1
|
Algallal HE, Jacquemet V, Samaha AN. Intermittent nicotine access is as effective as continuous access in promoting nicotine seeking and taking in rats. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 2024; 241:1135-1149. [PMID: 38326505 DOI: 10.1007/s00213-024-06546-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2024] [Accepted: 01/20/2024] [Indexed: 02/09/2024]
Abstract
RATIONALE Nicotine is a principal psychoactive agent in tobacco, contributing to tobacco's addictive potential. Preclinical studies on the effects of voluntary nicotine intake typically use self-administration procedures that provide continuous nicotine access during each self-administration session. However, many smokers consume cigarettes intermittently rather than continuously throughout each day. For drugs including cocaine and opioids, research in laboratory rats shows that intermittent intake can be more effective than continuous intake in producing patterns of drug use relevant to addiction. OBJECTIVE We determined how intermittent versus continuous nicotine self-administration influences nicotine seeking and taking behaviours. METHODS Female and male rats had continuous (i.e., Long Access; LgA, 6 h/day) or intermittent (IntA; 12 min ON, 60 min OFF, for 6 h/day) access to intravenous nicotine (15 µg/kg/infusion), for 12 daily sessions. We then assessed intake, responding for nicotine under a progressive ratio schedule of drug reinforcement and cue- and nicotine-induced reinstatement of drug seeking. We also estimated nicotine pharmacokinetic parameters during LgA and IntA self-administration. RESULTS Overall, LgA rats took twice more nicotine than did IntA rats, yielding more sustained increases in estimated brain concentrations of the drug. However, the two groups showed similar motivation to seek and take nicotine, as measured using reinstatement and progressive ratio procedures, respectively. CONCLUSIONS Intermittent nicotine use is just as effective as continuous use in producing addiction-relevant behaviours, despite significantly less nicotine exposure. This has implications for modeling nicotine self-administration patterns in human smokers and resulting effects on brain and behaviour.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hajer E Algallal
- Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Université de Montréal, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Vincent Jacquemet
- Institute of Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Medicine, Université de Montréal, Montreal, QC, Canada
- Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Université de Montréal, C.P. 6128, Succursale Centre-Ville, Montreal, QC, H3C 3J7, Canada
| | - Anne-Noël Samaha
- Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Université de Montréal, C.P. 6128, Succursale Centre-Ville, Montreal, QC, H3C 3J7, Canada.
- Neural Signaling and Circuitry Research Group (SNC), Faculty of Medicine, Université de Montréal, Montreal, QC, Canada.
- Center for Interdisciplinary Research On the Brain and Learning (CIRCA), Université de Montréal, Montreal, QC, Canada.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Ndiaye NA, Shamleh SA, Casale D, Castaneda-Ouellet S, Laplante I, Robinson MJF, Samaha AN. Relapse after intermittent access to cocaine: Discriminative cues more effectively trigger drug seeking than do conditioned cues. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 2024:10.1007/s00213-024-06614-9. [PMID: 38767684 DOI: 10.1007/s00213-024-06614-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2024] [Accepted: 05/12/2024] [Indexed: 05/22/2024]
Abstract
RATIONALE When people with drug addiction encounter cues associated with drug use, this can trigger cravings and relapse. These cues can include conditioned stimuli (CSs) signaling drug delivery and discriminative stimuli (DSs) signaling drug availability. Compared to CS effects, DS effects are less explored in preclinical studies on cue-induced relapse. OBJECTIVE We compared CS and DS effects on reward seeking following abstinence from intermittent-access cocaine (or sucrose) self-administration. METHODS During 15-20 intermittent-access sessions, rats self-administered i.v. cocaine or sucrose pellets paired with a light-tone CS. Cocaine/sucrose was available for 5-min (signalled by a light; DS+) and unavailable for 25 min (signalled by different lighting conditions; DS-), and this cycled for 4 h/session. Following abstinence, we measured cocaine/sucrose seeking under extinction triggered by CS and DS presentation, and instrumental responding reinforced by these cues. RESULTS Across intermittent-access sessions, rats increased lever pressing for cocaine or sucrose during DS+ periods and decreased responding during DS- periods. On days 2 and 21 of abstinence, only presentation of the DS+ or DS+ and CS combined elicited increased cocaine/sucrose-seeking behaviour (i.e., increased active lever presses). Presenting the DS- alongside the DS+ suppressed the increased cocaine-seeking behaviour otherwise produced by the DS+ . Finally, on day 21 of abstinence, rats showed equivalent levels of lever pressing reinforced by the DS+ , CS and by the DS+ and CS combined, suggesting comparable conditioned reinforcing value. CONCLUSIONS After intermittent self-administration, cocaine-associated DSs and CSs acquire similar conditioned reinforcing properties, but DSs more effectively trigger increases in drug seeking.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ndeye Aissatou Ndiaye
- Department of Neurosciences, Faculty of Medicine, Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC, H3C 3J7, Canada
| | - Sema Abu Shamleh
- Department of Psychology, Concordia University, Montréal, QC, H3G 1M8, Canada
| | - Domiziana Casale
- Department of Psychology, Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC, H3C 3J7, Canada
| | | | - Isabel Laplante
- Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Université de Montréal, C.P. 6128, Succursale Centre-Ville Montréal, Montréal, Québec, H3C 3J7, Canada
| | - Mike J F Robinson
- Department of Psychology, Concordia University, Montréal, QC, H3G 1M8, Canada
- Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Université de Montréal, C.P. 6128, Succursale Centre-Ville Montréal, Montréal, Québec, H3C 3J7, Canada
| | - Anne-Noël Samaha
- Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Université de Montréal, C.P. 6128, Succursale Centre-Ville Montréal, Montréal, Québec, H3C 3J7, Canada.
- Neural Signaling and Circuitry Research Group (SNC), Faculty of Medicine, Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC, H3C 3J7, Canada.
- Center for Interdisciplinary Research On the Brain and Learning (CIRCA), Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC, H3C 3J7, Canada.
- Center for Studies in Behavioral Neurobiology, Department of Psychology, Concordia University, Montréal, QC, H3G 1M8, Canada.
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Liu X, Lu T, Chen X, Huang S, Zheng W, Zhang W, Meng S, Yan W, Shi L, Bao Y, Xue Y, Shi J, Yuan K, Han Y, Lu L. Memory consolidation drives the enhancement of remote cocaine memory via prefrontal circuit. Mol Psychiatry 2024; 29:730-741. [PMID: 38221548 DOI: 10.1038/s41380-023-02364-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2023] [Revised: 11/22/2023] [Accepted: 12/01/2023] [Indexed: 01/16/2024]
Abstract
Remote memory usually decreases over time, whereas remote drug-cue associated memory exhibits enhancement, increasing the risk of relapse during abstinence. Memory system consolidation is a prerequisite for remote memory formation, but neurobiological underpinnings of the role of consolidation in the enhancement of remote drug memory are unclear. Here, we found that remote cocaine-cue associated memory was enhanced in rats that underwent self-administration training, together with a progressive increase in the response of prelimbic cortex (PrL) CaMKII neurons to cues. System consolidation was required for the enhancement of remote cocaine memory through PrL CaMKII neurons during the early period post-training. Furthermore, dendritic spine maturation in the PrL relied on the basolateral amygdala (BLA) input during the early period of consolidation, contributing to remote memory enhancement. These findings indicate that memory consolidation drives the enhancement of remote cocaine memory through a time-dependent increase in activity and maturation of PrL CaMKII neurons receiving a sustained BLA input.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoxing Liu
- Peking University Sixth Hospital, Peking University Institute of Mental Health, NHC Key Laboratory of Mental Health (Peking University), National Clinical Research Center for Mental Disorders (Peking University Sixth Hospital), 100191, Beijing, China
| | - Tangsheng Lu
- National Institute on Drug Dependence and Beijing Key Laboratory of Drug Dependence Research, Peking University, 100191, Beijing, China
- Department of Neurobiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University Health Science Center, 100191, Beijing, China
| | - Xuan Chen
- Peking University Sixth Hospital, Peking University Institute of Mental Health, NHC Key Laboratory of Mental Health (Peking University), National Clinical Research Center for Mental Disorders (Peking University Sixth Hospital), 100191, Beijing, China
- Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, 453003, China
| | - Shihao Huang
- National Institute on Drug Dependence and Beijing Key Laboratory of Drug Dependence Research, Peking University, 100191, Beijing, China
- Department of Neurobiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University Health Science Center, 100191, Beijing, China
| | - Wei Zheng
- Peking-Tsinghua Center for Life Sciences and PKU-IDG/McGovern Institute for Brain Research, Peking University, 100871, Beijing, China
| | - Wen Zhang
- National Institute on Drug Dependence and Beijing Key Laboratory of Drug Dependence Research, Peking University, 100191, Beijing, China
| | - Shiqiu Meng
- National Institute on Drug Dependence and Beijing Key Laboratory of Drug Dependence Research, Peking University, 100191, Beijing, China
| | - Wei Yan
- Peking University Sixth Hospital, Peking University Institute of Mental Health, NHC Key Laboratory of Mental Health (Peking University), National Clinical Research Center for Mental Disorders (Peking University Sixth Hospital), 100191, Beijing, China
| | - Le Shi
- Peking University Sixth Hospital, Peking University Institute of Mental Health, NHC Key Laboratory of Mental Health (Peking University), National Clinical Research Center for Mental Disorders (Peking University Sixth Hospital), 100191, Beijing, China
| | - Yanping Bao
- National Institute on Drug Dependence and Beijing Key Laboratory of Drug Dependence Research, Peking University, 100191, Beijing, China
| | - Yanxue Xue
- National Institute on Drug Dependence and Beijing Key Laboratory of Drug Dependence Research, Peking University, 100191, Beijing, China.
| | - Jie Shi
- National Institute on Drug Dependence and Beijing Key Laboratory of Drug Dependence Research, Peking University, 100191, Beijing, China
| | - Kai Yuan
- Peking University Sixth Hospital, Peking University Institute of Mental Health, NHC Key Laboratory of Mental Health (Peking University), National Clinical Research Center for Mental Disorders (Peking University Sixth Hospital), 100191, Beijing, China
| | - Ying Han
- National Institute on Drug Dependence and Beijing Key Laboratory of Drug Dependence Research, Peking University, 100191, Beijing, China.
| | - Lin Lu
- Peking University Sixth Hospital, Peking University Institute of Mental Health, NHC Key Laboratory of Mental Health (Peking University), National Clinical Research Center for Mental Disorders (Peking University Sixth Hospital), 100191, Beijing, China.
- National Institute on Drug Dependence and Beijing Key Laboratory of Drug Dependence Research, Peking University, 100191, Beijing, China.
- Peking-Tsinghua Center for Life Sciences and PKU-IDG/McGovern Institute for Brain Research, Peking University, 100871, Beijing, China.
- Research Unit of Diagnosis and Treatment of Mood Cognitive Disorder, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences (No. 2018RU006), Dongcheng, Beijing, China.
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Charkhat Gorgich EA, Rigi MG, Fanaei H, Parsaei H, Ghanbarzehi A. Brain-derived neurotrophic factor serum levels as a candidate biomarker for withdrawal in crack heroin dependence. Subst Abuse Treat Prev Policy 2024; 19:9. [PMID: 38245698 PMCID: PMC10800061 DOI: 10.1186/s13011-024-00591-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2023] [Accepted: 01/09/2024] [Indexed: 01/22/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Crack heroin is a novel opiate derivative with highly addictive properties and unfamiliar health consequences. It causes a variety of brain dysfunctions that are mediated by neurochemical alterations and abnormal neuroplasticity. Brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) is a widely recognized biological marker implicated in the neuropathology of substance use during substance use disorder and withdrawal. Its involvement can significantly contribute to the severity of withdrawal symptoms. Hence, this study aimed to evaluate BDNF levels in crack heroin users before and after withdrawal. METHODS In this cross-sectional study, 148 male participants were recruited and divided into two groups: persons with crack heroin use disorder (n = 74) and the controls (n = 74). The BDNF serum levels were measured in both crack heroin users and control groups upon hospitalization and again after twenty-one days of withdrawal using the enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. RESULTS The results demonstrated that BDNF levels in persons with crack heroin use disorder upon admission were significantly lower than the levels observed upon discharge and in the control group (p < 0.05). Additionally, a significant difference in BDNF levels was found between persons with crack heroin use disorder at admission and discharge (p = 0.038). Furthermore, BDNF levels showed an inverse correlation with the daily dose of substance use (r= -0.420, p = 0.03) and the duration of crack heroin use (r= -0.235, p = 0.001). CONCLUSIONS A progressive increment in BDNF levels during early detoxification is associated with the daily amount of substance use and the duration of substance use. Our findings suggest that changes in BDNF serum levels during crack heroin use disorder and withdrawal could serve as potential biomarkers for assessing the intensity of withdrawal symptoms and substance use-related behaviors.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Hamed Fanaei
- Pregnancy Health Research Center, Zahedan University of Medical Sciences, Zahedan, Iran
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, Zahedan University of Medical Sciences, Zahedan, Iran
| | - Houman Parsaei
- Nervous System Stem Cells Research Center, Semnan University of Medical Sciences, Semnan, Iran
- Department of Anatomy, School of Medicine, Semnan University of Medical Sciences, Semnan, Iran
| | - Abdolhakim Ghanbarzehi
- Student Research Committee, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
- Department of Neuroscience, School of Advanced Technologies in Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, Iranshahr University of Medical Sciences, Iranshahr, Iran.
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Morelos-Santana E, Islas-Preciado D, Alcalá-Lozano R, González-Olvera J, Estrada-Camarena E. Peripheral neurotrophin levels during controlled crack/cocaine abstinence: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Sci Rep 2024; 14:1410. [PMID: 38228745 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-51901-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2023] [Accepted: 01/10/2024] [Indexed: 01/18/2024] Open
Abstract
Cocaine/crack abstinence periods have higher risk of relapse. Abstinence as initial part of the recovery process is affected by learning and memory changes that could preserve the addictive cycle. To further understand how the interruption of cocaine/crack consumption affects neurotrophin level we performed the present systematic review and meta-analysis following the PRISMA statement (number CRD42019121643). The search formula was conducted in PubMed, Web of Science, Embase, ScienceDirect, and Google Scholar databases. The inclusion criterion was cocaine use disorder in 18 to 60-year-old people, measuring at least one neurotrophin in blood before and after a controlled abstinence period. Studies without pre-post design were excluded. Five investigations had nine different reports, four of them were subjected to a meta-analysis (n = 146). GRADE risk of bias method was followed. Individual studies reported increased peripheral brain derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) after abstinence, evidence pooled by Hedge's g showed no significant change in BDNF after abstinence. Relevant heterogeneity in the length of the abstinence period (12-32 days), last cocaine/crack consumption monitoring and blood processing were detected that could help to explain non-significant results. Further improved methods are suggested, and a potential BDNF augmentation hypothesis is proposed that, if true, would help to understand initial abstinence as a re-adaptation period influenced by neurotrophins such as the BDNF.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- E Morelos-Santana
- Laboratorio de Neuromodulación, Subdirección de Investigaciones Clínicas, Instituto Nacional de Psiquiatría Ramón de la Fuente Muñiz, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - D Islas-Preciado
- Laboratorio de Neuropsicofarmacología, Dirección de Investigación en Neurociencias, Instituto Nacional de Psiquiatría Ramón de la Fuente Muñiz, 101. Col. San Lorenzo Huipulco, CP 14370, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - R Alcalá-Lozano
- Laboratorio de Neuromodulación, Subdirección de Investigaciones Clínicas, Instituto Nacional de Psiquiatría Ramón de la Fuente Muñiz, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - J González-Olvera
- Secretariado Técnico del Consejo Nacional de Salud Mental, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - E Estrada-Camarena
- Laboratorio de Neuropsicofarmacología, Dirección de Investigación en Neurociencias, Instituto Nacional de Psiquiatría Ramón de la Fuente Muñiz, 101. Col. San Lorenzo Huipulco, CP 14370, Mexico City, Mexico.
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Rezayof A, Ghasemzadeh Z, Sahafi OH. Addictive drugs modify neurogenesis, synaptogenesis and synaptic plasticity to impair memory formation through neurotransmitter imbalances and signaling dysfunction. Neurochem Int 2023; 169:105572. [PMID: 37423274 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuint.2023.105572] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2023] [Revised: 07/01/2023] [Accepted: 07/05/2023] [Indexed: 07/11/2023]
Abstract
Drug abuse changes neurophysiological functions at multiple cellular and molecular levels in the addicted brain. Well-supported scientific evidence suggests that drugs negatively affect memory formation, decision-making and inhibition, and emotional and cognitive behaviors. The mesocorticolimbic brain regions are involved in reward-related learning and habitual drug-seeking/taking behaviors to develop physiological and psychological dependence on the drugs. This review highlights the importance of specific drug-induced chemical imbalances resulting in memory impairment through various neurotransmitter receptor-mediated signaling pathways. The mesocorticolimbic modifications in the expression levels of brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) and the cAMP-response element binding protein (CREB) impair reward-related memory formation following drug abuse. The contributions of protein kinases and microRNAs (miRNAs), along with the transcriptional and epigenetic regulation have also been considered in memory impairment underlying drug addiction. Overall, we integrate the research on various types of drug-induced memory impairment in distinguished brain regions and provide a comprehensive review with clinical implications addressing the upcoming studies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ameneh Rezayof
- Department of Animal Biology, School of Biology, College of Science, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Zahra Ghasemzadeh
- Department of Animal Biology, School of Biology, College of Science, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Oveis Hosseinzadeh Sahafi
- Department of Neurophysiology, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, 113-0033, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Khoo SYS, Samaha AN. Metabotropic glutamate group II receptor activation in the ventrolateral dorsal striatum suppresses incentive motivation for cocaine in rats. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 2023; 240:1247-1260. [PMID: 37060471 DOI: 10.1007/s00213-023-06363-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2022] [Accepted: 04/03/2023] [Indexed: 04/16/2023]
Abstract
RATIONALE After a history of intermittent cocaine intake, rats develop patterns of drug use characteristic of substance use disorder. The dorsal striatum is involved in the increased pursuit of cocaine after intermittent drug self-administration experience. Within the dorsal striatum, chronic cocaine use changes metabotropic glutamate type II receptor (mGlu2/3) density and function. OBJECTIVES We examined the extent to which activity at Glu2/3 receptors mediates responding for cocaine after intermittent cocaine use. METHODS Male (n = 11) and female (n = 10) Wistar rats self-administered 0.25 mg/kg/infusion cocaine during 10 daily intermittent access (IntA) sessions (5 min ON/25 min OFF, for 5 h/session). We then examined the effects of microinjections of the mGlu2/3 receptor agonist LY379268 (0, 1, and 3 µg/hemisphere) into the ventrolateral part of the dorsal striatum on cocaine self-administration under a progressive ratio schedule of reinforcement. RESULTS Across 10 IntA sessions, the sexes showed similar levels of cocaine intake. In females only, locomotion significantly increased over sessions, suggesting that female rats developed psychomotor sensitization to self-administered cocaine. After 10 IntA sessions, intra-dorsal striatum LY379268 significantly reduced breakpoints achieved for cocaine, active lever presses, and cocaine infusions earned under progressive ratio. LY379268 had no effects on locomotion or inactive lever presses, indicating no motor effects. CONCLUSIONS These results suggest that mGlu2/3 receptor activation in the ventrolateral dorsal striatum suppresses incentive motivation for cocaine, and this holds promise for new treatments to manage substance use disorder.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shaun Yon-Seng Khoo
- Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC, H3T 1J4, Canada
- Conduct and Integrity Office, Division of Planning and Assurance, UNSW Sydney, Sydney, NSW, 2052, Australia
| | - Anne-Noël Samaha
- Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC, H3T 1J4, Canada.
- Research Group on Neural Signaling and Circuits, Faculty of Medicine, Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC, H3T 1J4, Canada.
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
D'Ottavio G, Reverte I, Ragozzino D, Meringolo M, Milella MS, Boix F, Venniro M, Badiani A, Caprioli D. Increased heroin intake and relapse vulnerability in intermittent relative to continuous self-administration: Sex differences in rats. Br J Pharmacol 2023; 180:910-926. [PMID: 34986504 PMCID: PMC9253203 DOI: 10.1111/bph.15791] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2021] [Revised: 12/02/2021] [Accepted: 12/29/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Studies using intermittent-access drug self-administration show increased motivation to take and seek cocaine and fentanyl, relative to continuous access. In this study, we examined the effects of intermittent- and continuous-access self-administration on heroin intake, patterns of self-administration and cue-induced heroin-seeking, after forced or voluntary abstinence, in male and female rats. We also modelled brain levels of heroin and its active metabolites. EXPERIMENTAL APPROACH Rats were trained to self-administer a palatable solution and then heroin (0.075 mg·kg-1 per inf) either continuously (6 h·day-1 ; 10 days) or intermittently (6 h·day-1 ; 5-min access every 30-min; 10 days). Brain levels of heroin and its metabolites were modelled using a pharmacokinetic software. Next, heroin-seeking was assessed after 1 or 21 abstinence days. Between tests, rats underwent either forced or voluntary abstinence. The oestrous cycle was measured using a vaginal smear test. KEY RESULTS Intermittent access exacerbated heroin self-administration and was characterized by a burst-like intake, yielding higher brain peaks of heroin and 6-monoacetylmorphine concentrations. Moreover, intermittent access increased cue-induced heroin-seeking during early, but not late abstinence. Heroin-seeking was higher in females after intermittent, but not continuous access, and this effect was independent of the oestrous cycle. CONCLUSIONS AND IMPLICATIONS Intermittent heroin access in rats resembles critical features of heroin use disorder: a self-administration pattern characterized by repeated large doses of heroin and higher relapse vulnerability during early abstinence. This has significant implications for refining animal models of substance use disorder and for better understanding of the neuroadaptations responsible for this disorder. LINKED ARTICLES This article is part of a themed issue on Advances in Opioid Pharmacology at the Time of the Opioid Epidemic. To view the other articles in this section visit http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/bph.v180.7/issuetoc.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ginevra D'Ottavio
- Laboratory affiliated to Institute Pasteur Italia - Fondazione Cenci Bolognetti - Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy.,Santa Lucia Foundation (IRCCS Fondazione Santa Lucia), Rome, Italy
| | - Ingrid Reverte
- Laboratory affiliated to Institute Pasteur Italia - Fondazione Cenci Bolognetti - Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy.,Santa Lucia Foundation (IRCCS Fondazione Santa Lucia), Rome, Italy
| | - Davide Ragozzino
- Laboratory affiliated to Institute Pasteur Italia - Fondazione Cenci Bolognetti - Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy.,Santa Lucia Foundation (IRCCS Fondazione Santa Lucia), Rome, Italy
| | - Maria Meringolo
- Santa Lucia Foundation (IRCCS Fondazione Santa Lucia), Rome, Italy
| | - Michele Stanislaw Milella
- Laboratory affiliated to Institute Pasteur Italia - Fondazione Cenci Bolognetti - Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy.,Toxicology Unit, Policlinico Umberto I University Hospital, Rome, Italy
| | - Fernando Boix
- Section for Drug Abuse Research, Department of Forensic Sciences, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Marco Venniro
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Aldo Badiani
- Laboratory affiliated to Institute Pasteur Italia - Fondazione Cenci Bolognetti - Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy.,Sussex Addiction Research and Intervention Centre (SARIC) and School of Psychology, University of Sussex, Brighton, UK
| | - Daniele Caprioli
- Laboratory affiliated to Institute Pasteur Italia - Fondazione Cenci Bolognetti - Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy.,Santa Lucia Foundation (IRCCS Fondazione Santa Lucia), Rome, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Beasley MM, Gunawan T, Tunstall BJ, Kearns DN. Intermittent access training produces greater motivation for a non-drug reinforcer than long access training. Learn Behav 2022; 50:509-523. [PMID: 35132517 PMCID: PMC10237344 DOI: 10.3758/s13420-022-00512-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/16/2022] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
It has recently been proposed that the intermittent access (IntA) drug self-administration procedure better produces behavioral changes relevant to addiction than the long access (LgA) procedure. In this version of the IntA procedure, the drug is made available for a 5-min period during each half hour of a 6-h session. In contrast, on the LgA procedure, the drug is available continuously for 6 h. Previous studies have found that IntA drug self-administration produces greater drug motivation, measured by increased progressive ratio breakpoints, than LgA self-administration. It has been hypothesized that this effect is due to the rapid, "spiking" brain levels of the drug, and consequent neuroadaptations, experienced by rats during IntA sessions. However, no study has compared the effects of IntA versus LgA training on reinforcer motivation when using a non-drug reinforcer. The present study compared motivation for a saccharin reinforcer after IntA or LgA training. In Experiment 1, separate groups of rats lever-pressed for saccharin on the IntA or LgA procedures. In Experiment 2, a within-subjects design was used where rats pressed one lever on the IntA procedure and another lever on the LgA procedure for saccharin. In both experiments, IntA training produced greater breakpoints than LgA training. As no drug was used here, spiking drug levels could not have been responsible for the increased saccharin motivation observed after IntA training. Instead, it is proposed that differences in stimulus-reinforcer associations learned during IntA versus LgA training may be responsible for the effect. Future research is needed to determine the extent to which such learning factors may contribute to the increased motivation observed after IntA training with drug reinforcers.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Madeline M Beasley
- Psychology Department, American University, 4400 Massachusetts Ave NW, Washington, DC, 20016, USA.
| | - Tommy Gunawan
- Human Psychopharmacology Laboratory, NIH/NIAAA, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Brendan J Tunstall
- Department of Pharmacology, Addiction Science, and Toxicology, University of Tennessee Health Sciences Center, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - David N Kearns
- Psychology Department, American University, 4400 Massachusetts Ave NW, Washington, DC, 20016, USA
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
D-amphetamine maintenance therapy reduces cocaine use in female rats. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 2022; 239:3755-3770. [PMID: 36357743 DOI: 10.1007/s00213-022-06271-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2022] [Accepted: 10/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
RATIONALE D-amphetamine maintenance therapy is a promising strategy to reduce drug use in cocaine use disorder (addiction). In both male rats and human cocaine users, d-amphetamine treatment reduces cocaine-taking and -seeking. However, this has not been examined systematically in female animals, even though cocaine addiction afflicts both sexes, and the sexes can differ in their response to cocaine. OBJECTIVES We determined how d-amphetamine maintenance therapy during cocaine self-administration influences cocaine use in female rats. METHODS In experiment 1, two groups of female rats received 14 intermittent access (IntA) cocaine self-administration sessions. One group received concomitant d-amphetamine maintenance treatment (COC + A rats; 5 mg/kg/day, via minipump), the other group did not (COC rats). After discontinuing d-amphetamine treatment, we measured responding for cocaine under a progressive ratio schedule, responding under extinction, and cocaine-primed reinstatement of drug-seeking. In experiment 2, we assessed the effects of d-amphetamine maintenance on these measures in already IntA cocaine-experienced rats. Thus, rats first received 14 IntA cocaine self-administration sessions without d-amphetamine. They then received 14 more IntA sessions, now either with (COC/COC + A rats) or without (COC/COC rats) concomitant d-amphetamine treatment. RESULTS In both experiments, d-amphetamine treatment did not significantly influence ongoing cocaine self-administration behaviour. After d-amphetamine treatment cessation, cocaine-primed reinstatement of cocaine-seeking was also unchanged. However, after d-amphetamine treatment cessation, rats responded less for cocaine both under progressive ratio and extinction conditions. CONCLUSIONS D-amphetamine treatment can both prevent and reverse increases in the motivation to take and seek cocaine in female animals.
Collapse
|
11
|
Lynch WJ, Bakhti-Suroosh A, Abel JM. Impact of high-access exercise prior to and during early adolescence on later vulnerability to opioid use and relapse in male rats. Transl Psychiatry 2022; 12:425. [PMID: 36192388 PMCID: PMC9529880 DOI: 10.1038/s41398-022-02180-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2021] [Revised: 09/07/2022] [Accepted: 09/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Middle- and high-school athletes participating in certain team sports are at greater risk of opioid misuse and addiction than those who do not. While this risk is thought to be due to increased access to opioids, in this study we explored the possibility that the sensitizing effects of discontinued high-intensity exercise may also contribute. Specifically, using male rat models with fentanyl, we tested the hypothesis that high-access exercise (24 h/day access to a running wheel) during pre/early adolescence (two weeks, postnatal-day 24-37) would enhance vulnerability to opioid use and relapse during late adolescence/adulthood. Rats with a history of high-access exercise showed stronger fentanyl-associated lever discrimination during acquisition, greater motivation to obtain infusions of fentanyl following acquisition, and had an enhanced sensitivity to the reinstating effects of fentanyl-associated cues following extended (24 h/day), intermittent-access self-administration and protracted abstinence (14 days) compared to sedentary controls. In contrast, sedentary rats had greater overall responding (active- and inactive-lever) during acquisition and greater non-specific (inactive-lever) responding during extended-access self-administration. Molecular markers associated with opioid seeking/relapse were also differentially expressed in the nucleus accumbens core of rats with versus without a history of high-access exercise following relapse testing (e.g., Bdnf-IV and Drd2 expression). Together, these findings demonstrate that high-access exercise prior to and throughout early-adolescence enhances vulnerability to the reinforcing and cue-induced reinstating effects of opioids during later adolescence/adulthood. Thus, it is possible that the discontinuation of high intensity exercise contributes to the enhanced vulnerability observed in middle- and high-school athletes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Wendy J Lynch
- Department of Psychiatry and Neurobehavioral Sciences, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, 22904, USA.
| | - Anousheh Bakhti-Suroosh
- Department of Psychiatry and Neurobehavioral Sciences, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, 22904, USA
| | - Jean M Abel
- Department of Psychiatry and Neurobehavioral Sciences, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, 22904, USA
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
De Aquino JP, MacLean RR, Gueorguieva R, DeVito EE, Eid T, Sofuoglu M. Impact of delivery rate on the acute response to intravenous nicotine: A human laboratory study with implications for regulatory science. Addict Biol 2022; 27:e13161. [PMID: 35229960 PMCID: PMC8903077 DOI: 10.1111/adb.13161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2021] [Revised: 12/29/2021] [Accepted: 02/03/2022] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Faster delivery rate enhances the abuse potential of drugs of abuse, yet systematic studies on the impact of delivery rate on the acute effects of nicotine in humans are lacking. Using an intravenous (IV) nicotine infusion procedure that allows precise control of rate of delivery, we examined the impact of nicotine delivery rate on the positive subjective drug effects, smoking urges, withdrawal, heart rate, blood pressure and attention function in smokers. Twenty-four male and female (ages 21-35) dependent smokers attended five experimental sessions, following overnight abstinence from smoking. Using a crossover design, participants attended five sessions, where they were assigned to a random sequence of saline infusion or 1 mg nicotine delivered over 1, 2.5, 5 or 10 min at rates of 1, 0.4, 0.2 or 0.1 mg/min, respectively. The positive subjective effects of nicotine were most robust under the two faster delivery rate conditions, 1- and 0.4-mg nicotine/min. In contrast, all nicotine delivery rates were equally more effective than saline in alleviating urges to smoke. Likewise, nicotine-induced heart rate increases did not vary with the rate of nicotine delivery. Lastly, the cognitive enhancing effects of nicotine were observed only under the two slowest delivery rate conditions-0.1- and 0.2-mg nicotine/min. Collectively, these findings support the critical role of delivery rate in optimizing nicotine's abuse potential versus potential therapeutic effects and have timely implications for developing novel therapeutics for nicotine dependence, as well as for tobacco regulatory science.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Joao P. De Aquino
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT,VA Connecticut Healthcare System, West Haven, CT
| | - R. Ross MacLean
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT,VA Connecticut Healthcare System, West Haven, CT
| | - Ralitza Gueorguieva
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT,Department of Biostatistics, Yale University School of Public Health, New Haven, CT
| | - Elise E. DeVito
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT
| | - Tore Eid
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT
| | - Mehmet Sofuoglu
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT,VA Connecticut Healthcare System, West Haven, CT
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Dopamine 'ups and downs' in addiction revisited. Trends Neurosci 2021; 44:516-526. [PMID: 33892963 DOI: 10.1016/j.tins.2021.03.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2020] [Revised: 01/14/2021] [Accepted: 03/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Repeated drug use can change dopamine (DA) function in ways that promote the development and persistence of addiction, but in what direction? By one view, drug use blunts DA neurotransmission, producing a hypodopaminergic state that fosters further drug use to overcome a DA deficiency. Another view is that drug use enhances DA neurotransmission, producing a sensitized, hyperdopaminergic reaction to drugs and drug cues. According to this second view, continued drug use is motivated by sensitization of drug 'wanting'. Here we discuss recent evidence supporting the latter view, both from preclinical studies using intermittent cocaine self-administration procedures that mimic human patterns of use and from related human neuroimaging studies. These studies have implications for the modeling of addiction in the laboratory and for treatment.
Collapse
|
14
|
Bakhti-Suroosh A, Towers EB, Lynch WJ. A buprenorphine-validated rat model of opioid use disorder optimized to study sex differences in vulnerability to relapse. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 2021; 238:1029-1046. [PMID: 33404740 PMCID: PMC7786148 DOI: 10.1007/s00213-020-05750-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2020] [Accepted: 12/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
RATIONALE Opioid use disorder (OUD) is a major epidemic in the USA. Despite evidence indicating that OUD may be particularly severe for women, preclinical models have yet to establish sex as a major factor in OUD. OBJECTIVES Here, we examined sex differences in vulnerability to relapse following intermittent access fentanyl self-administration and protracted abstinence and used buprenorphine, the FDA-approved treatment for OUD, to test the validity of our model. METHODS Following acquisition of fentanyl self-administration under one of two training conditions, male and female rats were given extended, 24-h/day access to fentanyl (0.25 μg/kg/infusion, 10 days) using an intermittent access procedure. Vulnerability to relapse was assessed using an extinction/cue-induced reinstatement procedure following 14 days of abstinence; buprenorphine (0 or 3 mg/kg/day) was administered throughout abstinence. RESULTS Levels of drug-seeking were high following extended-access fentanyl self-administration and abstinence; buprenorphine markedly decreased drug-seeking supporting the validity of our relapse model. Females self-administered more fentanyl and responded at higher levels during subsequent extinction testing. Buprenorphine was effective in both sexes and eliminated sex and estrous phase differences in drug-seeking. Interestingly, the inclusion of a time-out during training had a major impact on later fentanyl self-administration in females, but not males, indicating that the initial exposure conditions can persistently impact vulnerability in females. CONCLUSIONS These findings demonstrate the utility of this rat model for determining sex and hormonal influences on the development and treatment of OUD.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Anousheh Bakhti-Suroosh
- Department of Psychiatry and Neurobehavioral Sciences, University of Virginia, P.O. Box 801402, Charlottesville, VA 22904 USA
| | - Eleanor Blair Towers
- Department of Psychiatry and Neurobehavioral Sciences, University of Virginia, P.O. Box 801402, Charlottesville, VA 22904 USA
| | - Wendy J. Lynch
- Department of Psychiatry and Neurobehavioral Sciences, University of Virginia, P.O. Box 801402, Charlottesville, VA 22904 USA
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Roberts DC, Zimmer BA. Hold-down as an alternative to unit dose in cocaine self-administration experiments: Characterization using a progressive ratio schedule. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 2020; 237:2685-2693. [PMID: 32468100 PMCID: PMC7502462 DOI: 10.1007/s00213-020-05565-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2020] [Accepted: 05/18/2020] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
RATIONALE Virtually all cocaine self-administration studies have used a "unit dose" as a reinforcing stimulus; the subject is a passive recipient of an experimenter-selected dose. OBJECTIVES The present experiments examined the consequence of requiring the subject to actively determine the dose and speed of each injection. METHODS A two-lever procedure was used in which responding on a progressive ratio (PR) schedule provided access to cocaine on a hold down (HD) schedule. With HD, the pump is turned on for the duration that the lever is held down, thus the dose and speed of injection is determined by the behavior of the subject. The procedure allows for the evaluation of both drug taking and drug seeking responses. RESULTS The results were qualitatively different from PR self-administration studies using unit dose. The self-administered HD dose varied across the session; the self-administered dose was found to inversely correlate with drug levels at the time of access. Importantly, the 2 L-PR-HD procedure identified a subpopulation of subjects that showed extremes in both drug seeking and drug taking. Subjects at the top end of the distribution displayed unprecedented final ratios (> 900) and rapidly self-administered very large doses (> 1.4 mg; ~ 4.2 mg/kg). Manipulation of drug-taking variables (HD access duration and concentration of drug in the pump) showed that the immediacy of a cocaine bolus, not the duration of access, is the major determinant of drug seeking. CONCLUSIONS Incorporating a consummatory response into a PR procedure provides a unique perspective on the interactions of drug-seeking and drug-taking.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- David C.S. Roberts
- Corresponding author at: Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Wake Forest University Health Sciences, Medical Center Boulevard, Winston-Salem, NC 27101, USA. Tel.: +1 250 739-9036; (D.C.S. Roberts)
| | | |
Collapse
|
16
|
Mimicking Human Drug Consumption Patterns in Rat Engages Corticostriatal Circuitry. Neuroscience 2020; 442:311-313. [PMID: 32682655 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2020.06.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2020] [Accepted: 06/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
|
17
|
Minogianis EA, Samaha AN. Taking Rapid and Intermittent Cocaine Infusions Enhances Both Incentive Motivation for the Drug and Cocaine-induced Gene Regulation in Corticostriatal Regions. Neuroscience 2020; 442:314-328. [PMID: 32682656 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2020.05.058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2020] [Revised: 04/21/2020] [Accepted: 05/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
A goal in addiction research is to distinguish forms of neuroplasticity that are involved in the transition to addiction from those involved in mere drug taking. Animal models of drug self-administration are essential in this context. Here, we compared in male rats two cocaine self-administration procedures that differ in the extent to which they evoke addiction-like behaviours. We measured both incentive motivation for cocaine using progressive ratio procedures, and cocaine-induced c-fos mRNA expression, a marker of neuronal activity. Rats self-administered intravenous cocaine (0.25 mg/kg/infusion) for seven daily 6-hour sessions. One group had intermittent access (IntA; 6 minutes ON, 26 min OFF × 12) to rapid infusions (delivered over 5 s). This models the temporal kinetics of human cocaine use and produces robust addiction-like behaviour. The other group had Long access (LgA) to slower infusions (90 s). This produces high levels of intake without promoting robust addiction-like behaviour. LgA-90 s rats took twice as much cocaine as IntA-5 s rats did, but IntA-5 s rats showed greater incentive motivation for the drug. Following a final self-administration session, we quantified c-fos mRNA expression in corticostriatal regions. Compared to LgA-90 s rats, IntA-5 s rats had more cocaine-induced c-fos mRNA in the orbitofrontal and prelimbic cortices and the caudate-putamen. Thus, a cocaine self-administration procedure (intermittent intake of rapid infusions) that promotes increased incentive motivation for the drug also enhances cocaine-induced gene regulation in corticostriatal regions. This suggests that increased drug-induced recruitment of these regions could contribute to the neural and behavioural plasticity underlying the transition to addiction.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ellie-Anna Minogianis
- Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Université de Montréal, Canada
| | - Anne-Noël Samaha
- Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Université de Montréal, Canada; Groupe de recherche sur le système nerveux central (GRSNC), Faculty of Medicine, Université de Montréal, 2900 Édouard-Montpetit Boulevard, Montreal, Quebec H3T 1J4, Canada.
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Xu L, Nan J, Lan Y. The Nucleus Accumbens: A Common Target in the Comorbidity of Depression and Addiction. Front Neural Circuits 2020; 14:37. [PMID: 32694984 PMCID: PMC7338554 DOI: 10.3389/fncir.2020.00037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2020] [Accepted: 05/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The comorbidity of depression and addiction has become a serious public health issue, and the relationship between these two disorders and their potential mechanisms has attracted extensive attention. Numerous studies have suggested that depression and addiction share common mechanisms and anatomical pathways. The nucleus accumbens (NAc) has long been considered a key brain region for regulating many behaviors, especially those related to depression and addiction. In this review article, we focus on the association between addiction and depression, highlighting the potential mediating role of the NAc in this comorbidity via the regulation of changes in the neural circuits and molecular signaling. To clarify the mechanisms underlying this association, we summarize evidence from overlapping reward neurocircuitry, the resemblance of cellular and molecular mechanisms, and common treatments. Understanding the interplay between these disorders should help guide clinical comorbidity prevention and the search for a new target for comorbidity treatment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Le Xu
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, College of Medicine, Yanbian University School of Medicine, Yanji City, China
| | - Jun Nan
- Department of Orthopedics, Affiliated Hospital of Yanbian University, Yanji City, China
| | - Yan Lan
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, College of Medicine, Yanbian University School of Medicine, Yanji City, China
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Allain F, Samaha AN. [Cocaine peaks and troughs. Modeling pathological drug use in rats]. Med Sci (Paris) 2020; 36:212-215. [PMID: 32228836 DOI: 10.1051/medsci/2020034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Florence Allain
- Département de pharmacologie et de physiologie, Groupe de recherche sur le système nerveux central, Faculté de médecine, Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC, H3C 3J7, Canada
| | - Anne-Noël Samaha
- Département de pharmacologie et de physiologie, Groupe de recherche sur le système nerveux central, Faculté de médecine, Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC, H3C 3J7, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Minogianis EA, Servonnet A, Filion MP, Samaha AN. Role of the orbitofrontal cortex and the dorsal striatum in incentive motivation for cocaine. Behav Brain Res 2019; 372:112026. [PMID: 31195036 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2019.112026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2018] [Revised: 05/30/2019] [Accepted: 06/08/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Drug addiction involves increased incentive motivation for drug. Intermittent access to cocaine (IntA; 5-6 minutes ON, 25-26 minutes OFF, for 5-6 hours/session) enhances motivation to take the drug. The orbitofrontal cortex (OFC) and the dorsal striatum (DS) are part of a corticolimbic circuit that encodes incentive value and regulates reward-directed behaviour. We predicted that inactivation of the OFC, DS or both suppresses incentive motivation for cocaine after IntA experience. Male Wistar rats had IntA to cocaine (0.25 mg/kg/infusion) for 10 sessions. The rats developed a 'loading' pattern of intake, taking most of their cocaine in the first minute of each drug-available period. They also developed psychomotor sensitization to self-administered cocaine. We then measured incentive motivation for cocaine using a progressive ratio schedule of reinforcement (PR). Before some PR sessions, rats received microinfusions of a baclofen/muscimol cocktail (0.3 and 0.03 nmol/hemisphere, respectively, or saline) to temporarily inactivate the OFC or DS, or to disconnect the two regions. None of these treatments changed spontaneous locomotion in cocaine-naïve rats. However, both baclofen/muscimol and saline infusions influenced cocaine self-administration behaviour. Infusing baclofen/muscimol or saline into the OFC or into the OFC and contralateral DS decreased responding for cocaine under PR, with baclofen/muscimol and saline having similar effects, except that only OFC-DS disconnection with baclofen/muscimol slowed the pace of cocaine intake. Baclofen/muscimol or saline into the DS also reduced responding for cocaine under PR, but baclofen/muscimol was more effective. We conclude that neuronal activity in the OFC and DS might regulate incentive motivation for cocaine.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ellie-Anna Minogianis
- Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Université de Montréal, Canada
| | - Alice Servonnet
- Department of Neuroscience, Faculty of Medicine, Université de Montréal, Canada
| | - Marie-Pier Filion
- Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Université de Montréal, Canada
| | - Anne-Noël Samaha
- Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Université de Montréal, Canada; Central Nervous System Research Group (GRSNC), Faculty of Medicine, Université de Montréal, Canada.
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Kawa AB, Valenta AC, Kennedy RT, Robinson TE. Incentive and dopamine sensitization produced by intermittent but not long access cocaine self-administration. Eur J Neurosci 2019; 50:2663-2682. [PMID: 30968487 PMCID: PMC6742545 DOI: 10.1111/ejn.14418] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2018] [Revised: 03/21/2019] [Accepted: 04/03/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
The temporal pattern of drug use (pharmacokinetics) has a profound effect on the ability of self-administered cocaine to produce addiction-like behavior in rodents, and to change the brain. To further address this issue, we compared the effects of long access (LgA) cocaine self-administration, which is widely used to model the transition to addiction, with intermittent access (IntA), which is thought to better reflect the pattern of drug use in humans, on the ability of a single, self-administered injection of cocaine to increase dopamine (DA) overflow in the core of the nucleus accumbens (using in vivo microdialysis), and to produce addiction-like behavior. IntA experience was more effective than LgA in producing addiction-like behavior-a drug experience-dependent increase in motivation for cocaine assessed using behavioral economic procedures, and cue-induced reinstatement-despite much less total drug consumption. There were no group differences in basal levels of DA in dialysate [DA], but a single self-administered IV injection of cocaine increased [DA] in the core of the nucleus accumbens to a greater extent in rats with prior IntA experience than those with LgA or limited access experience, and the latter two groups did not differ. Furthermore, high motivation for cocaine was associated with a high [DA] response. Thus, IntA, but not LgA, produced both incentive and DA sensitization. This is consistent with the notion that a hyper-responsive dopaminergic system may contribute to the transition from casual patterns of drug use to the problematic patterns that define addiction.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alex B. Kawa
- Department of Psychology (Biopsychology Program), University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Alec C. Valenta
- Department of Chemistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | | | - Terry E. Robinson
- Department of Psychology (Biopsychology Program), University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Abel JM, Nesil T, Bakhti-Suroosh A, Grant PA, Lynch WJ. Mechanisms underlying the efficacy of exercise as an intervention for cocaine relapse: a focus on mGlu5 in the dorsal medial prefrontal cortex. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 2019; 236:2155-2171. [PMID: 31161451 PMCID: PMC6626681 DOI: 10.1007/s00213-019-05208-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2018] [Accepted: 02/25/2019] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
RATIONALE Exercise shows promise as a treatment option for addiction; but in order to prevent relapse, it may need to be introduced early in the course of treatment. OBJECTIVE We propose that exercise, by upregulating dorsal medial prefrontal cortex (dmPFC)-nucleus accumbens (NAc) transmission, offsets deficits in pathways targeting glutamate, BDNF, and dopamine during early abstinence, and in doing so, normalizes neuroadaptations that underlie relapse. METHODS We compared the effects of exercise (wheel running, 2-h/day) during early (days 1-7), late (days 8-14), and throughout abstinence (days 1-14) to sedentary conditions on cocaine-seeking and gene expression in the dmPFC and NAc core of male rats tested following 24-h/day extended-access cocaine (up to 96 infusions/day) or saline self-administration and protracted abstinence (15 days). Based on these data, we then used site-specific manipulation to determine whether dmPFC metabotropic glutamate receptor5 (mGlu5) underlies the efficacy of exercise. RESULTS Exercise initiated during early, but not late abstinence, reduced cocaine-seeking; this effect was strongly associated with dmPFC Grm5 expression (gene encoding mGlu5), and modestly associated with dmPFC Grin1 and Bdnf-IV expression. Activation of mGlu5 in the dmPFC during early abstinence mimicked the efficacy of early-initiated exercise; however, inhibition of these receptors prior to the exercise sessions did not block its efficacy indicating that there may be redundancy in the mechanisms through which exercise reduces cocaine-seeking. CONCLUSION These findings indicate that addiction treatments, including exercise, should be tailored for early versus late phases of abstinence since their effectiveness will vary over abstinence due to the dynamic nature of the underlying neuroadaptations.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jean M. Abel
- Psychiatry and Neurobehavioral Sciences, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA
| | - Tanseli Nesil
- Psychiatry and Neurobehavioral Sciences, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA
| | | | - Patrick A. Grant
- Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA
| | - Wendy J. Lynch
- Psychiatry and Neurobehavioral Sciences, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA,Corresponding Author: Wendy J. Lynch, PhD, Department of Psychiatry and Neurobehavioral Sciences, University of Virginia, PO Box 801402, Charlottesville, VA 22904; Tel: (434) 243-0580; Fax: (434) 973-7031;
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Rate matters: rapid cocaine delivery promotes incubation of cocaine craving. Neuropsychopharmacology 2019; 44:1009-1010. [PMID: 30504798 PMCID: PMC6462040 DOI: 10.1038/s41386-018-0275-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2018] [Accepted: 11/10/2018] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
|