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Panoyan MA, Wendt FR. The role of tandem repeat expansions in brain disorders. Emerg Top Life Sci 2023; 7:249-263. [PMID: 37401564 DOI: 10.1042/etls20230022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2023] [Revised: 06/05/2023] [Accepted: 06/19/2023] [Indexed: 07/05/2023]
Abstract
The human genome contains numerous genetic polymorphisms contributing to different health and disease outcomes. Tandem repeat (TR) loci are highly polymorphic yet under-investigated in large genomic studies, which has prompted research efforts to identify novel variations and gain a deeper understanding of their role in human biology and disease outcomes. We summarize the current understanding of TRs and their implications for human health and disease, including an overview of the challenges encountered when conducting TR analyses and potential solutions to overcome these challenges. By shedding light on these issues, this article aims to contribute to a better understanding of the impact of TRs on the development of new disease treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mary Anne Panoyan
- Department of Anthropology, University of Toronto, Mississauga, ON, Canada
| | - Frank R Wendt
- Department of Anthropology, University of Toronto, Mississauga, ON, Canada
- Biostatistics Division, Dalla Lana School of Public Health, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Forensic Science Program, University of Toronto, Mississauga, ON, Canada
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2
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Molecular Landscape of Tourette's Disorder. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24021428. [PMID: 36674940 PMCID: PMC9865021 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24021428] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2022] [Revised: 12/29/2022] [Accepted: 01/01/2023] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Tourette's disorder (TD) is a highly heritable childhood-onset neurodevelopmental disorder and is caused by a complex interplay of multiple genetic and environmental factors. Yet, the molecular mechanisms underlying the disorder remain largely elusive. In this study, we used the available omics data to compile a list of TD candidate genes, and we subsequently conducted tissue/cell type specificity and functional enrichment analyses of this list. Using genomic data, we also investigated genetic sharing between TD and blood and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) metabolite levels. Lastly, we built a molecular landscape of TD through integrating the results from these analyses with an extensive literature search to identify the interactions between the TD candidate genes/proteins and metabolites. We found evidence for an enriched expression of the TD candidate genes in four brain regions and the pituitary. The functional enrichment analyses implicated two pathways ('cAMP-mediated signaling' and 'Endocannabinoid Neuronal Synapse Pathway') and multiple biological functions related to brain development and synaptic transmission in TD etiology. Furthermore, we found genetic sharing between TD and the blood and CSF levels of 39 metabolites. The landscape of TD not only provides insights into the (altered) molecular processes that underlie the disease but, through the identification of potential drug targets (such as FLT3, NAALAD2, CX3CL1-CX3CR1, OPRM1, and HRH2), it also yields clues for developing novel TD treatments.
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Ahangari M, Kirkpatrick R, Nguyen TH, Gillespie N, Kendler KS, Bacanu SA, Webb BT, Verrelli BC, Riley BP. Examining the source of increased bipolar disorder and major depressive disorder common risk variation burden in multiplex schizophrenia families. SCHIZOPHRENIA (HEIDELBERG, GERMANY) 2022; 8:106. [PMID: 36434002 PMCID: PMC9700852 DOI: 10.1038/s41537-022-00317-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2022] [Accepted: 11/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Psychotic and affective disorders often aggregate in the relatives of probands with schizophrenia, and genetic studies show substantial genetic correlation among schizophrenia, bipolar disorder, and major depressive disorder. In this study, we examined the polygenic risk burden of bipolar disorder and major depressive disorder in 257 multiplex schizophrenia families (N = 1005) from the Irish Study of High-Density Multiplex Schizophrenia Families versus 2205 ancestry-matched controls. Our results indicate that members of multiplex schizophrenia families have an increased polygenic risk for bipolar disorder and major depressive disorder compared to population controls. However, this observation is largely attributable to the part of the genetic risk that bipolar disorder or major depressive disorder share with schizophrenia due to genetic correlation, rather than the affective portion of the genetic risk unique to them. These findings suggest that a complete interpretation of cross-disorder polygenic risks in multiplex families requires an assessment of the relative contribution of shared versus unique genetic factors to account for genetic correlations across psychiatric disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Ahangari
- grid.224260.00000 0004 0458 8737Virginia Institute for Psychiatric and Behavioral Genetics, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA USA ,grid.224260.00000 0004 0458 8737Integrative Life Sciences PhD Program, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA USA
| | - Robert Kirkpatrick
- grid.224260.00000 0004 0458 8737Virginia Institute for Psychiatric and Behavioral Genetics, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA USA ,grid.224260.00000 0004 0458 8737Department of Psychiatry, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA USA
| | - Tan-Hoang Nguyen
- grid.224260.00000 0004 0458 8737Virginia Institute for Psychiatric and Behavioral Genetics, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA USA ,grid.224260.00000 0004 0458 8737Department of Psychiatry, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA USA
| | - Nathan Gillespie
- grid.224260.00000 0004 0458 8737Virginia Institute for Psychiatric and Behavioral Genetics, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA USA ,grid.224260.00000 0004 0458 8737Department of Psychiatry, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA USA
| | - Kenneth S. Kendler
- grid.224260.00000 0004 0458 8737Virginia Institute for Psychiatric and Behavioral Genetics, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA USA ,grid.224260.00000 0004 0458 8737Department of Psychiatry, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA USA ,grid.224260.00000 0004 0458 8737Department of Human and Molecular Genetics, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA USA
| | - Silviu-Alin Bacanu
- grid.224260.00000 0004 0458 8737Virginia Institute for Psychiatric and Behavioral Genetics, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA USA ,grid.224260.00000 0004 0458 8737Department of Psychiatry, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA USA
| | - Bradley T. Webb
- grid.62562.350000000100301493GenOmics, Bioinformatics, and Translational Research Center, Biostatistics and Epidemiology Division, RTI International, Research Triangle Park, NC USA
| | - Brian C. Verrelli
- grid.224260.00000 0004 0458 8737Center for Biological Data Science, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA USA
| | - Brien P. Riley
- grid.224260.00000 0004 0458 8737Virginia Institute for Psychiatric and Behavioral Genetics, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA USA ,grid.224260.00000 0004 0458 8737Department of Psychiatry, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA USA ,grid.224260.00000 0004 0458 8737Department of Human and Molecular Genetics, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA USA
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Hartmann A, Andrén P, Atkinson-Clement C, Czernecki V, Delorme C, Debes NM, Szejko N, Ueda K, Black K. Tourette syndrome research highlights from 2021. F1000Res 2022; 11:716. [PMID: 35923292 PMCID: PMC9315233 DOI: 10.12688/f1000research.122708.2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
We summarize selected research reports from 2021 relevant to Tourette syndrome that the authors consider most important or interesting. The authors welcome article suggestions and thoughtful feedback from readers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreas Hartmann
- Department of Neurology, APHP, Sorbonne University, Hôpital de la Pitié-Salpêtrière, Paris, 75013, France,
| | - Per Andrén
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet and Stockholm Health Care Services, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Cyril Atkinson-Clement
- Paris Brain Institute (ICM), Sorbonne Université, Inserm, CNRS, APHP, Paris, 75013, France
| | - Virginie Czernecki
- Department of Neurology, APHP, Sorbonne University, Hôpital de la Pitié-Salpêtrière, Paris, 75013, France
| | - Cécile Delorme
- Department of Neurology, APHP, Sorbonne University, Hôpital de la Pitié-Salpêtrière, Paris, 75013, France
| | | | - Natalia Szejko
- Department of Neurology, Medical University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Keisuke Ueda
- Department of Psychiatry, Neurology, Radiology and Neuroscience, Washington University in St. Louis, Saint Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Kevin Black
- Department of Psychiatry, Neurology, Radiology and Neuroscience, Washington University in St. Louis, Saint Louis, Missouri, USA
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Scala M, De Grandis E, Nobile G, Iacomino M, Madia F, Capra V, Nobili L, Zara F, Striano P. Biallelic ZBTB11 variants associated with complex neuropsychiatric phenotype featuring Tourette syndrome. Brain 2022; 146:e1-e4. [PMID: 36068688 PMCID: PMC9825546 DOI: 10.1093/brain/awac323] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2022] [Accepted: 09/02/2022] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Marcello Scala
- Correspondence to: Marcello Scala Department of Neurosciences, Rehabilitation, Ophthalmology, Genetics, Maternal and Child Health Università Degli Studi di Genova, Genoa, Italy E-mail:
| | - Elisa De Grandis
- Child Neuropsychiatric Unit, IRCCS Istituto Giannina Gaslini, Genoa, Italy
| | - Giulia Nobile
- Department of Neurosciences, Rehabilitation, Ophthalmology, Genetics, Maternal and Child Health, Università Degli Studi di Genova, Genoa, Italy
| | - Michele Iacomino
- Medical Genetics Unit, IRCCS Istituto Giannina Gaslini, Genoa, Italy
| | - Francesca Madia
- Medical Genetics Unit, IRCCS Istituto Giannina Gaslini, Genoa, Italy
| | - Valeria Capra
- Medical Genetics Unit, IRCCS Istituto Giannina Gaslini, Genoa, Italy
| | - Lino Nobili
- Child Neuropsychiatric Unit, IRCCS Istituto Giannina Gaslini, Genoa, Italy
| | - Federico Zara
- Correspondence may also be addressed to: Federico Zara Medical Genetics Unit, IRCCS Istituto Giannina Gaslini, Genoa, Italy E-mail:
| | - Pasquale Striano
- Department of Neurosciences, Rehabilitation, Ophthalmology, Genetics, Maternal and Child Health, Università Degli Studi di Genova, Genoa, Italy,Pediatric Neurology and Muscular Diseases Unit, IRCCS Istituto Giannina Gaslini, Genoa, Italy
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Current Understanding of the Genetics of Tourette Syndrome. Biomed J 2022; 45:271-279. [PMID: 35042017 PMCID: PMC9250083 DOI: 10.1016/j.bj.2022.01.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2021] [Revised: 01/09/2022] [Accepted: 01/10/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Gilles de la Tourette syndrome (TS) is a common, childhood-onset psychiatric disorder characterized by persistent motor and vocal tics. It is a heterogeneous disorder in which the phenotypic expression may be affected by environmental factors, such as immune responses. Furthermore, several studies have shown that genetic factors play a vital role in the etiology of TS, as well as its comorbidity with other disorders, including attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, obsessive-compulsive disorder, and autism spectrum disorder. TS has a complex inheritance pattern and, according to various genetic studies, several genes and loci have been correlated with TS. Genome-wide linkage studies have identified Slit and Trk-like 1 (SLITRK1) and histidine decarboxylase (HDC) genes, and candidate gene association studies have extensively investigated the dopamine and serotonin system genes, but there have been no consistent results. Moreover, genome-wide association studies have implicated several genetic loci; however, larger study cohorts are needed to confirm this. Copy number variations, which are polymorphisms in the number of gene copies due to chromosomal deletions or duplications, are considered another significant source of mutations in TS. In the last decade, whole genome/exome sequencing has identified several novel genetic mutations in patients with TS. In conclusion, more studies are needed to reveal the exact mechanisms of underlying TS, which may help to provide more information on the prognosis and therapeutic plans for TS.
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