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Bontoux C, Hofman V, Chamorey E, Schiappa R, Lassalle S, Long-Mira E, Zahaf K, Lalvée S, Fayada J, Bonnetaud C, Goffinet S, Ilié M, Hofman P. Reproducibility of c-Met Immunohistochemical Scoring (Clone SP44) for Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer Using Conventional Light Microscopy and Whole Slide Imaging. Am J Surg Pathol 2024; 48:1072-1081. [PMID: 38980727 DOI: 10.1097/pas.0000000000002274] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/11/2024]
Abstract
Emerging therapies for non-small cell lung cancer targeting c-Met overexpression have recently demonstrated promising results. However, the evaluation of c-Met expression can be challenging. We aimed to study the inter and intraobserver reproducibility of c-Met expression evaluation. One hundred ten cases with non-small cell lung cancer (40 biopsies and 70 surgical specimens) were retrospectively selected in a single laboratory (LPCE) and evaluated for c-Met expression. Six pathologists (4 seniors and 2 juniors) evaluated the H-score and made a 3-tier classification of c-Met expression for all cases, using conventional light microscopy (CLM) and whole slide imaging (WSI). The interobserver reproducibility with CLM gave global Cohen Kappa coefficients (ƙ) ranging from 0.581 (95% CI: 0.364-0.771) to 0.763 (95% CI: 0.58-0.92) using the c-Met 3-tier classification and H-score, respectively. ƙ was higher for senior pathologists and biopsy samples. The interobserver reproducibility with WSI gave a global ƙ ranging from 0.543 (95% CI: 0.33-0.724) to 0.905 (95% CI: 0.618-1) using the c-Met H-score and 2-tier classification (≥25% 3+), respectively. ƙ for intraobserver reproducibility between CLM and WSI ranged from 0.713 to 0.898 for the c-Met H-score and from 0.600 to 0.779 for the c-Met 3-tier classification. We demonstrated a moderate to excellent interobserver agreement for c-Met expression with a substantial to excellent intraobserver agreement between CLM and WSI, thereby supporting the development of digital pathology. However, some factors (scoring method, type of tissue samples, and expertise level) affect reproducibility. Our findings highlight the importance of establishing a consensus definition and providing further training, particularly for inexperienced pathologists, for c-Met immunohistochemistry assessment in clinical practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christophe Bontoux
- Laboratory of Clinical and Experimental Pathology
- Hospital-Integrated Biobank
- Team 4, Institute of Research on Cancer and Aging of Nice Inserm U1081, CNRS UMR7284, Côte d'Azur University
- FHU OncoAge, Côte d'Azur University
- University Hospital Institute RespirERA, Côte d'Azur University, Pasteur Hospital, CHU of Nice
| | - Véronique Hofman
- Laboratory of Clinical and Experimental Pathology
- Hospital-Integrated Biobank
- Team 4, Institute of Research on Cancer and Aging of Nice Inserm U1081, CNRS UMR7284, Côte d'Azur University
- FHU OncoAge, Côte d'Azur University
- University Hospital Institute RespirERA, Côte d'Azur University, Pasteur Hospital, CHU of Nice
| | - Emmanuel Chamorey
- Department of Statistics, Antoine Lacassagne Cancer Center, Nice, France
| | - Renaud Schiappa
- Department of Statistics, Antoine Lacassagne Cancer Center, Nice, France
| | - Sandra Lassalle
- Laboratory of Clinical and Experimental Pathology
- Hospital-Integrated Biobank
- Team 4, Institute of Research on Cancer and Aging of Nice Inserm U1081, CNRS UMR7284, Côte d'Azur University
- FHU OncoAge, Côte d'Azur University
- University Hospital Institute RespirERA, Côte d'Azur University, Pasteur Hospital, CHU of Nice
| | - Elodie Long-Mira
- Laboratory of Clinical and Experimental Pathology
- Hospital-Integrated Biobank
- Team 4, Institute of Research on Cancer and Aging of Nice Inserm U1081, CNRS UMR7284, Côte d'Azur University
- FHU OncoAge, Côte d'Azur University
- University Hospital Institute RespirERA, Côte d'Azur University, Pasteur Hospital, CHU of Nice
| | - Katia Zahaf
- Laboratory of Clinical and Experimental Pathology
- Hospital-Integrated Biobank
- FHU OncoAge, Côte d'Azur University
- University Hospital Institute RespirERA, Côte d'Azur University, Pasteur Hospital, CHU of Nice
| | - Salomé Lalvée
- Laboratory of Clinical and Experimental Pathology
- Hospital-Integrated Biobank
- FHU OncoAge, Côte d'Azur University
- University Hospital Institute RespirERA, Côte d'Azur University, Pasteur Hospital, CHU of Nice
| | - Julien Fayada
- Laboratory of Clinical and Experimental Pathology
- Hospital-Integrated Biobank
- FHU OncoAge, Côte d'Azur University
- University Hospital Institute RespirERA, Côte d'Azur University, Pasteur Hospital, CHU of Nice
| | - Christelle Bonnetaud
- Laboratory of Clinical and Experimental Pathology
- Hospital-Integrated Biobank
- FHU OncoAge, Côte d'Azur University
- University Hospital Institute RespirERA, Côte d'Azur University, Pasteur Hospital, CHU of Nice
| | | | - Marius Ilié
- Laboratory of Clinical and Experimental Pathology
- Hospital-Integrated Biobank
- Team 4, Institute of Research on Cancer and Aging of Nice Inserm U1081, CNRS UMR7284, Côte d'Azur University
- FHU OncoAge, Côte d'Azur University
- University Hospital Institute RespirERA, Côte d'Azur University, Pasteur Hospital, CHU of Nice
| | - Paul Hofman
- Laboratory of Clinical and Experimental Pathology
- Hospital-Integrated Biobank
- Team 4, Institute of Research on Cancer and Aging of Nice Inserm U1081, CNRS UMR7284, Côte d'Azur University
- FHU OncoAge, Côte d'Azur University
- University Hospital Institute RespirERA, Côte d'Azur University, Pasteur Hospital, CHU of Nice
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Badr NM, Zaakouk M, Zhang Q, Kearns D, Kong A, Shaaban AM. Concordance between ER, PR, Ki67, and HER2-low expression in breast cancer by MammaTyper RT-qPCR and immunohistochemistry: implications for the practising pathologist. Histopathology 2024; 85:437-450. [PMID: 38651302 DOI: 10.1111/his.15193] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2023] [Revised: 03/21/2024] [Accepted: 03/30/2024] [Indexed: 04/25/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND There are limited data on the role of multigene tests and their correlation with immunohistochemistry (IHC), especially on core biopsy. MammaTyper is a quantitative conformite Europeeanne (CE) marked, National Institute for Health and Care excellence (NICE) approved, in in vitro diagnostic quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR) test for assessment of mRNA expression of four biomarkers (ESR1, PGR, ERBB2, MKI67). METHODS We evaluated the concordance of MammaTyper with oestrogen receptor (ER), progesterone receptor (PR), HER2, and Ki67 by IHC on 133 core needle biopsies of breast cancer. HER2 was positive if IHC 3+ or 2+ and fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH)-amplified. Global and hotspot Ki67 expression was analysed using a cutoff of ≥20% assessed manually and by digital image analysis. Agreements were expressed as overall percent agreement (OPA), positive percent agreement (PPA), negative percent agreement (NPA), and Cohen's kappa. RESULTS RT-qPCR results of ESR1 were highly concordant with IHC with OPA of 94.7% using 1% cutoff and 91.7% when the low ER-positive category was included. The PPA and NPA between RT-qPCR and IHC for PR was 91.5% and 88.0%, respectively, when using the 1% cutoff. For ERBB2/HER2, the OPA was 95% and the PPA was 84.6%. 40 of 72 HER2 IHC score 0 tumours were classified as ERBB2 low. Best concordance between MKI67 by MammaTyper and Ki67 IHC was achieved using hotspot digital image analysis (OPA: 87.2%, PPA: 90.6%, NPA: 80%). CONCLUSION RT-qPCR-based assessment of the mRNA expression of ESR1, PGR, ERBB2, and MKI67 showed high concordance with IHC, suggesting that the MammaTyper test on core needle biopsies represents a reliable, efficient, and reproducible alternative for breast cancer classification and refining HER2 low categorisation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nahla M Badr
- Institute of Cancer and Genomic Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Menoufia University, Shebin El-Kom, Egypt
| | - Mohamed Zaakouk
- Institute of Cancer and Genomic Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
- Cancer Pathology Department, National Cancer Institute, Cairo University, Giza, Egypt
| | - Qi Zhang
- Shuwen Biotech Co. Ltd., Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province, China
| | | | - Anthony Kong
- Institute of Cancer and Genomic Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
- King's College London, London, UK
| | - Abeer M Shaaban
- Institute of Cancer and Genomic Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
- Queen Elizabeth Hospital Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
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3
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Rewcastle E, Skaland I, Gudlaugsson E, Fykse SK, Baak JPA, Janssen EAM. The Ki67 dilemma: investigating prognostic cut-offs and reproducibility for automated Ki67 scoring in breast cancer. Breast Cancer Res Treat 2024; 207:1-12. [PMID: 38797793 PMCID: PMC11231004 DOI: 10.1007/s10549-024-07352-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2024] [Accepted: 04/23/2024] [Indexed: 05/29/2024]
Abstract
PURPOSE Quantification of Ki67 in breast cancer is a well-established prognostic and predictive marker, but inter-laboratory variability has hampered its clinical usefulness. This study compares the prognostic value and reproducibility of Ki67 scoring using four automated, digital image analysis (DIA) methods and two manual methods. METHODS The study cohort consisted of 367 patients diagnosed between 1990 and 2004, with hormone receptor positive, HER2 negative, lymph node negative breast cancer. Manual scoring of Ki67 was performed using predefined criteria. DIA Ki67 scoring was performed using QuPath and Visiopharm® platforms. Reproducibility was assessed by the intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC). ROC curve survival analysis identified optimal cutoff values in addition to recommendations by the International Ki67 Working Group and Norwegian Guidelines. Kaplan-Meier curves, log-rank test and Cox regression analysis assessed the association between Ki67 scoring and distant metastasis (DM) free survival. RESULTS The manual hotspot and global scoring methods showed good agreement when compared to their counterpart DIA methods (ICC > 0.780), and good to excellent agreement between different DIA hotspot scoring platforms (ICC 0.781-0.906). Different Ki67 cutoffs demonstrate significant DM-free survival (p < 0.05). DIA scoring had greater prognostic value for DM-free survival using a 14% cutoff (HR 3.054-4.077) than manual scoring (HR 2.012-2.056). The use of a single cutoff for all scoring methods affected the distribution of prediction outcomes (e.g. false positives and negatives). CONCLUSION This study demonstrates that DIA scoring of Ki67 is superior to manual methods, but further study is required to standardize automated, DIA scoring and definition of a clinical cut-off.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emma Rewcastle
- Department of Chemistry, Bioscience and Environmental Engineering, University of Stavanger, Stavanger, Norway.
- Department of Pathology, Stavanger University Hospital, Stavanger, Norway.
| | - Ivar Skaland
- Department of Pathology, Stavanger University Hospital, Stavanger, Norway
| | - Einar Gudlaugsson
- Department of Pathology, Stavanger University Hospital, Stavanger, Norway
| | - Silja Kavlie Fykse
- Department of Pathology, Stavanger University Hospital, Stavanger, Norway
| | - Jan P A Baak
- Department of Pathology, Stavanger University Hospital, Stavanger, Norway
| | - Emiel A M Janssen
- Department of Chemistry, Bioscience and Environmental Engineering, University of Stavanger, Stavanger, Norway
- Department of Pathology, Stavanger University Hospital, Stavanger, Norway
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Hugh JC, Haddon LSJ, Githaka JM. DREAM On, DREAM Off: A Review of the Estrogen Paradox in Luminal A Breast Cancers. Biomedicines 2024; 12:1300. [PMID: 38927507 PMCID: PMC11201522 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines12061300] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2024] [Revised: 05/27/2024] [Accepted: 06/08/2024] [Indexed: 06/28/2024] Open
Abstract
It is generally assumed that all estrogen-receptor-positive (ER+) breast cancers proliferate in response to estrogen and, therefore, examples of the estrogen-induced regression of ER+ cancers are paradoxical. This review re-examines the estrogen regression paradox for the Luminal A subtype of ER+ breast cancers. The proliferative response to estrogen is shown to depend on the level of ER. Mechanistically, a window of opportunity study of pre-operative estradiol suggested that with higher levels of ER, estradiol could activate the DREAM-MMB (Dimerization partner, Retinoblastoma-like proteins, E2F4, and MuvB-MYB-MuvB) pathway to decrease proliferation. The response of breast epithelium and the incidence of breast cancers during hormonal variations that occur during the menstrual cycle and at the menopausal transition, respectively, suggest that a single hormone, either estrogen, progesterone or androgen, could activate the DREAM pathway, leading to reversible cell cycle arrest. Conversely, the presence of two hormones could switch the DREAM-MMB complex to a pro-proliferative pathway. Using publicly available data, we examine the gene expression changes after aromatase inhibitors and ICI 182,780 to provide support for the hypothesis. This review suggests that it might be possible to integrate all current hormonal therapies for Luminal A tumors within a single theoretical schema.
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Affiliation(s)
- Judith C. Hugh
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Alberta, 116 St & 85 Ave, Edmonton, AB T6G 2R3, Canada
| | - Lacey S. J. Haddon
- Department of Chemistry, University of Alberta, 116 St & 85 Ave, Edmonton, AB T6G 2R3, Canada;
| | - John Maringa Githaka
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Alberta, 116 St & 85 Ave, Edmonton, AB T6G 2R3, Canada;
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Dawe M, Shi W, Liu TY, Lajkosz K, Shibahara Y, Gopal NEK, Geread R, Mirjahanmardi S, Wei CX, Butt S, Abdalla M, Manolescu S, Liang SB, Chadwick D, Roehrl MHA, McKee TD, Adeoye A, McCready D, Khademi A, Liu FF, Fyles A, Done SJ. Reliability and Variability of Ki-67 Digital Image Analysis Methods for Clinical Diagnostics in Breast Cancer. J Transl Med 2024; 104:100341. [PMID: 38280634 DOI: 10.1016/j.labinv.2024.100341] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2023] [Revised: 11/20/2023] [Accepted: 01/19/2024] [Indexed: 01/29/2024] Open
Abstract
Ki-67 is a nuclear protein associated with proliferation, and a strong potential biomarker in breast cancer, but is not routinely measured in current clinical management owing to a lack of standardization. Digital image analysis (DIA) is a promising technology that could allow high-throughput analysis and standardization. There is a dearth of data on the clinical reliability as well as intra- and interalgorithmic variability of different DIA methods. In this study, we scored and compared a set of breast cancer cases in which manually counted Ki-67 has already been demonstrated to have prognostic value (n = 278) to 5 DIA methods, namely Aperio ePathology (Lieca Biosystems), Definiens Tissue Studio (Definiens AG), Qupath, an unsupervised immunohistochemical color histogram algorithm, and a deep-learning pipeline piNET. The piNET system achieved high agreement (interclass correlation coefficient: 0.850) and correlation (R = 0.85) with the reference score. The Qupath algorithm exhibited a high degree of reproducibility among all rater instances (interclass correlation coefficient: 0.889). Although piNET performed well against absolute manual counts, none of the tested DIA methods classified common Ki-67 cutoffs with high agreement or reached the clinically relevant Cohen's κ of at least 0.8. The highest agreement achieved was a Cohen's κ statistic of 0.73 for cutoffs 20% and 25% by the piNET system. The main contributors to interalgorithmic variation and poor cutoff characterization included heterogeneous tumor biology, varying algorithm implementation, and setting assignments. It appears that image segmentation is the primary explanation for semiautomated intra-algorithmic variation, which involves significant manual intervention to correct. Automated pipelines, such as piNET, may be crucial in developing robust and reproducible unbiased DIA approaches to accurately quantify Ki-67 for clinical diagnosis in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melanie Dawe
- Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Wei Shi
- Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Tian Y Liu
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Katherine Lajkosz
- Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Yukiko Shibahara
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Laboratory Medicine Program, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Nakita E K Gopal
- Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Rokshana Geread
- Department of Electrical, Computer and Biomedical Engineering, Toronto Metropolitan University, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Seyed Mirjahanmardi
- Department of Electrical, Computer and Biomedical Engineering, Toronto Metropolitan University, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Division of Medical Physics, Department of Radiation Oncology, Stanford University, Stanford, California
| | - Carrie X Wei
- Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Sehrish Butt
- STTARR Innovation Centre, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Moustafa Abdalla
- Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Sabrina Manolescu
- Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Sheng-Ben Liang
- Princess Margaret Cancer Biobank, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Dianne Chadwick
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Laboratory Medicine Program, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Princess Margaret Cancer Biobank, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Ontario Tumour Bank, Ontario Institute for Cancer Research, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Michael H A Roehrl
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Laboratory Medicine Program, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Princess Margaret Cancer Biobank, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Department of Pathology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Trevor D McKee
- STTARR Innovation Centre, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Adewunmi Adeoye
- Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - David McCready
- Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - April Khademi
- Department of Electrical, Computer and Biomedical Engineering, Toronto Metropolitan University, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; St. Michael's Hospital, Unity Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Fei-Fei Liu
- Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Anthony Fyles
- Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Susan J Done
- Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Laboratory Medicine Program, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
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Ai D, Turashvili G, Gjeorgjievski SG, Wang Q, Ewaz AM, Gao Y, Nguyen T, Zhang C, Li X. Subspecialized breast pathologists have suboptimal interobserver agreement in Ki-67 evaluation using 20% as the cutoff. Breast Cancer Res Treat 2024; 204:415-422. [PMID: 38157098 DOI: 10.1007/s10549-023-07197-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2023] [Accepted: 11/22/2023] [Indexed: 01/03/2024]
Abstract
PURPOSE Ki-67 expression levels in breast cancer have prognostic and predictive significance. Therefore, accurate Ki-67 evaluation is important for optimal patient care. Although an algorithm developed by the International Ki-67 in Breast Cancer Working Group (IKWG) improves interobserver variability, it is tedious and time-consuming. In this study, we simplify IKWG algorithm and evaluate its interobserver agreement among breast pathologists in Ki-67 evaluation. METHODS Six subspecialized breast pathologists (4 juniors, 2 seniors) assessed the percentage of positive cells in 5% increments in 57 immunostained Ki-67 slides. The time spent on each slide was recorded. Two rounds of ring study (R1, R2) were performed before and after training with the modified IKWG algorithm (eyeballing method at 400× instead of counting 100 tumor nuclei per area). Concordance was assessed using Kendall's and Kappa coefficients. RESULTS Analysis of ordinal scale ratings for all categories with 5% increments showed almost perfect agreement in R1 (0.821) and substantial in R2 (0.793); Seniors and juniors had substantial agreement in R1 (0.718 vs. 0.649) and R2 (0.756 vs. 0.658). In dichotomous scale analysis using 20% as the cutoff, the overall agreement was moderate in R1 (0.437) and R2 (0.479), among seniors (R1: 0.436; R2: 0.437) and juniors (R1: 0.445; R2: 0.505). Average scoring time per case was higher in R2 (71 vs. 37 s). CONCLUSION The modified IKWG algorithm does not significantly improve interobserver agreement. A better algorithm or assistance from digital image analysis is needed to improve interobserver variability in Ki-67 evaluation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Di Ai
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Emory University, 1364 Clifton Rd NE, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA
| | - Gulisa Turashvili
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Emory University, 1364 Clifton Rd NE, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA
| | | | - Qun Wang
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Emory University, 1364 Clifton Rd NE, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA
| | - Abdulwahab M Ewaz
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Emory University, 1364 Clifton Rd NE, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA
| | - Yuan Gao
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Emory University, 1364 Clifton Rd NE, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA
| | - Thi Nguyen
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Emory University, 1364 Clifton Rd NE, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA
| | - Chao Zhang
- General Dynamics Information Technology Inc., Falls Church, VA, USA
| | - Xiaoxian Li
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Emory University, 1364 Clifton Rd NE, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA.
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Shim VC, Baker RJ, Jing W, Puentes R, Agersborg SS, Lee TK, GoreaI W, Achacoso N, Lee C, Villasenor M, Lin A, Kapali M, Habel LA. Evaluation of the international Ki67 working group cut point recommendations for early breast cancer: comparison with 21-gene assay results in a large integrated health care system. Breast Cancer Res Treat 2024; 203:281-289. [PMID: 37847456 PMCID: PMC10787679 DOI: 10.1007/s10549-023-07118-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2023] [Accepted: 08/24/2023] [Indexed: 10/18/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE The International Ki67 Working Group (IKWG) has developed training for immunohistochemistry (IHC) scoring reproducibility and recommends cut points of ≤ 5% and ≥ 30% for prognosis in ER+, HER2-, stage I/II breast cancer. We examined scoring reproducibility following IKWG training and evaluated these cut points for selecting patients for further testing with the 21-gene Recurrence Score (RS) assay. METHODS We included 307 women aged 50+ years with node-negative, ER+PR+HER2- breast cancer and with available RS results. Slides from the diagnostic biopsy were stained for Ki67 and scored using digital image analysis (IA). Two IHC pathologists underwent IKWG training and visually scored slides, blinded to each other and IA readings. Interobserver reproducibility was examined using intraclass correlation (ICC) and Kappa statistics. RESULTS Depending on reader, 8.8-16.0% of our cohort had Ki67 ≤ 5% and 11.4-22.5% had scores ≥ 30%. The ICC for Ki67 scores by the two pathologists was 0.82 (95% CI 0.78-0.85); it was 0.79 (95% CI 0.74-0.83) for pathologist 1 and IA and 0.76 (95% CI 0.71-0.80) for pathologist 2 and IA. For Ki67 scores ≤ 5%, the percentages with RS < 26 were 92.6%, 91.8%, and 90.9% for pathologist 1, pathologist 2, and IA, respectively. For Ki67 scores ≥ 30%, the percentages with RS ≥ 26 were 41.5%, 51.4%, and 27.5%, respectively. CONCLUSION The IKWG's Ki67 training resulted in moderate to strong reproducibility across readers but cut points had only moderate overlap with RS cut points, especially for Ki67 ≥ 30% and RS ≥ 26; thus, their clinical utility for a 21-gene assay testing pathway remains unclear.
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Affiliation(s)
- Veronica C Shim
- The Permanente Medical Group, Northern California Kaiser Permanente, Oakland, CA, USA
| | - Robin J Baker
- The Permanente Medical Group, Northern California Kaiser Permanente, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Wen Jing
- The Permanente Medicine, Northern California Kaiser Permanente, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | | | | | - Thomas K Lee
- NeoGenomics Laboratories, Inc., Aliso Viejo, CA, USA
| | - Wamda GoreaI
- NeoGenomics Laboratories, Inc., Aliso Viejo, CA, USA
| | - Ninah Achacoso
- The Division of Research, Northern California Kaiser Permanente, 2000 Broadway, Oakland, CA, 94612, USA
| | - Catherine Lee
- The Division of Research, Northern California Kaiser Permanente, 2000 Broadway, Oakland, CA, 94612, USA
| | - Marvella Villasenor
- The Division of Research, Northern California Kaiser Permanente, 2000 Broadway, Oakland, CA, 94612, USA
| | - Amy Lin
- The Permanente Medical Group, Northern California Kaiser Permanente, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Malathy Kapali
- The Permanente Medical Group, Northern California Kaiser Permanente, Sacramento, CA, USA
| | - Laurel A Habel
- The Division of Research, Northern California Kaiser Permanente, 2000 Broadway, Oakland, CA, 94612, USA.
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8
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Wu Y, Ma Q, Fan L, Wu S, Wang J. An Automated Breast Volume Scanner-Based Intra- and Peritumoral Radiomics Nomogram for the Preoperative Prediction of Expression of Ki-67 in Breast Malignancy. Acad Radiol 2024; 31:93-103. [PMID: 37544789 DOI: 10.1016/j.acra.2023.07.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2023] [Revised: 07/04/2023] [Accepted: 07/05/2023] [Indexed: 08/08/2023]
Abstract
RATIONALE AND OBJECTIVES This study aimed to create and verify a nomogram for preoperative prediction of Ki-67 expression in breast malignancy to assist in the development of personalized treatment strategies. MATERIALS AND METHODS This retrospective study received approval from the institutional review board and included a cohort of 197 patients with breast malignancy who were admitted to our hospital. Ki-67 expression was divided into two groups based on a 14% threshold: low and high. A radiomics signature was built utilizing 1702 radiomics features based on an intra- and peritumoral (10 mm) regions of interest. Using multivariate logistic regression, radiomics signature, and ultrasound (US) characteristics, the nomogram was developed. To evaluate the model's calibration, clinical application, and predictive ability, decision curve analysis (DCA), the calibration curve, and the receiver operating characteristic curve were used, respectively. RESULTS The final nomogram included three independent predictors: tumor size (P = .037), radiomics signature (P < .001), and US-reported lymph node status (P = .018). The nomogram exhibited satisfactory performance in the training cohort, demonstrating a specificity of 0.944, a sensitivity of 0.745, and an area under the curve (AUC) of 0.905. The validation cohort recorded a specificity of 0.909, a sensitivity of 0.727, and an AUC of 0.882. The DCA showed the nomogram's clinical utility, and the calibration curve revealed a high consistency among the expected and detected values. CONCLUSION The nomogram used in this investigation can accurately predict Ki-67 expression in people with malignant breast tumors, helping to develop personalized treatment approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yimin Wu
- Department of Ultrasound, WuHu Hospital, East China Normal University (The Second People's Hospital, WuHu), Wuhu, Anhui, PR China (Y.W., J.W.)
| | - Qianqing Ma
- Department of Ultrasound, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui, PR China (Q.M.)
| | - Lifang Fan
- Department of Medical Imaging, Wannan Medical College, Wuhu, Anhui, PR China (L.F.)
| | - Shujian Wu
- Yijishan Hospital Affiliated to Wannan Medical College, Wuhu, Anhui, PR China (S.W.)
| | - Junli Wang
- Department of Ultrasound, WuHu Hospital, East China Normal University (The Second People's Hospital, WuHu), Wuhu, Anhui, PR China (Y.W., J.W.).
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9
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Zehra T, Jaffar N, Shams M, Chundriger Q, Ahmed A, Anum F, Alsubaie N, Ahmad Z. Use of a Novel Deep Learning Open-Source Model for Quantification of Ki-67 in Breast Cancer Patients in Pakistan: A Comparative Study between the Manual and Automated Methods. Diagnostics (Basel) 2023; 13:3105. [PMID: 37835848 PMCID: PMC10572449 DOI: 10.3390/diagnostics13193105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2023] [Revised: 09/01/2023] [Accepted: 09/05/2023] [Indexed: 10/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction: Breast cancer is the most common cancer in women; its early detection plays a crucial role in improving patient outcomes. Ki-67 is a biomarker commonly used for evaluating the proliferation of cancer cells in breast cancer patients. The quantification of Ki-67 has traditionally been performed by pathologists through a manual examination of tissue samples, which can be time-consuming and subject to inter- and intra-observer variability. In this study, we used a novel deep learning model to quantify Ki-67 in breast cancer in digital images prepared by a microscope-attached camera. Objective: To compare the automated detection of Ki-67 with the manual eyeball/hotspot method. Place and duration of study: This descriptive, cross-sectional study was conducted at the Jinnah Sindh Medical University. Glass slides of diagnosed cases of breast cancer were obtained from the Aga Khan University Hospital after receiving ethical approval. The duration of the study was one month. Methodology: We prepared 140 digital images stained with the Ki-67 antibody using a microscope-attached camera at 10×. An expert pathologist (P1) evaluated the Ki-67 index of the hotspot fields using the eyeball method. The images were uploaded to the DeepLiif software to detect the exact percentage of Ki-67 positive cells. SPSS version 24 was used for data analysis. Diagnostic accuracy was also calculated by other pathologists (P2, P3) and by AI using a Ki-67 cut-off score of 20 and taking P1 as the gold standard. Results: The manual and automated scoring methods showed a strong positive correlation as the kappa coefficient was significant. The p value was <0.001. The highest diagnostic accuracy, i.e., 95%, taking P1 as gold standard, was found for AI, compared to pathologists P2 and P3. Conclusions: Use of quantification-based deep learning models can make the work of pathologists easier and more reproducible. Our study is one of the earliest studies in this field. More studies with larger sample sizes are needed in future to develop a cohort.
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Affiliation(s)
- Talat Zehra
- Department of Pathology, Jinnah Sindh Medical University, Karachi 75001, Pakistan; (T.Z.); (N.J.)
| | - Nazish Jaffar
- Department of Pathology, Jinnah Sindh Medical University, Karachi 75001, Pakistan; (T.Z.); (N.J.)
| | - Mahin Shams
- Department of Pathology, United Medical and Dental College, Karachi 71500, Pakistan;
| | - Qurratulain Chundriger
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Section of Histopathology, Aga Khan University Hospital, Karachi 3500, Pakistan; (Q.C.); (A.A.)
| | - Arsalan Ahmed
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Section of Histopathology, Aga Khan University Hospital, Karachi 3500, Pakistan; (Q.C.); (A.A.)
| | - Fariha Anum
- Research Department, Ziauddin University, Karachi 75600, Pakistan;
| | - Najah Alsubaie
- Department of Computer Sciences, College of Computer and Information Sciences, Princess Nourah bint Abdulrahman University (PNU), P.O. Box 84428, Riyadh 11671, Saudi Arabia
| | - Zubair Ahmad
- Consultant Histopathologist, Sultan Qaboos Comprehensive Cancer Care and Research Centre, Seeb P.O. Box 556, Oman;
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10
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Probert J, Dodwell D, Broggio J, Charman J, Dowsett M, Kerr A, McGale P, Taylor C, Darby SC, Mannu GS. Ki67 and breast cancer mortality in women with invasive breast cancer. JNCI Cancer Spectr 2023; 7:pkad054. [PMID: 37567612 PMCID: PMC10500622 DOI: 10.1093/jncics/pkad054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2023] [Revised: 07/24/2023] [Accepted: 07/31/2023] [Indexed: 08/13/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The percentage of cells staining positive for Ki67 is sometimes used for decision-making in patients with early invasive breast cancer (IBC). However, there is uncertainty regarding the most appropriate Ki67 cut points and the influence of interlaboratory measurement variability. We examined the relationship between breast cancer mortality and Ki67 both before and after accounting for interlaboratory variability and 8 patient and tumor characteristics. METHODS A multicenter cohort study of women with early IBC diagnosed during 2009-2016 in more than 20 NHS hospitals in England and followed until December 31, 2020. RESULTS Ki67 was strongly prognostic of breast cancer mortality in 8212 women with estrogen receptor (ER)-positive, human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2)-negative early IBC (Ptrend < .001). This relationship remained strong after adjustment for patient and tumor characteristics (Ptrend < .001). Standardization for interlaboratory variability did little to alter these results. For women with Ki67 scores of 0%-5%, 6%-10%, 11%-19%, and 20%-29% the corresponding 8-year adjusted cumulative breast cancer mortality risks were 3.3% (95% confidence interval [CI] = 2.8% to 4.0%), 3.7% (95% CI = 3.0% to 4.4%), 3.4% (95% CI = 2.8% to 4.1%), and 3.4% (95% CI = 2.8% to 4.1%), whereas for women with Ki67 scores of 30%-39% and 40%-100%, these risks were higher, at 5.1% (95% CI = 4.3% to 6.2%) and 7.7% (95% CI = 6.6% to 9.1) (Ptrend < .001). Similar results were obtained when the adjusted analysis was repeated with omission of pathological information about tumor size and nodal involvement, which would not be available preoperatively for patients being considered for neoadjuvant therapy. CONCLUSION Our findings confirm the prognostic value of Ki67 scores of 30% or more in women with ER-positive, HER2-negative early IBC, irrespective of interlaboratory variability. These results also suggest that Ki67 may be useful to aid decision-making in the neoadjuvant setting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jake Probert
- Nuffield Department of Population Health, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - David Dodwell
- Nuffield Department of Population Health, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - John Broggio
- The National Disease Registration Service, NHS England, Leeds, UK
| | - Jackie Charman
- The National Disease Registration Service, NHS England, Leeds, UK
| | | | - Amanda Kerr
- Nuffield Department of Population Health, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Paul McGale
- Nuffield Department of Population Health, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Carolyn Taylor
- Nuffield Department of Population Health, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Sarah C Darby
- Nuffield Department of Population Health, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Gurdeep S Mannu
- Nuffield Department of Population Health, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- Nuffield Department of Surgical Sciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
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11
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Lee J, Lee YJ, Bae SJ, Baek SH, Kook Y, Cha YJ, Lee JW, Son BH, Ahn SH, Lee HJ, Gong G, Jeong J, Lee SB, Ahn SG. Ki-67, 21-Gene Recurrence Score, Endocrine Resistance, and Survival in Patients With Breast Cancer. JAMA Netw Open 2023; 6:e2330961. [PMID: 37647069 PMCID: PMC10469325 DOI: 10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2023.30961] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2023] [Accepted: 07/20/2023] [Indexed: 09/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Importance Both high 21-gene recurrence score (RS) and high Ki-67 level are poor prognostic factors in patients with estrogen receptor (ER)-positive ERBB2-negative (ER+/ERBB-) breast cancer; however, a discrepancy between the 2 has been noted. Survival differences according to these 2 biomarkers are not well known. Objective To assess the associations between RS and Ki-67 expression and between Ki-67 expression and recurrence-free survival in patients with ER+/ERBB- breast cancer with low RS. Design, Setting, and Participants This cohort study included women treated for ER+/ERBB2- breast cancer who underwent the 21-gene RS test from March 2010 to December 2020 in 2 hospitals in Korea. Exposures Recurrence score and Ki-67 level. Main Outcomes and Measures A Cox proportional hazards regression model was used to examine the association of Ki-67 with recurrence-free survival (RFS), while a binary logistic regression model was used to examine the association between Ki-67 and secondary endocrine resistance. High Ki-67 expression was defined as 20% or greater, and low genomic risk as an RS of 25 or less. Secondary endocrine resistance was defined as breast cancer recurrence that occurred after at least 2 years of endocrine therapy and during or within the first year after completing 5 years of adjuvant endocrine therapy. Results A total of 2295 female patients were included (mean [SD] age, 49.8 [9.3] years), of whom 1948 (84.9%) were in the low genomic risk group and 1425 (62.1%) had low Ki-67 level. The median follow-up period was 40 months (range, 0-140 months). The RS and Ki-67 level had a moderate correlation (R = 0.455; P < .001). Of the patients with low Ki-67 level, 1341 (94.1%) had low RS, whereas 607 of 870 patients with high Ki-67 level (69.8%) had low RS. In patients with low RS, the RFS differed significantly according to Ki-67 level (low Ki-67, 98.5% vs high Ki-67, 96.5%; P = .002). Among the 1807 patients with low genomic risk who did not receive chemotherapy, high Ki-67 level was independently associated with recurrence (hazard ratio, 2.51; 95% CI, 1.27-4.96; P = .008). Recurrence after 3 years differed significantly according to Ki-67 level (low Ki-67, 98.7% vs high Ki-67, 95.7%; P = .003), whereas recurrence within 3 years did not differ (low Ki-67, 99.3% vs high Ki-67, 99.3%; P = .90). In addition, Ki-67 was associated with secondary endocrine resistance in patients with low RS who did not receive chemotherapy (odds ratio, 2.49; 95% CI, 1.13-5.50; P = .02). Conclusions and Relevance In this cohort study of patients with ER+/ERBB2- breast cancer, a moderate correlation was observed between Ki-67 and RS, and high Ki-67 level in patients with low genomic risk was associated with increased risk of secondary endocrine resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Janghee Lee
- Department of Surgery, Dongtan Sacred Heart Hospital, Hallym University, Dongtan, Republic of Korea
- Department of Medicine, Yonsei University Graduate School, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Young-jin Lee
- Department of Surgery, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Soong June Bae
- Department of Surgery, Gangnam Severance Hospital, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- Institute for Breast Cancer Precision Medicine, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Seung Ho Baek
- Department of Surgery, Gangnam Severance Hospital, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- Institute for Breast Cancer Precision Medicine, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Yoowon Kook
- Department of Surgery, Gangnam Severance Hospital, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- Institute for Breast Cancer Precision Medicine, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Yoon Jin Cha
- Department of Pathology, Gangnam Severance Hospital, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Jong Won Lee
- Department of Surgery, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Byung Ho Son
- Department of Surgery, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Sei Hyun Ahn
- Department of Surgery, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Hee Jin Lee
- Department of Pathology, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Gyungyub Gong
- Department of Pathology, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Joon Jeong
- Department of Surgery, Gangnam Severance Hospital, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- Institute for Breast Cancer Precision Medicine, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Sae Byul Lee
- Department of Surgery, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Sung Gwe Ahn
- Department of Surgery, Gangnam Severance Hospital, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- Institute for Breast Cancer Precision Medicine, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
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12
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Gown AM. The Biomarker Ki-67: Promise, Potential, and Problems in Breast Cancer. Appl Immunohistochem Mol Morphol 2023; 31:478-484. [PMID: 36730064 DOI: 10.1097/pai.0000000000001087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2022] [Accepted: 10/19/2022] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Ki-67 is a nuclear protein serendipitously discovered by monoclonal antibody selection in the early 1980s. While it has been applied for decades in the context of breast cancer as a putative prognostic and, more recently, predictive, biomarker, even after all this time there is incomplete agreement as to the validity of the immunohistochemical assays employed for Ki-67 assessment, given possible effects of the disparate methodologies employed and possible confounding preanalytical, analytical, and interpretive variables. In this brief review, the history of Ki-67 and the problems, particularly with the analytical and interpretive variables, are highlighted through a selective review of the published literature. The contributions of the International Ki-67 Breast Cancer Working Group are highlighted, and in particular, the recommendations made by this group are reviewed. The potential of Ki-67 as a biomarker for breast cancer has not yet been fully realized, but an understanding of the power as well as the limitations of the methods of Ki-67 assessment are important if this biomarker can realize its potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Allen M Gown
- Department of Pathology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC
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13
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von Davier M, Tyack L, Khorramdel L. Scoring Graphical Responses in TIMSS 2019 Using Artificial Neural Networks. EDUCATIONAL AND PSYCHOLOGICAL MEASUREMENT 2023; 83:556-585. [PMID: 37187689 PMCID: PMC10177318 DOI: 10.1177/00131644221098021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
Automated scoring of free drawings or images as responses has yet to be used in large-scale assessments of student achievement. In this study, we propose artificial neural networks to classify these types of graphical responses from a TIMSS 2019 item. We are comparing classification accuracy of convolutional and feed-forward approaches. Our results show that convolutional neural networks (CNNs) outperform feed-forward neural networks in both loss and accuracy. The CNN models classified up to 97.53% of the image responses into the appropriate scoring category, which is comparable to, if not more accurate, than typical human raters. These findings were further strengthened by the observation that the most accurate CNN models correctly classified some image responses that had been incorrectly scored by the human raters. As an additional innovation, we outline a method to select human-rated responses for the training sample based on an application of the expected response function derived from item response theory. This paper argues that CNN-based automated scoring of image responses is a highly accurate procedure that could potentially replace the workload and cost of second human raters for international large-scale assessments (ILSAs), while improving the validity and comparability of scoring complex constructed-response items.
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14
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Slotman A, Xu M, Lindale K, Hardy C, Winkowski D, Baird R, Chen L, Lal P, der Kwast TV, Jackson CL, Gooding RJ, Berman DM. Quantitative nuclear grading: an objective, artificial intelligence-facilitated foundation for grading noninvasive papillary urothelial carcinoma. J Transl Med 2023; 103:100155. [PMID: 37059267 DOI: 10.1016/j.labinv.2023.100155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2023] [Revised: 03/20/2023] [Accepted: 04/01/2023] [Indexed: 04/16/2023] Open
Abstract
In non-muscle invasive bladder cancer, grade drives important treatment and management decisions. However, grading is complex, qualitative, and has considerable inter-and intra-observer variability. Previous literature showed that nuclear features quantitatively differ between bladder cancer grades, but these studies were limited in size and scope. Here, we measure morphometric features relevant to grading criteria and build simplified classification models that objectively distinguish between grades of non-invasive papillary urothelial carcinoma (NPUC). We analyzed 516 low-grade and 125 high-grade 1.0 mm diameter image samples from a cohort of 371 NPUC cases. All images underwent WHO/ISUP 2004 consensus pathologist grading at our institution that was subsequently validated by expert genitourinary pathologists from two additional institutions. Automated software segmented tissue regions and measured nuclear features of size, shape, and mitotic rate for millions of nuclei. We then analyzed differences between grades and constructed classification models which had accuracies up to 88% and areas under the curve as high as 0.94. Variation in the nuclear area was the best univariate discriminator and was prioritized, along with the mitotic index, in the top-performing classifiers. Adding shape-related variables improved accuracy further. These findings indicate that nuclear morphometry and automated mitotic figure counts can be used to objectively differentiate between grades of NPUC. Future efforts will adapt the workflow to whole slides and tune grading thresholds to best reflect time to recurrence and progression. Defining these essential quantitative elements of grading has the potential to revolutionize pathologic assessment and provide a starting point from which to improve the prognostic utility of grade.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ava Slotman
- Division of Cancer Biology and Genetics, Queen's University, Kingston, Canada; Department of Pathology and Molecular Medicine, Queen's University, Kingston, Canada
| | - Minqi Xu
- Department of Pathology and Molecular Medicine, Queen's University, Kingston, Canada
| | - Katherine Lindale
- Division of Cancer Biology and Genetics, Queen's University, Kingston, Canada; Department of Pathology and Molecular Medicine, Queen's University, Kingston, Canada
| | - Céline Hardy
- Division of Cancer Biology and Genetics, Queen's University, Kingston, Canada; Department of Pathology and Molecular Medicine, Queen's University, Kingston, Canada
| | | | - Regan Baird
- Visiopharm Corporation, Westminster, CO, USA
| | - Lina Chen
- Department of Pathology and Molecular Medicine, Queen's University, Kingston, Canada
| | - Priti Lal
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Theodorus van der Kwast
- University Health Network, Princess Margaret Cancer Center, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | - Chelsea L Jackson
- Division of Cancer Biology and Genetics, Queen's University, Kingston, Canada; Department of Pathology and Molecular Medicine, Queen's University, Kingston, Canada
| | - Robert J Gooding
- Division of Cancer Biology and Genetics, Queen's University, Kingston, Canada; Department of Physics, Engineering Physics, and Astronomy, Queen's University, Kingston, Canada
| | - David M Berman
- Division of Cancer Biology and Genetics, Queen's University, Kingston, Canada; Department of Pathology and Molecular Medicine, Queen's University, Kingston, Canada.
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15
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Faragalla H, Plotkin A, Barnes P, Lu FI, Kos Z, Mulligan AM, Bane A, Nofech Mozes S. Ki67 in Breast Cancer Assay: An Ad Hoc Testing Recommendation from the Canadian Association of Pathologists Task Force. Curr Oncol 2023; 30:3079-3090. [PMID: 36975446 PMCID: PMC10047249 DOI: 10.3390/curroncol30030233] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2023] [Revised: 02/17/2023] [Accepted: 02/27/2023] [Indexed: 03/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Ki67, a marker of cellular proliferation, is commonly assessed in surgical pathology laboratories. In breast cancer, Ki67 is an established prognostic factor with higher levels associated with worse long-term survival. However, Ki67 IHC is considered of limited clinical use in breast cancer management largely due to issues related to standardization and reproducibility of scoring across laboratories. Recently, both the American Food and Drug Administration (FDA) and Health Canada have approved the use of abemaciclib (CDK4/6 inhibitor) for patients with HR+/HER2: high-risk early breast cancers in the adjuvant setting. Health Canada and the FDA have included a Ki67 proliferation index of ≥20% in the drug monograph. The approval was based on the results from monarchE, a phase III clinical trial in early-stage chemotherapy-naïve, HR+, HER2 negative patients at high risk of early recurrence. The study has shown significant improvement in invasive disease-free survival (IDFS) with abemaciclib when combined with adjuvant endocrine therapy at two years. Therefore, there is an urgent need by the breast pathology and medical oncology community in Canada to establish national guideline recommendations for Ki67 testing as a predictive marker in the context of abemaciclib therapy consideration. The following recommendations are based on previous IKWG publications, available guidance from the monarchE trial and expert opinions. The current recommendations are by no means final or comprehensive, and their goal is to focus on its role in the selection of patients for abemaciclib therapy. The aim of this document is to guide Canadian pathologists on how to test and report Ki67 in invasive breast cancer. Testing should be performed upon a medical oncologist’s request only. Testing must be performed on treatment-naïve tumor tissue. Testing on the core biopsy is preferred; however, a well-fixed resection specimen is an acceptable alternative. Adhering to ASCO/CAP fixation guidelines for breast biomarkers is advised. Readout training is strongly recommended. Visual counting methods, other than eyeballing, should be used, with global rather than hot spot assessment preferred. Counting 100 cells in at least four areas of the tumor is recommended. The Ki67 scoring app developed to assist pathologists with scoring Ki67 proposed by the IKWG, available for free download, may be used. Automated image analysis is very promising, and laboratories with such technology are encouraged to use it as an adjunct to visual counting. A score of <5 or >30 is more robust. The task force recommends that the results are best expressed as a continuous variable. The appropriate antibody clone and staining protocols to be used may take time to address. For the time being, the task force recommends having tonsils/+pancreas on-slide control and enrollment in at least one national/international EQA program. Analytical validation remains a pending goal. Until the data become available, using local ki67 protocols is acceptable. The task force recommends participation in upcoming calibration and technical validation initiatives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hala Faragalla
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, St. Michael’s Hospital, Toronto, ON M5B 1W8, Canada
- Correspondence:
| | - Anna Plotkin
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Molecular Diagnostics Sunnybrook Health Sciences Center, Toronto, ON M4N 3M5, Canada
| | - Penny Barnes
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Nova Scotia Health Authority, Halifax, NS B3H 2E2, Canada
| | - Fang-I Lu
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Molecular Diagnostics Sunnybrook Health Sciences Center, Toronto, ON M4N 3M5, Canada
| | - Zuzana Kos
- Department of Pathology, BC Cancer, Vancouver, BC V5Z 4E6, Canada
| | - Anna Marie Mulligan
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, University Health Network, Toronto, ON M5T 2S8, Canada
| | - Anita Bane
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, University Health Network, Toronto, ON M5T 2S8, Canada
| | - Sharon Nofech Mozes
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Molecular Diagnostics Sunnybrook Health Sciences Center, Toronto, ON M4N 3M5, Canada
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16
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Abele N, Tiemann K, Krech T, Wellmann A, Schaaf C, Länger F, Peters A, Donner A, Keil F, Daifalla K, Mackens M, Mamilos A, Minin E, Krümmelbein M, Krause L, Stark M, Zapf A, Päpper M, Hartmann A, Lang T. Noninferiority of Artificial Intelligence-Assisted Analysis of Ki-67 and Estrogen/Progesterone Receptor in Breast Cancer Routine Diagnostics. Mod Pathol 2023; 36:100033. [PMID: 36931740 DOI: 10.1016/j.modpat.2022.100033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2022] [Revised: 09/19/2022] [Accepted: 09/22/2022] [Indexed: 03/17/2023]
Abstract
Image analysis assistance with artificial intelligence (AI) has become one of the great promises over recent years in pathology, with many scientific studies being published each year. Nonetheless, and perhaps surprisingly, only few image AI systems are already in routine clinical use. A major reason for this is the missing validation of the robustness of many AI systems: beyond a narrow context, the large variability in digital images due to differences in preanalytical laboratory procedures, staining procedures, and scanners can be challenging for the subsequent image analysis. Resulting faulty AI analysis may bias the pathologist and contribute to incorrect diagnoses and, therefore, may lead to inappropriate therapy or prognosis. In this study, a pretrained AI assistance tool for the quantification of Ki-67, estrogen receptor (ER), and progesterone receptor (PR) in breast cancer was evaluated within a realistic study set representative of clinical routine on a total of 204 slides (72 Ki-67, 66 ER, and 66 PR slides). This represents the cohort with the largest image variance for AI tool evaluation to date, including 3 staining systems, 5 whole-slide scanners, and 1 microscope camera. These routine cases were collected without manual preselection and analyzed by 10 participant pathologists from 8 sites. Agreement rates for individual pathologists were found to be 87.6% for Ki-67 and 89.4% for ER/PR, respectively, between scoring with and without the assistance of the AI tool regarding clinical categories. Individual AI analysis results were confirmed by the majority of pathologists in 95.8% of Ki-67 cases and 93.2% of ER/PR cases. The statistical analysis provides evidence for high interobserver variance between pathologists (Krippendorff's α, 0.69) in conventional immunohistochemical quantification. Pathologist agreement increased slightly when using AI support (Krippendorff α, 0.72). Agreement rates of pathologist scores with and without AI assistance provide evidence for the reliability of immunohistochemical scoring with the support of the investigated AI tool under a large number of environmental variables that influence the quality of the diagnosed tissue images.
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Affiliation(s)
- Niklas Abele
- Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Institut für Pathologie, Erlangen, Germany.
| | | | - Till Krech
- Institute of Pathology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany; Institute of Pathology, Clinical Center Osnabrueck, Osnabrueck, Germany
| | | | - Christian Schaaf
- Department of Internal Medicine II, Klinikum rechts der Isar of the TU Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Florian Länger
- Institut für Pathologie, Medizinische Hochschule Hannover, Hannover, Germany
| | - Anja Peters
- Institut für Pathologie, Städtisches Klinikum Lüneburg gGmbH, Lüneburg, Germany
| | - Andreas Donner
- Zentrum für Pathologie, Zytologie und Molekularpathologie Neuss, Neuss, Germany
| | - Felix Keil
- Institute of Pathology, University of Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
| | | | | | - Andreas Mamilos
- Institute of Pathology, University of Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Evgeny Minin
- Institute of Pathology, Clinical Center Osnabrueck, Osnabrueck, Germany
| | | | - Linda Krause
- Institute of Medical Biometry and Epidemiology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Maria Stark
- Institute of Medical Biometry and Epidemiology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Antonia Zapf
- Institute of Medical Biometry and Epidemiology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | | | - Arndt Hartmann
- Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Institut für Pathologie, Erlangen, Germany
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17
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Finkelman BS, Zhang H, Hicks DG, Turner BM. The Evolution of Ki-67 and Breast Carcinoma: Past Observations, Present Directions, and Future Considerations. Cancers (Basel) 2023; 15:808. [PMID: 36765765 PMCID: PMC9913317 DOI: 10.3390/cancers15030808] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2022] [Revised: 01/19/2023] [Accepted: 01/24/2023] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
The 1983 discovery of a mouse monoclonal antibody-the Ki-67 antibody-that recognized a nuclear antigen present only in proliferating cells represented a seminal discovery for the pathologic assessment of cellular proliferation in breast cancer and other solid tumors. Cellular proliferation is a central determinant of prognosis and response to cytotoxic chemotherapy in patients with breast cancer, and since the discovery of the Ki-67 antibody, Ki-67 has evolved as an important biomarker with both prognostic and predictive potential in breast cancer. Although there is universal recognition among the international guideline recommendations of the value of Ki-67 in breast cancer, recommendations for the actual use of Ki-67 assays in the prognostic and predictive evaluation of breast cancer remain mixed, primarily due to the lack of assay standardization and inconsistent inter-observer and inter-laboratory reproducibility. The treatment of high-risk ER-positive/human epidermal growth factor receptor-2 (HER2) negative breast cancer with the recently FDA-approved drug abemaciclib relies on a quantitative assessment of Ki-67 expression in the treatment decision algorithm. This further reinforces the urgent need for standardization of Ki-67 antibody selection and staining interpretation, which will hopefully lead to multidisciplinary consensus on the use of Ki-67 as a prognostic and predictive marker in breast cancer. The goals of this review are to highlight the historical evolution of Ki-67 in breast cancer, summarize the present literature on Ki-67 in breast cancer, and discuss the evolving literature on the use of Ki-67 as a companion diagnostic biomarker in breast cancer, with consideration for the necessary changes required across pathology practices to help increase the reliability and widespread adoption of Ki-67 as a prognostic and predictive marker for breast cancer in clinical practice.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Bradley M. Turner
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Rochester Medical Center, 601 Elmwood Ave., Rochester, NY 14620, USA
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Mueller S, Grote I, Bartels S, Kandt L, Christgen H, Lehmann U, Gluz O, Graeser M, Kates R, Harbeck N, Kreipe H, Christgen M. p53 Expression in Luminal Breast Cancer Correlates With TP53 Mutation and Primary Endocrine Resistance. Mod Pathol 2023; 36:100100. [PMID: 36788081 DOI: 10.1016/j.modpat.2023.100100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2022] [Revised: 01/02/2023] [Accepted: 01/05/2023] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
TP53 mutation is associated with primary endocrine resistance in luminal breast cancer (BC). Nuclear accumulation of p53, as determined by immunohistochemistry (IHC), is a surrogate marker for TP53 mutation. The immunohistochemical p53 index that defines a p53-positive status is not well established. This study determined the optimal p53 index cutoff to identify luminal BCs harboring TP53 mutations. In total, 364 luminal BCs from the West German Study Group ADAPT trial (NCT01779206) were analyzed for TP53 mutations by next-generation sequencing and for p53 expression by IHC (DO-7 antibody). P53 indices were determined by automated image analysis. All tumors were from patients treated with short-term preoperative endocrine therapy (pET; tamoxifen or aromatase inhibitor) before tumor resection. IHC evaluation included needle biopsies before therapy (baseline) and resections specimens after therapy (post-pET). Optimal p53 index cutoffs were defined with Youden statistics. TP53 mutations were detected in 16.3% of BC cases. The median p53 indices were significantly higher in TP53-mutated BCs compared to BCs harboring wild-type TP53 (baseline: 47.0% vs 6.4%, P < .001; post-pET: 50.1% vs 1.1%, P < .001). Short-term pET decreased p53 indices in BCs harboring wild-type TP53 (P < .001) but not in TP53-mutated BCs (P = .102). For baseline biopsies, the optimal p53 index cutoff was ≥34.6% (specificity 0.92, sensitivity 0.63, Youden index 0.54, accuracy: 0.87). For post-pET specimens, the optimal cutoff was ≥25.3% (specificity 0.95, sensitivity 0.65, Youden index 0.60, accuracy: 0.90). Using these cutoffs to define the p53 status, p53-positive BCs were >2-fold more common in pET nonresponders compared to pET responders (baseline: 37/162, 22.8% vs 18/162, 11.1%, P = .007; post-pET: 36/179, 20.1% vs 16/179, 8.9%, P = .004). In summary, IHC for p53 identifies TP53-mutated luminal BCs with high specificity and accuracy. Optimal cutoffs are ≥35% and ≥25% for treatment-naïve and endocrine-pretreated patients, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sophie Mueller
- Institute of Pathology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Isabel Grote
- Institute of Pathology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Stephan Bartels
- Institute of Pathology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Leonie Kandt
- Institute of Pathology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | | | - Ulrich Lehmann
- Institute of Pathology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Oleg Gluz
- West German Study Group, Moenchengladbach, Germany; Ev. Bethesda Hospital, Moenchengladbach, Germany; Women's Clinic and Breast Center, University Clinics Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Monika Graeser
- West German Study Group, Moenchengladbach, Germany; Ev. Bethesda Hospital, Moenchengladbach, Germany; Department of Gynecology, University Medical Center Hamburg, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Ron Kates
- West German Study Group, Moenchengladbach, Germany
| | - Nadia Harbeck
- West German Study Group, Moenchengladbach, Germany; Department of OB&GYN and CCC Munich, Breast Center, LMU University Hospital, Munich, Germany
| | - Hans Kreipe
- Institute of Pathology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
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Digital Image Analysis of Ki67 Heterogeneity Improves the Diagnosis and Prognosis of Gastroenteropancreatic Neuroendocrine Neoplasms. Mod Pathol 2023; 36:100017. [PMID: 36788066 DOI: 10.1016/j.modpat.2022.100017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2022] [Revised: 07/29/2022] [Accepted: 09/20/2022] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Ki67 is a reliable grading and prognostic biomarker of gastroenteropancreatic neuroendocrine neoplasms (GEP-NENs). The intratumor heterogeneity of Ki67, correlated with tumor progression, is a valuable factor that requires image analysis. The application of digital image analysis (DIA) enables new approaches for the assessment of Ki67 heterogeneity distribution. We investigated the diagnostic utility of Ki67 heterogeneity parameters in the classification and grading of GEP-NENs and explored their clinical values with regard to their prognostic relevance. The DIA algorithm was performed on whole-slide images of 102 resection samples with Ki67 staining. Good agreement was observed between the manual and DIA methods in the hotspot evaluation (R2 = 0.94, P < .01). Using the grid-based region of interest approach, score-based heat maps provided a distinctive overview of the intratumoral distribution of Ki67 between neuroendocrine carcinomas and neuroendocrine tumors. The computation of heterogeneity parameters related to DIA-determined Ki67 showed that the coefficient of variation and Morisita-Horn index were directly related to the classification and grading of GEP-NENs and provided insights into distinguishing high-grade neuroendocrine neoplasms (grade 3 neuroendocrine tumor vs neuroendocrine carcinoma, P < .01). Our study showed that a high Morisita-Horn index correlated with poor disease-free survival (multivariate analysis: hazard ratio, 56.69), which was found to be the only independent predictor of disease-free survival in patients with GEP-NEN. These spatial biomarkers have an impact on the classification and grading of tumors and highlight the prognostic associations of tumor heterogeneity. Digitization of Ki67 variations provides a direct and objective measurement of tumor heterogeneity and better predicts the biological behavior of GEP-NENs.
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Martínez-Pérez C, Turnbull AK, Kay C, Dixon JM. Neoadjuvant endocrine therapy in postmenopausal women with HR+/HER2- breast cancer. Expert Rev Anticancer Ther 2023; 23:67-86. [PMID: 36633402 DOI: 10.1080/14737140.2023.2162043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2022] [Accepted: 12/20/2022] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION While endocrine therapy is the standard-of-care adjuvant treatment for hormone receptor-positive (HR+) breast cancers, there is also extensive evidence for the role of pre-operative (or neoadjuvant) endocrine therapy (NET) in HR+ postmenopausal women. AREAS COVERED We conducted a thorough review of the published literature, to summarize the evidence to date, including studies of how NET compares to neoadjuvant chemotherapy, which NET agents are preferable, and the optimal duration of NET. We describe the importance of on-treatment assessment of response, the different predictors available (including Ki67, PEPI score, and molecular signatures) and the research opportunities the pre-operative setting offers. We also summarize recent combination trials and discuss how the COVID-19 pandemic led to increases in NET use for safe management of cases with deferred surgery and adjuvant treatments. EXPERT OPINION NET represents a safe and effective tool for the management of postmenopausal women with HR+/HER2- breast cancer, enabling disease downstaging and a wider range of surgical options. Aromatase inhibitors are the preferred NET, with evidence suggesting that longer regimens might yield optimal results. However, NET remains currently underutilised in many territories and institutions. Further validation of predictors for treatment response and benefit is needed to help standardise and fully exploit the potential of NET in the clinic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlos Martínez-Pérez
- Translational Oncology Research Group, MRC Institute of Genetics and Cancer, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, Scotland
- Edinburgh Breast Cancer Now Research Team, MRC Institute of Genetics and Cancer, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, Scotland
| | - Arran K Turnbull
- Translational Oncology Research Group, MRC Institute of Genetics and Cancer, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, Scotland
- Edinburgh Breast Cancer Now Research Team, MRC Institute of Genetics and Cancer, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, Scotland
| | - Charlene Kay
- Translational Oncology Research Group, MRC Institute of Genetics and Cancer, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, Scotland
- Edinburgh Breast Cancer Now Research Team, MRC Institute of Genetics and Cancer, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, Scotland
| | - J Michael Dixon
- Translational Oncology Research Group, MRC Institute of Genetics and Cancer, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, Scotland
- Edinburgh Breast Cancer Now Research Team, MRC Institute of Genetics and Cancer, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, Scotland
- Edinburgh Breast Unit, Western General Hospital, Edinburgh, Scotland
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Catteau X, Zindy E, Bouri S, Noël JC, Salmon I, Decaestecker C. Comparison Between Manual and Automated Assessment of Ki-67 in Breast Carcinoma: Test of a Simple Method in Daily Practice. Technol Cancer Res Treat 2023; 22:15330338231169603. [PMID: 37559526 PMCID: PMC10416654 DOI: 10.1177/15330338231169603] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/11/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND In the era of "precision medicine," the availability of high-quality tumor biomarker tests is critical and tumor proliferation evaluated by Ki-67 antibody is one of the most important prognostic factors in breast cancer. But the evaluation of Ki-67 index has been shown to suffer from some interobserver variability. The goal of the study is to develop an easy, automated, and reliable Ki-67 assessment approach for invasive breast carcinoma in routine practice. PATIENTS AND METHODS A total of 151 biopsies of invasive breast carcinoma were analyzed. The Ki-67 index was evaluated by 2 pathologists with MIB-1 antibody as a global tumor index and also in a hotspot. These 2 areas were also analyzed by digital image analysis (DIA). RESULTS For Ki-67 index assessment, in the global and hotspot tumor area, the concordances were very good between DIA and pathologists when DIA focused on the annotations made by pathologist (0.73 and 0.83, respectively). However, this was definitely not the case when DIA was not constrained within the pathologist's annotations and automatically established its global or hotspot area in the whole tissue sample (concordance correlation coefficients between 0.28 and 0.58). CONCLUSIONS The DIA technique demonstrated a meaningful concordance with the indices evaluated by pathologists when the tumor area is previously identified by a pathologist. In contrast, basing Ki-67 assessment on automatic tissue detection was not satisfactory and provided bad concordance results. A representative tumoral zone must therefore be manually selected prior to the measurement made by the DIA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xavier Catteau
- Department of Pathology, Erasme's Hospital, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels, Belgium
- Curepath laboratory, CHU Tivoli and CHIREC institute, Jumet, Belgium
| | - Egor Zindy
- Laboratory of Image Synthesis and Analysis (LISA), Université Libre de Bruxelles, Bruxelles, Belgium
- Digital Pathology Platform of the CMMI (DIAPath), Université Libre de Bruxelles, Gosselies, Belgium
| | - Sarah Bouri
- Department of Pathology, Erasme's Hospital, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels, Belgium
- Curepath laboratory, CHU Tivoli and CHIREC institute, Jumet, Belgium
| | - Jean-Christophe Noël
- Department of Pathology, Erasme's Hospital, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels, Belgium
- Curepath laboratory, CHU Tivoli and CHIREC institute, Jumet, Belgium
| | - Isabelle Salmon
- Department of Pathology, Erasme's Hospital, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels, Belgium
- Digital Pathology Platform of the CMMI (DIAPath), Université Libre de Bruxelles, Gosselies, Belgium
| | - Christine Decaestecker
- Laboratory of Image Synthesis and Analysis (LISA), Université Libre de Bruxelles, Bruxelles, Belgium
- Digital Pathology Platform of the CMMI (DIAPath), Université Libre de Bruxelles, Gosselies, Belgium
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22
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Dowsett M, Nielsen TO, Rimm DL, Hayes DF. Ki67 as a Companion Diagnostic: Good or Bad News? J Clin Oncol 2022; 40:3796-3799. [PMID: 35816627 DOI: 10.1200/jco.22.00581] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
| | - Torsten O Nielsen
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - David L Rimm
- Department of Pathology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT
| | - Daniel F Hayes
- University of Michigan Rogel Cancer Center, Ann Arbor, MI
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Acs B, Leung SCY, Kidwell KM, Arun I, Augulis R, Badve SS, Bai Y, Bane AL, Bartlett JMS, Bayani J, Bigras G, Blank A, Buikema H, Chang MC, Dietz RL, Dodson A, Fineberg S, Focke CM, Gao D, Gown AM, Gutierrez C, Hartman J, Kos Z, Lænkholm AV, Laurinavicius A, Levenson RM, Mahboubi-Ardakani R, Mastropasqua MG, Nofech-Mozes S, Osborne CK, Penault-Llorca FM, Piper T, Quintayo MA, Rau TT, Reinhard S, Robertson S, Salgado R, Sugie T, van der Vegt B, Viale G, Zabaglo LA, Hayes DF, Dowsett M, Nielsen TO, Rimm DL. Systematically higher Ki67 scores on core biopsy samples compared to corresponding resection specimen in breast cancer: a multi-operator and multi-institutional study. Mod Pathol 2022; 35:1362-1369. [PMID: 35729220 PMCID: PMC9514990 DOI: 10.1038/s41379-022-01104-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2022] [Revised: 04/11/2022] [Accepted: 05/05/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Ki67 has potential clinical importance in breast cancer but has yet to see broad acceptance due to inter-laboratory variability. Here we tested an open source and calibrated automated digital image analysis (DIA) platform to: (i) investigate the comparability of Ki67 measurement across corresponding core biopsy and resection specimen cases, and (ii) assess section to section differences in Ki67 scoring. Two sets of 60 previously stained slides containing 30 core-cut biopsy and 30 corresponding resection specimens from 30 estrogen receptor-positive breast cancer patients were sent to 17 participating labs for automated assessment of average Ki67 expression. The blocks were centrally cut and immunohistochemically (IHC) stained for Ki67 (MIB-1 antibody). The QuPath platform was used to evaluate tumoral Ki67 expression. Calibration of the DIA method was performed as in published studies. A guideline for building an automated Ki67 scoring algorithm was sent to participating labs. Very high correlation and no systematic error (p = 0.08) was found between consecutive Ki67 IHC sections. Ki67 scores were higher for core biopsy slides compared to paired whole sections from resections (p ≤ 0.001; median difference: 5.31%). The systematic discrepancy between core biopsy and corresponding whole sections was likely due to pre-analytical factors (tissue handling, fixation). Therefore, Ki67 IHC should be tested on core biopsy samples to best reflect the biological status of the tumor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Balazs Acs
- Department of Pathology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA.
- Department of Oncology and Pathology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.
- Department of Clinical Pathology and Cancer Diagnostics, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden.
| | | | - Kelley M Kidwell
- Department of Biostatistics, School of Public Health, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Indu Arun
- Tata Medical Center, Kolkata, West Bengal, India
| | - Renaldas Augulis
- Vilnius University Faculty of Medicine and National Center of Pathology, Vilnius University Hospital Santaros Clinics, Vilnius, Lithuania
| | - Sunil S Badve
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Yalai Bai
- Department of Pathology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Anita L Bane
- Juravinski Hospital and Cancer Centre, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
| | - John M S Bartlett
- Ontario Institute for Cancer Research, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Edinburgh Cancer Research Centre, Western General Hospital, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Jane Bayani
- Ontario Institute for Cancer Research, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Gilbert Bigras
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - Annika Blank
- Institute of Pathology, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
- Institute of Pathology, Triemli Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Henk Buikema
- University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Martin C Chang
- Department of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine, University of Vermont Medical Center, Burlington, VT, USA
| | - Robin L Dietz
- Department of Pathology, Olive View-UCLA Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Andrew Dodson
- UK NEQAS for Immunocytochemistry and In-Situ Hybridisation, London, United Kingdom
| | - Susan Fineberg
- Montefiore Medical Center and the Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, USA
| | - Cornelia M Focke
- Dietrich-Bonhoeffer Medical Center, Neubrandenburg, Mecklenburg-Vorpommern, Germany
| | - Dongxia Gao
- University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | | | - Carolina Gutierrez
- Lester and Sue Smith Breast Center and Dan L. Duncan Comprehensive Cancer Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Johan Hartman
- Department of Oncology and Pathology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
- Department of Clinical Pathology and Cancer Diagnostics, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Zuzana Kos
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Anne-Vibeke Lænkholm
- Department of Surgical Pathology, Zealand University Hospital, Roskilde, Denmark
| | - Arvydas Laurinavicius
- Vilnius University Faculty of Medicine and National Center of Pathology, Vilnius University Hospital Santaros Clinics, Vilnius, Lithuania
| | - Richard M Levenson
- Department of Medical Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of California Davis Medical Center, Sacramento, CA, USA
| | - Rustin Mahboubi-Ardakani
- Department of Medical Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of California Davis Medical Center, Sacramento, CA, USA
| | | | - Sharon Nofech-Mozes
- University of Toronto Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - C Kent Osborne
- Lester and Sue Smith Breast Center and Dan L. Duncan Comprehensive Cancer Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Frédérique M Penault-Llorca
- Imagerie Moléculaire et Stratégies Théranostiques, UMR1240, Université Clermont Auvergne, INSERM, Clermont-Ferrand, France
- Service de Pathologie, Centre Jean PERRIN, Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Tammy Piper
- Edinburgh Cancer Research Centre, Western General Hospital, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | | | - Tilman T Rau
- Institute of Pathology, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
- Institute of Pathology, Heinrich Heine University and University Hospital of Duesseldorf, Duesseldorf, Germany
| | - Stefan Reinhard
- Institute of Pathology, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Stephanie Robertson
- Department of Oncology and Pathology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
- Department of Clinical Pathology and Cancer Diagnostics, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Roberto Salgado
- Department of Pathology, GZA-ZNA, Antwerp, Belgium
- Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | | | - Bert van der Vegt
- University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Giuseppe Viale
- European Institute of Oncology, Milan, Italy
- European Institute of Oncology IRCCS, and University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Lila A Zabaglo
- The Institute of Cancer Research, London, United Kingdom
| | - Daniel F Hayes
- University of Michigan Rogel Cancer Center, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Mitch Dowsett
- The Institute of Cancer Research, London, United Kingdom
| | | | - David L Rimm
- Department of Pathology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA.
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Kreipe H, Harbeck N, Christgen M. Clinical validity and clinical utility of Ki67 in early breast cancer. Ther Adv Med Oncol 2022; 14:17588359221122725. [PMID: 36105888 PMCID: PMC9465566 DOI: 10.1177/17588359221122725] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2022] [Accepted: 08/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Ki67 represents an immunohistochemical nuclear localized marker that is widely
used in surgical pathology. Nuclear immunoreactivity for Ki67 indicates that
cells are cycling and are in G1- to S-phase. The percentage of Ki67-positive
tumor cells (Ki67 index) therefore provides an estimate of the growth fraction
in tumor specimens. In breast cancer (BC), tumor cell proliferation rate is one
of the most relevant prognostic markers and Ki67 is consequently helpful in
prognostication similar to histological grading and mRNA profiling-based BC risk
stratification. In BCs treated with short-term preoperative endocrine therapy,
Ki67 dynamics enable distinguishing between endocrine sensitive and resistant
tumors. Despite its nearly universal use in pathology laboratories worldwide, no
internationally accepted consensus has yet been achieved for some methodological
details related to Ki67 immunohistochemistry (IHC). Controversial issues refer
to choice of IHC antibody clones, scoring methods, inter-laboratory
reproducibility, and the potential value of computer-assisted imaging analysis
and/or artificial intelligence for Ki67 assessment. Prospective clinical trials
focusing on BC treatment have proven that Ki67, as determined by standardized
central pathology assessment, is of clinical validity. Clinical utility has been
demonstrated in huge observational studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hans Kreipe
- Institute of Pathology, Hannover Medical School, Carl-Neubergstraße 1, Hannover 30625, Germany
| | - Nadia Harbeck
- Brustzentrum der Universität München (LMU) Frauenklinik Maistrasse-Innenstadt und Klinikum Großhadern, Germany
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Molecular Subtyping of Invasive Breast Cancer Using a PAM50-Based Multigene Expression Test-Comparison with Molecular-Like Subtyping by Tumor Grade/Immunohistochemistry and Influence on Oncologist's Decision on Systemic Therapy in a Real-World Setting. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23158716. [PMID: 35955851 PMCID: PMC9368794 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23158716] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2022] [Revised: 08/02/2022] [Accepted: 08/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
In intermediate risk hormone receptor (HR) positive, HER2 negative breast cancer (BC), the decision regarding adjuvant chemotherapy might be facilitated by multigene expression tests. In all, 142 intermediate risk BCs were investigated using the PAM50-based multigene expression test Prosigna® in a prospective multicentric study. In 119/142 cases, Prosigna® molecular subtyping was compared with local and two central (C1 and C6) molecular-like subtypes relying on both immunohistochemistry (IHC; HRs, HER2, Ki-67) and IHC + tumor grade (IHC+G) subtyping. According to local IHC, 35.4% were Luminal A-like and 64.6% Luminal B-like subtypes (local IHC+G subtype: 31.9% Luminal A-like; 68.1% Luminal B-like). In contrast to local and C1 subtyping, C6 classified >2/3 of cases as Luminal A-like. Pairwise agreement between Prosigna® subtyping and molecular-like subtypes was fair to moderate depending on molecular-like subtyping method and center. The best agreement was observed between Prosigna® (53.8% Luminal A; 44.5% Luminal B) and C1 surrogate subtyping (Cohen’s kappa = 0.455). Adjuvant chemotherapy was suggested to 44.2% and 88.6% of Prosigna® Luminal A and Luminal B cases, respectively. Out of all Luminal A-like cases (locally IHC/IHC+G subtyping), adjuvant chemotherapy was recommended if Prosigna® testing classified as Prosigna® Luminal A at high / intermediate risk or upgraded to Prosigna® Luminal B.
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Conventional and digital Ki67 evaluation and their correlation with molecular prognosis and morphological parameters in luminal breast cancer. Sci Rep 2022; 12:8176. [PMID: 35581229 PMCID: PMC9114341 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-11411-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2022] [Accepted: 04/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Digital counting methods were developed to decrease the high intra- and inter-observer variability of immunohistochemical markers such as Ki67, with most presenting a good correlation coefficient (CC). Since Ki67 is one of the major contributors to Oncotype DX, it is conceivable that Ki67 expression and the recurrence score (RS) obtained by the multigene panel are positively correlated. We decided first to test to what extent conventional and digital Ki67 quantification methods correlate in daily practice and, second, to determine which of these methods correlates better with the prognostic capacity of the Oncotype DX test. Both Ki67 evaluations were performed in 89 core biopsies with a diagnosis of estrogen receptor (ER) positive HER2-negative breast cancer (BC). Cases were, thus, classified twice for surrogate subtype: first by conventional analysis and then by digital evaluation. The Oncotype RS was obtained in 55 cases that were subsequently correlated to Ki67 evaluation by both methods. Conventional and digital Ki67 evaluation showed good concordance and correlation (CC = 0.81 (95% CI 0.73–0.89)). The correlation of Oncotype DX risk groups and surrogate derived subtypes was slightly higher for the digital technique (rs = 0.46, p < 0.01) compared to the conventional method (rs = 0.39, p < 0.01), even though both were statistically significant. In conclusion, we show that digital evaluation could be an alternative to conventional counting, and also has advantages for predicting the risk established by the Oncotype DX test in ER-positive BC. This study also supports the importance of an accurate Ki67 analysis which can influence the decision to submit ER-positive HER2-negative BC to prognostic molecular platforms.
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Nitz UA, Gluz O, Kümmel S, Christgen M, Braun M, Aktas B, Lüdtke-Heckenkamp K, Forstbauer H, Grischke EM, Schumacher C, Darsow M, Krauss K, Nuding B, Thill M, Potenberg J, Uleer C, Warm M, Fischer HH, Malter W, Hauptmann M, Kates RE, Gräser M, Würstlein R, Shak S, Baehner F, Kreipe HH, Harbeck N. Endocrine Therapy Response and 21-Gene Expression Assay for Therapy Guidance in HR+/HER2- Early Breast Cancer. J Clin Oncol 2022; 40:2557-2567. [PMID: 35404683 DOI: 10.1200/jco.21.02759] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE To our knowledge, WSG-ADAPT-HR+/HER2- (NCT01779206; n = 5,625 registered) is the first trial combining the 21-gene expression assay (recurrence score [RS]) and response to 3-week preoperative endocrine therapy (ET) to guide systemic therapy in early breast cancer. MATERIALS AND METHODS Baseline and postendocrine Ki67 (Ki67post) were evaluated centrally. In the endocrine trial, all patients received exclusively ET: patients with pathologic regional lymph node status (pN) 0-1 (ie, 0-3 involved lymph nodes) entered control arm if RS ≤ 11 and experimental arm if RS12-25 with ET response (Ki67post ≤ 10%). All other patients (including N0-1 RS12-25 without ET response) received dose-dense chemotherapy (CT) followed by ET in the CT trial. Primary end point of the endocrine trial was noninferiority of 5-year invasive disease-free survival (5y-iDFS) in experimental (v control) arm; secondary end points included distant DFS, overall survival, and translational research. RESULTS Intention-to-treat population comprised 2,290 patients (n = 1,422 experimental v n = 868 control): 26.3% versus 34.6% premenopausal and 27.4% versus 24.0% pN1. One-sided 95% lower confidence limit of the 5y-iDFS difference was -3.3%, establishing prespecified noninferiority (P = .05). 5y-iDFS was 92.6% (95% CI, 90.8 to 94.0) in experimental versus 93.9% (95% CI, 91.8 to 95.4) in control arm; 5-year distant DFS was 95.6% versus 96.3%, and 5-year overall survival 97.3% versus 98.0%, respectively. Differences were similar in age and nodal subgroups. In N0-1 RS12-25, outcome of ET responders (ET alone) was comparable with that of ET nonresponders (CT) for age > 50 years and superior for age ≤ 50 years. ET response was more likely with aromatase inhibitors (mostly postmenopausal) than with tamoxifen (mostly premenopausal): 78.1% versus 41.1% (P < .001). ET response was 78.8% in RS0-11, 62.2% in RS12-25, and 32.7% in RS > 25 (n = 4,203, P < .001). CONCLUSION WSG-ADAPT-HR+/HER2- demonstrates that guiding systemic treatment by both RS and ET response is feasible in clinical routine and spares CT in pre- and postmenopausal patients with ≤ 3 involved lymph nodes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ulrike A Nitz
- West German Study Group, Moenchengladbach, Germany.,Ev. Bethesda Hospital, Breast Center Niederrhein, Moenchengladbach, Germany
| | - Oleg Gluz
- West German Study Group, Moenchengladbach, Germany.,Ev. Bethesda Hospital, Breast Center Niederrhein, Moenchengladbach, Germany.,University Clinics Cologne, Women's Clinic and Breast Center, Cologne, Germany
| | - Sherko Kümmel
- West German Study Group, Moenchengladbach, Germany.,Breast Unit, Kliniken Essen-Mitte, Essen, Germany.,Clinic for Gynecology with Breast Center, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | | | - Michael Braun
- Department of Gynecology, Breast Center, Red Cross Hospital Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Bahriye Aktas
- University Clinics Essen, Women's Clinic, Essen, Germany.,University Clinics Leipzig, Women's Clinic, Leipzig, Germany
| | | | | | | | | | - Maren Darsow
- Luisenhospital Duesseldorf, Practice for Senologic Oncology, Duesseldorf, Germany
| | - Katja Krauss
- University Clinics Aachen, Women's Clinic, Aachen, Germany
| | - Benno Nuding
- Ev. Hospital Bergisch Gladbach, Bergisch Gladbach, Germany
| | - Marc Thill
- Markus Hospital, Breast Center, Frankfurt, Germany
| | | | | | - Mathias Warm
- City Hospital Holweide, Breast Center, Cologne, Germany
| | | | - Wolfram Malter
- University Clinics Cologne, Women's Clinic and Breast Center, Cologne, Germany
| | - Michael Hauptmann
- Institute of Biostatistics and Registry Research, Brandenburg Medical School Theodor Fontane, Neuruppin, Germany.,Faculty of Health Sciences, Joint Faculty of the Brandenburg University of Technology Cottbus - Senftenberg, the Brandenburg Medical School Theodor Fontane and the University of Potsdam, Neuruppin, Germany
| | | | - Monika Gräser
- West German Study Group, Moenchengladbach, Germany.,Ev. Bethesda Hospital, Breast Center Niederrhein, Moenchengladbach, Germany.,Department of Gynecology, University Medical Center Hamburg, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Rachel Würstlein
- Breast Center, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology and CCC Munich, LMU University Hospital, Munich, Germany
| | | | | | - Hans H Kreipe
- Medical School Hannover, Institute for Pathology, Hannover, Germany
| | - Nadia Harbeck
- West German Study Group, Moenchengladbach, Germany.,Breast Center, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology and CCC Munich, LMU University Hospital, Munich, Germany
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Li L, Han D, Yu Y, Li J, Liu Y. Artificial intelligence-assisted interpretation of Ki-67 expression and repeatability in breast cancer. Diagn Pathol 2022; 17:20. [PMID: 35094693 PMCID: PMC8802471 DOI: 10.1186/s13000-022-01196-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2021] [Accepted: 01/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Ki-67 standard reference card (SRC) and artificial intelligence (AI) software were used to evaluate breast cancer Ki-67LI. We established training and validation sets and studied the repeatability inter-observers. Methods A total of 300 invasive breast cancer specimens were randomly divided into training and validation sets, with each set including 150 cases. Breast cancer Ki-67 standard reference card ranging from 5 to 90% were created. The training set was interpreted by nine pathologists of different ages through microscopic visual assessment (VA), SRC, microscopic manual counting (MC), and AI. The validation set was interpreted by three randomly selected pathologists using SRC and AI. The intra-group correlation coefficient (ICC) were used for consistency analysis. Results In the homogeneous and heterogeneous groups of validation sets, the consistency among the pathologists that used SRC and AI was very good, with an ICC of>0.905. In the validation set, using SRC and AI, three pathologists obtained results that were very consistent with the gold standard, having an ICC above 0.95, and the inter-observer agreement was also very good, with an ICC of>0.9. Conclusions AI has satisfactory inter-observer repeatability, and the true value was closer to the gold standard, which is the preferred method for Ki-67LI reproducibility; While AI software has not been popularized, SRC may be interpreted as breast cancer Ki-67LI’s standard candidate method.
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Grote I, Bartels S, Christgen H, Radner M, Gronewold M, Kandt L, Raap M, Lehmann U, Gluz O, Graeser M, Kuemmel S, Nitz U, Harbeck N, Kreipe H, Christgen M. ERBB2 mutation is associated with sustained tumor cell proliferation after short-term preoperative endocrine therapy in early lobular breast cancer. Mod Pathol 2022; 35:1804-1811. [PMID: 35842479 PMCID: PMC9708567 DOI: 10.1038/s41379-022-01130-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2022] [Revised: 06/15/2022] [Accepted: 06/15/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Invasive lobular breast cancer (ILC) is a special breast cancer (BC) subtype and is mostly hormone receptor (HR)-positive and ERBB2 non-amplified. Endocrine therapy restrains tumor proliferation and is the mainstay of lobular BC treatment. Mutation of ERBB2 has been associated with recurrent ILC. However, it is unknown whether ERBB2 mutation impacts on the otherwise exquisite responsiveness of early ILC to endocrine therapy. We have recently profiled n = 622 HR-positive early BCs from the ADAPT trial for mutations in candidate genes involved in endocrine resistance, including ERBB2. All patients were treated with short-term preoperative endocrine therapy (pET, tamoxifen or aromatase inhibitors) before tumor resection. Tumor proliferation after endocrine therapy (post-pET Ki67 index) was determined prospectively by standardized central pathology assessment supported by computer-assisted image analysis. Sustained or suppressed proliferation were defined as post-pET Ki67 ≥10% or <10%. Here, we report a subgroup analysis pertaining to ILCs in this cohort. ILCs accounted for 179/622 (28.8%) cases. ILCs were enriched in mutations in CDH1 (124/179, 69.3%, P < 0.0001) and ERBB2 (14/179, 7.8%, P < 0.0001), but showed fewer mutations in TP53 (7/179, 3.9%, P = 0.0048) and GATA3 (11/179, 6.1%, P < 0.0001). Considering all BCs irrespective of subtypes, ERBB2 mutation was not associated with proliferation. In ILCs, however, ERBB2 mutations were 3.5-fold more common in cases with sustained post-pET proliferation compared to cases with suppressed post-pET proliferation (10/75, 13.3% versus 4/104, 3.8%, P = 0.0248). Moreover, ERBB2 mutation was associated with high Oncotype DX recurrence scores (P = 0.0087). In summary, our findings support that ERBB2 mutation influences endocrine responsiveness in early lobular BC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isabel Grote
- grid.10423.340000 0000 9529 9877Institute of Pathology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Stephan Bartels
- grid.10423.340000 0000 9529 9877Institute of Pathology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Henriette Christgen
- grid.10423.340000 0000 9529 9877Institute of Pathology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Martin Radner
- grid.10423.340000 0000 9529 9877Institute of Pathology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Malte Gronewold
- grid.10423.340000 0000 9529 9877Institute of Pathology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Leonie Kandt
- grid.10423.340000 0000 9529 9877Institute of Pathology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Mieke Raap
- grid.10423.340000 0000 9529 9877Institute of Pathology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Ulrich Lehmann
- grid.10423.340000 0000 9529 9877Institute of Pathology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Oleg Gluz
- grid.476830.eWest German Study Group, Moenchengladbach, Germany ,Ev. Bethesda Hospital, Moenchengladbach, Germany ,University Clinics Cologne, Women’s Clinic and Breast Center, Cologne, Germany
| | - Monika Graeser
- grid.476830.eWest German Study Group, Moenchengladbach, Germany ,Ev. Bethesda Hospital, Moenchengladbach, Germany ,grid.13648.380000 0001 2180 3484University Medical Center Hamburg, Department of Gynecology, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Sherko Kuemmel
- grid.476830.eWest German Study Group, Moenchengladbach, Germany ,Clinics Essen-Mitte, Breast Unit, Essen, Germany ,grid.6363.00000 0001 2218 4662Charité, Women’s Clinic, Berlin, Germany
| | - Ulrike Nitz
- grid.476830.eWest German Study Group, Moenchengladbach, Germany ,Ev. Bethesda Hospital, Moenchengladbach, Germany
| | - Nadia Harbeck
- grid.476830.eWest German Study Group, Moenchengladbach, Germany ,grid.5252.00000 0004 1936 973XLMU University Hospital, Breast Center, Department OB&GYN and CCC Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Hans Kreipe
- grid.10423.340000 0000 9529 9877Institute of Pathology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
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30
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Should Ki-67 be adopted to select breast cancer patients for treatment with adjuvant abemaciclib? Ann Oncol 2021; 33:234-238. [PMID: 34942341 DOI: 10.1016/j.annonc.2021.12.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2021] [Accepted: 12/12/2021] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
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31
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Yousif M, van Diest PJ, Laurinavicius A, Rimm D, van der Laak J, Madabhushi A, Schnitt S, Pantanowitz L. Artificial intelligence applied to breast pathology. Virchows Arch 2021; 480:191-209. [PMID: 34791536 DOI: 10.1007/s00428-021-03213-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2021] [Revised: 09/12/2021] [Accepted: 09/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The convergence of digital pathology and computer vision is increasingly enabling computers to perform tasks performed by humans. As a result, artificial intelligence (AI) is having an astoundingly positive effect on the field of pathology, including breast pathology. Research using machine learning and the development of algorithms that learn patterns from labeled digital data based on "deep learning" neural networks and feature-engineered approaches to analyze histology images have recently provided promising results. Thus far, image analysis and more complex AI-based tools have demonstrated excellent success performing tasks such as the quantification of breast biomarkers and Ki67, mitosis detection, lymph node metastasis recognition, tissue segmentation for diagnosing breast carcinoma, prognostication, computational assessment of tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes, and prediction of molecular expression as well as treatment response and benefit of therapy from routine H&E images. This review critically examines the literature regarding these applications of AI in the area of breast pathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mustafa Yousif
- Department of Pathology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA.
- Department of Pathology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA.
| | - Paul J van Diest
- Department of Pathology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Arvydas Laurinavicius
- Department of Pathology, Pharmacology and Forensic Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Vilnius University, and National Center of Pathology, Affiliate of Vilnius University Hospital Santaros Klinikos, Vilnius, Lithuania
| | - David Rimm
- Department of Pathology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Jeroen van der Laak
- Department of Pathology, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Anant Madabhushi
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Case Western Reserve University, and Louis Stokes Cleveland Veterans Administration Medical Center, Cleveland, OH, USA
- Louis Stokes Cleveland Veterans Administration Medical Center, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Stuart Schnitt
- Department of Pathology, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Breast Oncology Program, Dana-Farber/Brigham and Women's Cancer Center, Boston, MA, USA
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32
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Boyaci C, Sun W, Robertson S, Acs B, Hartman J. Independent Clinical Validation of the Automated Ki67 Scoring Guideline from the International Ki67 in Breast Cancer Working Group. Biomolecules 2021; 11:1612. [PMID: 34827609 PMCID: PMC8615770 DOI: 10.3390/biom11111612] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2021] [Revised: 10/24/2021] [Accepted: 10/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Ki67 is an important biomarker with prognostic and potential predictive value in breast cancer. However, the lack of standardization hinders its clinical applicability. In this study, we aimed to investigate the reproducibility among pathologists following the guidelines of the International Ki67 in Breast Cancer Working Group (IKWG) for Ki67 scoring and to evaluate the prognostic potential of this platform in an independent cohort. Four algorithms were independently built by four pathologists based on our study cohort using an open-source digital image analysis (DIA) platform (QuPath) following the detailed guideline of the IKWG. The algorithms were applied on an ER+ breast cancer study cohort of 157 patients with 15 years of follow-up. The reference Ki67 score was obtained by a DIA algorithm trained on a subset of the study cohort. Intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC) was used to measure reproducibility. High interobserver reliability was reached with an ICC of 0.938 (CI: 0.920-0.952) among the algorithms and the reference standard. Comparing each machine-read score against relapse-free survival, the hazard ratios were similar (2.593-4.165) and showed independent prognostic potential (p ≤ 0.018, for all comparisons). In conclusion, we demonstrate high reproducibility and independent prognostic potential using the IKWG DIA instructions to score Ki67 in breast cancer. A prospective study is needed to assess the clinical utility of the IKWG DIA Ki67 instructions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ceren Boyaci
- Department of Clinical Pathology and Cancer Diagnostics, Karolinska University Hospital, 11883 Stockholm, Sweden; (C.B.); (W.S.); (S.R.)
- Department of Oncology and Pathology, Karolinska Institute, 17177 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Wenwen Sun
- Department of Clinical Pathology and Cancer Diagnostics, Karolinska University Hospital, 11883 Stockholm, Sweden; (C.B.); (W.S.); (S.R.)
- Department of Oncology and Pathology, Karolinska Institute, 17177 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Stephanie Robertson
- Department of Clinical Pathology and Cancer Diagnostics, Karolinska University Hospital, 11883 Stockholm, Sweden; (C.B.); (W.S.); (S.R.)
- Department of Oncology and Pathology, Karolinska Institute, 17177 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Balazs Acs
- Department of Clinical Pathology and Cancer Diagnostics, Karolinska University Hospital, 11883 Stockholm, Sweden; (C.B.); (W.S.); (S.R.)
- Department of Oncology and Pathology, Karolinska Institute, 17177 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Johan Hartman
- Department of Clinical Pathology and Cancer Diagnostics, Karolinska University Hospital, 11883 Stockholm, Sweden; (C.B.); (W.S.); (S.R.)
- Department of Oncology and Pathology, Karolinska Institute, 17177 Stockholm, Sweden
- Medtech Lab, Bioclinicum, Karolinska University Hospital, 17164 Stockholm, Sweden
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33
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Hao J, Lyu Y, Zou J, Zhang Y, Xie S, Jing L, Tang F, Lyu J, Zhang W, Zhang J, Wang X, Chen K, Zhang J. Improving Prognosis of Surrogate Assay for Breast Cancer Patients by Absolute Quantitation of Ki67 Protein Levels Using Quantitative Dot Blot (QDB) Method. Front Oncol 2021; 11:737781. [PMID: 34604077 PMCID: PMC8485584 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2021.737781] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2021] [Accepted: 08/27/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Immunohistochemistry (IHC)-based surrogate assay is the prevailing method in daily clinical practice to determine the necessity of chemotherapy for Luminal-like breast cancer patients worldwide. It relies on Ki67 scores to separate Luminal A-like from Luminal B-like breast cancer subtypes. Yet, IHC-based Ki67 assessment is known to be plagued with subjectivity and inconsistency to undermine the performance of the surrogate assay. A novel method needs to be explored to improve the clinical utility of Ki67 in daily clinical practice. Materials and Methods The Ki67 protein levels in a cohort of 253 specimens were assessed with IHC and quantitative dot blot (QDB) methods, respectively, and used to assign these specimens into Luminal A-like and Luminal B-like subtypes accordingly. Their performances were compared with the Kaplan–Meier, univariate, and multivariate survival analyses of the overall survival (OS) of Luminal-like patients. Results The surrogate assay based on absolutely quantitated Ki67 levels (cutoff at 2.31 nmol/g) subtyped the Luminal-like patients more effectively than that based on Ki67 scores (cutoff at 14%) (Log rank test, p = 0.00052 vs. p = 0.031). It is also correlated better with OS in multivariate survival analysis [hazard ratio (HR) at 6.89 (95% CI: 2.66–17.84, p = 0.0001) vs. 2.14 (95% CI: 0.89–5.11, p = 0.087)]. Conclusions Our study showed that the performance of the surrogate assay may be improved significantly by measuring Ki67 levels absolutely, quantitatively, and objectively using the QDB method.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junmei Hao
- Department of Pathology, Yantai Affiliated Hospital of Binzhou Medical University, Yantai, China
| | - Yan Lyu
- Yantai Quanticision Diagnostics, Inc., Yantai, China
| | - Jiarui Zou
- Department of Pathology, Yantai Affiliated Hospital of Binzhou Medical University, Yantai, China
| | - Yunyun Zhang
- Yantai Quanticision Diagnostics, Inc., Yantai, China
| | - Shuishan Xie
- Department of Pathology, Yantai Affiliated Hospital of Binzhou Medical University, Yantai, China
| | - Lili Jing
- Department of Pathology, Yantai Affiliated Hospital of Binzhou Medical University, Yantai, China
| | - Fangrong Tang
- Yantai Quanticision Diagnostics, Inc., Yantai, China
| | - Jiahong Lyu
- Yantai Quanticision Diagnostics, Inc., Yantai, China
| | - Wenfeng Zhang
- Yantai Quanticision Diagnostics, Inc., Yantai, China
| | - Jianbo Zhang
- Yantai Quanticision Diagnostics, Inc., Yantai, China
| | - Xunting Wang
- Department of Imaging, Linglong Yingcheng Hospital, Zhaoyuan, China
| | - Kuisheng Chen
- Department of Pathology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Henan Province Key Laboratory of Tumor Pathology, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Jiandi Zhang
- Yantai Quanticision Diagnostics, Inc., Yantai, China
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Caselli E, Pelliccia C, Teti V, Bellezza G, Mandarano M, Ferri I, Hartmann K, Laible M, Sahin U, Varga Z, Lupi C, Stracci F, Sidoni A. Looking for more reliable biomarkers in breast cancer: Comparison between routine methods and RT-qPCR. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0255580. [PMID: 34555047 PMCID: PMC8460001 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0255580] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2020] [Accepted: 07/19/2021] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE Decades of quality control efforts have raised the standards of immunohistochemistry (IHC), the principle method used for biomarker testing in breast cancer; however, computational pathology and reverse transcription quantitative PCR (RT-qPCR) may also hold promise for additional substantial improvements. METHODS Herein, we investigated discrepancies in the assessment of estrogen receptor (ER), progesterone receptor (PR), human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2) and marker of proliferation Ki67 comparing routinely obtained IHC (and FISH) data (ORI) with the results of manual (REV) and semi-automated (DIA) re-evaluation of the original IHC slides and then with RNA expression data from the same tissue block using the MammaTyper® (MT) gene expression assay. RESULTS Correlation for ER and PR was high between ORI IHC and the other three study methods (REV, DIA and RT-qPCR). For HER2, 10 out of 96 discrepant cases can be detected between ORI and REV that involved at least one call in the equivocal category (except for one case). For Ki67, 22 (29.1%) cases were categorized differently by either REV alone (n = 17), DIA alone (n = 15) or both (n = 10) and 28 cases (29.2%) for RT-qPCR. Most of the discrepant Ki67 cases changed from low to high between the original and following assessment and belonged to the intermediate Ki67 expression range (between 9 and 30%). CONCLUSIONS Determination of the breast cancer biomarkers ER, PR, HER2 and Ki67 at the mRNA level shows high degree of correlation with IHC and compares well with correlations between original with subsequent independent manual or semi-automated IHC assessments. The use of methods with wider dynamic range and higher reproducibility such as RT-qPCR may offer more precise assessment of endocrine responsiveness, improve Ki67 standardization and help resolve HER2 cases that remain equivocal or ambiguous by IHC/FISH. In summary, our findings seem to configure RT-qPCR as a complementary method to be used in cases of either equivocal results or presenting, at the traditional determination assays, biomarkers expressions close to the cut-off values.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emanuele Caselli
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, Section of Anatomic Pathology and Histology, Medical School, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy
| | - Cristina Pelliccia
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, Section of Anatomic Pathology and Histology, Medical School, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy
| | - Valeria Teti
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, Section of Anatomic Pathology and Histology, Medical School, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy
| | - Guido Bellezza
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, Section of Anatomic Pathology and Histology, Medical School, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy
| | - Martina Mandarano
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, Section of Anatomic Pathology and Histology, Medical School, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy
| | - Ivana Ferri
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, Section of Anatomic Pathology and Histology, Medical School, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy
| | | | | | - Ugur Sahin
- BioNTech Diagnostics GmbH, Mainz, Germany
| | - Zsuzsanna Varga
- Institute for Pathology and Molecular Pathology, Universitätsspital Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
| | | | - Fabrizio Stracci
- Umbria Cancer Registry, Perugia, Italy
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, Section of Public Health, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy
| | - Angelo Sidoni
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, Section of Anatomic Pathology and Histology, Medical School, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy
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Finkelman BS, Meindl A, LaBoy C, Griffin B, Narayan S, Brancamp R, Siziopikou KP, Pincus JL, Blanco LZ. Correlation of manual semi-quantitative and automated quantitative Ki-67 proliferative index with OncotypeDXTM recurrence score in invasive breast carcinoma. Breast Dis 2021; 41:55-65. [PMID: 34397396 DOI: 10.3233/bd-201011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Ki-67 immunohistochemistry (IHC) staining is a widely used cancer proliferation assay; however, its limitations could be improved with automated scoring. The OncotypeDXTM Recurrence Score (ORS), which primarily evaluates cancer proliferation genes, is a prognostic indicator for breast cancer chemotherapy response; however, it is more expensive and slower than Ki-67. OBJECTIVE To compare manual Ki-67 (mKi-67) with automated Ki-67 (aKi-67) algorithm results based on manually selected Ki-67 "hot spots" in breast cancer, and correlate both with ORS. METHODS 105 invasive breast carcinoma cases from 100 patients at our institution (2011-2013) with available ORS were evaluated. Concordance was assessed via Cohen's Kappa (κ). RESULTS 57/105 cases showed agreement between mKi-67 and aKi-67 (κ 0.31, 95% CI 0.18-0.45), with 41 cases overestimated by aKi-67. Concordance was higher when estimated on the same image (κ 0.53, 95% CI 0.37-0.69). Concordance between mKi-67 score and ORS was fair (κ 0.27, 95% CI 0.11-0.42), and concordance between aKi-67 and ORS was poor (κ 0.10, 95% CI -0.03-0.23). CONCLUSIONS These results highlight the limits of Ki-67 algorithms that use manual "hot spot" selection. Due to suboptimal concordance, Ki-67 is likely most useful as a complement to, rather than a surrogate for ORS, regardless of scoring method.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian S Finkelman
- Department of Pathology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Amanda Meindl
- Department of Pathology, Great Lakes Pathologists, West Allis, WI, USA
| | - Carissa LaBoy
- Department of Pathology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Brannan Griffin
- Department of Pathology, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Suguna Narayan
- Department of Pathology, University of Colorado Denver School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Ryan Brancamp
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology, and Immunology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Kalliopi P Siziopikou
- Department of Pathology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Jennifer L Pincus
- Department of Pathology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Luis Z Blanco
- Department of Pathology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA
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36
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Reis-Filho JS, Davidson NE. Ki67 Assessment in Breast Cancer: Are We There Yet? J Natl Cancer Inst 2021; 113:797-798. [PMID: 33369665 PMCID: PMC8246841 DOI: 10.1093/jnci/djaa202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2020] [Accepted: 12/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Jorge S Reis-Filho
- Department of Pathology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Nancy E Davidson
- Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, University of Washington and Seattle Cancer Care Alliance, Seattle, WA, USA
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Wang S, Yang T, He Z. Investigations on the Role of the MicroRNA-338-5p/Wnt Family Member 2B (WNT2B) Axis in Regulating the Pathogenesis of Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma (NPC). Front Oncol 2021; 11:684462. [PMID: 34268117 PMCID: PMC8276634 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2021.684462] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2021] [Accepted: 06/03/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The involvement of microRNA-338-5p in modulating NPC pathogenesis is still largely unknown, and this study aimed to investigate this issue. Methods The expressions of cancer associated genes were determined by Real-Time qPCR and Western Blot, and cell apoptosis was determined by flow cytometer (FCM). CCK-8 assay and colony formation assay were respectively used to determine cell proliferation and colony formation abilities. Transwell assay was used to evaluate cell migration. The expression levels of Ki67 protein in mice tissues were measured by Immunohistochemistry (IHC) assay. Results The present study found that microRNA-338-5p suppressed NPC progression by degrading its downstream target, Wnt family member 2B (WNT2B). Specifically, microRNA-338-5p tended to be low-expressed in NPC tissues and cell lines, compared to the non-tumor nasopharyngeal mucosa tissues and normal nasopharyngeal cell line (NP69). Upregulation of microRNA-338-5p inhibited proliferation, mobility, and epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) in NPC cells in vitro, while silencing of microRNA-338-5p had opposite effects. Consistently, microRNA-338-5p suppressed tumorigenesis of NPC cells in vivo. In addition, microRNA-338-5p targeted WNT2B for degradation and inhibition, and the inhibiting effects of microRNA-338-5p overexpression on NPC development were reversed by upregulating WNT2B. Conclusions Taken together, we concluded that microRNA-338-5p targeted WNT2B to hinder NPC development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suzhen Wang
- Department of Otolaryngology, Wuwei People's Hospital, Wuwei, China
| | - Tianning Yang
- Department of Otolaryngology, The First Hospital of Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Zhengxiang He
- Department of Otolaryngology, Wuwei People's Hospital, Wuwei, China
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Challenging, Accurate and Feasible: CAF-1 as a Tumour Proliferation Marker of Diagnostic and Prognostic Value. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:cancers13112575. [PMID: 34073937 PMCID: PMC8197349 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13112575] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2021] [Revised: 05/17/2021] [Accepted: 05/18/2021] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary There is an emerging need for new weapons in the battle against cancer; therefore, the discovery of new biomarkers with diagnostic, prognostic, and therapeutic value is a priority of current cancer research. An important task is to identify how quickly a tumour proliferates. A tumour’s proliferation rate is critical for grading and clinical decision-making; hence, there is an imperative need for accurate proliferation markers. Here, we review evidence demonstrating that chromatin assembly factor 1 (CAF-1) is a proliferation marker of clinical value. CAF-1 is selectively expressed in proliferating cells and its expression can be evaluated by immunohistochemistry in cytology smears and biopsies. CAF-1 expression is increased in almost all cancers and correlates strongly with the expression of Ki-67, the current routine proliferation marker. Overexpression of CAF-1 is associated with poor clinical outcome (advanced cancer stage, recurrence, metastasis, and decreased survival). CAF-1 is a robust, reproducible, and feasible proliferation marker of prognostic importance and may represent an attractive alternative or complementary to Ki-67 for cancer stratification and clinical guidance. Abstract The discovery of novel biomarkers of diagnostic, prognostic, and therapeutic value is a major challenge of current cancer research. The assessment of tumour cell proliferative capacity is pivotal for grading and clinical decision-making, highlighting the importance of proliferation markers as diagnostic and prognostic tools. Currently, the immunohistochemical analysis of Ki-67 expression levels is routinely used in clinical settings to assess tumour proliferation. Inasmuch as the function of Ki-67 is not fully understood and its evaluation lacks standardization, there is interest in chromatin regulator proteins as alternative proliferation markers of clinical value. Here, we review recent evidence demonstrating that chromatin assembly factor 1 (CAF-1), a histone chaperone selectively expressed in cycling cells, is a proliferation marker of clinical value. CAF-1 expression, when evaluated by immunocytochemistry in breast cancer cytology smears and immunohistochemistry in cancer biopsies from several tissues, strongly correlates with the expression of Ki-67 and other proliferation markers. Notably, CAF-1 expression is upregulated in almost all cancers, and CAF-1 overexpression is significantly associated, in most cancer types, with high histological tumour grade, advanced stage, recurrence, metastasis, and decreased patient survival. These findings suggest that CAF-1 is a robust, reproducible, and feasible proliferation marker of prognostic importance. CAF-1 may represent an attractive alternative or complementary to Ki-67 for cancer stratification and clinical guidance.
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Alataki A, Zabaglo L, Tovey H, Dodson A, Dowsett M. A simple digital image analysis system for automated Ki67 assessment in primary breast cancer. Histopathology 2021; 79:200-209. [PMID: 33590538 DOI: 10.1111/his.14355] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2020] [Revised: 01/16/2021] [Accepted: 02/14/2021] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
AIMS Ki67 is a well-established immunohistochemical marker associated with cell proliferation that has prognostic and predictive value in breast cancer. Quantitative evaluation of Ki67 is traditionally performed by assessing stained tissue slides with light microscopy. Automated image analysis systems have become available and, if validated, could provide greater standardisation and improved precision of Ki67 scoring. Here, we aimed to evaluate the use of the Cognition Master Professional Suite (CogM) image analysis software, which is a simple system for scoring Ki67 in primary breast cancer samples. METHODS AND RESULTS Sections from 94 core-cut biopsies, 20 excision specimens and 29 pairs of core-cut biopsies and excision specimens were stained for Ki67 with MIB1 antibody and the Dako EnVision FLEX Detection System. Stained slides were scanned to convert them to digital data. Computer-based Ki67 scoring was performed with CogM. Manual Ki67 scoring assessment was conducted on previously stained sections from the same biopsies with a clinically validated system that had been calibrated against the risk of recurrence. A high correlation between manual and digital scores was observed [rCores = 0.92, 95% confidence interval (CI) 0.87-0.94, P < 0.0001; rExcisions = 0.95, 95% CI 0.86-0.98, P < 0.0001] and there was no significant bias between them (P = 0.45). There was also a high correlation of Ki67 scores between paired core-cut biopsies and excision specimens when CogM was used (r = 0.78, 95% CI 0.59-0.89, P < 0.0001). CONCLUSIONS CogM image analysis allows for standardised automated Ki67 scoring that accurately replicates previously clinically validated and calibrated manual scores.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anastasia Alataki
- Ralph Lauren Centre for Breast Cancer Research, Royal Marsden Hospital and The Institute of Cancer Research, London, UK.,The Breast Cancer Now Toby Robins Research Centre, The Institute of Cancer Research, London, UK
| | - Lila Zabaglo
- Ralph Lauren Centre for Breast Cancer Research, Royal Marsden Hospital and The Institute of Cancer Research, London, UK.,The Breast Cancer Now Toby Robins Research Centre, The Institute of Cancer Research, London, UK
| | - Holly Tovey
- Clinical Trials and Statistics Unit, The Institute of Cancer Research, London, UK
| | - Andrew Dodson
- Ralph Lauren Centre for Breast Cancer Research, Royal Marsden Hospital and The Institute of Cancer Research, London, UK
| | - Mitch Dowsett
- Ralph Lauren Centre for Breast Cancer Research, Royal Marsden Hospital and The Institute of Cancer Research, London, UK.,The Breast Cancer Now Toby Robins Research Centre, The Institute of Cancer Research, London, UK
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40
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Machine-Learning-Based Evaluation of Intratumoral Heterogeneity and Tumor-Stroma Interface for Clinical Guidance. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 2021; 191:1724-1731. [PMID: 33895120 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajpath.2021.04.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2021] [Accepted: 04/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Assessment of intratumoral heterogeneity and tumor-host interaction within the tumor microenvironment is becoming increasingly important for innovative cancer therapy decisions because of the unique information it can generate about the state of the disease. However, its assessment and quantification are limited by ambiguous definitions of the tumor-host interface and by human cognitive capacity in current pathology practice. Advances in machine learning and artificial intelligence have opened the field of digital pathology to novel tissue image analytics and feature extraction for generation of high-capacity computational disease management models. A particular benefit is expected from machine-learning applications that can perform extraction and quantification of subvisual features of both intratumoral heterogeneity and tumor microenvironment aspects. These methods generate information about cancer cell subpopulation heterogeneity, potential tumor-host interactions, and tissue microarchitecture, derived from morphologically resolved content using both explicit and implicit features. Several studies have achieved promising diagnostic, prognostic, and predictive artificial intelligence models that often outperform current clinical and pathology criteria. However, further effort is needed for clinical adoption of such methods through development of standardizable high-capacity workflows and proper validation studies.
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41
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Thomas S, Kabir M, Butcher BE, Chou S, Mahajan H, Farshid G, Balleine R, Pathmanathan N. Interobserver concordance in visual assessment of Ki67 immunohistochemistry in surgical excision specimens from patients with lymph node-negative breast cancer. Breast Cancer Res Treat 2021; 188:729-737. [PMID: 33751322 DOI: 10.1007/s10549-021-06188-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2020] [Accepted: 03/10/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE This study aimed to determine the interobserver concordance of two methods for proliferation assessment in breast cancer using Ki67 immunohistochemistry. METHODS Ki67 was independently assessed in randomly selected tumour samples from patients with lymph node-negative breast cancer using two different methods: either cell counting or visual estimation of hot spot areas. For hot spot cell counting, positive and negative cell numbers were recorded for total cell counts of 300-500, 500-800 and 800-1000 cells. Visual estimation involved allocation of a score from 1 to 5 using a visual scale to estimate percentage positivity. Interobserver agreement for hot spot counting was calculated using a two-way fixed effects intraclass correlation model, and by using Cohen's kappa measure for visual assessment. Prognostic concordance between the two methods was also calculated using Cohen's kappa. RESULTS Samples from 96 patients were included in this analysis. Interobserver agreement for hot spot cell counting was excellent (> 0.75) across all three cell count ranges, with correlation coefficients of 0.88 (95% CI 0.84-0.92), 0.87 (95% CI 0.82-0.91) and 0.89 (95% CI 0.85-0.92), respectively. Interobserver agreement with visual estimation was greatest for hot spots compared with areas of intermediate or low proliferation, with kappa scores of 0.49, 0.42 and 0.40, respectively. Both assessment methods demonstrated excellent prognostic agreement. CONCLUSIONS Interobserver and prognostic concordance in Ki67 immunohistochemistry assessments was high using either hot spot cell counting or visual estimation, further supporting the utility and reproducibility of these cost-efficient methods to assess proliferation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susanna Thomas
- Westmead Breast Cancer Institute, Westmead, NSW, 2145, Australia
- Western Sydney Local Health District, Westmead, NSW, 2145, Australia
- Australian Clinical Labs, Bella Vista, NSW, 2153, Australia
| | - Masrura Kabir
- Westmead Breast Cancer Institute, Westmead, NSW, 2145, Australia
- Western Sydney Local Health District, Westmead, NSW, 2145, Australia
| | - Belinda E Butcher
- WriteSource Medical Pty Ltd, Lane Cove, NSW, 2066, Australia
- School of Medical Sciences, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, 2052, Australia
| | - Shaun Chou
- Institute of Clinical Pathology and Medical Research, Pathology West, NSW Health Pathology, Sydney, NSW, 2145, Australia
| | - Hema Mahajan
- Institute of Clinical Pathology and Medical Research, Pathology West, NSW Health Pathology, Sydney, NSW, 2145, Australia
- Westmead Clinical School, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, 2145, Australia
| | - Gelareh Farshid
- SA Pathology, Royal Adelaide Hospital, Adelaide, SA, 5000, Australia
- School of Medical Sciences, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, 5005, Australia
| | - Rosemary Balleine
- Institute of Clinical Pathology and Medical Research, Pathology West, NSW Health Pathology, Sydney, NSW, 2145, Australia
- Faculty of Medicine and Health, Children's Medical Research Institute, University of Sydney, Westmead, NSW, 2145, Australia
| | - Nirmala Pathmanathan
- Westmead Breast Cancer Institute, Westmead, NSW, 2145, Australia.
- Western Sydney Local Health District, Westmead, NSW, 2145, Australia.
- Westmead Clinical School, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, 2145, Australia.
- Douglass Hanly Moir Pathology, Macquarie Park, NSW, 2113, Australia.
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Acs B, Fredriksson I, Rönnlund C, Hagerling C, Ehinger A, Kovács A, Røge R, Bergh J, Hartman J. Variability in Breast Cancer Biomarker Assessment and the Effect on Oncological Treatment Decisions: A Nationwide 5-Year Population-Based Study. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:1166. [PMID: 33803148 PMCID: PMC7963154 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13051166] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/01/2021] [Revised: 02/24/2021] [Accepted: 02/26/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
We compared estrogen receptor (ER), progesterone receptor (PR), human epidermal growth-factor receptor 2 (HER2), Ki67, and grade scores among the pathology departments in Sweden. We investigated how ER and HER2 positivity rates affect the distribution of endocrine and HER2-targeted treatments among oncology departments. All breast cancer patients diagnosed between 2013 and 2018 in Sweden were identified in the National Quality Register for Breast Cancer. Cases with data on ER, PR, HER2, Ki67, grade, and treatment were selected (43,261 cases from 29 departments following the guidelines for biomarker testing). The ER positivity rates ranged from 84.2% to 97.6% with 6/29 labs out of the overall confidence intervals (CIs), while PR rates varied between 64.8% and 86.6% with 7/29 labs out of the CIs. HER2 positivity rates ranged from 9.4% to 16.3%, with 3/29 labs out of the overall CIs. Median Ki67 varied between 15% and 30%, where 19/29 labs showed significant intra-laboratory variability. The proportion of grade-II cases varied between 42.9% and 57.1%, and 13/29 labs were outside of the CI. Adjusting for patient characteristics, the proportion of endocrine and anti-HER2 treatments followed the rate of ER and HER2 positivity, illustrating the clinical effect of inter- and intra-laboratory variability. There was limited variability among departments in ER, PR, and HER2 testing. However, even a few outlier pathology labs affected endocrine and HER2-targeted treatment rates in a clinically relevant proportion, suggesting the need for improvement. High variability was found in grading and Ki67 assessment, illustrating the need for the adoption of new technologies in practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Balazs Acs
- Department of Oncology and Pathology, Karolinska Institutet, 17176 Stockholm, Sweden; (B.A.); (C.R.); (J.B.)
- Department of Clinical Pathology and Cytology, Karolinska University Laboratory, 11883 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Irma Fredriksson
- Department of Breast, Endocrine Tumors and Sarcoma, Karolinska University Hospital, 17176 Stockholm, Sweden;
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Surgery, Karolinska Institutet, 17176 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Caroline Rönnlund
- Department of Oncology and Pathology, Karolinska Institutet, 17176 Stockholm, Sweden; (B.A.); (C.R.); (J.B.)
- Department of Clinical Pathology and Cytology, Karolinska University Laboratory, 11883 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Catharina Hagerling
- Division of Clinical Genetics, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Lund University, 22185 Lund, Sweden; (C.H.); (A.E.)
| | - Anna Ehinger
- Division of Clinical Genetics, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Lund University, 22185 Lund, Sweden; (C.H.); (A.E.)
- Division of Oncology and Pathology, Department of Clinical Sciences Lund, Lund University, 22184 Lund, Sweden
| | - Anikó Kovács
- Department of Clinical Pathology, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, 41345 Gothenburg, Sweden;
| | - Rasmus Røge
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Aalborg University, 9000 Aalborg, Denmark;
- NordiQC, Institute of Pathology, Aalborg University Hospital, 9000 Aalborg, Denmark
| | - Jonas Bergh
- Department of Oncology and Pathology, Karolinska Institutet, 17176 Stockholm, Sweden; (B.A.); (C.R.); (J.B.)
- Breast Center, Cancer Theme, Karolinska University Hospital and Karolinska Comprehensive Cancer Center, Gävlegatan 55, 17164 Solna, Sweden
| | - Johan Hartman
- Department of Oncology and Pathology, Karolinska Institutet, 17176 Stockholm, Sweden; (B.A.); (C.R.); (J.B.)
- Department of Clinical Pathology and Cytology, Karolinska University Laboratory, 11883 Stockholm, Sweden
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Paik S, Kwon Y, Lee MH, Kim JY, Lee DK, Cho WJ, Lee EY, Lee ES. Systematic evaluation of scoring methods for Ki67 as a surrogate for 21-gene recurrence score. NPJ Breast Cancer 2021; 7:13. [PMID: 33579950 PMCID: PMC7881194 DOI: 10.1038/s41523-021-00221-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2020] [Accepted: 01/07/2021] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Although Ki67 labeling index is a potential predictive marker for chemotherapy benefit, its clinical utility has been limited by the lack of a standard scoring method resulting in poor interobserver reproducibility. Especially, there is no consensus on the use of average versus hotspot score for reporting. In order to determine the best method for Ki67 scoring and validate manual scoring method proposed by the International Ki67 Working Group (IKWG), we systematically compared average versus hotspot score in 240 cases with a public domain image analysis program QuPath. We used OncotypeDx Recurrence Score (RS) as a benchmark to compare the potential clinical utility of each scoring methods. Both average and hotspot scores showed statistically significant but only modest correlation with OncotypeDx RS. Only hotspot score could meaningfully distinguish RS low-risk versus high-risk patients. However, hotspot score was less reproducible limiting its clinical utility. In summary, our data demonstrate that utility of the Ki67 labeling index is influenced by the choice of scoring method.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soonmyung Paik
- Institute for Personalized Cancer Therapy, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea.
| | - Youngmee Kwon
- Department of Pathology, National Cancer Center, Goyang, South Korea
| | - Moo Hyun Lee
- Department of Surgery, Keimyung University Dongsan Hospital, Daegu, Korea
| | - Ji Ye Kim
- Department of Surgery, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Da Kyung Lee
- Institute for Personalized Cancer Therapy, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea.,Department of Surgery, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Won Jeong Cho
- Institute for Personalized Cancer Therapy, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Eun Young Lee
- Institute for Personalized Cancer Therapy, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Eun Sook Lee
- Department of Surgery, National Cancer Center, Goyang, South Korea.
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Zhang A, Wang X, Fan C, Mao X. The Role of Ki67 in Evaluating Neoadjuvant Endocrine Therapy of Hormone Receptor-Positive Breast Cancer. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2021; 12:687244. [PMID: 34803903 PMCID: PMC8597938 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2021.687244] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2021] [Accepted: 10/12/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Ki67 is a proliferation marker. It has been proposed as a useful clinical marker for breast cancer subtype classification, prognosis, and prediction of therapeutic response. But the questionable analytical validity of Ki67 prevents its widespread adoption of these measures for treatment decisions in breast cancer. Currently, Ki67 has been tested as a predictive marker for chemotherapy using clinical and pathological response as endpoints in neoadjuvant endocrine therapy. Ki67 can be used as a predictor to evaluate the recurrence-free survival rate of patients, or its change can be used to predict the preoperative "window of opportunity" in neoadjuvant endocrine therapy. In this review, we will elaborate on the role of Ki67 in neoadjuvant endocrine therapy in breast cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ailin Zhang
- Department of Breast Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Xiaojing Wang
- Department of Pathology, First Affiliated Hospital and College of Basic Medical Sciences of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Chuifeng Fan
- Department of Pathology, First Affiliated Hospital and College of Basic Medical Sciences of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Xiaoyun Mao
- Department of Breast Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
- *Correspondence: Xiaoyun Mao,
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Feng M, Chen J, Xiang X, Deng Y, Zhou Y, Zhang Z, Zheng Z, Bao J, Bu H. An Advanced Automated Image Analysis Model for Scoring of ER, PR, HER-2 and Ki-67 in Breast Carcinoma. IEEE ACCESS 2021; 9:108441-108451. [DOI: 10.1109/access.2020.3011294] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/30/2023]
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47
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Prosigna® breast cancer assay: histopathologic correlation, development, and assessment of size, nodal status, Ki-67 (SiNK™) index for breast cancer prognosis. Mod Pathol 2021; 34:70-76. [PMID: 32740650 DOI: 10.1038/s41379-020-0643-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2020] [Revised: 07/20/2020] [Accepted: 07/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The Prosigna® assay is a United States Food and Drug Administration (US-FDA) cleared molecular test for prognostic use in hormone receptor-positive stage I/II breast cancer in postmenopausal women. We analyzed histopathologic features of 79 cases with Prosigna® assay results and found a significant correlation between tumor size, grade, and Ki-67 labeling index with Prosigna® score (0-40, 41-60, and 61-100) and Prosigna® risk categories. Since the Prosigna® risk stratification is influenced by lymph node status, we designed an index that included lymph node status and the two most correlated variables (size and Ki-67 labeling index). This was termed the size, nodal, and Ki-67 (SiNK™) index and is calculated as follows: (size in mm) + (pN × 10) + (Ki-67 labeling index). The SiNK™ index was divided into ≤40 and >40 to test its prognostic significance in a well-characterized dataset of 106 ER+/HER2-negative stage I-II invasive breast cancers treated with standard multi-modality therapy with long term follow-up (average 101 months follow-up). Patients with SiNK™ ≤40 showed significantly improved distant recurrence-free survival (96% distant recurrence-free survival in SiNK™ ≤40 compared to 81% in SiNK™ >40; log-rank test p value: 0.0027). SiNK™ provides strong prognostic information in ERo+/HER2-negative breast cancers. SiNK™ index is simple to calculate using data from routine pathology reports. This should be further evaluated in larger datasets.
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48
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Nielsen TO, Leung SCY, Rimm DL, Dodson A, Acs B, Badve S, Denkert C, Ellis MJ, Fineberg S, Flowers M, Kreipe HH, Laenkholm AV, Pan H, Penault-Llorca FM, Polley MY, Salgado R, Smith IE, Sugie T, Bartlett JMS, McShane LM, Dowsett M, Hayes DF. Assessment of Ki67 in Breast Cancer: Updated Recommendations From the International Ki67 in Breast Cancer Working Group. J Natl Cancer Inst 2020; 113:808-819. [PMID: 33369635 PMCID: PMC8487652 DOI: 10.1093/jnci/djaa201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 316] [Impact Index Per Article: 79.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2020] [Revised: 10/14/2020] [Accepted: 11/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Ki67 immunohistochemistry (IHC), commonly used as a proliferation marker in breast cancer, has limited value for treatment decisions due to questionable analytical validity. The International Ki67 in Breast Cancer Working Group (IKWG) consensus meeting, held in October 2019, assessed the current evidence for Ki67 IHC analytical validity and clinical utility in breast cancer, including the series of scoring studies the IKWG conducted on centrally stained tissues. Consensus observations and recommendations are: 1) as for estrogen receptor and HER2 testing, preanalytical handling considerations are critical; 2) a standardized visual scoring method has been established and is recommended for adoption; 3) participation in and evaluation of quality assurance and quality control programs is recommended to maintain analytical validity; and 4) the IKWG accepted that Ki67 IHC as a prognostic marker in breast cancer has clinical validity but concluded that clinical utility is evident only for prognosis estimation in anatomically favorable estrogen receptor–positive and HER2-negative patients to identify those who do not need adjuvant chemotherapy. In this T1-2, N0-1 patient group, the IKWG consensus is that Ki67 5% or less, or 30% or more, can be used to estimate prognosis. In conclusion, analytical validity of Ki67 IHC can be reached with careful attention to preanalytical issues and calibrated standardized visual scoring. Currently, clinical utility of Ki67 IHC in breast cancer care remains limited to prognosis assessment in stage I or II breast cancer. Further development of automated scoring might help to overcome some current limitations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Torsten O Nielsen
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Samuel C Y Leung
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - David L Rimm
- Department of Pathology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Andrew Dodson
- The UK National External Quality Assessment Scheme for Immunocytochemistry and In-Situ Hybridisation, London, UK
| | - Balazs Acs
- Department of Oncology and Pathology, Cancer Centre Karolinska (CCK), Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.,Department of Clinical Pathology and Cytology, Karolinska University Laboratory, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Sunil Badve
- Indiana University Melvin and Bren Simon Comprehensive Cancer Center, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Carsten Denkert
- Philipps University Marburg and University Hospital Marburg, Marburg, Germany
| | - Matthew J Ellis
- Lester and Sue Smith Breast Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Susan Fineberg
- Montefiore Medical Center and the Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, USA
| | | | - Hans H Kreipe
- Medical School Hannover, Institute of Pathology, Hannover, Germany
| | | | - Hongchao Pan
- Nuffield Department of Population Health, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | | | - Mei-Yin Polley
- Department of Public Health Sciences, University of Chicago Biological Sciences, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Roberto Salgado
- Department of Pathology, GasthuisZusters Antwerpen / Hospital Network Antwerp (GZA-ZNA), Antwerp, Belgium.,Division of Research, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Ian E Smith
- Breast Unit, Royal Marsden Hospital, London, UK
| | - Tomoharu Sugie
- Department of Surgery, Kansai Medical University, Shinmachi, Hirakata City, Osaka Prefecture, Japan
| | - John M S Bartlett
- Diagnostic Development Program, Ontario Institute for Cancer Research, Toronto, ON, Canada.,Edinburgh Cancer Research Centre, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Lisa M McShane
- Biometric Research Program, Division of Cancer Treatment and Diagnosis, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Mitch Dowsett
- Breast Cancer Now Toby Robins Research Centre, Institute of Cancer Research, London, UK
| | - Daniel F Hayes
- University of Michigan Rogel Cancer Center, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
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Murase Y, Iwata H, Takahara T, Tsuzuki T. The highest Fuhrman and WHO/ISUP grade influences the Ki-67 labeling index of those of grades 1 and 2 in clear cell renal cell carcinoma. Pathol Int 2020; 70:984-991. [PMID: 32997867 DOI: 10.1111/pin.13025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2020] [Accepted: 09/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Nuclear grade is one of the most important prognostic factors in clear cell renal cell carcinoma (CCRCC). Although CCRCCs usually have intratumoral heterogeneity with various nuclear atypia including nucleolar prominence, it is unclear whether a similar degree of nuclear grade component demonstrates the same proliferative activity. We aimed to reveal whether the presence of a higher nuclear grade has an effect on proliferative activity among each assigned nuclear grade in CCRCCs. We enrolled 129 CCRCC patients containing at least two different nuclear grades. We separately assessed nuclear grade using the Fuhrman and World Health Organization and International Society of Urologic Pathologists (WHO/ISUP) grading systems. In addition, we selected blocks containing different nuclear grade and assessed the Ki-67 labeling index (LI) for each using a computer-based analysis system. Ki-67 LIs significantly correlated with both Fuhrman and WHO/ISUP grades (P < 0.001 and P < 0.001). Of note, the LIs among Fuhrman and WHO/ISUP grades 1 and 2 were also statistically significant according to the highest nuclear grade (P < 0.01 for both grades 1 and 2). Our data suggests that the highest nuclear grade influences the proliferative activity in tumor components regardless of the morphologically assigned nuclear grades. The exact evaluation of Ki-67 LI in CCRCC can provide a more precise information of the malignant potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yota Murase
- Department of Surgical Pathology, Aichi Medical University Hospital, Aichi, Japan.,Department of Pathology, Japanese Red Cross Nagoya Daini Hospital, Aichi, Japan
| | - Hidehiro Iwata
- Department of Surgical Pathology, Aichi Medical University Hospital, Aichi, Japan.,Department of Pathology, Japanese Red Cross Nagoya Daini Hospital, Aichi, Japan
| | | | - Toyonori Tsuzuki
- Department of Surgical Pathology, Aichi Medical University Hospital, Aichi, Japan
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50
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Zhang S, Fan Y, Zhong T, Ma S. Histopathological imaging features- versus molecular measurements-based cancer prognosis modeling. Sci Rep 2020; 10:15030. [PMID: 32929170 PMCID: PMC7490375 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-72201-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2020] [Accepted: 08/27/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
For lung and many other cancers, prognosis is essentially important, and extensive modeling has been carried out. Cancer is a genetic disease. In the past 2 decades, diverse molecular data (such as gene expressions and DNA mutations) have been analyzed in prognosis modeling. More recently, histopathological imaging data, which is a "byproduct" of biopsy, has been suggested as informative for prognosis. In this article, with the TCGA LUAD and LUSC data, we examine and directly compare modeling lung cancer overall survival using gene expressions versus histopathological imaging features. High-dimensional penalization methods are adopted for estimation and variable selection. Our findings include that gene expressions have slightly better prognostic performance, and that most of the gene expressions are weakly correlated imaging features. This study may provide additional insight into utilizing the two types of important data in cancer prognosis modeling and into lung cancer overall survival.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sanguo Zhang
- School of Mathematics Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Yu Fan
- School of Mathematics Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
- Department of Biostatistics, Yale School of Public Health, New Haven, CT, 06520, USA
| | - Tingyan Zhong
- SJTU-Yale Joint Center for Biostatistics, Department of Bioinformatics and Biostatistics, School of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
- Department of Biostatistics, Yale School of Public Health, New Haven, CT, 06520, USA
| | - Shuangge Ma
- Department of Biostatistics, Yale School of Public Health, New Haven, CT, 06520, USA.
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