrophilicity, biocompatibility and low cytotoxicity. The effect of the bionic structure on the growth of hepatocellular carcinoma cells and human umbilical vein endothelial cells was investigated, and it was demonstrated that the prepared vessels with the bionic structure could largely promote the endothelialization process of the cells inside them.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yonghao Liu
- Heilongjiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Oilfield Applied Chemistry and Technology, School of Mechatronics Engineering, Daqing Normal University, Daqing 163712, China
| | - Jiawei Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Integrated Optoelectronics, College of Electronic Science and Engineering, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, China
| | - Shunxin Li
- State Key Laboratory of Integrated Optoelectronics, College of Electronic Science and Engineering, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, China
| | - Hong Xia
- State Key Laboratory of Integrated Optoelectronics, College of Electronic Science and Engineering, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, China
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18
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Li J, Li J, Zheng C, Yang Y, Yue Z, Hao X, Zhao H, Li F, Tang T, Wu L, Li J, Zhang Y, Yao J. Lossless dielectric metasurface with giant intrinsic chirality for terahertz wave. OPTICS EXPRESS 2021; 29:28329-28337. [PMID: 34614966 DOI: 10.1364/oe.430033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2021] [Accepted: 08/10/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
It is difficult for single-layer metal metasurfaces to excite in-plane component of magnetic dipole moment, so achieving giant intrinsic optical chirality remains challenging. Fortunately, displacement current in dielectric metasurfaces can form the in-plane magnetic moment which is not orthogonal to the electric dipole moment and forms intrinsic chirality. Here, we show a lossless all-silicon metasurface which achieves giant intrinsic chirality in terahertz band. The leaky waveguide mode in the chiral silicon pillars simultaneously excite the in-plane electric and magnetic dipole moments, which triggers the spin-selected backward electromagnetic radiation, and then realizes the chiral response. The theoretical value of circular dichroism in the transmission spectrum reaches 69.4%, and the measured one is 43%. Based on the photoconductivity effect of the silicon metasurface, we demonstrate optical modulation of the intrinsic chirality using near-infrared continuous wave. In addition, by arranging the two kinds of meta-atoms which are enantiomers, we show the spin-dependent and tunable near-field image display. This simple-prepared all-silicon metasurface provides a new idea for the design of terahertz chiral meta-devices, and it is expected to be applied in the fields of terahertz polarization imaging or spectral detection.
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19
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Yang P, Yang R, Li Y. Compact cascaded meta-surface system for controlling the spin and orbital angular momentum of electromagnetic fields simultaneously. OPTICS EXPRESS 2021; 29:20229-20239. [PMID: 34266116 DOI: 10.1364/oe.428494] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2021] [Accepted: 05/27/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
We propose a compact cascaded meta-surface system (CCMS) to produce well converged orbital angular momentum (OAM) vortex waves with tailored spin angular momentum (SAM) by integrating a meta-surface lens (ML) with an assistant meta-mirror (AM). Specifically, the co-linearly polarized (LP) waves from the feed would be reflected by the ML firstly and then twisted into the cross-LP counterparts by the AM to penetrate the ML for the perfect synthesis of the OAM vortex beams while performing the linear-to-circular polarization conversion. Especially, the CCMS can pack the ML and the AM closely together with a quarter of the ML focal length when we apply proper phase distributions on the AM. In addition, the proposed CCMS can readily be extended to the generation of multiple circularly polarized OAM vortex waves with different modes. Our design should thus pave the way for building up more efficient wireless communication systems with expanded channel capacity.
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20
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Zhang Y, Liu H, Xu R, Qin Z, Teng C, Deng S, Chen M, Cheng Y, Deng H, Yang H, Qu S, Yuan L. Tunable circular dichroism based on graphene-metal split ring resonators. OPTICS EXPRESS 2021; 29:21020-21030. [PMID: 34266177 DOI: 10.1364/oe.430670] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2021] [Accepted: 06/13/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
The chiroptical response of the chiral metasurface can be characterized by circular dichroism, which is defined as the absorption difference between left-handed circularly polarized incidence and right-handed circularly incidence. It can be applied in biology, chemistry, optoelectronics, etc. Here, we propose a dynamically tunable chiral metasurface structure, which is composed of two metal split-ring resonators and a graphene layer embedded in dielectric. The structure reflects right-handed circularly polarized waves and absorbs left-handed circularly polarized waves under normal incidence. The overall unit structural parameters of the chiral metasurface were discussed and analyzed, and the circular dichroism was 0.85 at 1.181 THz. Additionally, the digital imaging function can be realized based on the chiral metasurface structure, and the resolution of terahertz digital imaging can be dynamically tuned by changing the Fermi level of graphene. The proposed structure has potential applications in realizing tunable dynamic imaging and other communication fields.
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21
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Xu HX, Hu G, Wang Y, Wang C, Wang M, Wang S, Huang Y, Genevet P, Huang W, Qiu CW. Polarization-insensitive 3D conformal-skin metasurface cloak. LIGHT, SCIENCE & APPLICATIONS 2021; 10:75. [PMID: 33833215 PMCID: PMC8032745 DOI: 10.1038/s41377-021-00507-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2020] [Revised: 02/09/2021] [Accepted: 03/04/2021] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Electromagnetic metasurface cloaks provide an alternative paradigm toward rendering arbitrarily shaped scatterers invisible. Most transformation-optics (TO) cloaks intrinsically need wavelength-scale volume/thickness, such that the incoming waves could have enough long paths to interact with structured meta-atoms in the cloak region and consequently restore the wavefront. Other challenges of TO cloaks include the polarization-dependent operation to avoid singular parameters of composite cloaking materials and limitations of canonical geometries, e.g., circular, elliptical, trapezoidal, and triangular shapes. Here, we report for the first time a conformal-skin metasurface carpet cloak, enabling to work under arbitrary states of polarization (SOP) at Poincaré sphere for the incident light and arbitrary conformal platform of the object to be cloaked. By exploiting the foundry three-dimensional (3D) printing techniques to fabricate judiciously designed meta-atoms on the external surface of a conformal object, the spatial distributions of intensity and polarization of its scattered lights can be reconstructed exactly the same as if the scattering wavefront were deflected from a flat ground at any SOP, concealing targets under polarization-scanning detections. Two conformal-skin carpet cloaks working for partial- and full-azimuth plane operation are respectively fabricated on trapezoid and pyramid platforms via 3D printing. Experimental results are in good agreement with numerical simulations and both demonstrate the polarization-insensitive cloaking within a desirable bandwidth. Our approach paves a deterministic and robust step forward to the realization of interfacial, free-form, and full-polarization cloaking for a realistic arbitrary-shape target in real-world applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- He-Xiu Xu
- Air and Missile Defense College, Air Force Engineering University, 710051, Xi'an, China.
- Institute of Flexible Electronics, Northwestern Polytechnical University, 710072, Xi'an, China.
| | - Guangwei Hu
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore, 117583, Singapore
| | - Yanzhao Wang
- Air and Missile Defense College, Air Force Engineering University, 710051, Xi'an, China
| | - Chaohui Wang
- Air and Missile Defense College, Air Force Engineering University, 710051, Xi'an, China
| | - Mingzhao Wang
- Air and Missile Defense College, Air Force Engineering University, 710051, Xi'an, China
| | - Shaojie Wang
- Air and Missile Defense College, Air Force Engineering University, 710051, Xi'an, China
| | - Yongjun Huang
- School of Information and Communication Engineering, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, 611731, Chengdu, China
| | - Patrice Genevet
- Université Côte d'Azur, CNRS, Centre de Recherche sur l'Hétéro-Epitaxie et ses Applications (CRHEA), 06560, Valbonne, France.
| | - Wei Huang
- Institute of Flexible Electronics, Northwestern Polytechnical University, 710072, Xi'an, China.
| | - Cheng-Wei Qiu
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore, 117583, Singapore.
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22
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Zhu S, Xu Z, Zhang H, Yang K, Wang N, Liu H, Wang Y, Xia J, Huang L. Liquid crystal integrated metadevice for reconfigurable hologram displays and optical encryption. OPTICS EXPRESS 2021; 29:9553-9564. [PMID: 33820380 DOI: 10.1364/oe.419914] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2021] [Accepted: 03/01/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
The ultimate goal of metasurface research in recent years is to apply metasurface to reality applications and improve the performance compared to its counterpart, namely conventional optical elements with the same function. Inspired by the application of electrically addressing spatial light modulator (EA-SLM) and based on the binary holographic algorithm, here we propose a reconfigurable metadevice integrated with the nematic liquid crystal (NLC). The smart metadevice directly uses the subwavelength antennas as the main contributor to the phase accumulation instead of the NLC layer. By applying different electrical modulation patterns on the NLC, the metadevice can realize the function of dynamic holographic display as traditional SLMs but features in smaller size, higher resolution and lager field of view. In addition, we improved the existing computer-generated hologram algorithm to generate three holograms with quantitative correlation and also propose a new optical encryption method based on our metadevice. The encryption method needs four elements in total to decrypt and can fully meets the requirements of the various encrypted content. We believe such metadevice paves the way for the new generation of micro-optical display and optical encryption devices.
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23
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Zhang L, Guo J, Ding T. Ultrathin dual-mode vortex beam generator based on anisotropic coding metasurface. Sci Rep 2021; 11:5766. [PMID: 33707629 PMCID: PMC7952709 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-85374-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2020] [Accepted: 02/28/2021] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
In this paper, an anisotropic coding metasurface is proposed to achieve dual-mode vortex beam generator by independently manipulating the orthogonally linearly polarized waves. The metasurface is composed of ultrathin single-layer ground-backed Jerusalem cross structure, which can provide complete and independent control of the orthogonally linearly polarized incident waves with greatly simplified design process. As proof of concept, a metasurface is designed to generate vortex beams with different topological charges under orthogonal polarizations operating at 15 GHz. Experimental measurements performed on fabricated prototype reveal high quality, and show good agreements with theoretical designs and simulation results. Such ultrathin dual-mode vortex beam generator may find potential applications in wireless communication systems in microwave region.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liang Zhang
- grid.411902.f0000 0001 0643 6866School of Information Engineering, Jimei University, Xiamen, 361021 China
| | - Jie Guo
- grid.411902.f0000 0001 0643 6866School of Information Engineering, Jimei University, Xiamen, 361021 China
| | - Tongyu Ding
- grid.411902.f0000 0001 0643 6866School of Information Engineering, Jimei University, Xiamen, 361021 China
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24
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Xu HX, Wang Y, Wang C, Wang M, Wang S, Ding F, Huang Y, Zhang X, Liu H, Ling X, Huang W. Deterministic Approach to Achieve Full-Polarization Cloak. RESEARCH 2021; 2021:6382172. [PMID: 33748763 PMCID: PMC7945686 DOI: 10.34133/2021/6382172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2020] [Accepted: 12/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Achieving full-polarization (σ) invisibility on an arbitrary three-dimensional (3D) platform is a long-held knotty issue yet extremely promising in real-world stealth applications. However, state-of-the-art invisibility cloaks typically work under a specific polarization because the anisotropy and orientation-selective resonant nature of artificial materials made the σ-immune operation elusive and terribly challenging. Here, we report a deterministic approach to engineer a metasurface skin cloak working under an arbitrary polarization state by theoretically synergizing two cloaking phase patterns required, respectively, at spin-up (σ+) and spin-down (σ−) states. Therein, the wavefront of any light impinging on the cloak can be well preserved since it is a superposition of σ+ and σ− wave. To demonstrate the effectiveness and applicability, several proof-of-concept metasurface cloaks are designed to wrap over a 3D triangle platform at microwave frequency. Results show that our cloaks are essentially capable of restoring the amplitude and phase of reflected beams as if light was incident on a flat mirror or an arbitrarily predesigned shape under full polarization states with a desirable bandwidth of ~17.9%, conceiving or deceiving an arbitrary object placed inside. Our approach, deterministic and robust in terms of accurate theoretical design, reconciles the milestone dilemma in stealth discipline and opens up an avenue for the extreme capability of ultrathin 3D cloaking of an arbitrary shape, paving up the road for real-world applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- He-Xiu Xu
- Air and Missile Defense College, Air Force Engineering University, Xi'an 710051, China.,Institute of Flexible Electronics, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an 710072, China.,College of Physics and Electronic Engineering, Hengyang Normal University, Hengyang 421002, China
| | - Yanzhao Wang
- Air and Missile Defense College, Air Force Engineering University, Xi'an 710051, China
| | - Chaohui Wang
- Air and Missile Defense College, Air Force Engineering University, Xi'an 710051, China
| | - Mingzhao Wang
- Air and Missile Defense College, Air Force Engineering University, Xi'an 710051, China
| | - Shaojie Wang
- Air and Missile Defense College, Air Force Engineering University, Xi'an 710051, China
| | - Fei Ding
- SDU Nano Optics, University of Southern Denmark, Campusvej 55, DK-5230 Odense, Denmark
| | - Yongjun Huang
- School of Information and Communication Engineering, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu 611731, China
| | - Xiaokuan Zhang
- Air and Missile Defense College, Air Force Engineering University, Xi'an 710051, China
| | - Haiwen Liu
- School of Electronic and Information Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710049, China
| | - Xiaohui Ling
- College of Physics and Electronic Engineering, Hengyang Normal University, Hengyang 421002, China
| | - Wei Huang
- Institute of Flexible Electronics, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an 710072, China
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25
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Zhou T, Liu Q, Liu Y, Zang X. Spin-independent metalens for helicity-multiplexing of converged vortices and cylindrical vector beams. OPTICS LETTERS 2020; 45:5941-5944. [PMID: 33137046 DOI: 10.1364/ol.404436] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2020] [Accepted: 09/10/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
The converged vortex beam with a well-defined focal plane is an essential ingredient for trapping and rotating microparticles. Metasurfaces, two-dimensional metamaterials, provide an ultra-compact and flexible platform for designing a converged vortex by integrating the functions of a lens and vortex plate. A spin-defocused metasurface can further boost information capacity such as the multiplexing of helicity-dependent functionalities. Here we propose an approach to realize spin-defocused metalenses that can simultaneously focus terahertz (THz) waves with orthogonal spin states into helicity-dependent vortices based on pure geometric phases. Under the illumination of linearly polarized terahertz waves, all of the helicity-dependent vortices are observed, leading to helicity-multiplexing of converged vortices. Furthermore, the longitudinal multiplexing of converged cylindrical vector beams is demonstrated by superposition of helicity-dependent vortices. This unique approach for multiplexing converged vortices and cylindrical vector beams may open a window for designing future ultra-compact and multifunctional devices with potential applications in communications, optical trapping, and focusing.
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26
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Abstract
Meta-holographic encryption is a potentially important technique for information security. Despite rapid progresses in multi-tasked meta-holograms, the number of information channels available in metasurfaces is limited, making meta-holographic encryption vulnerable to some attacking algorithms. Herein, we demonstrate a re-programmable metasurface that can produce arbitrary holographic images for optical encryption. The encrypted information is divided into two matrices. These two matrices are imposed to the incident light and the metasurface, respectively. While the all-dielectric metasurface is static, the phase matrix of incident light provides additional degrees of freedom to precisely control the eventual functions at will. With a single Si metasurface, arbitrary holographic images and videos have been transported and decrypted. We hope that this work paves a more promising way to optical information encryption and authentication. Here, the authors demonstrate a re-programmable metasurface that can produce arbitrary holographic images for optical encryption. The encrypted information is divided into two matrices and defined to the incident laser to produce arbitrary holographic images.
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27
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Li J, Yu P, Zhang S, Liu N. A Reusable Metasurface Template. NANO LETTERS 2020; 20:6845-6851. [PMID: 32833459 PMCID: PMC7496727 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.0c02876] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2020] [Revised: 08/24/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Metasurfaces have revolutionized the design concepts for optical components, fostering an exciting field of flat optics. Thanks to the flat and ultrathin nature, metasurfaces possess unique advantages over conventional optical components, such as lightweight, high compatibility, among others. To comply with potential applications, further research endeavors need to be exerted for advancing the reusability and practicality of metasurfaces. In this work, we demonstrate a reusable template approach to achieve optical multifunctionality with metasurfaces, utilizing both the geometric and propagation phases to shape light waves. In principle, such a metasurface template can be employed infinite times to enable a large variety of optical functions. As proof-of-concept experiments, we demonstrate metalensing, holography, and vortex beam shaping. Our work will leverage the high scalability aspects of metasurface devices for practical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianxiong Li
- Max
Planck Institute for Intelligent Systems, Heisenbergstrasse 3, 70569 Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Ping Yu
- Max
Planck Institute for Intelligent Systems, Heisenbergstrasse 3, 70569 Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Shuang Zhang
- School
of Physics & Astronomy, University of
Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, U.K.
| | - Na Liu
- 2nd
Physics Institute, University of Stuttgart, Pfaffenwaldring 57, 70569 Stuttgart, Germany
- Max
Planck Institute for Solid State Research, Heisenbergstrasse 1, 70569 Stuttgart, Germany
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28
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Cai H, Meng Q, Chen Q, Ding H, Dai Y, Li S, Chen D, Tan Q, Pan N, Zeng C, Qi Z, Liu G, Tian Y, Gao W, Wang X. Fabricating 3D Metastructures by Simultaneous Modulation of Flexible Resist Stencils and Basal Molds. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2020; 32:e2002570. [PMID: 32715527 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202002570] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2020] [Revised: 06/23/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Metamaterials have gained much attention thanks to their extraordinary and intriguing optical properties beyond natural materials. However, universal high-resolution fabrications of 3D micro/nanometastructures with high-resolution remain a challenge. Here, a novel approach to fabricate sophisticated 3D micro/nanostructures with excellent robustness and precise controllability is demonstrated by simultaneously modulating of flexible resist stencils and basal molds. This method allows arbitrary manipulations of morphology, size, and orientation, as well as contact angles of the objects. Combined with a new alignment strategy of high-resolution, previously inaccessible architectures are fabricated with ultrahigh precision, leading to an excellent spectra response from the fabricated metastructures. This method provides a new possibility to realize true 3D metamaterial fabrications featuring high-resolution and direct-compatibility with broad planar lithography platforms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongbing Cai
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at the Microscale and Synergetic Innovation Center of Quantum Information & Quantum Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui, 230026, China
- Division of Physics and Applied Physics, School of Physical and Mathematical Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, 637371, Singapore
- USTC Center for Micro- and Nanoscale Research and Fabrication, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui, 230026, China
| | - Qiushi Meng
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at the Microscale and Synergetic Innovation Center of Quantum Information & Quantum Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui, 230026, China
- USTC Center for Micro- and Nanoscale Research and Fabrication, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui, 230026, China
| | - Qiang Chen
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at the Microscale and Synergetic Innovation Center of Quantum Information & Quantum Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui, 230026, China
- USTC Center for Micro- and Nanoscale Research and Fabrication, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui, 230026, China
| | - Huaiyi Ding
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at the Microscale and Synergetic Innovation Center of Quantum Information & Quantum Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui, 230026, China
| | - Yanmeng Dai
- Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Devices and Systems of Ministry of Education and Guangdong Province, College of Optoelectronic Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, 518060, China
| | - Sijia Li
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at the Microscale and Synergetic Innovation Center of Quantum Information & Quantum Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui, 230026, China
| | - Disheng Chen
- Division of Physics and Applied Physics, School of Physical and Mathematical Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, 637371, Singapore
| | - Qinghai Tan
- Division of Physics and Applied Physics, School of Physical and Mathematical Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, 637371, Singapore
| | - Nan Pan
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at the Microscale and Synergetic Innovation Center of Quantum Information & Quantum Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui, 230026, China
| | - Changgan Zeng
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at the Microscale and Synergetic Innovation Center of Quantum Information & Quantum Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui, 230026, China
- Department of Physics, University of Science & Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui, 230027, China
| | - Zeming Qi
- National Synchrotron Radiation Laboratory, University of Science & Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui, 230027, China
| | - Gang Liu
- National Synchrotron Radiation Laboratory, University of Science & Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui, 230027, China
| | - Yangchao Tian
- National Synchrotron Radiation Laboratory, University of Science & Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui, 230027, China
| | - Weibo Gao
- Division of Physics and Applied Physics, School of Physical and Mathematical Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, 637371, Singapore
| | - Xiaoping Wang
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at the Microscale and Synergetic Innovation Center of Quantum Information & Quantum Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui, 230026, China
- USTC Center for Micro- and Nanoscale Research and Fabrication, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui, 230026, China
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29
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Yuan Y, Sun S, Chen Y, Zhang K, Ding X, Ratni B, Wu Q, Burokur SN, Qiu C. A Fully Phase-Modulated Metasurface as An Energy-Controllable Circular Polarization Router. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2020; 7:2001437. [PMID: 32999848 PMCID: PMC7509705 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202001437] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2020] [Revised: 05/14/2020] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Geometric metasurfaces primarily follow the physical mechanism of Pancharatnam-Berry (PB) phases, empowering wavefront control of cross-polarized reflective/transmissive light components. However, inherently accompanying the cross-polarized components, the copolarized output components have not been attempted in parallel in existing works. Here, a general method is proposed to construct phase-modulated metasurfaces for implementing functionalities separately in co- and cross-polarized output fields under circularly polarized (CP) incidence, which is impossible to achieve with solely a geometric phase. By introducing a propagation phase as an additional degree of freedom, the electromagnetic (EM) energy carried by co- and cross-polarized transmitted fields can be fully phase-modulated with independent wavefronts. Under one CP incidence, a metasurface for separate functionalities with controllable energy repartition is verified by simulations and proof-of-principle microwave experiments. A variety of applications can be readily expected in spin-selective optics, spin-Hall metasurfaces, and multitasked metasurfaces operating in both reflective and transmissive modes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yueyi Yuan
- Department of Microwave EngineeringHarbin Institute of TechnologyHarbin150001China
| | - Shang Sun
- Department of Electrical and Computer EngineeringNational University of SingaporeSingapore117583Singapore
| | - Yang Chen
- Department of Electrical and Computer EngineeringNational University of SingaporeSingapore117583Singapore
| | - Kuang Zhang
- Department of Microwave EngineeringHarbin Institute of TechnologyHarbin150001China
| | - Xumin Ding
- Department of Microwave EngineeringHarbin Institute of TechnologyHarbin150001China
- Advanced Microscopy and Instrumentation Research CenterHarbin Institute of TechnologyHarbin150080China
| | | | - Qun Wu
- Department of Microwave EngineeringHarbin Institute of TechnologyHarbin150001China
| | | | - Cheng‐Wei Qiu
- Department of Electrical and Computer EngineeringNational University of SingaporeSingapore117583Singapore
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30
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Yuan Y, Zhang K, Ratni B, Song Q, Ding X, Wu Q, Burokur SN, Genevet P. Independent phase modulation for quadruplex polarization channels enabled by chirality-assisted geometric-phase metasurfaces. Nat Commun 2020; 11:4186. [PMID: 32826879 PMCID: PMC7442839 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-020-17773-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 110] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2019] [Accepted: 07/15/2020] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Geometric-phase metasurfaces, recently utilized for controlling wavefronts of circular polarized (CP) electromagnetic waves, are drastically limited to the cross-polarization modality. Combining geometric with propagation phase allows to further control the co-polarized output channel, nevertheless addressing only similar functionality on both co-polarized outputs for the two different CP incident beams. Here we introduce the concept of chirality-assisted phase as a degree of freedom, which could decouple the two co-polarized outputs, and thus be an alternative solution for designing arbitrary modulated-phase metasurfaces with distinct wavefront manipulation in all four CP output channels. Two metasurfaces are demonstrated with four arbitrary refraction wavefronts, and orbital angular momentum modes with four independent topological charge, showcasing complete and independent manipulation of all possible CP channels in transmission. This additional phase addressing mechanism will lead to new components, ranging from broadband achromatic devices to the multiplexing of wavefronts for application in reconfigurable-beam antenna and wireless communication systems. Here the authors propose an approach to construct metasurfaces, which activate all circularly polarized channels and make full utilization of transmitted energy simultaneously. By introducing chirality-assisted phase all the components in the Jones matrix can be decoupled and independently tuned.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yueyi Yuan
- Department of Microwave Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology, 150001, Harbin, China
| | - Kuang Zhang
- Department of Microwave Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology, 150001, Harbin, China.
| | | | - Qinghua Song
- Université Côte d'Azur, CNRS, Centre de Recherche sur l'Hétéro-Epitaxie et ses Applications (CRHEA), 06560, Valbonne, France
| | - Xumin Ding
- Department of Microwave Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology, 150001, Harbin, China. .,Advanced Microscopy and Instrumentation Research Center, Harbin Institute of Technology, 150080, Harbin, China.
| | - Qun Wu
- Department of Microwave Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology, 150001, Harbin, China
| | | | - Patrice Genevet
- Université Côte d'Azur, CNRS, Centre de Recherche sur l'Hétéro-Epitaxie et ses Applications (CRHEA), 06560, Valbonne, France.
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31
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Li Z, Liu W, Cheng H, Choi DY, Chen S, Tian J. Spin-Selective Full-Dimensional Manipulation of Optical Waves with Chiral Mirror. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2020; 32:e1907983. [PMID: 32430983 DOI: 10.1002/adma.201907983] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2019] [Revised: 03/25/2020] [Accepted: 03/30/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Realizing arbitrary manipulation of optical waves, which still remains a challenge, plays a key role in the implementation of optical devices with on-demand functionalities. However, it is hard to independently manipulate multiple dimensions of optical waves because the optical dimensions are basically associated with each other when adjusting the optical response of the devices. Here, the concise design principle of a chiral mirror is utilized to realize the full-dimensional independent manipulation of circular-polarized waves. By simply changing three structural variables of the chiral mirror, the proposed design principle can arbitrarily and independently empower the spin-selective manipulation of amplitude, phase, and operation wavelength of circular-polarized waves with a large modulation depth. This approach provides a simple solution for the realization of spin-selective full-dimensional manipulation of optical waves and shows ample application possibilities in the areas of optical encryption, imaging, and detection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhancheng Li
- The Key Laboratory of Weak Light Nonlinear Photonics, Ministry of Education, School of Physics and TEDA Institute of Applied Physics, Renewable Energy Conversion and Storage Center, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300071, China
| | - Wenwei Liu
- The Key Laboratory of Weak Light Nonlinear Photonics, Ministry of Education, School of Physics and TEDA Institute of Applied Physics, Renewable Energy Conversion and Storage Center, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300071, China
| | - Hua Cheng
- The Key Laboratory of Weak Light Nonlinear Photonics, Ministry of Education, School of Physics and TEDA Institute of Applied Physics, Renewable Energy Conversion and Storage Center, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300071, China
| | - Duk-Yong Choi
- Laser Physics Centre, Research School of Physics, Australian National University, Canberra ACT, 2601, Australia
- College of Information Science and Technology, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632, China
| | - Shuqi Chen
- The Key Laboratory of Weak Light Nonlinear Photonics, Ministry of Education, School of Physics and TEDA Institute of Applied Physics, Renewable Energy Conversion and Storage Center, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300071, China
- The Collaborative Innovation Center of Extreme Optics, Shanxi University, Taiyuan, Shanxi, 030006, China
- The Collaborative Innovation Center of Light Manipulations and Applications, Shandong Normal University, Jinan, 250358, China
| | - Jianguo Tian
- The Key Laboratory of Weak Light Nonlinear Photonics, Ministry of Education, School of Physics and TEDA Institute of Applied Physics, Renewable Energy Conversion and Storage Center, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300071, China
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32
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Liu GY, Li L, Han JQ, Liu HX, Gao XH, Shi Y, Cui TJ. Frequency-Domain and Spatial-Domain Reconfigurable Metasurface. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2020; 12:23554-23564. [PMID: 32338501 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.0c02467] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
The recently proposed digital reconfigurable metasurfaces make it possible to manipulate electromagnetic (EM) waves flexibly. However, most existing reconfigurable metasurfaces can only exhibit a relatively single performance in the spatial domain. Here, we propose a general frequency- and spatial-domain reconfigurable metasurface (FSRM) that can manipulate the EM waves and realize reconfigurable functions in multifrequency bands. In the frequency domain, FSRM can convert different linearly polarized (LP) incident waves into left- and right-hand circularly polarized reflected waves, in which PIN diodes are used to switch the polarization conversions in different frequency bands. When the polarization direction of the incident LP wave is 45° from the +x-axis, the FSRM modulates the incident waves as a 1-bit programmable metasurface in the spatial domain. Two-dimensional beam scanning, vortex beams with orbital angular momentums, and specific beams with desired transmission directions are demonstrated via real-time adjustment of the digital coding state. To validate the modulation methodology, an FSRM prototype is fabricated and measured, which could respond to different functions for different polarization incidences. The measured results agree well with the theoretical analyses. The proposed FSRM will provide new opportunities for smart material designs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guang Yao Liu
- Key Laboratory of High Speed Circuit Design and EMC of Ministry of Education, School of Electronic Engineering, Xidian University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710071, China
| | - Long Li
- Key Laboratory of High Speed Circuit Design and EMC of Ministry of Education, School of Electronic Engineering, Xidian University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710071, China
| | - Jia Qi Han
- Key Laboratory of High Speed Circuit Design and EMC of Ministry of Education, School of Electronic Engineering, Xidian University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710071, China
| | - Hai Xia Liu
- Key Laboratory of High Speed Circuit Design and EMC of Ministry of Education, School of Electronic Engineering, Xidian University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710071, China
| | - Xiao He Gao
- Key Laboratory of High Speed Circuit Design and EMC of Ministry of Education, School of Electronic Engineering, Xidian University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710071, China
| | - Yan Shi
- Key Laboratory of High Speed Circuit Design and EMC of Ministry of Education, School of Electronic Engineering, Xidian University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710071, China
| | - Tie Jun Cui
- State Key Laboratory of Millimeter Waves, Southeast University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210096, China
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Abstract
Recent advances in twistronics of low-dimensional materials, such as bilayer graphene and transition-metal dichalcogenides, have enabled a plethora of unusual phenomena associated with moiré physics. However, several of these effects require demanding manipulation of superlattices at the atomic scale, such as the careful control of rotation angle between two closely spaced atomic lattices. Here, we study moiré hyperbolic plasmons in pairs of hyperbolic metasurfaces (HMTSs), unveiling analogous phenomena at the mesoscopic scale. HMTSs are known to support confined surface waves collimated toward specific directions determined by the metasurface dispersion. By rotating two evanescently coupled HMTSs with respect to one another, we unveil rich dispersion engineering, topological transitions at magic angles, broadband field canalization, and plasmon spin-Hall phenomena. These findings open remarkable opportunities to advance metasurface optics, enriching it with moiré physics and twistronic concepts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guangwei Hu
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117583
- Photonics Initiative, Advanced Science Research Center, City University of New York, 85 St. Nicholas Terrace, New York, New York 10031, United States
| | - Alex Krasnok
- Photonics Initiative, Advanced Science Research Center, City University of New York, 85 St. Nicholas Terrace, New York, New York 10031, United States
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712, United States
| | - Yarden Mazor
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712, United States
| | - Cheng-Wei Qiu
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117583
| | - Andrea Alù
- Photonics Initiative, Advanced Science Research Center, City University of New York, 85 St. Nicholas Terrace, New York, New York 10031, United States
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712, United States
- Physics Program, Graduate Center, City University of New York, New York, New York 10016, United States
- Department of Electrical Engineering, City College of New York, New York, New York 10031, United States
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34
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Yang P, Yang R, Li Y, Bai L. High-purity polarized multi-beams from polarization-twisting meta-surface Cassegrain systems. OPTICS EXPRESS 2020; 28:5200-5211. [PMID: 32121745 DOI: 10.1364/oe.385051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2019] [Accepted: 01/29/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Bi-functional meta-surfaces capable of simultaneously controlling polarization states and wave-fronts of electromagnetic fields are introduced into the design of Cassegrain system for the synthesis of multi-beams. More specifically, electromagnetic fields reflected by the secondary meta-surface with tailored diverged wave-fronts would be collimated by the primary meta-surface into multi-beams with transformed polarization states that can directly go through the secondary meta-surface without any blockage. Especially, we show that such a polarization-twisting meta-surface Cassegrain system can possess much more compact configuration by properly devising the phase distribution over the secondary meta-surface, and can also achieve high-purity polarized multiple radiations when we enlarge the secondary meta-surface as a radome. The present approach of integrating two bi-functional meta-surfaces into the design of Cassegrain system for the generation of multi-beams should pave the way for building up more advanced meta-surface based architectures with specific characteristics.
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35
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A Review of Orbital Angular Momentum Vortex Beams Generation: From Traditional Methods to Metasurfaces. APPLIED SCIENCES-BASEL 2020. [DOI: 10.3390/app10031015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
In this paper, we review the generation of vortex beams carrying orbital angular momentum in the microwave domain. We firstly present the theory of Laguerre–Gaussian beams where it is demonstrated that they carry such type of momentum. We further provide an overview of the classical methods used to generate orbital angular momentum vortex beams, which rely on two main methods; plane wave to vortex wave conversion and direct generation using radiating antennas. Then, we present recent progress in the physics of metasurfaces devoted to the generation of vortex beams with a discussion about reflective and transmissive metasurfaces for plane wave to vortex wave conversion as well as methods to reduce the intrinsic divergence characteristics of vortex beams. Finally, we conclude on this rapidly developing research field.
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36
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All‐Optical Switchable Vanadium Dioxide Integrated Coding Metasurfaces for Wavefront and Polarization Manipulation of Terahertz Beams. ADVANCED THEORY AND SIMULATIONS 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/adts.201900183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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37
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Jin L, Huang YW, Jin Z, Devlin RC, Dong Z, Mei S, Jiang M, Chen WT, Wei Z, Liu H, Teng J, Danner A, Li X, Xiao S, Zhang S, Yu C, Yang JKW, Capasso F, Qiu CW. Dielectric multi-momentum meta-transformer in the visible. Nat Commun 2019; 10:4789. [PMID: 31636259 PMCID: PMC6803701 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-019-12637-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2019] [Accepted: 09/11/2019] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Metasurfaces as artificially nanostructured interfaces hold significant potential for multi-functionality, which may play a pivotal role in the next-generation compact nano-devices. The majority of multi-tasked metasurfaces encode or encrypt multi-information either into the carefully tailored metasurfaces or in pre-set complex incident beam arrays. Here, we propose and demonstrate a multi-momentum transformation metasurface (i.e., meta-transformer), by fully synergizing intrinsic properties of light, e.g., orbital angular momentum (OAM) and linear momentum (LM), with a fixed phase profile imparted by a metasurface. The OAM meta-transformer reconstructs different topologically charged beams into on-axis distinct patterns in the same plane. The LM meta-transformer converts red, green and blue illuminations to the on-axis images of "R", "G" and "B" as well as vivid color holograms, respectively. Thanks to the infinite states of light-metasurface phase combinations, such ultra-compact meta-transformer has potential in information storage, nanophotonics, optical integration and optical encryption.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Jin
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, National University of Singapore, 4 Engineering Drive 3, Singapore, 117583, Singapore
| | - Yao-Wei Huang
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, National University of Singapore, 4 Engineering Drive 3, Singapore, 117583, Singapore.,Harvard John A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, 02138, USA
| | - Zhongwei Jin
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, National University of Singapore, 4 Engineering Drive 3, Singapore, 117583, Singapore
| | - Robert C Devlin
- Harvard John A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, 02138, USA
| | - Zhaogang Dong
- Institute of Materials Research and Engineering, A*STAR (Agency for Science, Technology and Research), 2 Fusionopolis Way, #08-03 Innovis, Singapore, 138634, Singapore
| | - Shengtao Mei
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, National University of Singapore, 4 Engineering Drive 3, Singapore, 117583, Singapore
| | - Menghua Jiang
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, National University of Singapore, 4 Engineering Drive 3, Singapore, 117583, Singapore
| | - Wei Ting Chen
- Harvard John A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, 02138, USA
| | - Zhun Wei
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, National University of Singapore, 4 Engineering Drive 3, Singapore, 117583, Singapore
| | - Hong Liu
- Institute of Materials Research and Engineering, A*STAR (Agency for Science, Technology and Research), 2 Fusionopolis Way, #08-03 Innovis, Singapore, 138634, Singapore
| | - Jinghua Teng
- Institute of Materials Research and Engineering, A*STAR (Agency for Science, Technology and Research), 2 Fusionopolis Way, #08-03 Innovis, Singapore, 138634, Singapore
| | - Aaron Danner
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, National University of Singapore, 4 Engineering Drive 3, Singapore, 117583, Singapore
| | - Xiangping Li
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Optical Fiber Sensing and Communications, Institute of Photonics Technology, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632, People's Republic of China
| | - Shumin Xiao
- Ministry of Industry and Information Technology Key Lab of Micro-Nano Optoelectronic Information System, Harbin Institute of Technology, Shenzhen, Guangdong, 518055, People's Republic of China
| | - Shuang Zhang
- School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, B15 2TT, UK
| | - Changyuan Yu
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, National University of Singapore, 4 Engineering Drive 3, Singapore, 117583, Singapore.,Department of Electronic and Information Engineering, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hung Hom, Kowloon, Hong Kong
| | - Joel K W Yang
- Institute of Materials Research and Engineering, A*STAR (Agency for Science, Technology and Research), 2 Fusionopolis Way, #08-03 Innovis, Singapore, 138634, Singapore.,Singapore University of Technology and Design, 8 Somapah Road, Singapore, 487372, Singapore
| | - Federico Capasso
- Harvard John A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, 02138, USA.
| | - Cheng-Wei Qiu
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, National University of Singapore, 4 Engineering Drive 3, Singapore, 117583, Singapore.
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38
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Zhang R, Zhang Y, Ma L, Zeng X, Li X, Zhan Z, Ren X, He C, Liu C, Cheng C. Nanoscale optical lattices of arbitrary orders manipulated by plasmonic metasurfaces combining geometrical and dynamic phases. NANOSCALE 2019; 11:14024-14031. [PMID: 31310266 DOI: 10.1039/c9nr03381e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Metasurfaces can be used to manipulate light at the subwavelength scale, and miniaturized photonic devices can be designed to generate subwavelength lattices, which are important for exploring phenomena in novel fields of physics such as topology. Analogous to multi-beam interference, plasmonic metasurfaces composed of nano-slit pairs on truncated spiral segments were designed and fabricated to realize lattice wave fields at a subwavelength resolution. The interference of the analogous beams was controlled by combining the geometric and dynamic phases, and lattices of different morphologies were realized by adjusting the orientation and position of the nano-slits simultaneously. The numerical and measured results showed good agreement, demonstrating the feasibility of the method and its ability to miniaturize lattice patterns. Owing to the compactness and flexible tunability, the nanoscale optical lattices generated using the metasurfaces are expected to find wide applications in integrated and on-chip optical systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruirui Zhang
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Optics and Photonic Devices & Shandong Provincial Engineering and Technical Center of Light Manipulations, School of Physics and Electronics, Shandong Normal University, Jinan 250014, China.
| | - Yuqin Zhang
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Optics and Photonic Devices & Shandong Provincial Engineering and Technical Center of Light Manipulations, School of Physics and Electronics, Shandong Normal University, Jinan 250014, China.
| | - Li Ma
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Optics and Photonic Devices & Shandong Provincial Engineering and Technical Center of Light Manipulations, School of Physics and Electronics, Shandong Normal University, Jinan 250014, China.
| | - Xiangyu Zeng
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Optics and Photonic Devices & Shandong Provincial Engineering and Technical Center of Light Manipulations, School of Physics and Electronics, Shandong Normal University, Jinan 250014, China.
| | - Xing Li
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Optics and Photonic Devices & Shandong Provincial Engineering and Technical Center of Light Manipulations, School of Physics and Electronics, Shandong Normal University, Jinan 250014, China.
| | - Zijun Zhan
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Optics and Photonic Devices & Shandong Provincial Engineering and Technical Center of Light Manipulations, School of Physics and Electronics, Shandong Normal University, Jinan 250014, China.
| | - Xiaorong Ren
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Optics and Photonic Devices & Shandong Provincial Engineering and Technical Center of Light Manipulations, School of Physics and Electronics, Shandong Normal University, Jinan 250014, China.
| | - Changwei He
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Optics and Photonic Devices & Shandong Provincial Engineering and Technical Center of Light Manipulations, School of Physics and Electronics, Shandong Normal University, Jinan 250014, China.
| | - Chunxiang Liu
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Optics and Photonic Devices & Shandong Provincial Engineering and Technical Center of Light Manipulations, School of Physics and Electronics, Shandong Normal University, Jinan 250014, China.
| | - Chuanfu Cheng
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Optics and Photonic Devices & Shandong Provincial Engineering and Technical Center of Light Manipulations, School of Physics and Electronics, Shandong Normal University, Jinan 250014, China.
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39
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Yang B, Liu T, Guo H, Xiao S, Zhou L. High-performance meta-devices based on multilayer meta-atoms: interplay between the number of layers and phase coverage. Sci Bull (Beijing) 2019; 64:823-835. [PMID: 36659672 DOI: 10.1016/j.scib.2019.05.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2019] [Revised: 05/04/2019] [Accepted: 05/27/2019] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Transmissive metasurfaces have provided an efficient platform to manipulate electromagnetic (EM) waves, but previously adopted multilayer meta-atoms are too thick and/or the design approach fully relies on brute-force simulations without physical understandings. Here, based on coupled-mode theory (CMT) analyses on multilayer meta-atoms of distinct types, it is found that meta-atoms of a specific type only allows the phase coverage over a particular range, thus suitable for polarization-control applications. However, combinations of meta-atoms with distinct types are necessary for building ultra-thin wavefront-control meta-devices requiring 360° phase coverage. Based on these physical understandings, high-efficiency meta-atoms are designed/fabricated, and used to construct three typical meta-devices, including quarter- and half-wave plates and a beam deflector. Our results elucidate the physics underlying the interplay between thicknesses and performances of transmissive metasurfaces, which can guide the realizations of miniaturized transmissive meta-devices in different frequency domains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bowen Yang
- Key Laboratory of Specialty Fiber Optics and Optical Access Networks, Joint International Research Laboratory of Specialty Fiber Optics and Advanced Communication, Shanghai University, Shanghai 200444, China
| | - Tong Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Surface Physics, Key Laboratory of Micro and Nano Photonic Structures, Physics Department, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Huijie Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Surface Physics, Key Laboratory of Micro and Nano Photonic Structures, Physics Department, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Shiyi Xiao
- Key Laboratory of Specialty Fiber Optics and Optical Access Networks, Joint International Research Laboratory of Specialty Fiber Optics and Advanced Communication, Shanghai University, Shanghai 200444, China; Shanghai Institute for Advanced Communication and Data Science, Shanghai University, Shanghai 200444, China.
| | - Lei Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Surface Physics, Key Laboratory of Micro and Nano Photonic Structures, Physics Department, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China.
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40
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Akram MR, Mehmood MQ, Tauqeer T, Rana AS, Rukhlenko ID, Zhu W. Highly efficient generation of Bessel beams with polarization insensitive metasurfaces. OPTICS EXPRESS 2019; 27:9467-9480. [PMID: 31045098 DOI: 10.1364/oe.27.009467] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
We present a generic approach for the generation of pseudo non-diffracting Bessel beams using polarization insensitive metasurfaces with high efficiency. Cascaded unit cells, which are fully symmetric, are designed for the complete 2π phase control in the transmission mode. Based on the topological arrangements of such unit cells, two metasurfaces for the generation of zero-order (i.e., single phase profile) and first-order (i.e., merger of two distinct phase profiles) Bessel beams are designed and characterized. Both numerical simulations and experimental measurements are in agreement with each other, confirming the electromagnetic characteristics of the reported Bessel beams. Owing to the isotropy of the unit cells and the rotational symmetry of the arrangements, the proposed metasurfaces are polarization insensitive, providing a promising avenue for achieving such wave manipulations with any linear or circular polarization.
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41
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Guan C, Wang Z, Ding X, Zhang K, Ratni B, Burokur SN, Jin M, Wu Q. Coding Huygens' metasurface for enhanced quality holographic imaging. OPTICS EXPRESS 2019; 27:7108-7119. [PMID: 30876282 DOI: 10.1364/oe.27.007108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2019] [Accepted: 02/19/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
In this paper, coding Huygens' metasurface (CHM) is proposed for holographic imaging with enhanced quality. A weighted holographic algorithm is used to calculate the phase distribution at the interface and to design the CHM. Experimental demonstration performed in the microwave region validates holographic imaging with the ability to modulate energy distribution among focal points and improve image quality. By judiciously engineering both electric and magnetic dipolar resonators, the proposed digital Huygens' meta-atom is able to provide a full transmission-phase covering the whole range of 2π together with a near-unity transmission efficiency. The proof-of-concept experiments show that holographic imaging quality can be indeed improved by using digital meta-atoms with several bits. Furthermore, the modulation of intensity distribution among focal points is experimentally realized by using the 3-bits CHM. The proposed CHM hologram shows great potential in a variety of application fields, such as programmable high-resolution imaging lenses, microscopy, data storage, information processing, and computer-generated holograms.
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