1
|
Hu S, Shi R, Wang B, Wei Y, Qi B, Zhou P. Full-Color Imaging System Based on the Joint Integration of a Metalens and Neural Network. Nanomaterials (Basel) 2024; 14:715. [PMID: 38668209 PMCID: PMC11054357 DOI: 10.3390/nano14080715] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2024] [Revised: 04/09/2024] [Accepted: 04/14/2024] [Indexed: 04/29/2024]
Abstract
Lenses have been a cornerstone of optical systems for centuries; however, they are inherently limited by the laws of physics, particularly in terms of size and weight. Because of their characteristic light weight, small size, and subwavelength modulation, metalenses have the potential to miniaturize and integrate imaging systems. However, metalenses still face the problem that chromatic aberration affects the clarity and accuracy of images. A high-quality image system based on the end-to-end joint optimization of a neural network and an achromatic metalens is demonstrated in this paper. In the multi-scale encoder-decoder network, both the phase characteristics of the metalens and the hyperparameters of the neural network are optimized to obtain high-resolution images. The average peak-signal-to-noise ratio (PSNR) and average structure similarity (SSIM) of the recovered images reach 28.53 and 0.83. This method enables full-color and high-performance imaging in the visible band. Our approach holds promise for a wide range of applications, including medical imaging, remote sensing, and consumer electronics.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shuling Hu
- School of Instrumentation and Optoelectronics Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing 100191, China; (S.H.); (B.Q.); (P.Z.)
| | - Ruixue Shi
- School of Instrumentation and Optoelectronics Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing 100191, China; (S.H.); (B.Q.); (P.Z.)
| | - Bin Wang
- Institute of Microelectronics of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Yuan Wei
- Photonic Institute of Microelectronics, Wenzhou 396 Xingping Road, Longwan District, Wenzhou 100029, China;
| | - Binzhi Qi
- School of Instrumentation and Optoelectronics Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing 100191, China; (S.H.); (B.Q.); (P.Z.)
| | - Peng Zhou
- School of Instrumentation and Optoelectronics Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing 100191, China; (S.H.); (B.Q.); (P.Z.)
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Qiu Y, Deng L, Zhan Y, Li G, Guan J. The Effect of Height Error on Performance of Propagation Phase-Based Metalens. Micromachines (Basel) 2024; 15:540. [PMID: 38675351 PMCID: PMC11051892 DOI: 10.3390/mi15040540] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2024] [Revised: 04/10/2024] [Accepted: 04/16/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024]
Abstract
Metalenses, as a new type of planar optical device with flexible design, play an important role in miniaturized and integrated optical devices. Propagation phase-based metalenses, known for their low loss and extensive design flexibility, are widely utilized in optical imaging and optical communication. However, fabrication errors introduced by thin-film deposition and etching processes inevitably result in variations in the height of the metalens structure, leading to the fabricated devices not performing as expected. Here, we introduce a reflective TiO2 metalens based on the propagation phase. Then, the relationship between the height variation and the performance of the metalens is explored by using the maximum phase error. Our results reveal that the height error of the unit structure affects the phase rather than the amplitude. The focusing efficiency of our metalens exhibits robustness to structural variations, with only a 5% decrease in focusing efficiency when the height varies within ±8% of the range. The contents discussed in this paper provide theoretical guidance for the unit design of the propagation phase-based metalens and the determination of its allowable fabrication error range, which is of great significance for low-cost and high-efficiency manufacturing.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yongxue Qiu
- State Key Laboratory of Advanced Technology for Materials Synthesis and Processing, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan 430070, China; (Y.Q.); (Y.Z.); (J.G.)
| | - Liangui Deng
- School of Information Engineering, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan 430070, China
- Shenzhen Research Institute, Wuhan University, Shenzhen 518057, China
| | - Yujie Zhan
- State Key Laboratory of Advanced Technology for Materials Synthesis and Processing, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan 430070, China; (Y.Q.); (Y.Z.); (J.G.)
| | - Gongfa Li
- The Key Laboratory for Metallurgical Equipment and Control Technology of Ministry of Education, Wuhan University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430081, China;
| | - Jianguo Guan
- State Key Laboratory of Advanced Technology for Materials Synthesis and Processing, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan 430070, China; (Y.Q.); (Y.Z.); (J.G.)
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Cheng W, Wang Y, Zhang Y, Chen H, Lu Z, Zhao F, Wang Y, Wu J, Yang J. Broadband Achromatic Imaging of a Metalens with Optoelectronic Computing Fusion. Nano Lett 2024; 24:254-260. [PMID: 38133576 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.3c03891] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2023]
Abstract
The remarkable ultrathin ability of metalenses gives them potential as a next-generation imaging candidate. However, the inherent chromatic aberration of metalenses restricts their widespread application. We present an achromatic metalens with optoelectronic computing fusion (OCF) to mitigate the impact of chromatic aberration and simultaneously avoid the significant challenges of nanodesign, nanofabrication, and mass production of metalenses, a method different from previous methods. Leveraging the nonlinear fitting, we demonstrate that OCF can effectively learn the chromatic aberration mapping of metalens and thus restore the chromatic aberration. In terms of the peak signal-to-noise ratio index, there is a maximum improvement of 12 dB, and ∼8 ms is needed to correct the chromatic aberration. Furthermore, the edge extraction of images and super-resolution reconstruction that effectively enhances resolution by a factor of 4 are also demonstrated with OCF. These results offer the possibility of applications of metalenses in mobile cameras, virtual reality, etc.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Wei Cheng
- Center of Material Science, National University of Defense Technology, Changsha, Hunan 410073, China
- College of Computer, Key Laboratory of Advanced Microprocessor Chips and Systems, National University of Defense Technology, Changsha, Hunan 410073, China
- School of Physical Science and Technology, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
| | - Yan Wang
- Center of Material Science, National University of Defense Technology, Changsha, Hunan 410073, China
- School of Physical Science and Technology, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
- Institute for Quantum Information & State Key Laboratory of High Performance Computing, College of Computer Science and Technology, National University of Defense Technology, Changsha, Hunan 410073, China
| | - Yuqing Zhang
- Center of Material Science, National University of Defense Technology, Changsha, Hunan 410073, China
- School of Physical Science and Technology, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
| | - Huan Chen
- Center of Material Science, National University of Defense Technology, Changsha, Hunan 410073, China
| | - Zhechun Lu
- Center of Material Science, National University of Defense Technology, Changsha, Hunan 410073, China
| | - Fen Zhao
- Center of Material Science, National University of Defense Technology, Changsha, Hunan 410073, China
- School of Artificial Intelligence, Chongqing University of Technology, Chongqing 400054, China
| | - Yaohua Wang
- College of Computer, Key Laboratory of Advanced Microprocessor Chips and Systems, National University of Defense Technology, Changsha, Hunan 410073, China
| | - Jiagui Wu
- School of Physical Science and Technology, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
| | - Junbo Yang
- Center of Material Science, National University of Defense Technology, Changsha, Hunan 410073, China
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Hsu WL, Huang CF, Tan CC, Liu NYC, Chu CH, Huang PS, Wu PC, Yiin SJ, Tanaka T, Weng CJ, Wang CM. High-Resolution Metalens Imaging with Sequential Artificial Intelligence Models. Nano Lett 2023; 23:11614-11620. [PMID: 37937950 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.3c03416] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2023]
Abstract
An analysis of the optical response of a GaN-based metalens was conducted alongside the utilization of two sequential artificial intelligence (AI) models in addressing the occasional issues of blurriness and color cast in captured images. The optical loss of the metalens in the blue spectral range was found to have resulted in the color cast of images. Autoencoder and CodeFormer sequential models were employed in order to correct the color cast and reconstruct image details, respectively. Said sequential models successfully addressed the color cast and reconstructed details for all of the allocated face image categories. Subsequently, the CIE 1931 chromaticity diagrams and peak signal-to-noise ratio analysis provided numerical evidence of the AI models' effectiveness in image reconstruction. Furthermore, the AI models can still repair the image without blue information. Overall, the integration of metalens and artificial intelligence models marks a breakthrough in enhancing the performance of full-color metalens-based imaging systems.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Wei-Lun Hsu
- Department of Optics and Photonics, National Central University, Taoyuan, 320371, Taiwan
| | - Chen-Fu Huang
- Department of Optics and Photonics, National Central University, Taoyuan, 320371, Taiwan
| | - Chih-Chun Tan
- Department of Optics and Photonics, National Central University, Taoyuan, 320371, Taiwan
| | - Noreena Yi-Chin Liu
- Design & Creative Industries Faculty of Arts and Social Sciences, Universiti Brunei Darussalam, Gadong, BE1410, Brunei
| | - Cheng Hung Chu
- YongLin Institute of Health, National Taiwan University, Taipei, 106038 Taiwan
| | - Po-Sheng Huang
- Department of Photonics, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, 70101 Taiwan
| | - Pin Chieh Wu
- Department of Photonics, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, 70101 Taiwan
- Center for Quantum Frontiers of Research & Technology (QFort), National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, 70101, Taiwan
- Meta-nanoPhotonics Center, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan 70101, Taiwan
| | | | - Takuo Tanaka
- Innovative Photon Manipulation Research Team, RIKEN Center for Advanced Photonics, Saitama, 3510198, Japan
| | - Chun-Jen Weng
- Taiwan Instrument Research Institute, National Applied Research Laboratories, Hsinchu, 30076, Taiwan
| | - Chih-Ming Wang
- Department of Optics and Photonics, National Central University, Taoyuan, 320371, Taiwan
- Optical Science Center, National Central University, Taoyuan, 320371, Taiwan
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Huang Z, Zheng Y, Li J, Cheng Y, Wang J, Zhou ZK, Chen L. High-Resolution Metalens Imaging Polarimetry. Nano Lett 2023. [PMID: 38018700 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.3c03258] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2023]
Abstract
Imaging polarimeters find many critical applications in applications ranging from remote sensing to biological detection. Metasurfaces have been proposed as a compact approach for imaging polarimeters, but prior strategies suffer from low imaging resolution. Here, we propose an interleaved metalens configuration for polarization imaging where three-row metasurface units within a group individually interact with three pairs of orthogonal polarization channels. The optical paths between the object and adjacent three-row metasurfaces are nearly equal, allowing the construction of a metalens polarimeter with an unlimited numerical aperture (NA), which is beneficial for high-resolution polarization imaging. The metalens polarimeter fabricated by crystalline silicon nanostructures has a NA of 0.51 at 632.8 nm and achieves an imaging resolution of up to a 1.2-fold wavelength. Polarimetric microscopy experiments demonstrate that metalens polarimeters can realize high-resolution polarization imaging for various microscopic samples. This study offers a promising solution for high-resolution metasurface polarization imaging, with the potential for widespread applications.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zhaorui Huang
- Wuhan National Laboratory for Optoelectronics and School of Optical and Electronic Information, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, People's Republic of China
| | - Yaqin Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Materials and Technologies, School of Physics, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, People's Republic of China
| | - Junhao Li
- Wuhan National Laboratory for Optoelectronics and School of Optical and Electronic Information, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, People's Republic of China
| | - Yongzhi Cheng
- School of Information Science and Engineering, Wuhan University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430081, People's Republic of China
| | - Jian Wang
- Wuhan National Laboratory for Optoelectronics and School of Optical and Electronic Information, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhang-Kai Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Materials and Technologies, School of Physics, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, People's Republic of China
| | - Lin Chen
- Wuhan National Laboratory for Optoelectronics and School of Optical and Electronic Information, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, People's Republic of China
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Han W, Jeong J, Kim J, Kim SJ. Aberration Theory of a Flat, Aplanatic Metalens Doublet and the Design of a Meta-Microscope Objective Lens. Sensors (Basel) 2023; 23:9273. [PMID: 38005659 PMCID: PMC10674246 DOI: 10.3390/s23229273] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2023] [Revised: 11/10/2023] [Accepted: 11/17/2023] [Indexed: 11/26/2023]
Abstract
A theoretical approach for reducing multiple monochromatic aberrations using a flat metalens doublet is proposed and verified through ray tracing simulations. The theoretical relation between the Abbe sine condition and the generalized Snell's law is revealed in the doublet system. Starting from the Abbe aplanat design, minimization conditions of astigmatism and field curvature are derived. Based on the theory, a metalens doublet is semi-analytically optimized as a compact, practical-level meta-microscope objective lens working for a target wavelength. The proposed approach also reveals how to reduce lateral chromatism for an additional wavelength. The design degree of freedom and fundamental limits of the system are both rigorously analyzed in theory and verified through ray tracing simulations. It is expected that the proposed method will provide unprecedented practical opportunities for the design of advanced compact microscopic imaging or sensing systems.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Woojun Han
- Department of Physics, Myongji University, Myongjiro 116, Namdong, Cheoin-gu, Yongin 17058, Republic of Korea; (W.H.); (J.K.)
| | - Jinsoo Jeong
- Hologram Research Center, Korea Electronics Technology Institute, 8 Floor, 11, World Cup buk-ro 54-gil, Mapo-gu, Seoul 03924, Republic of Korea;
| | - Jaisoon Kim
- Department of Physics, Myongji University, Myongjiro 116, Namdong, Cheoin-gu, Yongin 17058, Republic of Korea; (W.H.); (J.K.)
| | - Sun-Je Kim
- Department of Physics, Myongji University, Myongjiro 116, Namdong, Cheoin-gu, Yongin 17058, Republic of Korea; (W.H.); (J.K.)
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Zhao L, Jiang X, Wang Z, Chen Y, Chen L, Gao B, Yu W. Broadband Achromatic Metalens for Tunable Focused Vortex Beam Generation in the Near-Infrared Range. Nanomaterials (Basel) 2023; 13:2765. [PMID: 37887916 PMCID: PMC10609118 DOI: 10.3390/nano13202765] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2023] [Revised: 10/08/2023] [Accepted: 10/13/2023] [Indexed: 10/28/2023]
Abstract
Vortex beams accompanied with orbital angular momentum have attracted significant attention in research fields due to their formidable capabilities in various crucial applications. However, conventional devices for generating vortex beams still suffer from bulky sizes, high cost, and confined performances. Metalens, as an advanced platform to arbitrarily control the optical waves, has promising prospects to address the predicament for conventional devices. Although great progress has been demonstrated in the applications of vortex beams, they are still confronted with fixed functionality after fabrication that severely hinders their application range. In this work, the phase-change material of Ge2Sb2Te5 (GST) is employed to design the meta-atoms to realize tunable optical responses. Moreover, the focused vortex beam can be accomplished by superimposing a helical phase and hyperbolic phase, and the chromatic aberrations in near-infrared (NIR) range can be corrected by introducing an additional phase compensation. And the design strategy is validated by two different metalenses (BAMTF-1 and BAMTF-2). The numerical results indicate that the chromatic aberrations for two metalens can be corrected in 1.33-1.60 μm covering the telecom range. Moreover, the average focusing efficiency of BAMTF-1 is 51.4%, and that of BAMTF-2 is 39.9%, indicating the favorable performances of designed BAMTF. More importantly, their average focal lengths have a relative tuning range of 38.82% and 33.17% by altering the crystallization ratio of GST, respectively. This work may provide a significant scheme for on-chip and tunable devices for NIR imaging and communication systems.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lvrong Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Spectral Imaging Technology, Xi’an Institute of Optics and Precision Mechanics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi’an 710119, China; (L.Z.); (Z.W.); (Y.C.); (L.C.); (B.G.)
- Center of Materials Science and Optoelectronics Engineering, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China;
| | - Xiaoqiang Jiang
- Center of Materials Science and Optoelectronics Engineering, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China;
| | - Zhihai Wang
- Key Laboratory of Spectral Imaging Technology, Xi’an Institute of Optics and Precision Mechanics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi’an 710119, China; (L.Z.); (Z.W.); (Y.C.); (L.C.); (B.G.)
- Center of Materials Science and Optoelectronics Engineering, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China;
| | - Yuwei Chen
- Key Laboratory of Spectral Imaging Technology, Xi’an Institute of Optics and Precision Mechanics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi’an 710119, China; (L.Z.); (Z.W.); (Y.C.); (L.C.); (B.G.)
- Center of Materials Science and Optoelectronics Engineering, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China;
| | - Lu Chen
- Key Laboratory of Spectral Imaging Technology, Xi’an Institute of Optics and Precision Mechanics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi’an 710119, China; (L.Z.); (Z.W.); (Y.C.); (L.C.); (B.G.)
- Center of Materials Science and Optoelectronics Engineering, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China;
| | - Bo Gao
- Key Laboratory of Spectral Imaging Technology, Xi’an Institute of Optics and Precision Mechanics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi’an 710119, China; (L.Z.); (Z.W.); (Y.C.); (L.C.); (B.G.)
- Center of Materials Science and Optoelectronics Engineering, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China;
| | - Weixing Yu
- Key Laboratory of Spectral Imaging Technology, Xi’an Institute of Optics and Precision Mechanics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi’an 710119, China; (L.Z.); (Z.W.); (Y.C.); (L.C.); (B.G.)
- Center of Materials Science and Optoelectronics Engineering, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China;
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Wang Y, Yang Z, Hu P, Hossain S, Liu Z, Ou TH, Ye J, Wu W. End-to-End Diverse Metasurface Design and Evaluation Using an Invertible Neural Network. Nanomaterials (Basel) 2023; 13:2561. [PMID: 37764590 PMCID: PMC10534592 DOI: 10.3390/nano13182561] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2023] [Revised: 09/11/2023] [Accepted: 09/14/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023]
Abstract
Employing deep learning models to design high-performance metasurfaces has garnered significant attention due to its potential benefits in terms of accuracy and efficiency. A deep learning-based metasurface design framework typically comprises a forward prediction path for predicting optical responses and a backward retrieval path for generating geometrical configurations. In the forward design path, a specific geometrical configuration corresponds to a unique optical response. However, in the inverse design path, a single performance metric can correspond to multiple potential designs. This one-to-many mapping poses a significant challenge for deep learning models and can potentially impede their performance. Although representing the inverse path as a probabilistic distribution is a widely adopted method for tackling this problem, accurately capturing the posterior distribution to encompass all potential solutions remains an ongoing challenge. Furthermore, in most pioneering works, the forward and backward paths are captured using separate models. However, the knowledge acquired from the forward path does not contribute to the training of the backward model. This separation of models adds complexity to the system and can hinder the overall efficiency and effectiveness of the design framework. Here, we utilized an invertible neural network (INN) to simultaneously model both the forward and inverse process. Unlike other frameworks, INN focuses on the forward process and implicitly captures a probabilistic model for the inverse process. Given a specific optical response, the INN enables the recovery of the complete posterior over the parameter space. This capability allows for the generation of novel designs that are not present in the training data. Through the integration of the INN with the angular spectrum method, we have developed an efficient and automated end-to-end metasurface design and evaluation framework. This novel approach eliminates the need for human intervention and significantly speeds up the design process. Utilizing this advanced framework, we have effectively designed high-efficiency metalenses and dual-polarization metasurface holograms. This approach extends beyond dielectric metasurface design, serving as a general method for modeling optical inverse design problems in diverse optical fields.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yunxiang Wang
- Ming Hsieh Department of Electrical Engineering, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089, USA
| | - Ziyuan Yang
- The High School Affiliated to Renmin University of China, CUIWEI Campus, Beijing 100086, China
| | - Pan Hu
- Ming Hsieh Department of Electrical Engineering, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089, USA
| | - Sushmit Hossain
- Ming Hsieh Department of Electrical Engineering, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089, USA
| | - Zerui Liu
- Ming Hsieh Department of Electrical Engineering, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089, USA
| | - Tse-Hsien Ou
- Ming Hsieh Department of Electrical Engineering, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089, USA
| | - Jiacheng Ye
- Ming Hsieh Department of Electrical Engineering, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089, USA
| | - Wei Wu
- Ming Hsieh Department of Electrical Engineering, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089, USA
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Zhao T, Lv X, Wang Y, Wu Y. Design of a Metasurface with Long Depth of Focus Using Superoscillation. Nanomaterials (Basel) 2023; 13:2500. [PMID: 37764531 PMCID: PMC10537551 DOI: 10.3390/nano13182500] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2023] [Revised: 08/31/2023] [Accepted: 09/01/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023]
Abstract
Longitudinal optical field modulation is very important for applications such as optical imaging, spectroscopy, and optical manipulation. It can achieve high-resolution imaging or manipulation of the target object, but it is also limited by its depth of focus. The depth of focus determines whether the target object can be clearly imaged or manipulated at different distances, so extending the depth of focus can improve the adaptability and flexibility of the system. However, how to extend the depth of focus is still a significant challenge. In this paper, we use a super-oscillation phase modulation optimization method to design a polarization-independent metalens with extended focal depth, taking the axial focal depth length as the optimization objective. The optimized metalens has a focal depth of 13.07 μm (about 22.3 λ), and in the whole focal depth range, the transverse full width at half maximum values are close to the Rayleigh diffraction limit, and the focusing efficiency is above 10%. The results of this paper provide a new idea for the design of a metalens with a long focal depth and may have application value in imaging, lithography, and detection.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tianyu Zhao
- Changchun Institute of Optics, Fine Mechanics and Physics (CIOMP), Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun 130033, China
| | - Xiao Lv
- Changchun Institute of Optics, Fine Mechanics and Physics (CIOMP), Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun 130033, China
| | - Yue Wang
- Changchun Institute of Optics, Fine Mechanics and Physics (CIOMP), Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun 130033, China
| | - Yihui Wu
- Changchun Institute of Optics, Fine Mechanics and Physics (CIOMP), Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun 130033, China
- GD Changguang Zhongke Bio Co., Ltd., Foshan 528200, China
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Xie N, Carson MD, Fröch JE, Majumdar A, Seibel EJ, Böhringer KF. Large field-of-view short-wave infrared metalens for scanning fiber endoscopy. J Biomed Opt 2023; 28:094802. [PMID: 36911164 PMCID: PMC9997523 DOI: 10.1117/1.jbo.28.9.094802] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2022] [Accepted: 02/16/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
SIGNIFICANCE The scanning fiber endoscope (SFE), an ultrasmall optical imaging device with a large field-of-view (FOV) for having a clear forward view into the interior of blood vessels, has great potential in the cardiovascular disease diagnosis and surgery assistance, which is one of the key applications for short-wave infrared biomedical imaging. The state-of-the-art SFE system uses a miniaturized refractive spherical lens doublet for beam projection. A metalens is a promising alternative that can be made much thinner and has fewer off-axis aberrations than its refractive counterpart. AIM We demonstrate a transmissive metalens working at 1310 nm for a forward viewing endoscope to achieve a shorter device length and better resolution at large field angles. APPROACH We optimize the metalens of the SFE system using Zemax, fabricate it using e-beam lithography, characterize its optical performances, and compare them with the simulations. RESULTS The SFE system has a resolution of ∼ 140 μ m at the center of field (imaging distance 15 mm), an FOV of ∼ 70 deg , and a depth-of-focus of ∼ 15 mm , which are comparable with a state-of-the-art refractive lens SFE. The use of the metalens reduces the length of the optical track from 1.2 to 0.86 mm. The resolution of our metalens-based SFE drops by less than a factor of 2 at the edge of the FOV, whereas the refractive lens counterpart has a ∼ 3 times resolution degradation. CONCLUSIONS These results show the promise of integrating a metalens into an endoscope for device minimization and optical performance improvement.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ningzhi Xie
- University of Washington, Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Seattle, Washington, United States
| | - Matthew D. Carson
- University of Washington, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Human Photonics Lab, Seattle, Washington, United States
| | - Johannes E. Fröch
- University of Washington, Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Seattle, Washington, United States
- University of Washington, Department of Physics, Seattle, Washington, United States
| | - Arka Majumdar
- University of Washington, Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Seattle, Washington, United States
- University of Washington, Department of Physics, Seattle, Washington, United States
| | - Eric J. Seibel
- University of Washington, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Human Photonics Lab, Seattle, Washington, United States
| | - Karl F. Böhringer
- University of Washington, Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Seattle, Washington, United States
- University of Washington, Department of Bioengineering, Seattle, Washington, United States
- University of Washington, Institute for Nano-Engineered Systems, Seattle, Washington, United States
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Badloe T, Kim Y, Kim J, Park H, Barulin A, Diep YN, Cho H, Kim WS, Kim YK, Kim I, Rho J. Bright-Field and Edge-Enhanced Imaging Using an Electrically Tunable Dual-Mode Metalens. ACS Nano 2023. [PMID: 37490514 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.3c02471] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/27/2023]
Abstract
The imaging of microscopic biological samples faces numerous difficulties due to their small feature sizes and low-amplitude contrast. Metalenses have shown great promise in bioimaging as they have access to the complete complex information, which, alongside their extremely small and compact footprint and potential to integrate multiple functionalities into a single device, allow for miniaturized microscopy with exceptional features. Here, we design and experimentally realize a dual-mode metalens integrated with a liquid crystal cell that can be electrically switched between bright-field and edge-enhanced imaging on the millisecond scale. We combine the concepts of geometric and propagation phase to design the dual-mode metalens and physically encode the required phase profiles using hydrogenated amorphous silicon for operation at visible wavelengths. The two distinct metalens phase profiles include (1) a conventional hyperbolic metalens for bright-field imaging and (2) a spiral metalens with a topological charge of +1 for edge-enhanced imaging. We demonstrate the focusing and vortex generation ability of the metalens under different states of circular polarization and prove its use for biological imaging. This work proves a method for in vivo observation and monitoring of the cell response and drug screening within a compact form factor.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Trevon Badloe
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang 37673, Republic of Korea
- Graduate School of Artificial Intelligence, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang 37673, Republic of Korea
| | - Yeseul Kim
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang 37673, Republic of Korea
| | - Joohoon Kim
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang 37673, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyemi Park
- Department of Biophysics, Institute of Quantum Biophysics, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 16419, Republic of Korea
- Department of Intelligent Precision Healthcare Convergence, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 16419, Republic of Korea
| | - Aleksandr Barulin
- Department of Biophysics, Institute of Quantum Biophysics, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 16419, Republic of Korea
- Department of Intelligent Precision Healthcare Convergence, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 16419, Republic of Korea
| | - Yen N Diep
- Department of Biophysics, Institute of Quantum Biophysics, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 16419, Republic of Korea
- Department of Intelligent Precision Healthcare Convergence, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 16419, Republic of Korea
| | - Hansang Cho
- Department of Biophysics, Institute of Quantum Biophysics, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 16419, Republic of Korea
- Department of Intelligent Precision Healthcare Convergence, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 16419, Republic of Korea
| | - Won-Sik Kim
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang 37673, Republic of Korea
| | - Young-Ki Kim
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang 37673, Republic of Korea
| | - Inki Kim
- Department of Biophysics, Institute of Quantum Biophysics, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 16419, Republic of Korea
- Department of Intelligent Precision Healthcare Convergence, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 16419, Republic of Korea
| | - Junsuk Rho
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang 37673, Republic of Korea
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang 37673, Republic of Korea
- POSCO-POSTECH-RIST Convergence Research Center for Flat Optics and Metaphotonics, Pohang 37673, Republic of Korea
- National Institute of Nanomaterials Technology (NINT), Pohang 37673, Republic of Korea
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Shen C, Ye J, Peserico N, Gui Y, Dong C, Kang H, Movahhed Nouri B, Wang H, Heidari E, Sorger VJ, Dalir H. Enhancing Focusing and Defocusing Capabilities with a Dynamically Reconfigurable Metalens Utilizing Sb 2Se 3 Phase-Change Material. Nanomaterials (Basel) 2023; 13:2106. [PMID: 37513117 PMCID: PMC10384522 DOI: 10.3390/nano13142106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2023] [Revised: 07/06/2023] [Accepted: 07/11/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023]
Abstract
Metalenses are emerging as an alternative to digital micromirror devices (DMDs), with the advantages of compactness and flexibility. The exploration of metalenses has ignited enthusiasm among optical engineers, positioning them as the forthcoming frontier in technology. In this paper, we advocate for the implementation of the phase-change material, Sb2Se3, capable of providing swift, reversible, non-volatile focusing and defocusing within the 1550 nm telecom spectrum. The lens, equipped with a robust ITO microheater, offers unparalleled functionality and constitutes a significant step toward dynamic metalenses that can be integrated with beamforming applications. After a meticulously conducted microfabrication process, we showcase a device capable of rapid tuning (0.1 MHz level) for metalens focusing and defocusing at C band communication, achieved by alternating the PCM state between the amorphous and crystalline states. The findings from the experiment show that the device has a high contrast ratio for switching of 28.7 dB.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chen Shen
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, George Washington University, Washington, DC 20052, USA
| | - Jiachi Ye
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA
| | - Nicola Peserico
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA
- Florida Semiconductor Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32603, USA
| | - Yaliang Gui
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, George Washington University, Washington, DC 20052, USA
| | - Chaobo Dong
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, George Washington University, Washington, DC 20052, USA
| | - Haoyan Kang
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA
- Florida Semiconductor Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32603, USA
| | - Behrouz Movahhed Nouri
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, George Washington University, Washington, DC 20052, USA
| | - Hao Wang
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA
- Florida Semiconductor Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32603, USA
| | - Elham Heidari
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA
- Florida Semiconductor Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32603, USA
| | - Volker J Sorger
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, George Washington University, Washington, DC 20052, USA
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA
- Florida Semiconductor Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32603, USA
| | - Hamed Dalir
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA
- Florida Semiconductor Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32603, USA
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Xiao J, Plaskocinski T, Biabanifard M, Persheyev S, Di Falco A. On-Chip Optical Trapping with High NA Metasurfaces. ACS Photonics 2023; 10:1341-1348. [PMID: 37215320 PMCID: PMC10197168 DOI: 10.1021/acsphotonics.2c01986] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2022] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Optical trapping of small particles typically requires the use of high NA microscope objectives. Photonic metasurfaces are an attractive alternative to create strongly focused beams for optical trapping applications in an integrated platform. Here, we report on the design, fabrication, and characterization of optical metasurfaces with a numerical aperture up to 1.2 and trapping stiffness greater than 400 pN/μm/W. We demonstrate that these metasurfaces perform as well as microscope objectives with the same numerical aperture. We systematically analyze the impact of the metasurface dimension on the trapping performance and show efficient trapping with metasurfaces with an area as small as 0.001 mm2. Finally, we demonstrate the versatility of the platform by designing metasurfaces able to create multisite optical tweezers for the trapping of extended objects.
Collapse
|
14
|
Fraser W, Ye WN. Silicon Fresnel Zone Plate Metalens with Subwavelength Gratings. Sensors (Basel) 2023; 23:4137. [PMID: 37112476 PMCID: PMC10144506 DOI: 10.3390/s23084137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2023] [Revised: 04/13/2023] [Accepted: 04/18/2023] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
Metalenses are planar optical components that have demonstrated immense potential for integrated optics. In particular, they are capable of high-efficiency subwavelength focusing without the bulkiness of traditional lenses. Dielectric metalenses operating in the C-band typically employ relatively tall, amorphous silicon structures arranged in a periodic array. Phase control spanning from 0 to 2π is accessed by varying the geometry of these scattering structures. The full 2π phase range is necessary to impose a hyperbolic focusing phase profile, but this is difficult to achieve without custom fabrication practices. In this work, we propose a binary phase Fresnel zone plate metalens designed for the standard 500 nm silicon-on-insulator platform. Our design uses subwavelength gratings with trapezoidal segmentation to form concentric rings. The effective index of the grating is set with the duty cycle using a single full-etch step to form the binary phase profile of the zone plate. The metalens design can be easily tuned to achieve longer focal lengths at different wavelengths. It offers a simple platform for high-throughput wavelength-scale focusing elements in free-space optics, including for microscopy and medical imaging.
Collapse
|
15
|
Ou K, Wan H, Wang G, Zhu J, Dong S, He T, Yang H, Wei Z, Wang Z, Cheng X. Advances in Meta-Optics and Metasurfaces: Fundamentals and Applications. Nanomaterials (Basel) 2023; 13:1235. [PMID: 37049327 PMCID: PMC10097126 DOI: 10.3390/nano13071235] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2023] [Revised: 03/20/2023] [Accepted: 03/23/2023] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
Meta-optics based on metasurfaces that interact strongly with light has been an active area of research in recent years. The development of meta-optics has always been driven by human's pursuits of the ultimate miniaturization of optical elements, on-demand design and control of light beams, and processing hidden modalities of light. Underpinned by meta-optical physics, meta-optical devices have produced potentially disruptive applications in light manipulation and ultra-light optics. Among them, optical metalens are most fundamental and prominent meta-devices, owing to their powerful abilities in advanced imaging and image processing, and their novel functionalities in light manipulation. This review focuses on recent advances in the fundamentals and applications of the field defined by excavating new optical physics and breaking the limitations of light manipulation. In addition, we have deeply explored the metalenses and metalens-based devices with novel functionalities, and their applications in computational imaging and image processing. We also provide an outlook on this active field in the end.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kai Ou
- Institute of Precision Optical Engineering, School of Physics Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China
- MOE Key Laboratory of Advanced Micro-Structured Materials, Shanghai 200092, China
- Shanghai Frontiers Science Center of Digital Optics, Shanghai 200092, China
| | - Hengyi Wan
- Institute of Precision Optical Engineering, School of Physics Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China
- MOE Key Laboratory of Advanced Micro-Structured Materials, Shanghai 200092, China
- Shanghai Frontiers Science Center of Digital Optics, Shanghai 200092, China
| | - Guangfeng Wang
- Institute of Precision Optical Engineering, School of Physics Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China
| | - Jingyuan Zhu
- Institute of Precision Optical Engineering, School of Physics Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China
- MOE Key Laboratory of Advanced Micro-Structured Materials, Shanghai 200092, China
- Shanghai Frontiers Science Center of Digital Optics, Shanghai 200092, China
| | - Siyu Dong
- Institute of Precision Optical Engineering, School of Physics Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China
- MOE Key Laboratory of Advanced Micro-Structured Materials, Shanghai 200092, China
- Shanghai Frontiers Science Center of Digital Optics, Shanghai 200092, China
| | - Tao He
- Institute of Precision Optical Engineering, School of Physics Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China
- MOE Key Laboratory of Advanced Micro-Structured Materials, Shanghai 200092, China
- Shanghai Frontiers Science Center of Digital Optics, Shanghai 200092, China
| | - Hui Yang
- National Research Center for High-Efficiency Grinding, College of Mechanical and Vehicle Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha 410082, China
| | - Zeyong Wei
- Institute of Precision Optical Engineering, School of Physics Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China
- MOE Key Laboratory of Advanced Micro-Structured Materials, Shanghai 200092, China
- Shanghai Frontiers Science Center of Digital Optics, Shanghai 200092, China
| | - Zhanshan Wang
- Institute of Precision Optical Engineering, School of Physics Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China
- MOE Key Laboratory of Advanced Micro-Structured Materials, Shanghai 200092, China
- Shanghai Frontiers Science Center of Digital Optics, Shanghai 200092, China
- Shanghai Institute of Intelligent Science and Technology, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China
| | - Xinbin Cheng
- Institute of Precision Optical Engineering, School of Physics Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China
- MOE Key Laboratory of Advanced Micro-Structured Materials, Shanghai 200092, China
- Shanghai Frontiers Science Center of Digital Optics, Shanghai 200092, China
- Shanghai Institute of Intelligent Science and Technology, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Abstract
Metalenses promise potential for a paradigm shift of conventional optical devices. However, the aperture sizes of metalenses are usually bound within hundreds of micrometers by the commonly used fabrication methods, limiting their usage on practical optical devices like telescopes. Here, for the first time, we demonstrate a high-efficiency, single-lens, refractive metalens telescope. We developed a mass production-friendly workflow for fabricating wafer-scale (80 mm aperture) metalenses using deep-ultraviolet (DUV) photolithography. Our metalens works in the near-infrared region with nearly diffraction-limited focal spot sizes and a high peak focusing efficiency of 80.84% at 1450 nm experimentally. Based on the metalens, we built a single-lens telescope and acquired images of the lunar surface, revealing its geographical structures. We believe our demonstration of the metalens telescope proves the exciting potential lying in the metasurfaces and could bring new possibilities for areas involving large optical systems, including geosciences, planetary observation, and astrophysical science.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lidan Zhang
- Department of Electrical Engineering, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania16802, United States
| | - Shengyuan Chang
- Department of Electrical Engineering, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania16802, United States
| | - Xi Chen
- Department of Electrical Engineering, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania16802, United States
| | - Yimin Ding
- Department of Electrical Engineering, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania16802, United States
| | - Md Tarek Rahman
- Department of Electrical Engineering, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania16802, United States
| | - Yao Duan
- Department of Electrical Engineering, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania16802, United States
| | - Mark Stephen
- NASA-Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, Maryland20771, United States
| | - Xingjie Ni
- Department of Electrical Engineering, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania16802, United States
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Ou X, Zeng T, Zhang Y, Jiang Y, Gong Z, Fan F, Jia H, Duan H, Hu Y. Tunable Polarization-Multiplexed Achromatic Dielectric Metalens. Nano Lett 2022; 22:10049-10056. [PMID: 36473130 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.2c03798] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Tunable metasurfaces provide a compact and efficient strategy for optical active wavefront shaping. Varifocal metalens is one of the most important applications. However, the existing tunable metalens rarely serves broadband wavelengths restricting their applications in broadband imaging and color display due to chromatic aberration. Herein, an electrically tunable polarization-multiplexed achromatic metalens integrated with twisted nematic liquid crystals (TNLCs) in the visible region is demonstrated. The phase profiles at different wavelengths under two orthogonal polarization channels are customized by the particle swarm optimization algorithm and matched with the dielectric metaunits database to achieve polarization-multiplexed achromatic performance. By combining the broadband linear polarization conversion ability of TNLC, the tunability of varifocal achromatic metalens is realized by applying different voltages. Further, the electrically tunable customized dispersion-manipulated metalens and switchable color metaholograms are demonstrated. The proposed devices will accelerate the application of metasurfaces in broadband zoom imaging, AR/VR displays and spectral detection.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xiangnian Ou
- National Research Center for High-Efficiency Grinding, College of Mechanical and Vehicle Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha410082, China
| | - Tibin Zeng
- Key Laboratory for Micro/Nano Optoelectronic Devices of Ministry of Education & Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Low-Dimensional Structural Physics and Devices, School of Physics and Electronics, Hunan University, Changsha410082, China
| | - Yi Zhang
- National Research Center for High-Efficiency Grinding, College of Mechanical and Vehicle Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha410082, China
| | - Yuting Jiang
- National Research Center for High-Efficiency Grinding, College of Mechanical and Vehicle Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha410082, China
| | - Zhongwei Gong
- National Research Center for High-Efficiency Grinding, College of Mechanical and Vehicle Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha410082, China
| | - Fan Fan
- Key Laboratory for Micro/Nano Optoelectronic Devices of Ministry of Education & Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Low-Dimensional Structural Physics and Devices, School of Physics and Electronics, Hunan University, Changsha410082, China
| | - Honghui Jia
- National Research Center for High-Efficiency Grinding, College of Mechanical and Vehicle Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha410082, China
| | - Huigao Duan
- National Research Center for High-Efficiency Grinding, College of Mechanical and Vehicle Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha410082, China
- Greater Bay Area Institute for Innovation, Hunan University, Guangzhou511300, China
| | - Yueqiang Hu
- National Research Center for High-Efficiency Grinding, College of Mechanical and Vehicle Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha410082, China
- Advanced Manufacturing Laboratory of Micro-Nano Optical Devices, Shenzhen Research Institute, Hunan University, Shenzhen518000, China
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Shi J, Gao H, Jia X, Tang L, Li X, Ma H, Li X, Bai H, Wang X, Niu P, Yao J. All-Dielectric Tunable Terahertz Metagrating for Diffraction Control. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces 2022; 14:55174-55182. [PMID: 36414393 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.2c13674] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Recently, tunable metagratings have attracted substantial attention in manipulating the diffraction of electromagnetic waves with considerable flexibility, but they are usually limited to inherent ohmic loss due to the metal layers. The all-dielectric schemes can address this issue, but its design and optimization remain challenging in the terahertz regime, especially in the 6G communication window. In this work, an all-dielectric tunable terahertz metagrating is demonstrated in theoretical and experimental investigations. The metagrating operating in the 6G communication window bends the electromagnetic waves beam into the T-1 diffraction order by optimizing the unit cell. In the experiments, more than 72.46% of the transmitted energy is concentrated in the desired diffraction order for p-polarized light and more than 66.60% for s-polarized light, which agrees well with the theoretical design. The tunability by angular deflection is reported in this all-dielectric metagrating. Then, based on the all-dielectric metagrating arrays, a metalens with numerical aperture of NA = 0.39 at 0.14 THz is demonstrated. The subwavelength scale focal spot is obtained as 2.0 mm × 2.0 mm with the focusing distance of 117.8 mm. Imaging capability of the metalens is performed utilizing the transmission imaging manner. The measured and anticipated results are satisfactorily congruous with one another, which could validate our design. This work paves the way toward designing highly efficient and tunable devices with potential applications in terahertz communications, sensors, and super-resolution imaging.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jia Shi
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Detection Technology and System, School of Electronic and Information Engineering, Tiangong University, Tianjin300387, China
- National Mobile Communications Research Laboratory, Southeast University, Nanjing210096, China
| | - Han Gao
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Detection Technology and System, School of Electronic and Information Engineering, Tiangong University, Tianjin300387, China
| | - Xing Jia
- Institute of Fluid Physics, China Academy of Engineering Physics, Mianyang621900, China
| | - Longhuang Tang
- Institute of Fluid Physics, China Academy of Engineering Physics, Mianyang621900, China
| | - Xianguo Li
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Detection Technology and System, School of Electronic and Information Engineering, Tiangong University, Tianjin300387, China
| | - Heli Ma
- Institute of Fluid Physics, China Academy of Engineering Physics, Mianyang621900, China
| | - Xiuyan Li
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Detection Technology and System, School of Electronic and Information Engineering, Tiangong University, Tianjin300387, China
| | - Hua Bai
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Detection Technology and System, School of Electronic and Information Engineering, Tiangong University, Tianjin300387, China
| | - Xiang Wang
- Institute of Fluid Physics, China Academy of Engineering Physics, Mianyang621900, China
| | - Pingjuan Niu
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Detection Technology and System, School of Electronic and Information Engineering, Tiangong University, Tianjin300387, China
| | - Jianquan Yao
- Key Laboratory of Opto-Electronics Information Technology (Ministry of Education), School of Precision Instruments and Opto-Electronic Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin300072, China
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Xu G, Kang Q, Fan X, Yang G, Guo K, Guo Z. Influencing Effects of Fabrication Errors on Performances of the Dielectric Metalens. Micromachines (Basel) 2022; 13:2098. [PMID: 36557397 PMCID: PMC9787511 DOI: 10.3390/mi13122098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2022] [Revised: 11/18/2022] [Accepted: 11/25/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Despite continuous developments of manufacturing technology for micro-devices and nano-devices, fabrication errors still exist during the manufacturing process. To reduce manufacturing costs and save time, it is necessary to analyze the effects of fabrication errors on the performances of micro-/nano-devices, such as the dielectric metasurface-based metalens. Here, we mainly analyzed the influences of fabrication errors in dielectric metasurface-based metalens, including geometric size and shape of the unit element, on the focusing efficiency and the full width at half maximum (FWHM) values. Simulation results demonstrated that the performance of the metasurface was robust to fabrication errors within a certain range, which provides a theoretical guide for the concrete fabrication processes of dielectric metasurfaces.
Collapse
|
20
|
Su X, Huang T, Zheng B, Wang J, Wang X, Yan S, Wang X, Shi Y. Atomic-Scale Confinement and Negative Refraction of Plasmons by Twisted Bilayer Graphene. Nano Lett 2022; 22:8975-8982. [PMID: 36374517 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.2c03220] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Moiré superlattices provide in-plane quantum restriction for light-matter interactions in twisted bilayer graphene (tBLG), leading to the exotic photon-Moiré physics and potential applications for light manipulation. Recently, our experiment identified a highly confined slow surface plasmons polaritons (SPPs) mode in tBLG. Here, we demonstrate that the propagation of the slow SPPs mode in tBLG is spatially tailored and steered at deep subwavelengths. Analysis by the perturbation theory indicates that the coupling between the slow SPPs mode and the Moiré system is greatly strengthened, which regulates the wavefront at the atomic scale and makes tBLG serve as a universal optical metamaterial. Consequently, the negative refraction is achieved at the interface of monolayer graphene and tBLG, by which a metalens with a controllable focal length and an extremely high resolution up to 1/150 of wavelength is devised. Our work paves the way for constructing optical metamaterial at the atomic scale and develops future photon-Moiré interaction systems.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xin Su
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Microstructures, School of Electronic Science and Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing210093, China
| | - Tianye Huang
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Microstructures, School of Electronic Science and Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing210093, China
| | - Binjie Zheng
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Microstructures, School of Electronic Science and Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing210093, China
| | - Junzhuan Wang
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Microstructures, School of Electronic Science and Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing210093, China
| | - Xinran Wang
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Microstructures, School of Electronic Science and Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing210093, China
| | - Shancheng Yan
- School of Geography and Biological Information, Nanjing University of Posts and Telecommunications, Nanjing210023, China
| | - Xiaomu Wang
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Microstructures, School of Electronic Science and Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing210093, China
| | - Yi Shi
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Microstructures, School of Electronic Science and Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing210093, China
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Jiang Y, Cui C, Zhao J, Hu B. Mid-Infrared Broadband Achromatic Metalens with Wide Field of View. Materials (Basel) 2022; 15:7587. [PMID: 36363177 PMCID: PMC9657486 DOI: 10.3390/ma15217587] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2022] [Revised: 10/20/2022] [Accepted: 10/25/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Metasurfaces have the ability to flexibly control the light wavefront, and they are expected to fill the gaps of traditional optics. However, various aberrations pose challenges for the application of metasurfaces in the wide angle and wide spectral ranges. The previous multi-aberration simultaneous optimization works had shortcomings such as large computational load, complex structure, and low generality. Here, we propose a metalens design method that corrects both monochromatic and chromatic aberrations simultaneously. The monochromatic aberration-corrected phase distribution is obtained by the optical design, and the chromatic aberration is reduced by using the original search algorithm combined with dispersion engineering. The designed single-layered wide-angle achromatic metalens has a balanced and efficient focusing effect in the mid-infrared band from 3.7 μm to 5 μm and a wide angle of ±30°. The design method proposed has the advantages of low computational load, wide application range, and easy experimental fabrication, which provides new inspiration for the development of generalized software for the design and optimization of metasurfaces.
Collapse
|
22
|
Palermo G, Lininger A, Guglielmelli A, Ricciardi L, Nicoletta G, De Luca A, Park JS, Lim SWD, Meretska ML, Capasso F, Strangi G. All-Optical Tunability of Metalenses Permeated with Liquid Crystals. ACS Nano 2022; 16:16539-16548. [PMID: 36215293 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.2c05887] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Metasurfaces have been extensively engineered to produce a wide range of optical phenomena, allowing exceptional control over the propagation of light. However, they are generally designed as single-purpose devices without a modifiable postfabrication optical response, which can be a limitation to real-world applications. In this work, we report a nanostructured planar-fused silica metalens permeated with a nematic liquid crystal (NLC) and gold nanoparticle solution. The physical properties of embedded NLCs can be manipulated with the application of external stimuli, enabling reconfigurable optical metasurfaces. We report the all-optical, dynamic control of the metalens optical response resulting from thermoplasmonic-induced changes of the NLC solution associated with the nematic-isotropic phase transition. A continuous and reversible tuning of the metalens focal length is experimentally demonstrated, with a variation of 80 μm (0.16% of the 5 cm nominal focal length) along the optical axis. This is achieved without direct mechanical or electrical manipulation of the device. The reconfigurable properties are compared with corroborating numerical simulations of the focal length shift and exhibit close correspondence.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Giovanna Palermo
- Department of Physics, NLHT-Lab, University of Calabria and CNR-NANOTEC Istituto di Nanotecnologia, 87036 Rende, Italy
| | - Andrew Lininger
- Department of Physics, Case Western Reserve University, 2076 Adelbert Road, Cleveland, Ohio 44106, United States
| | - Alexa Guglielmelli
- Department of Physics, NLHT-Lab, University of Calabria and CNR-NANOTEC Istituto di Nanotecnologia, 87036 Rende, Italy
| | | | - Giuseppe Nicoletta
- Department of Physics, NLHT-Lab, University of Calabria and CNR-NANOTEC Istituto di Nanotecnologia, 87036 Rende, Italy
| | - Antonio De Luca
- Department of Physics, University of Calabria and CNR-NANOTEC Istituto di Nanotecnologia, 87036 Rende, Italy
| | - Joon-Suh Park
- Harvard John A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, United States
- Nanophotonics Research Centre, Korea Institute of Science and Technology, Seoul 02792, Republic of Korea
| | - Soon Wei Daniel Lim
- Harvard John A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, United States
| | - Maryna L Meretska
- Harvard John A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, United States
| | - Federico Capasso
- Harvard John A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, United States
| | - Giuseppe Strangi
- Department of Physics, NLHT-Lab, University of Calabria and CNR-NANOTEC Istituto di Nanotecnologia, 87036 Rende, Italy
- Department of Physics, Case Western Reserve University, 2076 Adelbert Road, Cleveland, Ohio 44106, United States
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Edee K, Granet G, Paladian F, Bonnet P, Al Achkar G, Damaj L, Plumey JP, Larciprete MC, Guizal B. Domain Decomposition Spectral Method Applied to Modal Method: Direct and Inverse Spectral Transforms. Sensors (Basel) 2022; 22:8131. [PMID: 36365826 PMCID: PMC9657735 DOI: 10.3390/s22218131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2022] [Revised: 10/18/2022] [Accepted: 10/20/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
We introduce a Domain Decomposition Spectral Method (DDSM) as a solution for Maxwell's equations in the frequency domain. It will be illustrated in the framework of the Aperiodic Fourier Modal Method (AFMM). This method may be applied to compute the electromagnetic field diffracted by a large-scale surface under any kind of incident excitation. In the proposed approach, a large-size surface is decomposed into square sub-cells, and a projector, linking the set of eigenvectors of the large-scale problem to those of the small-size sub-cells, is defined. This projector allows one to associate univocally the spectrum of any electromagnetic field of a problem stated on the large-size domain with its footprint on the small-scale problem eigenfunctions. This approach is suitable for parallel computing, since the spectrum of the electromagnetic field is computed on each sub-cell independently from the others. In order to demonstrate the method's ability, to simulate both near and far fields of a full three-dimensional (3D) structure, we apply it to design large area diffractive metalenses with a conventional personal computer.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kofi Edee
- INP, CNRS, Institut Pascal, Université Clermont Auvergne, F-63000 Clermont-Ferrand, France
- Kavli Institute of Theoretical Physics (KITP), University of California, Santa Barbara, CA 93106, USA
| | - Gérard Granet
- INP, CNRS, Institut Pascal, Université Clermont Auvergne, F-63000 Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Francoise Paladian
- INP, CNRS, Institut Pascal, Université Clermont Auvergne, F-63000 Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Pierre Bonnet
- INP, CNRS, Institut Pascal, Université Clermont Auvergne, F-63000 Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Ghida Al Achkar
- INP, CNRS, Institut Pascal, Université Clermont Auvergne, F-63000 Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Lana Damaj
- INP, CNRS, Institut Pascal, Université Clermont Auvergne, F-63000 Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Jean-Pierre Plumey
- INP, CNRS, Institut Pascal, Université Clermont Auvergne, F-63000 Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Maria Cristina Larciprete
- Kavli Institute of Theoretical Physics (KITP), University of California, Santa Barbara, CA 93106, USA
- Dipartimento di Scienze di Base ed Applicate per l’Ingegneria, Sapienza Universita di Roma, Via A. Scarpa 16, I-00161 Roma, Italy
| | - Brahim Guizal
- Kavli Institute of Theoretical Physics (KITP), University of California, Santa Barbara, CA 93106, USA
- Laboratoire Charles Coulomb (L2C), UMR 5221 CNRS-Université de Montpellier, F-34095 Montpellier, France
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Sun X, Huo S, Yang H, Yan M, Zhai J, Zhao S, Zeng Y. Optimizing Metasurface-Component Performance by Improving Transmittance and Phase Match of the Nanopillars. Nanomaterials (Basel) 2022; 12:3720. [PMID: 36364497 PMCID: PMC9657525 DOI: 10.3390/nano12213720] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2022] [Revised: 10/13/2022] [Accepted: 10/17/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
In the propagation phase of a dielectric metasurface, there are two important problems. Firstly, the range of transmittance of the nanopillars for a building metasurface is usually between 60% and 100%, which reduces the metasurface's overall transmittance and affects the uniformity of the transmitted light. Secondly, the realistic phase provided by the nanopillar cannot be matched very well with the theoretical phase at each lattice location.The phase difference (between a realistic phase and theoretical phase) may reach tens of degrees. Here, we propose an interesting method to solve these problems. With this new method, a metalens is designed in this paper. The nanopillars for building the metalens have transmittance over 0.95, which increases the metalens transmittance and improves the light uniformity. In addition, with the new method, the phase differences of all elements in the metalens can also be reduced to be below 0.05°, decreasing the metalens spherical aberration dramatically. This method not only helps us to optimize the metalens but also provides a useful way for designing high-quality metasurfaces.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Yong Zeng
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +86-1730-385-3855
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
Li Y, Fan X, Huang Y, Guo X, Zhou L, Li P, Zhao J. Dielectric Metalens for Superoscillatory Focusing Based on High-Order Angular Bessel Function. Nanomaterials (Basel) 2022; 12:3485. [PMID: 36234611 PMCID: PMC9565310 DOI: 10.3390/nano12193485] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2022] [Revised: 09/29/2022] [Accepted: 09/30/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
The phenomenon of optical superoscillation provides an unprecedented way to solve the problem of optical far-field label-free super-resolution imaging. Numerous optical devices that enable superoscillatory focusing were developed based on scalar and vector diffraction theories in the past several years. However, these reported devices are designed according to the half-wave zone method in spatial coordinates. In this paper, we propose a dielectric metalens for superoscillatory focusing based on the diffraction of angular Bessel functional phase modulated vector field, under the inspiration of the tightly autofocusing property of a radially polarized high-order Bessel beam. Based on this kind of metalens with a numerical aperture (NA) of 0.9, the linearly polarized light is converted into a radially polarized one and then focus into a superoscillating focal spot with the size of 0.32λ/NA. This angular spectrum modulation theory involved in this paper provides a different way of designing superoscillatory devices.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yu Li
- MOE Key Laboratory of Material Physics and Chemistry under Extraordinary Conditions, and Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Optical Information Technology, School of Physical Science and Technology, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi’an 710129, China
- Xi’an Ming De Institute of Technology, Xi’an 710124, China
| | - Xinhao Fan
- MOE Key Laboratory of Material Physics and Chemistry under Extraordinary Conditions, and Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Optical Information Technology, School of Physical Science and Technology, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi’an 710129, China
| | - Yunfeng Huang
- MOE Key Laboratory of Material Physics and Chemistry under Extraordinary Conditions, and Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Optical Information Technology, School of Physical Science and Technology, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi’an 710129, China
| | - Xuyue Guo
- MOE Key Laboratory of Material Physics and Chemistry under Extraordinary Conditions, and Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Optical Information Technology, School of Physical Science and Technology, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi’an 710129, China
| | - Liang Zhou
- MOE Key Laboratory of Material Physics and Chemistry under Extraordinary Conditions, and Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Optical Information Technology, School of Physical Science and Technology, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi’an 710129, China
| | - Peng Li
- MOE Key Laboratory of Material Physics and Chemistry under Extraordinary Conditions, and Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Optical Information Technology, School of Physical Science and Technology, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi’an 710129, China
| | - Jianlin Zhao
- MOE Key Laboratory of Material Physics and Chemistry under Extraordinary Conditions, and Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Optical Information Technology, School of Physical Science and Technology, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi’an 710129, China
| |
Collapse
|
26
|
Zhu Y, Wang W, Yu F, Liu Q, Guo Z, Li G, Chen P, Lu W. The Impact of Manufacturing Imperfections on the Performance of Metalenses and a Manufacturing-Tolerant Design Method. Micromachines (Basel) 2022; 13:1531. [PMID: 36144155 PMCID: PMC9501371 DOI: 10.3390/mi13091531] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2022] [Revised: 09/10/2022] [Accepted: 09/14/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Metalenses play an important role in optoelectronic integrated devices, given their advantages in miniaturization and integration. Due to its high aspect ratio subwavelength structure, fabricating metalenses requires a high-level dry etching technology. Consequently, structure deformation of the metalens will exist if the etching process of the material is not mature enough, which will impair the metalens' performance. In this paper, a polarization-independent InP dielectric metalens is designed to focus the incident light from air into the substrate, which is used for monolithically integrating with the InGaAs/InP photodetector in the future. Subsequently, with the simulation method, we investigated the impact of the structure deformation on the metalens' performance, which was found in our InP dry etching process development. We have found that the sidewall slope and aspect ratio-dependent etching effect greatly impaired the focusing efficiency because of the phase modulation deviation. To solve this problem, we proposed a manufacturing-tolerant design method, which effectively improved the performance of the device with structural deformation. Our work is instructive for developing metalenses and can accelerate their integration application.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yicheng Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Infrared Physics, Shanghai Institute of Technical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 500 Yu-Tian Road, Shanghai 200083, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, No. 19A Yuquan Road, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Wenjuan Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Infrared Physics, Shanghai Institute of Technical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 500 Yu-Tian Road, Shanghai 200083, China
- Shanghai Research Center for Quantum Sciences, Shanghai 201315, China
| | - Feilong Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Infrared Physics, Shanghai Institute of Technical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 500 Yu-Tian Road, Shanghai 200083, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, No. 19A Yuquan Road, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Qingquan Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Infrared Physics, Shanghai Institute of Technical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 500 Yu-Tian Road, Shanghai 200083, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, No. 19A Yuquan Road, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Zilu Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Infrared Physics, Shanghai Institute of Technical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 500 Yu-Tian Road, Shanghai 200083, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, No. 19A Yuquan Road, Beijing 100049, China
- School of Physical Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai 201210, China
| | - Guanhai Li
- State Key Laboratory of Infrared Physics, Shanghai Institute of Technical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 500 Yu-Tian Road, Shanghai 200083, China
| | - Pingping Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Infrared Physics, Shanghai Institute of Technical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 500 Yu-Tian Road, Shanghai 200083, China
| | - Wei Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Infrared Physics, Shanghai Institute of Technical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 500 Yu-Tian Road, Shanghai 200083, China
- Shanghai Research Center for Quantum Sciences, Shanghai 201315, China
- School of Physical Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai 201210, China
| |
Collapse
|
27
|
Si W, Hu Z, Lan D, Zhou Y, Li W. Robust Achromatic All-Dielectric Metalens for Infrared Detection in Intelligent Inspection. Sensors (Basel) 2022; 22:6590. [PMID: 36081049 PMCID: PMC9460807 DOI: 10.3390/s22176590] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2022] [Revised: 08/23/2022] [Accepted: 08/30/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Metalens has the advantages of high design freedom, light weight and easy integration, thus provides a powerful platform for infrared detection. Here, we numerically demonstrated a broadband achromatic infrared all-dielectric metalens over a continuous 800 nm bandwidth, with strong environmental adaptability in air, water and oil. By building a database with multiple 2π phase coverage and anomalous dispersions, optimizing the corrected required phase profiles and designing the sizes and spatial distributions of silicon nanopillars, we numerically realized the design of broadband achromatic metalens. The simulation results of the designed metalens show nearly constant focal lengths and diffraction-limited focal spots over the continuous range of wavelengths from 4.0 to 4.8 μm, indicating the ability of the designed metalens to detect thermal signals over a temperature range from various fault points. Further simulation results show that the metalens maintains good focusing performance under the environment of water or oil. This work may facilitate the application of metalens in ultra-compact infrared detectors for power grid faults detection.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Wenrong Si
- State Grid Shanghai Electrical Power Research Institute, Shanghai 200437, China
| | - Zhengyong Hu
- State Grid Shanghai Electrical Power Research Institute, Shanghai 200437, China
| | - Dun Lan
- State Key Laboratory of Functional Materials for Informatics, Shanghai Institute of Microsystem and Information Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200050, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Yi Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Functional Materials for Informatics, Shanghai Institute of Microsystem and Information Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200050, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Wei Li
- State Key Laboratory of Functional Materials for Informatics, Shanghai Institute of Microsystem and Information Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200050, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| |
Collapse
|
28
|
Karnieli A, Roitman D, Liebtrau M, Tsesses S, Van Nielen N, Kaminer I, Arie A, Polman A. Cylindrical Metalens for Generation and Focusing of Free-Electron Radiation. Nano Lett 2022; 22:5641-5650. [PMID: 35791573 PMCID: PMC9335868 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.1c04556] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Metasurfaces constitute a powerful approach to generate and control light by engineering optical material properties at the subwavelength scale. Recently, this concept was applied to manipulate free-electron radiation phenomena, rendering versatile light sources with unique functionalities. In this Letter, we experimentally demonstrate spectral and angular control over coherent light emission by metasurfaces that interact with free-electrons under grazing incidence. Specifically, we study metalenses based on chirped metagratings that simultaneously emit and shape Smith-Purcell radiation in the visible and near-infrared spectral regime. In good agreement with theory, we observe the far-field signatures of strongly convergent and divergent cylindrical radiation wavefronts using in situ hyperspectral angle-resolved light detection in a scanning electron microscope. Furthermore, we theoretically explore simultaneous control over the polarization and wavefront of Smith-Purcell radiation via a split-ring-resonator metasurface, enabling tunable operation by spatially selective mode excitation at nanometer resolution. Our work highlights the potential of merging metasurfaces with free-electron excitations for versatile and highly tunable radiation sources in wide-ranging spectral regimes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Aviv Karnieli
- Raymond
and Beverly Sackler School of Physics and Astronomy, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 69978, Israel
| | - Dolev Roitman
- Raymond
and Beverly Sackler School of Physics and Astronomy, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 69978, Israel
| | - Matthias Liebtrau
- Center
for Nanophotonics, NWO-Institute AMOLF, Science Park 104, 1098 XG Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Shai Tsesses
- Andrew
and Erna Viterbi Department of Electrical Engineering, Technion−Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa 32000, Israel
| | - Nika Van Nielen
- Center
for Nanophotonics, NWO-Institute AMOLF, Science Park 104, 1098 XG Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Ido Kaminer
- Andrew
and Erna Viterbi Department of Electrical Engineering, Technion−Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa 32000, Israel
| | - Ady Arie
- School
of Electrical Engineering, Fleischman Faculty of Engineering, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 69978, Israel
| | - Albert Polman
- Center
for Nanophotonics, NWO-Institute AMOLF, Science Park 104, 1098 XG Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| |
Collapse
|
29
|
Hsu WL, Chen YC, Yeh SP, Zeng QC, Huang YW, Wang CM. Review of Metasurfaces and Metadevices: Advantages of Different Materials and Fabrications. Nanomaterials (Basel) 2022; 12:nano12121973. [PMID: 35745310 PMCID: PMC9231017 DOI: 10.3390/nano12121973] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2022] [Revised: 05/29/2022] [Accepted: 06/03/2022] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Flat optics, metasurfaces, metalenses, and related materials promise novel on-demand light modulation within ultrathin layers at wavelength scale, enabling a plethora of next-generation optical devices, also known as metadevices. Metadevices designed with different materials have been proposed and demonstrated for different applications, and the mass production of metadevices is necessary for metadevices to enter the consumer electronics market. However, metadevice manufacturing processes are mainly based on electron beam lithography, which exhibits low productivity and high costs for mass production. Therefore, processes compatible with standard complementary metal–oxide–semiconductor manufacturing techniques that feature high productivity, such as i-line stepper and nanoimprint lithography, have received considerable attention. This paper provides a review of current metasurfaces and metadevices with a focus on materials and manufacturing processes. We also provide an analysis of the relationship between the aspect ratio and efficiency of different materials.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Wei-Lun Hsu
- Department of Optics and Photonics, National Central University, Taoyuan 32001, Taiwan; (W.-L.H.); (Y.-C.C.); (S.P.Y.); (Q.-C.Z.)
| | - Yen-Chun Chen
- Department of Optics and Photonics, National Central University, Taoyuan 32001, Taiwan; (W.-L.H.); (Y.-C.C.); (S.P.Y.); (Q.-C.Z.)
| | - Shang Ping Yeh
- Department of Optics and Photonics, National Central University, Taoyuan 32001, Taiwan; (W.-L.H.); (Y.-C.C.); (S.P.Y.); (Q.-C.Z.)
| | - Qiu-Chun Zeng
- Department of Optics and Photonics, National Central University, Taoyuan 32001, Taiwan; (W.-L.H.); (Y.-C.C.); (S.P.Y.); (Q.-C.Z.)
| | - Yao-Wei Huang
- Department of Photonics, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Hsinchu 30010, Taiwan
- Correspondence: (Y.-W.H.); (C.-M.W.)
| | - Chih-Ming Wang
- Department of Optics and Photonics, National Central University, Taoyuan 32001, Taiwan; (W.-L.H.); (Y.-C.C.); (S.P.Y.); (Q.-C.Z.)
- Correspondence: (Y.-W.H.); (C.-M.W.)
| |
Collapse
|
30
|
Cho H, Jeong H, Yang Y, Badloe T, Rho J. Enhancement of Luminous Intensity Emission from Incoherent LED Light Sources within the Detection Angle of 10° Using Metalenses. Nanomaterials (Basel) 2022; 12:153. [PMID: 35010103 PMCID: PMC8746482 DOI: 10.3390/nano12010153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2021] [Revised: 12/15/2021] [Accepted: 12/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
In this work, we present metalenses (MLs) designed to enhance the luminous intensity of incoherent light-emitting diodes (LEDs) within the detection angles of 0° and 10°. The detection angle of 0° refers to the center of the LED. Because the light emitted from LEDs is incoherent and expressed as a surface light source, they are numerically described as a set of point sources and calculated using incoherent summation. The titanium dioxide (TiO2) and amorphous silicon (a-Si) nanohole meta-atoms are designed; however, the full 2π phase coverage is not reached. Nevertheless, because the phase modulation at the edge of the ML is important, an ML is successfully designed. The typical phase profile of the ML enhances the luminous intensity at the center, and the phase profile is modified to increase the luminous intensity in the target detection angle region. Far field simulations are conducted to calculate the luminous intensity after 25 m of propagation. We demonstrate an enhancement of the luminous intensity at the center by 8551% and 2115% using TiO2 and a-Si MLs, respectively. Meanwhile, the TiO2 and a-Si MLs with the modified phase profiles enhance the luminous intensity within the detection angle of 10° by 263% and 30%, respectively.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hanlyun Cho
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang 37673, Korea; (H.C.); (H.J.); (Y.Y.); (T.B.)
| | - Heonyeong Jeong
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang 37673, Korea; (H.C.); (H.J.); (Y.Y.); (T.B.)
| | - Younghwan Yang
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang 37673, Korea; (H.C.); (H.J.); (Y.Y.); (T.B.)
| | - Trevon Badloe
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang 37673, Korea; (H.C.); (H.J.); (Y.Y.); (T.B.)
| | - Junsuk Rho
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang 37673, Korea; (H.C.); (H.J.); (Y.Y.); (T.B.)
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang 37673, Korea
- POSCO-POSTECH-RIST Convergence Research Center for Flat Optics and Metaphotonics, Pohang 37673, Korea
| |
Collapse
|
31
|
Edrei E, Weiss A, Engelberg J, Zektzer R, Mazurski N, Levy U. Spectrally Gated Microscopy (SGM) with Meta Optics for Parallel Three-Dimensional Imaging. ACS Nano 2021; 15:17375-17383. [PMID: 34633801 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.1c06646] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Volumetric imaging with high spatiotemporal resolution is of utmost importance for various applications ranging from aerospace and defense to real-time imaging of dynamic biological processes. To facilitate three-dimensional sectioning, current technology relies on mechanisms to reject light from adjacent out-of-focus planes either spatially or by other means. Yet, the combination of rapid acquisition time and high axial resolution is still elusive, motivating a persistent pursuit for emerging imaging approaches. Here we introduce and experimentally demonstrate a concept named spectrally gated microscopy (SGM), which enables a single-shot interrogation over the full axial dimension while maintaining a submicron sectioning resolution. SGM utilizes two important features enabled by flat optics (i.e., metalenses or diffractive lenses), namely, a short focal length and strong chromatic aberrations. Using SGM we demonstrate three-dimensional imaging of millimeter-scale samples while scanning only the lateral dimension, presenting a significant advantage over state-of-the-art technology.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Eitan Edrei
- Department of Applied Physics, The Center for Nanoscience and Nanotechnology, The Hebrew University, Jerusalem 91904, Israel
| | - Aharon Weiss
- Department of Applied Physics, The Center for Nanoscience and Nanotechnology, The Hebrew University, Jerusalem 91904, Israel
| | - Jacob Engelberg
- Department of Applied Physics, The Center for Nanoscience and Nanotechnology, The Hebrew University, Jerusalem 91904, Israel
| | - Roy Zektzer
- Department of Applied Physics, The Center for Nanoscience and Nanotechnology, The Hebrew University, Jerusalem 91904, Israel
| | - Noa Mazurski
- Department of Applied Physics, The Center for Nanoscience and Nanotechnology, The Hebrew University, Jerusalem 91904, Israel
| | - Uriel Levy
- Department of Applied Physics, The Center for Nanoscience and Nanotechnology, The Hebrew University, Jerusalem 91904, Israel
| |
Collapse
|
32
|
Zhou S, Xi K, Zhuang S, Cheng Q. Spherical Aberration-Corrected Metalens for Polarization Multiplexed Imaging. Nanomaterials (Basel) 2021; 11:2774. [PMID: 34835539 PMCID: PMC8624245 DOI: 10.3390/nano11112774] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2021] [Revised: 10/07/2021] [Accepted: 10/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
We present a terahertz spherical aberration-corrected metalens that uses the dynamic phase to achieve polarization multiplexed imaging. The designed metalens has polarization-dependent imaging efficiencies and polarization extinction ratios that exceed 50% and 10:1, respectively. Furthermore, opposite gradient phases can be applied to orthogonal polarizations to shift the imaging of the two polarized sources in the longitudinal and transverse directions. Indeed, we find that the metalens has a smaller depth-of-focus than a traditional metalens when imaging point sources with limited objective lengths. These results provide a new approach for achieving multifunctional beam steering, tomographic imaging and chiroptical detection.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shaodong Zhou
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Modern Optical System, School of Optical-Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, Shanghai 200093, China; (S.Z.); (K.X.); (S.Z.)
| | - Kelei Xi
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Modern Optical System, School of Optical-Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, Shanghai 200093, China; (S.Z.); (K.X.); (S.Z.)
| | - Songlin Zhuang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Modern Optical System, School of Optical-Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, Shanghai 200093, China; (S.Z.); (K.X.); (S.Z.)
| | - Qingqing Cheng
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Modern Optical System, School of Optical-Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, Shanghai 200093, China; (S.Z.); (K.X.); (S.Z.)
- State Key Laboratory of Terahertz and Millimeter Waves, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| |
Collapse
|
33
|
Xiao T, Zhao J, Sun P, Li P, Zhang Y, Zhao N, Ren Z, Li G, Huang Z, Zheng Z. Sensitive, High-Speed, and Broadband Perovskite Photodetectors with Built-In TiO 2 Metalenses. Small 2021; 17:e2102694. [PMID: 34510709 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202102694] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2021] [Revised: 06/21/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Monolithic integration of nanostructured metalenses with broadband light transmission and good charge transport can simultaneously enhance the sensitivity, speed, and efficiency of photodetectors. The realization of built-in broadband metalenses in perovskite photodetectors, however, has been largely challenged by the limited choice of materials and the difficulty in nanofabrication. Here a new type of broadband-transmitting built-in TiO2 metalens (meta-TiO2 ) is devised, which is readily fabricated by one-step and lithograph-free glancing angle deposition. The meta-TiO2 , which comprises of sub-100 nm TiO2 nanopillars randomly spaced with a wide range of sub-wavelength distances in 5-200 nm, shows high transmittance of light in the wavelength range of 400-800 nm. The meta-TiO2 also serves as an efficient electron transporting layer to prevent the exciton recombination and facilitate the photoinduced electron extraction and transport. Replacing the conventional mesoporous TiO2 with the meta-TiO2 comprehensively leads to enhancing the detection speed by three orders of magnitude to a few hundred nanoseconds, improving the responsivity and detectivity by one order of magnitude to 0.5 A W-1 and 1013 Jones, respectively, and extending the linear dynamic range by 50% to 120 dB.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ting Xiao
- Laboratory for Advanced Interfacial Materials and Devices, Research Centre for Smart Wearable Technology, Institute of Textiles and Clothing, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Jie Zhao
- Department of Physics, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong SAR, China
- School of Energy, Soochow Institute for Energy and Materials Innovations & Key Laboratory of Advanced Carbon Materials and Wearable Energy Technologies of Jiangsu Province, Soochow University, Suzhou, 215006, China
| | - Peng Sun
- Department of Physics, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong SAR, China
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, Guangdong, 518055, China
| | - Peng Li
- Laboratory for Advanced Interfacial Materials and Devices, Research Centre for Smart Wearable Technology, Institute of Textiles and Clothing, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Yaokang Zhang
- Laboratory for Advanced Interfacial Materials and Devices, Research Centre for Smart Wearable Technology, Institute of Textiles and Clothing, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Ni Zhao
- Department of Electronic Engineering, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Zhiwei Ren
- Department of Electronic and Information Engineering, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Gang Li
- Department of Electronic and Information Engineering, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong SAR, China
- Research Institute for Smart Energy, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Zhifeng Huang
- Department of Physics, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong SAR, China
- Institute of Advanced Materials, State Key Laboratory of Environmental and Biological Analysis, Golden Meditech Centre for NeuroRegeneration Sciences, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Zijian Zheng
- Laboratory for Advanced Interfacial Materials and Devices, Research Centre for Smart Wearable Technology, Institute of Textiles and Clothing, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong SAR, China
- Research Institute for Smart Energy, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong SAR, China
| |
Collapse
|
34
|
Kotlyar VV, Stafeev SS, Kozlova ES, Nalimov AG. Spin-Orbital Conversion of a Strongly Focused Light Wave with High-Order Cylindrical-Circular Polarization. Sensors (Basel) 2021; 21:s21196424. [PMID: 34640744 PMCID: PMC8512293 DOI: 10.3390/s21196424] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2021] [Revised: 09/18/2021] [Accepted: 09/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
We discuss interesting effects that occur when strongly focusing light with mth-order cylindrical–circular polarization. This type of hybrid polarization combines properties of the mth-order cylindrical polarization and circular polarization. Reluing on the Richards-Wolf formalism, we deduce analytical expressions that describe E- and H-vector components, intensity patterns, and projections of the Poynting vector and spin angular momentum (SAM) vector at the strong focus. The intensity of light in the strong focus is theoretically and numerically shown to have an even number of local maxima located along a closed contour centered at an on-axis point of zero intensity. We show that light generates 4m vortices of a transverse energy flow, with their centers located between the local intensity maxima. The transverse energy flow is also shown to change its handedness an even number of times proportional to the order of the optical vortex via a full circle around the optical axis. It is interesting that the longitudinal SAM projection changes its sign at the focus 4m times. The longitudinal SAM component is found to be positive, and the polarization vector is shown to rotate anticlockwise in the focal spot regions where the transverse energy flow rotates anticlockwise, and vice versa—the longitudinal SAM component is negative and the polarization vector rotates clockwise in the focal spot regions where the transverse energy flow rotates clockwise. This spatial separation at the focus of left and right circularly polarized light is a manifestation of the optical spin Hall effect. The results obtained in terms of controlling the intensity maxima allow the transverse mode analysis of laser beams in sensorial applications. For a demonstration of the proposed application, the metalens is calculated, which can be a prototype for an optical microsensor based on sharp focusing for measuring roughness.
Collapse
|
35
|
Lee D, Kim M, Rho J. Next-Generation Imaging Techniques: Functional and Miniaturized Optical Lenses Based on Metamaterials and Metasurfaces. Micromachines (Basel) 2021; 12:1142. [PMID: 34683192 PMCID: PMC8538864 DOI: 10.3390/mi12101142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2021] [Revised: 09/19/2021] [Accepted: 09/20/2021] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
A variety of applications using miniaturized optical lenses can be found among rapidly evolving technologies. From smartphones and cameras in our daily life to augmented and virtual reality glasses for the recent trends of the untact era, miniaturization of optical lenses permits the development of many types of compact devices. Here, we highlight the importance of ultrasmall and ultrathin lens technologies based on metamaterials and metasurfaces. Focusing on hyperlenses and metalenses that can replace or be combined with the existing conventional lenses, we review the state-of-art of research trends and discuss their limitations. We also cover applications that use miniaturized imaging devices. The miniaturized imaging devices are expected to be an essential foundation for next-generation imaging techniques.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dasol Lee
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang 37673, Korea; (D.L.); (M.K.)
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Yonsei University, Wonju 26493, Korea
| | - Minkyung Kim
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang 37673, Korea; (D.L.); (M.K.)
| | - Junsuk Rho
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang 37673, Korea; (D.L.); (M.K.)
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang 37673, Korea
- POSCO-POSTECH-RIST Convergence Research Center for Flat Optics and Metaphotonics, Pohang 37673, Korea
| |
Collapse
|
36
|
Wang C, Yu Z, Zhang Q, Sun Y, Tao C, Wu F, Zheng Z. Metalens Eyepiece for 3D Holographic Near-Eye Display. Nanomaterials (Basel) 2021; 11:1920. [PMID: 34443751 DOI: 10.3390/nano11081920] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2021] [Revised: 07/08/2021] [Accepted: 07/12/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Near-eye display (NED) systems for virtual reality (VR) and augmented reality (AR) have been rapidly developing; however, the widespread use of VR/AR devices is hindered by the bulky refractive and diffractive elements in the complicated optical system as well as the visual discomfort caused by excessive binocular parallax and accommodation-convergence conflict. To address these problems, an NED system combining a 5 mm diameter metalens eyepiece and a three-dimensional (3D), computer-generated holography (CGH) based on Fresnel diffraction is proposed in this paper. Metalenses have been extensively studied for their extraordinary capabilities at wavefront shaping at a subwavelength scale, their ultrathin compactness, and their significant advantages over conventional lenses. Thus, the introduction of the metalens eyepiece is likely to reduce the issue of bulkiness in NED systems. Furthermore, CGH has typically been regarded as the optimum solution for 3D displays to overcome limitations of binocular systems, since it can restore the whole light field of the target 3D scene. Experiments are carried out for this design, where a 5 mm diameter metalens eyepiece composed of silicon nitride anisotropic nanofins is fabricated with diffraction efficiency and field of view for a 532 nm incidence of 15.7% and 31°, respectively. Furthermore, a novel partitioned Fresnel diffraction and resample method is applied to simulate the wave propagations needed to produce the hologram, with the metalens capable of transforming the reconstructed 3D image into a virtual image for the NED. Our work combining metalens and CGH may pave the way for portable optical display devices in the future.
Collapse
|
37
|
Phan HL, Yi J, Bae J, Ko H, Lee S, Cho D, Seo JM, Koo KI. Artificial Compound Eye Systems and Their Application: A Review. Micromachines (Basel) 2021; 12:847. [PMID: 34357257 DOI: 10.3390/mi12070847] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2021] [Revised: 07/08/2021] [Accepted: 07/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
The natural compound eye system has many outstanding properties, such as a more compact size, wider-angle view, better capacity to detect moving objects, and higher sensitivity to light intensity, compared to that of a single-aperture vision system. Thanks to the development of micro- and nano-fabrication techniques, many artificial compound eye imaging systems have been studied and fabricated to inherit fascinating optical features of the natural compound eye. This paper provides a review of artificial compound eye imaging systems. This review begins by introducing the principle of the natural compound eye, and then, the analysis of two types of artificial compound eye systems. We equally present the applications of the artificial compound eye imaging systems. Finally, we suggest our outlooks about the artificial compound eye imaging system.
Collapse
|
38
|
Kim J, Rana AS, Kim Y, Kim I, Badloe T, Zubair M, Mehmood MQ, Rho J. Chiroptical Metasurfaces: Principles, Classification, and Applications. Sensors (Basel) 2021; 21:4381. [PMID: 34206760 PMCID: PMC8271883 DOI: 10.3390/s21134381] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2021] [Revised: 06/21/2021] [Accepted: 06/23/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Chiral materials, which show different optical behaviors when illuminated by left or right circularly polarized light due to broken mirror symmetry, have greatly impacted the field of optical sensing over the past decade. To improve the sensitivity of chiral sensing platforms, enhancing the chiroptical response is necessary. Metasurfaces, which are two-dimensional metamaterials consisting of periodic subwavelength artificial structures, have recently attracted significant attention because of their ability to enhance the chiroptical response by manipulating amplitude, phase, and polarization of electromagnetic fields. Here, we reviewed the fundamentals of chiroptical metasurfaces as well as categorized types of chiroptical metasurfaces by their intrinsic or extrinsic chirality. Finally, we introduced applications of chiral metasurfaces such as multiplexing metaholograms, metalenses, and sensors.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Joohoon Kim
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology, Pohang 37673, Korea; (J.K.); (Y.K.); (I.K.); (T.B.)
| | - Ahsan Sarwar Rana
- NanoTech Lab, Department of Electrical Engineering, Information Technology University of the Punjab, Ferozepur Road, Lahore 54600, Pakistan; (A.S.R.); (M.Z.)
| | - Yeseul Kim
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology, Pohang 37673, Korea; (J.K.); (Y.K.); (I.K.); (T.B.)
| | - Inki Kim
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology, Pohang 37673, Korea; (J.K.); (Y.K.); (I.K.); (T.B.)
| | - Trevon Badloe
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology, Pohang 37673, Korea; (J.K.); (Y.K.); (I.K.); (T.B.)
| | - Muhammad Zubair
- NanoTech Lab, Department of Electrical Engineering, Information Technology University of the Punjab, Ferozepur Road, Lahore 54600, Pakistan; (A.S.R.); (M.Z.)
| | - Muhammad Qasim Mehmood
- NanoTech Lab, Department of Electrical Engineering, Information Technology University of the Punjab, Ferozepur Road, Lahore 54600, Pakistan; (A.S.R.); (M.Z.)
| | - Junsuk Rho
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology, Pohang 37673, Korea; (J.K.); (Y.K.); (I.K.); (T.B.)
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology, Pohang 37673, Korea
| |
Collapse
|
39
|
Fu X, Liang H, Li J. Metalenses: from design principles to functional applications. Front Optoelectron 2021; 14:170-186. [PMID: 36637665 PMCID: PMC9743920 DOI: 10.1007/s12200-021-1201-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2021] [Accepted: 02/21/2021] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Lens is a basic optical element that is widely used in daily life, such as in cameras, glasses, and microscopes. Conventional lenses are designed based on the classical refractive optics, which results in inevitable imaging aberrations, such as chromatic aberration, spherical aberration and coma. To solve these problems, conventional imaging systems impose multiple curved lenses with different thicknesses and materials to eliminate these aberrations. As a unique photonic technology, metasurfaces can accurately manipulate the wavefront of light to produce fascinating and peculiar optical phenomena, which has stimulated researchers' extensive interests in the field of planar optics. Starting from the introduction of phase modulation methods, this review summarizes the design principles and characteristics of metalenses. Although the imaging quality of existing metalenses is not necessarily better than that of conventional lenses, the multi-dimensional and multi-degree-of-freedom control of metasurfaces provides metalenses with novel functions that are extremely challenging or impossible to achieve with conventional lenses.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xiao Fu
- State Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Materials and Technologies, School of Physics, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510275, China
| | - Haowen Liang
- State Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Materials and Technologies, School of Physics, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510275, China.
- Southern Marine Science and Engineering, Guangdong Laboratory (Zhuhai), Zhuhai, 519080, China.
| | - Juntao Li
- State Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Materials and Technologies, School of Physics, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510275, China
| |
Collapse
|
40
|
Wei S, Cao G, Lin H, Yuan X, Somekh M, Jia B. A Varifocal Graphene Metalens for Broadband Zoom Imaging Covering the Entire Visible Region. ACS Nano 2021; 15:4769-4776. [PMID: 33593050 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.0c09395] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
The ever-increasing demand for miniaturized optical systems has placed stringent requirements on the core element: lenses. Developing ultrathin flat lenses with a varifocal capability and broadband spectral response is critical for diverse applications, but remains challenging and has been the focus of intensive research. The recent demonstration of tunable focal length for a single wavelength with metalenses marked an important milestone for transforming the complex and bulky tunable lens kit into a single flat lens. However, achieving color imaging with desired tunability over the entire visible spectrum essential for practical applications still remains elusive. Here we propose and demonstrate experimentally a broadband varifocal graphene metalens (250 nm in thickness) covering the entire visible spectrum. It is able to simultaneously tune the focal lengths for different wavelengths continuously. By laterally stretching the lens, an over 20% focal length tuning range can be achieved for red (650 nm), green (550 nm), and blue (450 nm) light as three example wavelengths. Zoom imaging of different objects located along the axial direction has been demonstrated at these wavelengths by simply controlling the stretch ratio of the graphene metalens. This broadband graphene zoom lens enables enormous applications in miniaturized imaging devices such as cell phones, wearable displays, and compact optical or communication systems with multi-color-channel functionalities.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shibiao Wei
- Nanophotonics Research Center, Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Micro-Scale Optical Information Technology & Institute of Microscale Optoelectronics, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China
- Centre for Translational Atomaterials, Faculty of Engineering, Science and Technology, Swinburne University of Technology, John Street, Hawthorn, VIC 3122, Australia
| | - Guiyuan Cao
- Nanophotonics Research Center, Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Micro-Scale Optical Information Technology & Institute of Microscale Optoelectronics, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China
- Centre for Translational Atomaterials, Faculty of Engineering, Science and Technology, Swinburne University of Technology, John Street, Hawthorn, VIC 3122, Australia
| | - Han Lin
- Centre for Translational Atomaterials, Faculty of Engineering, Science and Technology, Swinburne University of Technology, John Street, Hawthorn, VIC 3122, Australia
| | - Xiaocong Yuan
- Nanophotonics Research Center, Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Micro-Scale Optical Information Technology & Institute of Microscale Optoelectronics, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China
| | - Michael Somekh
- Nanophotonics Research Center, Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Micro-Scale Optical Information Technology & Institute of Microscale Optoelectronics, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China
| | - Baohua Jia
- Centre for Translational Atomaterials, Faculty of Engineering, Science and Technology, Swinburne University of Technology, John Street, Hawthorn, VIC 3122, Australia
- The Australian Research Council (ARC) Industrial Transformation Training Centre in Surface Engineering for Advanced Materials (SEAM), Swinburne University of Technology, Hawthorn, VIC 3122, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
41
|
Xu N, Hao Y, Jie K, Qin S, Huang H, Chen L, Liu H, Guo J, Meng H, Wang F, Yang X, Wei Z. Electrically-Driven Zoom Metalens Based on Dynamically Controlling the Phase of Barium Titanate (BTO) Column Antennas. Nanomaterials (Basel) 2021; 11:729. [PMID: 33799398 DOI: 10.3390/nano11030729] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2021] [Revised: 03/07/2021] [Accepted: 03/11/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The zoom metalens has been a research hotspot for metasurfaces in recent years. There are currently a variety of zoom methods, including dual metalenses, micro-electromechanical system metalenses, polydimethylsiloxane metalenses and Alvarez metalenses. However, for most metalenses, zooming is achieved by manipulating the relative displacement of two or more metasurfaces. Therefore, these methods seem inadequate when faced with more precise zooming requirements, and the precise control of the phase distribution cannot be achieved. In this paper, we innovatively propose an electrically-driven zoom metalens (EZM) of one-dimensional based on dynamically controlling barium titanate (BaTiO3, BTO) antennas. Using the electro-optic effect of BTO crystals, we can apply a voltage to change the refractive index of BTO nanopillars (n = 2.4-3.6), thereby accurately controlling the phase distribution of column antennas. The proposed EZM can achieve 5× zoom (f = 10-50 μm), with advantages, such as high-speed optical amplitude modulation, ultra-compactness, flexibility and replicability. It can be applied in fields that require ultra-compact beam focusing, zoom imaging, and microscopic measuring.
Collapse
|
42
|
Wang R, Intaravanne Y, Li S, Han J, Chen S, Liu J, Zhang S, Li L, Chen X. Metalens for Generating a Customized Vectorial Focal Curve. Nano Lett 2021; 21:2081-2087. [PMID: 33630607 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.0c04775] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Three-dimensional (3D) light fields with spatially inhomogeneous polarization and intensity distributions play an increasingly important role in photonics due to their peculiar optical features and extra degrees of freedom for carrying information. However, it is very challenging to simultaneously control the intensity profile and polarization profile in an arbitrary manner. Here we experimentally demonstrate a metalens that can focus light into an arbitrarily shaped focal curve with a predefined polarization distribution. The efficacy of this approach is exemplified through the demonstration of focused curves in 3D space ranging from simple shapes such as a circle to topologically nontrivial objects such as a 3D knot with controlled local polarization states. This powerful control of the light field would be technically challenging with their conventional counterparts. Our demonstration may find applications in beam engineering and integration optics.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ruoxing Wang
- Institute of Photonics and Quantum Sciences, School of Engineering and Physical Sciences, Heriot-Watt University, Edinburgh EH14 4AS, United Kingdom
- Key Laboratory of In-Fiber Integrated Optics of Ministry of Education, College of Physics and Optoelectronic Engineering, Harbin Engineering University, Harbin 150001, China
| | - Yuttana Intaravanne
- Institute of Photonics and Quantum Sciences, School of Engineering and Physical Sciences, Heriot-Watt University, Edinburgh EH14 4AS, United Kingdom
| | - Songtao Li
- Institute of Photonics and Quantum Sciences, School of Engineering and Physical Sciences, Heriot-Watt University, Edinburgh EH14 4AS, United Kingdom
- School of Mathematics and Physics, North China Electric Power University, Baoding 071003, China
| | - Jin Han
- Institute of Photonics and Quantum Sciences, School of Engineering and Physical Sciences, Heriot-Watt University, Edinburgh EH14 4AS, United Kingdom
- College of Material Science and Engineering, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming 650093, China
| | - Shumei Chen
- School of Science, Harbin Institute of Technology, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Jianlong Liu
- Key Laboratory of In-Fiber Integrated Optics of Ministry of Education, College of Physics and Optoelectronic Engineering, Harbin Engineering University, Harbin 150001, China
| | - Shuang Zhang
- Department of Physics, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
- Department of Electronic & Electrical Engineering, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Li Li
- Key Laboratory of In-Fiber Integrated Optics of Ministry of Education, College of Physics and Optoelectronic Engineering, Harbin Engineering University, Harbin 150001, China
| | - Xianzhong Chen
- Institute of Photonics and Quantum Sciences, School of Engineering and Physical Sciences, Heriot-Watt University, Edinburgh EH14 4AS, United Kingdom
| |
Collapse
|
43
|
Zhao Q, Qu J, Peng G, Yu C. Endless Single-Mode Photonics Crystal Fiber Metalens for Broadband and Efficient Focusing in Near-Infrared Range. Micromachines (Basel) 2021; 12:mi12020219. [PMID: 33670081 PMCID: PMC7926773 DOI: 10.3390/mi12020219] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2021] [Revised: 02/17/2021] [Accepted: 02/18/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
The advent of the ‘lab-on-fiber’ concept has boosted the prosperity of optical fiber-based platforms integrated with nanostructured metasurface technology which are capable of controlling the light at the nanoscale for multifunctional applications. Here, we propose an endless single-mode large-mode-area photonic crystal fiber (LMA-PCF) integrated metalens for broadband and efficient focusing from 800 to 1550 nm. In the present work, the optical properties of the substrate LMA-PCF were investigated, and the metalens, consisting of dielectric TiO2 nanorods with varying radii, was elaborately designed in the fiber core region with a diameter of 48 μm to cover the required phase profile for efficient focusing with a high transmission. The focusing characteristics of the designed metalens were also investigated in detail over a wide wavelength range. It is shown that the in-fiber metalens is capable of converging the incident beams into the bright, symmetric, and legible focal spots with a large focal length of 315–380 μm depending on the operating wavelength. A high and average focusing efficiency of 70% was also obtained with varying wavelengths. It is believed the proposed fiber metalens may show great potential in applications including fiber laser configuration, machining, and fiber communication.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Qiancheng Zhao
- Photonics Research Center, Department of Electronic and Information Engineering, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong 999077, China; (Q.Z.); (J.Q.)
| | - Jiaqi Qu
- Photonics Research Center, Department of Electronic and Information Engineering, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong 999077, China; (Q.Z.); (J.Q.)
| | - Gangding Peng
- Photonics & Optical Communication, School of Electrical Engineering, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia;
| | - Changyuan Yu
- Photonics Research Center, Department of Electronic and Information Engineering, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong 999077, China; (Q.Z.); (J.Q.)
- Correspondence: ; +852-2362-8439
| |
Collapse
|
44
|
Chang WH, Lin JH, Kuan CH, Huang SY, Lan YW, Lu TH. Generation of Concentric Space-Variant Linear Polarized Light by Dielectric Metalens. Nano Lett 2021; 21:562-568. [PMID: 33300342 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.0c04021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Miniaturized flat and ultrathin optical components with spatial and polarization degrees of freedom are important for optical communications. Here, we use nanostructures that act as tiny phase plates on a dielectric metalens to generate a concentric polarization beam with different orientations along the radial direction. The important discoveries are that (1) the circularly polarized light can be converted into linearly polarized states with a different orientation at near field and that (2) this orientation is strongly correlated to the rotation of the nanostructures on the metalens. Stokes parameters are utilized to investigate the comprehensive polarization states embedded in the optical intensity along the propagation direction. The variation of the spatial polarization states transformed by the dielectric metalens can be properly mapped onto the Poincaré sphere. We believe that the variety of spatial polarizations within a miniaturized configuration provides a new degree of freedom for diverse applications in the future.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Wen-Hao Chang
- Department of Physics, National Taiwan University, Taipei 106, Taiwan
| | - Jun-Han Lin
- Graduate Institute of Electronics Engineering, National Taiwan University, Taipei 106, Taiwan
| | - Chieh-Hsiung Kuan
- Graduate Institute of Electronics Engineering, National Taiwan University, Taipei 106, Taiwan
| | - Ssu-Yen Huang
- Department of Physics, National Taiwan University, Taipei 106, Taiwan
| | - Yann-Wen Lan
- Department of Physics, National Taiwan Normal University, Taipei 116, Taiwan
| | - Ting-Hua Lu
- Department of Physics, National Taiwan Normal University, Taipei 116, Taiwan
| |
Collapse
|
45
|
Dai W, Wang Y, Li R, Fan Y, Qu G, Wu Y, Song Q, Han J, Xiao S. Achieving Circularly Polarized Surface Emitting Perovskite Microlasers with All-Dielectric Metasurfaces. ACS Nano 2020; 14:17063-17070. [PMID: 33231424 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.0c06463] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Micro- and nanolasers are miniaturized light sources with great potential in optical imaging, sensing, and communication. While various micro- and nanolasers have been synthesized, they are mostly linearly polarized and thus strongly restricted in many new applications, e.g., chiral resolution in synthetic chemistry, cancerous tissue imaging, information storage, and processing. Herein, we experimentally demonstrate the circularly polarized surface emitting perovskite lasers by integrating the as-grown perovskite microcrystals with an all-dielectric metalens. The perovskite microcrystal serves as an optical microcavity and produces linearly polarized laser emission, which is collected by a geometric phase based TiO2 metalens. The left-handed circularly polarized components are collimated by the metalens into a directional laser beam with a divergent angle of <0.9°, whereas the right-handed components are strongly diverged by the same metalens. Consequently, the right-handed circularly polarized components are filtered out, and perovskite lasers with high directionality and pure circular polarization have been experimentally realized.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Wei Dai
- Ministry of Industry and Information Technology Key Lab of Micro-Nano Optoelectronic Information System, Harbin Institute of Technology (Shenzhen), Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Yujie Wang
- Ministry of Industry and Information Technology Key Lab of Micro-Nano Optoelectronic Information System, Harbin Institute of Technology (Shenzhen), Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Ruixue Li
- Ministry of Industry and Information Technology Key Lab of Micro-Nano Optoelectronic Information System, Harbin Institute of Technology (Shenzhen), Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Yubin Fan
- Ministry of Industry and Information Technology Key Lab of Micro-Nano Optoelectronic Information System, Harbin Institute of Technology (Shenzhen), Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Geyang Qu
- Ministry of Industry and Information Technology Key Lab of Micro-Nano Optoelectronic Information System, Harbin Institute of Technology (Shenzhen), Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Yunkai Wu
- Ministry of Industry and Information Technology Key Lab of Micro-Nano Optoelectronic Information System, Harbin Institute of Technology (Shenzhen), Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Qinghai Song
- Ministry of Industry and Information Technology Key Lab of Micro-Nano Optoelectronic Information System, Harbin Institute of Technology (Shenzhen), Shenzhen 518055, China
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Extreme Optics, Shanxi University, Taiyuan 030006, China
| | - Jiecai Han
- National Key Laboratory of Science and Technology on Advanced Composites in Special Environments, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150080, China
| | - Shumin Xiao
- Ministry of Industry and Information Technology Key Lab of Micro-Nano Optoelectronic Information System, Harbin Institute of Technology (Shenzhen), Shenzhen 518055, China
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Extreme Optics, Shanxi University, Taiyuan 030006, China
- National Key Laboratory of Science and Technology on Advanced Composites in Special Environments, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150080, China
| |
Collapse
|
46
|
Abstract
Metasurfaces have revolutionized the design concepts for optical components, fostering an exciting field of flat optics. Thanks to the flat and ultrathin nature, metasurfaces possess unique advantages over conventional optical components, such as lightweight, high compatibility, among others. To comply with potential applications, further research endeavors need to be exerted for advancing the reusability and practicality of metasurfaces. In this work, we demonstrate a reusable template approach to achieve optical multifunctionality with metasurfaces, utilizing both the geometric and propagation phases to shape light waves. In principle, such a metasurface template can be employed infinite times to enable a large variety of optical functions. As proof-of-concept experiments, we demonstrate metalensing, holography, and vortex beam shaping. Our work will leverage the high scalability aspects of metasurface devices for practical applications.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jianxiong Li
- Max
Planck Institute for Intelligent Systems, Heisenbergstrasse 3, 70569 Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Ping Yu
- Max
Planck Institute for Intelligent Systems, Heisenbergstrasse 3, 70569 Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Shuang Zhang
- School
of Physics & Astronomy, University of
Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, U.K.
| | - Na Liu
- 2nd
Physics Institute, University of Stuttgart, Pfaffenwaldring 57, 70569 Stuttgart, Germany
- Max
Planck Institute for Solid State Research, Heisenbergstrasse 1, 70569 Stuttgart, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
47
|
Kanwal S, Wen J, Yu B, Chen X, Kumar D, Kang Y, Bai C, Ubaid S, Zhang D. Polarization Insensitive, Broadband, Near Diffraction-Limited Metalens in Ultraviolet Region. Nanomaterials (Basel) 2020; 10:E1439. [PMID: 32718074 DOI: 10.3390/nano10081439] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2020] [Revised: 07/12/2020] [Accepted: 07/16/2020] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Metasurfaces in the ultraviolet spectrum have stirred up prevalent research interest due to the increasing demand for ultra-compact and wearable UV optical systems. The limitations of conventional plasmonic metasurfaces operating in transmission mode can be overcome by using a suitable dielectric material. A metalens holds promising wavefront engineering for various applications. Metalenses have developed a breakthrough technology in the advancement of integrated and miniaturized optical devices. However, metalenses utilizing the Pancharatnam–Berry (PB) phase or resonance tuning methodology are restricted to polarization dependence and for various applications, polarization-insensitive metalenses are highly desirable. We propose the design of a high-efficiency dielectric polarization-insensitive UV metalens utilizing cylindrical nanopillars with strong focusing ability, providing full phase delay in a broadband range of Ultraviolet light (270–380 nm). The designed metalens comprises Silicon nitride cylindrical nanopillars with spatially varying radii and offers outstanding polarization-insensitive operation in the broadband UV spectrum. It will significantly promote and boost the integration and miniaturization of the UV photonic devices by overcoming the use of Plasmonics structures that are vulnerable to the absorption and ohmic losses of the metals. The focusing efficiency of the designed metalens is as high as 40%.
Collapse
|
48
|
Abstract
Metasurface lenses provide an ultrathin platform in which to focus light, but weak light-matter interactions limit their dynamic tunability. Here we design submicron-thick, ultrahigh quality factor (high-Q) metalenses that enable dynamic modulation of the focal length and intensity. Using full-field simulations, we show that quality factors exceeding 5000 can be generated by including subtle, periodic perturbations within the constituent Si nanoantennas. Such high-Q resonances enable lens modulation based on the nonlinear Kerr effect, with focal lengths varying from 4 to 6.5 μm and focal intensities decreasing by half as input intensity increases from 0.1 to 1 mW/μm2. We also show how multiple high-Q resonances can be embedded in the lens response through judicious placement of the perturbations. Our high-Q lens design, with quality factors 2 orders of magnitude higher than existing lens designs, provides a foundation for reconfigurable, multiplexed, and hyperspectral metasurface imaging platforms.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Elissa Klopfer
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, United States
| | - Mark Lawrence
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, United States
| | - David R Barton
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, United States
| | - Jefferson Dixon
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, United States
| | - Jennifer A Dionne
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, United States
- Department of Radiology, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, United States
| |
Collapse
|
49
|
Xu N, Liang Y, Hao Y, Mao M, Guo J, Liu H, Meng H, Wang F, Wei Z. A Thermal Tuning Meta-Duplex-Lens (MDL): Design and Characterization. Nanomaterials (Basel) 2020; 10:nano10061135. [PMID: 32521772 PMCID: PMC7353178 DOI: 10.3390/nano10061135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2020] [Revised: 06/01/2020] [Accepted: 06/06/2020] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Multifunctional metasurfaces play an important role in the development of integrated optical paths. However, some of the realizations of current multifunctional metasurface devices depend on polarization selectivity, and others change the polarization state of the outgoing light. Here, based on vanadium dioxide (VO2) phase change material, a strategy to design a meta-duplex-lens (MDL) is proposed and numerical simulation calculations demonstrate that at low temperature (about 300 K), VO2 behaves as a dielectric so that the MDL can act as a transmission lens (transmission efficiency of 87.6%). Conversely, when VO2 enters the metallic state (about 355 K), the MDL has the ability to reflect and polymerize electromagnetic waves and works as a reflection lens (reflection efficiency of 85.1%). The dielectric waveguide and gap-surface plasmon (GSP) theories are used in transmission and reflection directions, respectively. In order to satisfy the coverage of the phase gradient in the range of 2π in both cases, we set the antenna as a nanopillar with a high aspect ratio. It is notable that, via symmetrical antennas acting in concert with VO2 phase change material, the polarization states of both the incident light and the outgoing light are not changed. This reversible tuning will play a significant role in the fields of imaging, optical storage devices, communication, sensors, etc.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ning Xu
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Nanophotonic Functional Materials and Devices, School of Information and Optoelectronic Science and Engineering, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510006, China; (N.X.); (Y.H.); (M.M.); (J.G.); (H.L.); (H.M.); (F.W.)
| | - Yaoyao Liang
- Centre de Nanosciences et de Nanotechnologies, CNRS, Université Paris-Sud—Université Paris-Saclay 10 Boulevard Thomas Gobert, 91120 Palaiseau, France;
| | - Yuan Hao
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Nanophotonic Functional Materials and Devices, School of Information and Optoelectronic Science and Engineering, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510006, China; (N.X.); (Y.H.); (M.M.); (J.G.); (H.L.); (H.M.); (F.W.)
| | - Min Mao
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Nanophotonic Functional Materials and Devices, School of Information and Optoelectronic Science and Engineering, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510006, China; (N.X.); (Y.H.); (M.M.); (J.G.); (H.L.); (H.M.); (F.W.)
| | - Jianping Guo
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Nanophotonic Functional Materials and Devices, School of Information and Optoelectronic Science and Engineering, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510006, China; (N.X.); (Y.H.); (M.M.); (J.G.); (H.L.); (H.M.); (F.W.)
| | - Hongzhan Liu
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Nanophotonic Functional Materials and Devices, School of Information and Optoelectronic Science and Engineering, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510006, China; (N.X.); (Y.H.); (M.M.); (J.G.); (H.L.); (H.M.); (F.W.)
| | - Hongyun Meng
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Nanophotonic Functional Materials and Devices, School of Information and Optoelectronic Science and Engineering, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510006, China; (N.X.); (Y.H.); (M.M.); (J.G.); (H.L.); (H.M.); (F.W.)
| | - Faqiang Wang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Nanophotonic Functional Materials and Devices, School of Information and Optoelectronic Science and Engineering, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510006, China; (N.X.); (Y.H.); (M.M.); (J.G.); (H.L.); (H.M.); (F.W.)
| | - Zhongchao Wei
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Nanophotonic Functional Materials and Devices, School of Information and Optoelectronic Science and Engineering, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510006, China; (N.X.); (Y.H.); (M.M.); (J.G.); (H.L.); (H.M.); (F.W.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +86-1311-955-1688
| |
Collapse
|
50
|
Kanwal S, Wen J, Yu B, Kumar D, Chen X, Kang Y, Bai C, Zhang D. High-Efficiency, Broadband, Near Diffraction-Limited, Dielectric Metalens in Ultraviolet Spectrum. Nanomaterials (Basel) 2020; 10:E490. [PMID: 32182760 DOI: 10.3390/nano10030490] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2020] [Revised: 02/21/2020] [Accepted: 02/27/2020] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Ultraviolet (UV) optical devices have plenteous applications in the fields of nanofabrication, military, medical, sterilization, and others. Traditional optical components utilize gradual phase accumulation phenomena to alter the wave-front of the light, making them bulky, expensive, and inefficient. A dielectric metasurface could provide an auspicious approach to precisely control the amplitude, phase, and polarization of the incident light by abrupt, discrete phase changing with high efficiency due to low absorption losses. Metalenses, being one of the most attainable applications of metasurfaces, can extremely reduce the size and complexity of the optical systems. We present the design of a high-efficiency transmissive UV metalens operating in a broadband range of UV light (250–400 nm) with outstanding focusing characteristics. The polarization conversion efficiency of the nano-rod unit and the focusing efficiency of the metasurface are optimized to be as high as 96% and 77%, respectively. The off-axis focusing characteristics at different incident angles are also investigated. The designed metalens that is composed of silicon nitride nanorods will significantly uphold the advancement of UV photonic devices and can provide opportunities for the miniaturization and integration of the UV nanophotonics and its applications.
Collapse
|