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Wu K, Jiang H, Hicks DR, Liu C, Muratspahic E, Ramelot TA, Liu Y, McNally K, Gaur A, Coventry B, Chen W, Bera AK, Kang A, Gerben S, Lamb MYL, Murray A, Li X, Kennedy MA, Yang W, Schober G, Brierley SM, Gelb MH, Montelione GT, Derivery E, Baker D. Sequence-specific targeting of intrinsically disordered protein regions. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2024:2024.07.15.603480. [PMID: 39071356 PMCID: PMC11275711 DOI: 10.1101/2024.07.15.603480] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/30/2024]
Abstract
A general approach to design proteins that bind tightly and specifically to intrinsically disordered regions (IDRs) of proteins and flexible peptides would have wide application in biological research, therapeutics, and diagnosis. However, the lack of defined structures and the high variability in sequence and conformational preferences has complicated such efforts. We sought to develop a method combining biophysical principles with deep learning to readily generate binders for any disordered sequence. Instead of assuming a fixed regular structure for the target, general recognition is achieved by threading the query sequence through diverse extended binding modes in hundreds of templates with varying pocket depths and spacings, followed by RFdiffusion refinement to optimize the binder-target fit. We tested the method by designing binders to 39 highly diverse unstructured targets. Experimental testing of ~36 designs per target yielded binders with affinities better than 100 nM in 34 cases, and in the pM range in four cases. The co-crystal structure of a designed binder in complex with dynorphin A is closely consistent with the design model. All by all binding experiments for 20 designs binding diverse targets show they are highly specific for the intended targets, with no crosstalk even for the closely related dynorphin A and dynorphin B. Our approach thus could provide a general solution to the intrinsically disordered protein and peptide recognition problem.
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2
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Torrey EF. Did the human genome project affect research on Schizophrenia? Psychiatry Res 2024; 333:115691. [PMID: 38219345 DOI: 10.1016/j.psychres.2023.115691] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2023] [Revised: 12/15/2023] [Accepted: 12/21/2023] [Indexed: 01/16/2024]
Abstract
The Human Genome Project was undertaken primarily to discover genetic causes and better treatments for human diseases. Schizophrenia was targeted since three of the project`s principal architects had a personal interest and also because, based on family, adoption, and twin studies, schizophrenia was widely believed to be a genetic disorder. Extensive studies using linkage analysis, candidate genes, genome wide association studies [GWAS], copy number variants, exome sequencing and other approaches have failed to identify causal genes. Instead, they identified almost 300 single nucleotide polymorphisms [SNPs] associated with altered risks of developing schizophrenia as well as some rare variants associated with increased risk in a small number of individuals. Risk genes play a role in the clinical expression of most diseases but do not cause the disease in the absence of other factors. Increasingly, observers question whether schizophrenia is strictly a genetic disorder. Beginning in 1996 NIMH began shifting its research resources from clinical studies to basic research based on the promise of the Human Genome Project. Consequently, three decades later NIMH's genetics investment has yielded almost nothing clinically useful for individuals currently affected. It is time to review NIMH`s schizophrenia research portfolio.
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Modenini G, Abondio P, Guffanti G, Boattini A, Macciardi F. Evolutionarily recent retrotransposons contribute to schizophrenia. Transl Psychiatry 2023; 13:181. [PMID: 37244930 DOI: 10.1038/s41398-023-02472-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2023] [Revised: 05/02/2023] [Accepted: 05/12/2023] [Indexed: 05/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Transposable elements (TEs) are mobile genetic elements that constitute half of the human genome. Recent studies suggest that polymorphic non-reference TEs (nrTEs) may contribute to cognitive diseases, such as schizophrenia, through a cis-regulatory effect. The aim of this work is to identify sets of nrTEs putatively linked to an increased risk of developing schizophrenia. To do so, we inspected the nrTE content of genomes from the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex of schizophrenic and control individuals and identified 38 nrTEs that possibly contribute to the emergence of this psychiatric disorder, two of them further confirmed with haplotype-based methods. We then performed in silico functional inferences and found that 9 of the 38 nrTEs act as expression/alternative splicing quantitative trait loci (eQTLs/sQTLs) in the brain, suggesting a possible role in shaping the human cognitive genome structure. To our knowledge, this is the first attempt at identifying polymorphic nrTEs that can contribute to the functionality of the brain. Finally, we suggest that a neurodevelopmental genetic mechanism, which involves evolutionarily young nrTEs, can be key to understanding the ethio-pathogenesis of this complex disorder.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Paolo Abondio
- BiGeA Department, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
- Department of Cultural Heritage, University of Bologna, Ravenna, Italy
| | - Guia Guffanti
- Department of Psychiatry, McLean Hospital-Harvard Medical School, Belmont, MA, USA
| | | | - Fabio Macciardi
- Department of Medical Education (Neuroscience), CUSM, Colton, CA, USA.
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4
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Lismer A, Kimmins S. Emerging evidence that the mammalian sperm epigenome serves as a template for embryo development. Nat Commun 2023; 14:2142. [PMID: 37059740 PMCID: PMC10104880 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-37820-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 30.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2022] [Accepted: 03/31/2023] [Indexed: 04/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Although more studies are demonstrating that a father's environment can influence child health and disease, the molecular mechanisms underlying non-genetic inheritance remain unclear. It was previously thought that sperm exclusively contributed its genome to the egg. More recently, association studies have shown that various environmental exposures including poor diet, toxicants, and stress, perturbed epigenetic marks in sperm at important reproductive and developmental loci that were associated with offspring phenotypes. The molecular and cellular routes that underlie how epigenetic marks are transmitted at fertilization, to resist epigenetic reprogramming in the embryo, and drive phenotypic changes are only now beginning to be unraveled. Here, we provide an overview of the state of the field of intergenerational paternal epigenetic inheritance in mammals and present new insights into the relationship between embryo development and the three pillars of epigenetic inheritance: chromatin, DNA methylation, and non-coding RNAs. We evaluate compelling evidence of sperm-mediated transmission and retention of paternal epigenetic marks in the embryo. Using landmark examples, we discuss how sperm-inherited regions may escape reprogramming to impact development via mechanisms that implicate transcription factors, chromatin organization, and transposable elements. Finally, we link paternally transmitted epigenetic marks to functional changes in the pre- and post-implantation embryo. Understanding how sperm-inherited epigenetic factors influence embryo development will permit a greater understanding related to the developmental origins of health and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ariane Lismer
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Faculty of Medicine, McGill University, Montreal, QC, H3G 1Y6, Canada
| | - Sarah Kimmins
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Faculty of Medicine, McGill University, Montreal, QC, H3G 1Y6, Canada.
- Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Montreal Hospital Research Centre, Montreal, QC, H2X 0A9, Canada.
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Bao H, Yan J, Huang J, Deng W, Zhang C, Liu C, Huang A, Zhang Q, Xiong Y, Wang Q, Wu H, Hou L. Activation of endogenous retrovirus triggers microglial immuno-inflammation and contributes to negative emotional behaviors in mice with chronic stress. J Neuroinflammation 2023; 20:37. [PMID: 36793064 PMCID: PMC9933381 DOI: 10.1186/s12974-023-02724-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2022] [Accepted: 02/09/2023] [Indexed: 02/17/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The "missing" link of complex and multifaceted interplay among endogenous retroviruses (ERVs) transcription, chronic immuno-inflammation, and the development of psychiatric disorders is still far from being completely clarified. The present study was aimed to investigate the mechanism of protective role of inhibiting ERVs on reversing microglial immuno-inflammation in basolateral amygdala (BLA) in chronic stress-induced negative emotional behaviors in mice. METHODS Male C57BL/6 mice were exposed to chronic unpredictable mild stress (CUMS) for 6 w. Negative emotional behaviors were comprehensively investigated to identify the susceptible mice. Microglial morphology, ERVs transcription, intrinsic nucleic acids sensing response, and immuno-inflammation in BLA were assessed. RESULTS Mice with chronic stress were presented as obviously depressive- and anxiety-like behaviors, and accompanied with significant microglial morphological activation, murine ERVs genes MuERV-L, MusD, and IAP transcription, cGAS-IFI16-STING pathway activation, NF-κB signaling pathway priming, as well as NLRP3 inflammasome activation in BLA. Antiretroviral therapy, pharmacological inhibition of reverse transcriptases, as well as knocking-down the ERVs transcriptional regulation gene p53 significantly inhibited microglial ERVs transcription and immuno-inflammation in BLA, as well as improved the chronic stress-induced negative emotional behaviors. CONCLUSIONS Our results provided an innovative therapeutic approach that targeting ERVs-associated microglial immuno-inflammation may be beneficial to the patients with psychotic disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Han Bao
- grid.12955.3a0000 0001 2264 7233Department of Anesthesiology, School of Medicine, Xiang’an Hospital of Xiamen University, Xiamen University, No. 2000, East of Xiang’an Rd, Xiamen, 361102 China
| | - Jinqi Yan
- grid.452438.c0000 0004 1760 8119Department of Critical Care Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an, 710061 China
| | - Jiancheng Huang
- grid.12955.3a0000 0001 2264 7233Department of Anesthesiology, School of Medicine, Xiang’an Hospital of Xiamen University, Xiamen University, No. 2000, East of Xiang’an Rd, Xiamen, 361102 China
| | - Wenjuan Deng
- grid.12955.3a0000 0001 2264 7233Department of Anesthesiology, School of Medicine, Xiang’an Hospital of Xiamen University, Xiamen University, No. 2000, East of Xiang’an Rd, Xiamen, 361102 China
| | - Ce Zhang
- grid.12955.3a0000 0001 2264 7233Department of Anesthesiology, School of Medicine, Xiang’an Hospital of Xiamen University, Xiamen University, No. 2000, East of Xiang’an Rd, Xiamen, 361102 China
| | - Cong Liu
- grid.12955.3a0000 0001 2264 7233Department of Anesthesiology, School of Medicine, Xiang’an Hospital of Xiamen University, Xiamen University, No. 2000, East of Xiang’an Rd, Xiamen, 361102 China
| | - Ailing Huang
- grid.12955.3a0000 0001 2264 7233Department of Anesthesiology, School of Medicine, Xiang’an Hospital of Xiamen University, Xiamen University, No. 2000, East of Xiang’an Rd, Xiamen, 361102 China
| | - Qiao Zhang
- grid.12955.3a0000 0001 2264 7233Department of Anesthesiology, School of Medicine, Xiang’an Hospital of Xiamen University, Xiamen University, No. 2000, East of Xiang’an Rd, Xiamen, 361102 China
| | - Ying Xiong
- grid.12955.3a0000 0001 2264 7233Department of Anesthesiology, School of Medicine, Xiang’an Hospital of Xiamen University, Xiamen University, No. 2000, East of Xiang’an Rd, Xiamen, 361102 China
| | - Qiang Wang
- Department of Anesthesiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, No. 277, West of Yanta Rd, Xi'an, 710061, China.
| | - Huanghui Wu
- Translational Research Institute of Brain and Brain-Like Intelligence, School of Medicine, Shanghai Fourth People's Hospital, Tongji University, Shanghai, 200434, China. .,Shanghai Key Laboratory of Anesthesiology and Brain Functional Modulation, No.1279, Sanmen Rd, Shanghai, 200434, China.
| | - Lichao Hou
- Department of Anesthesiology, School of Medicine, Xiang'an Hospital of Xiamen University, Xiamen University, No. 2000, East of Xiang'an Rd, Xiamen, 361102, China.
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A Systematic Review of the Human Accelerated Regions in Schizophrenia and Related Disorders: Where the Evolutionary and Neurodevelopmental Hypotheses Converge. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24043597. [PMID: 36835010 PMCID: PMC9962562 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24043597] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2022] [Revised: 02/03/2023] [Accepted: 02/07/2023] [Indexed: 02/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Schizophrenia is a psychiatric disorder that results from genetic and environmental factors interacting and disrupting neurodevelopmental trajectories. Human Accelerated Regions (HARs) are evolutionarily conserved genomic regions that have accumulated human-specific sequence changes. Thus, studies on the impact of HARs in the context of neurodevelopment, as well as with respect to adult brain phenotypes, have increased considerably in the last few years. Through a systematic approach, we aim to offer a comprehensive review of HARs' role in terms of human brain development, configuration, and cognitive abilities, as well as whether HARs modulate the susceptibility to neurodevelopmental psychiatric disorders such as schizophrenia. First, the evidence in this review highlights HARs' molecular functions in the context of the neurodevelopmental regulatory genetic machinery. Second, brain phenotypic analyses indicate that HAR genes' expression spatially correlates with the regions that suffered human-specific cortical expansion, as well as with the regional interactions for synergistic information processing. Lastly, studies based on candidate HAR genes and the global "HARome" variability describe the involvement of these regions in the genetic background of schizophrenia, but also in other neurodevelopmental psychiatric disorders. Overall, the data considered in this review emphasise the crucial role of HARs in human-specific neurodevelopment processes and encourage future research on this evolutionary marker for a better understanding of the genetic basis of schizophrenia and other neurodevelopmental-related psychiatric disorders. Accordingly, HARs emerge as interesting genomic regions that require further study in order to bridge the neurodevelopmental and evolutionary hypotheses in schizophrenia and other related disorders and phenotypes.
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Modenini G, Abondio P, Guffanti G, Boattini A, Macciardi F. Evolutionarily recent retrotransposons contribute to schizophrenia. RESEARCH SQUARE 2023:rs.3.rs-2474682. [PMID: 36747630 PMCID: PMC9900980 DOI: 10.21203/rs.3.rs-2474682/v1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Transposable Elements (TEs) are mobile genetic elements that constitute half of the human genome. Recent studies suggest that polymorphic non-reference TEs (nrTEs) may contribute to cognitive diseases, such as schizophrenia, through a cis-regulatory effect. The aim of this work is to identify sets of nrTEs putatively linked to an increased risk of developing schizophrenia. To do so, we inspected the nrTE content of genomes from the Dorsolateral Prefrontal Cortex of schizophrenic and control individuals, and identified 38 nrTEs which possibly contribute to the emergence of this psychiatric disorder. Furthermore, we performed in silico functional inferences and found, for instance, that 9 of the 38 nrTEs act as expression/alternative splicing quantitative trait loci (eQTLs/sQTLs) in the brain, suggesting a possible role in shaping the human cognitive genome structure. Therefore, to our knowledge, this is the first attempt at identifying polymorphic nrTEs that can contribute to the functionality of the brain. Finally, we suggest that a neurodevelopmental genetic mechanism, which involves evolutionarily young nrTEs, can be the key to understanding the ethiopathogenesis of this complex disorder.
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8
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Employing non-targeted interactomics approach and subcellular fractionation to increase our understanding of the ghost proteome. iScience 2023; 26:105943. [PMID: 36866041 PMCID: PMC9971881 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2023.105943] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2022] [Revised: 11/07/2022] [Accepted: 01/04/2023] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Eukaryotic mRNA has long been considered monocistronic, but nowadays, alternative proteins (AltProts) challenge this tenet. The alternative or ghost proteome has largely been neglected and the involvement of AltProts in biological processes. Here, we used subcellular fractionation to increase the information about AltProts and facilitate the detection of protein-protein interactions by the identification of crosslinked peptides. In total, 112 unique AltProts were identified, and we were able to identify 220 crosslinks without peptide enrichment. Among these, 16 crosslinks between AltProts and Referenced Proteins (RefProts) were identified. We further focused on specific examples such as the interaction between IP_2292176 (AltFAM227B) and HLA-B, in which this protein could be a potential new immunopeptide, and the interactions between HIST1H4F and several AltProts which can play a role in mRNA transcription. Thanks to the study of the interactome and the localization of AltProts, we can reveal more of the importance of the ghost proteome.
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Levchenko A, Gusev F, Rogaev E. The evolutionary origin of psychosis. Front Psychiatry 2023; 14:1115929. [PMID: 36741116 PMCID: PMC9894884 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2023.1115929] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2022] [Accepted: 01/05/2023] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Imagination, the driving force of creativity, and primary psychosis are human-specific, since we do not observe behaviors in other species that would convincingly suggest they possess the same traits. Both these traits have been linked to the function of the prefrontal cortex, which is the most evolutionarily novel region of the human brain. A number of evolutionarily novel genetic and epigenetic changes that determine the human brain-specific structure and function have been discovered in recent years. Among them are genomic loci subjected to increased rates of single nucleotide substitutions in humans, called human accelerated regions. These mostly regulatory regions are involved in brain development and sometimes contain genetic variants that confer a risk for schizophrenia. On the other hand, neuroimaging data suggest that mind wandering and related phenomena (as a proxy of imagination) are in many ways similar to rapid eye movement dreaming, a function also present in non-human species. Furthermore, both functions are similar to psychosis in several ways: for example, the same brain areas are activated both in dreams and visual hallucinations. In the present Perspective we hypothesize that imagination is an evolutionary adaptation of dreaming, while primary psychosis results from deficient control by higher-order brain areas over imagination. In the light of this, human accelerated regions might be one of the key drivers in evolution of human imagination and the pathogenesis of psychotic disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anastasia Levchenko
- Institute of Translational Biomedicine, Saint Petersburg State University, Saint Petersburg, Russia
| | - Fedor Gusev
- Center for Genetics and Life Sciences, Department of Genetics, Sirius University of Science and Technology, Sochi, Russia.,Vavilov Institute of General Genetics, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
| | - Evgeny Rogaev
- Vavilov Institute of General Genetics, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia.,Department of Psychiatry, UMass Chan Medical School, Shrewsbury, MA, United States
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Chang X, Zhao W, Kang J, Xiang S, Xie C, Corona-Hernández H, Palaniyappan L, Feng J. Language abnormalities in schizophrenia: binding core symptoms through contemporary empirical evidence. SCHIZOPHRENIA (HEIDELBERG, GERMANY) 2022; 8:95. [PMID: 36371445 PMCID: PMC9653408 DOI: 10.1038/s41537-022-00308-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2022] [Accepted: 10/26/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Both the ability to speak and to infer complex linguistic messages from sounds have been claimed as uniquely human phenomena. In schizophrenia, formal thought disorder (FTD) and auditory verbal hallucinations (AVHs) are manifestations respectively relating to concrete disruptions of those abilities. From an evolutionary perspective, Crow (1997) proposed that "schizophrenia is the price that Homo sapiens pays for the faculty of language". Epidemiological and experimental evidence points to an overlap between FTD and AVHs, yet a thorough investigation examining their shared neural mechanism in schizophrenia is lacking. In this review, we synthesize observations from three key domains. First, neuroanatomical evidence indicates substantial shared abnormalities in language-processing regions between FTD and AVHs, even in the early phases of schizophrenia. Second, neurochemical studies point to a glutamate-related dysfunction in these language-processing brain regions, contributing to verbal production deficits. Third, genetic findings further show how genes that overlap between schizophrenia and language disorders influence neurodevelopment and neurotransmission. We argue that these observations converge into the possibility that a glutamatergic dysfunction in language-processing brain regions might be a shared neural basis of both FTD and AVHs. Investigations of language pathology in schizophrenia could facilitate the development of diagnostic tools and treatments, so we call for multilevel confirmatory analyses focused on modulations of the language network as a therapeutic goal in schizophrenia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao Chang
- Institute of Science and Technology for Brain-Inspired Intelligence, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
- Key Laboratory of Computational Neuroscience and Brain-Inspired Intelligence, Fudan University, Ministry of Education, Shanghai, China
- MOE Frontiers Center for Brain Science, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
- Zhangjiang Fudan International Innovation Center, Shanghai, China
| | - Wei Zhao
- MOE-LCSM, School of Mathematics and Statistics, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, PR China
| | - Jujiao Kang
- Institute of Science and Technology for Brain-Inspired Intelligence, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
- Key Laboratory of Computational Neuroscience and Brain-Inspired Intelligence, Fudan University, Ministry of Education, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai Center for Mathematical Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Shitong Xiang
- Institute of Science and Technology for Brain-Inspired Intelligence, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
- Key Laboratory of Computational Neuroscience and Brain-Inspired Intelligence, Fudan University, Ministry of Education, Shanghai, China
| | - Chao Xie
- Institute of Science and Technology for Brain-Inspired Intelligence, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
- Key Laboratory of Computational Neuroscience and Brain-Inspired Intelligence, Fudan University, Ministry of Education, Shanghai, China
| | - Hugo Corona-Hernández
- Department of Biomedical Sciences of Cells & Systems, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Lena Palaniyappan
- Douglas Mental Health University Institute, Department of Psychiatry, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada.
- Robarts Research Institute, University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada.
- Lawson Health Research Institute, London, Ontario, Canada.
| | - Jianfeng Feng
- Institute of Science and Technology for Brain-Inspired Intelligence, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.
- Key Laboratory of Computational Neuroscience and Brain-Inspired Intelligence, Fudan University, Ministry of Education, Shanghai, China.
- MOE Frontiers Center for Brain Science, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.
- Zhangjiang Fudan International Innovation Center, Shanghai, China.
- Shanghai Center for Mathematical Sciences, Shanghai, China.
- Department of Computer Science, University of Warwick, Coventry, UK.
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11
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Stromeyer C. The construct of schizophrenia as a human-specific condition. Schizophr Res 2022; 242:130-131. [PMID: 35241312 DOI: 10.1016/j.schres.2022.02.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2022] [Accepted: 02/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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