1
|
Quezada-Vidal J, Cruz-Vallejo V, Ortiz-Muñiz R, Cervantes-Ríos E, Morales-Ramírez P. In Vivo Cytotoxic, Genotoxic and Radiosensitizing Effects of Clofarabine. In Vivo 2024; 38:1719-1730. [PMID: 38936939 PMCID: PMC11215592 DOI: 10.21873/invivo.13622] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2024] [Revised: 04/12/2024] [Accepted: 04/19/2024] [Indexed: 06/29/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND/AIM ClFdA is a second-generation antineoplastic agent that has demonstrated significant anticancer activity, particularly against acute lymphoblastic leukemia and has been shown to have radiosensitizing activity. The aim of the study was to explore the genotoxic, cytotoxic and radiosensitizing effects of clofarabine (ClFdA) on bone marrow cells (BMCs), normoblasts and leukocytes of mice in vivo. MATERIALS AND METHODS Cytotoxicity was determined by the reduction in reticulocytes (RET), and genotoxicity was determined by the induction of micronucleated reticulocytes (MN-RET) in the peripheral blood and by DNA break induction in leukocytes determined by single-cell gel electrophoresis (SCGE). The radiosensitizing capacity of ClFdA was determined in leukocytes and BMCs by SCGE. RESULTS Two mechanisms of MN-RET induction were identified according to the antecedents, that could be due to inhibition of DNA synthesis and demethylation of G-C regions, and subsequent chromosome fragility. ClFdA cytotoxicity causes two contiguous peaks, an early peak that seems to inhibit MN-RET induction and a second peak that seems to be caused by ribonucleotide reductase (RR) and/or DNA synthesis inhibitions. ClFdA induced early DNA damage in noncycling leukocytes, and also radiosensitizes leukocytes immediately after treatment. ClFdA-ionizing radiation (IR) causes two time-dependent episodes of DNA damage, the latest after 80 min triggers a major breakage of DNA. In terms of the number of damaged cells, leukocytes and BMCs are similarly sensitive to ionizing radiation; BMCs are slightly more sensitive than leukocytes to ClFdA, but BMCs are doubly sensitive to combined treatment. CONCLUSION ClFdA causes early DNA damage and radiosensitivity in non-proliferating leukocytes, which rules out the most favored hypotheses of the participation of RR and DNA polymerase inhibition.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Rocío Ortiz-Muñiz
- Departamento de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana-Iztapalapa, Ciudad de México, México
| | - Elsa Cervantes-Ríos
- Departamento de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana-Iztapalapa, Ciudad de México, México
| | | |
Collapse
|
2
|
Gao C, Li X, Xu Y, Zhang T, Zhu H, Yao D. Recent advances in CAR-T cell therapy for acute myeloid leukaemia. J Cell Mol Med 2024; 28:e18369. [PMID: 38712978 PMCID: PMC11075639 DOI: 10.1111/jcmm.18369] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2023] [Revised: 02/18/2024] [Accepted: 04/17/2024] [Indexed: 05/08/2024] Open
Abstract
Acute myeloid leukaemia (AML) is a fatal and refractory haematologic cancer that primarily affects adults. It interferes with bone marrow cell proliferation. Patients have a 5 years survival rate of less than 30% despite the availability of several treatments, including chemotherapy, allogeneic haematopoietic stem cell transplantation (Allo-HSCT), and receptor antagonist drugs. Allo-HSCT is the mainstay of acute myeloid leukaemia treatment. Although it does work, there are severe side effects, such as graft-versus-host disease (GVHD). In recent years, chimeric antigen receptor (CAR)-T cell therapies have made significant progress in the treatment of cancer. These engineered T cells can locate and recognize tumour cells in vivo and release a large number of effectors through immune action to effectively kill tumour cells. CAR-T cells are among the most effective cancer treatments because of this property. CAR-T cells have demonstrated positive therapeutic results in the treatment of acute myeloid leukaemia, according to numerous clinical investigations. This review highlights recent progress in new targets for AML immunotherapy, and the limitations, and difficulties of CAR-T therapy for AML.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chi Gao
- College of Life Science and HealthWuhan University of Science and TechnologyWuhanChina
| | - Xin Li
- College of BiotechnologyTianjin University of Science and TechnologyTianjinChina
| | - Yao Xu
- College of Life Science and HealthWuhan University of Science and TechnologyWuhanChina
| | - Tongcun Zhang
- College of Life Science and HealthWuhan University of Science and TechnologyWuhanChina
- Institute of Biology and MedicineWuhan University of Science and TechnologyWuhanChina
| | - Haichuan Zhu
- College of Life Science and HealthWuhan University of Science and TechnologyWuhanChina
| | - Di Yao
- College of Life Science and HealthWuhan University of Science and TechnologyWuhanChina
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Balaraman K, Deniz E, Nelson E, Pilicer SL, Atasoy S, Molotkova A, Sevim H, Tiwari PB, Üren A, Wolf C. Design, synthesis and biological evaluation of Nucleosidic CD99 inhibitors that selectively reduce Ewing sarcoma viability. Eur J Med Chem 2023; 251:115244. [PMID: 36917882 PMCID: PMC10065944 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2023.115244] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2022] [Revised: 02/25/2023] [Accepted: 02/27/2023] [Indexed: 03/06/2023]
Abstract
Ewing Sarcoma (ES) is a cancer of bone and soft tissues affecting mostly children and young adults. Aggressive progression and poor prognosis of this malignancy call for novel and targeted treatments. CD99 is a transmembrane protein that is abundantly expressed on ES cells and is a diagnostic marker for the disease. ES cells are selectively sensitive to CD99 inhibition compared to most normal cells and other tumors. Therefore, CD99 is a good molecular target for ES treatment. Clofarabine and cladribine are two FDA approved drugs that are administered for their inhibitory acts on DNA synthesis to treat relapsed or refractory acute lymphoblastic and myeloid leukemia. They have also been shown to directly bind to CD99 and inhibit ES growth through a distinct mechanism. In the current study, we designed, synthesized and tested new ES specific derivatives of both drugs that would continue to target CD99 but with expected reduction in cellular membrane permeability and rendered unsuitable for inhibiting DNA synthesis. By using commercially available clofarabine and cladribine purine nucleoside analogs, we modified the primary alcohol moiety at the deoxyribose C-5' terminal site to suppress phosphorylation and thus inhibition of subsequent DNA synthesis pathways. In addition, we incorporated a variety of polar groups in the ribose and purine rings to reduce membrane permeability and investigated the effects of configurational changes in the sugar moiety. Among 26 new derivatives, we identified two compounds, BK50164 and BK60106, that cause cell death specifically in ES primarily due to inhibition of CD99 but not via inhibition of DNA synthesis. These findings provide a road map for the future development selective CD99 inhibitors for targeted treatment of ES.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kaluvu Balaraman
- Chemistry Department, Georgetown University, Washington, DC, 20057, USA; Medicinal Chemistry Shared Resource (MCSR), Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Emre Deniz
- Lombardi Comprehensive Cancer Center, Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Eryn Nelson
- Chemistry Department, Georgetown University, Washington, DC, 20057, USA
| | | | - Sezen Atasoy
- Lombardi Comprehensive Cancer Center, Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Anna Molotkova
- Lombardi Comprehensive Cancer Center, Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Handan Sevim
- Lombardi Comprehensive Cancer Center, Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Purushottam B Tiwari
- Lombardi Comprehensive Cancer Center, Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Aykut Üren
- Lombardi Comprehensive Cancer Center, Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington, DC, USA.
| | - Christian Wolf
- Chemistry Department, Georgetown University, Washington, DC, 20057, USA; Medicinal Chemistry Shared Resource (MCSR), Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington, DC, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
O’Connor CM, Taylor SE, Miller KM, Hurst L, Haanen TJ, Suhan TK, Zawacki KP, Noto FK, Trako J, Mohan A, Sangodkar J, Zamarin D, DiFeo A, Narla G. Targeting Ribonucleotide Reductase Induces Synthetic Lethality in PP2A-Deficient Uterine Serous Carcinoma. Cancer Res 2022; 82:721-733. [PMID: 34921012 PMCID: PMC8857033 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-21-1987] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2021] [Revised: 10/14/2021] [Accepted: 11/30/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Uterine serous carcinoma (USC) is a highly aggressive endometrial cancer subtype with limited therapeutic options and a lack of targeted therapies. While mutations to PPP2R1A, which encodes the predominant protein phosphatase 2A (PP2A) scaffolding protein Aα, occur in 30% to 40% of USC cases, the clinical actionability of these mutations has not been studied. Using a high-throughput screening approach, we showed that mutations in Aα results in synthetic lethality following treatment with inhibitors of ribonucleotide reductase (RNR). In vivo, multiple models of Aα mutant uterine serous tumors were sensitive to clofarabine, an RNR inhibitor (RNRi). Aα-mutant cells displayed impaired checkpoint signaling upon RNRi treatment and subsequently accumulated more DNA damage than wild-type (WT) cells. Consistently, inhibition of PP2A activity using LB-100, a catalytic inhibitor, sensitized WT USC cells to RNRi. Analysis of The Cancer Genome Atlas data indicated that inactivation of PP2A, through loss of PP2A subunit expression, was prevalent in USC, with 88% of patients with USC harboring loss of at least one PP2A gene. In contrast, loss of PP2A subunit expression was rare in uterine endometrioid carcinomas. While RNRi are not routinely used for uterine cancers, a retrospective analysis of patients treated with gemcitabine as a second- or later-line therapy revealed a trend for improved outcomes in patients with USC treated with RNRi gemcitabine compared with patients with endometrioid histology. Overall, our data provide experimental evidence to support the use of ribonucleotide reductase inhibitors for the treatment of USC. SIGNIFICANCE A drug repurposing screen identifies synthetic lethal interactions in PP2A-deficient uterine serous carcinoma, providing potential therapeutic avenues for treating this deadly endometrial cancer.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Caitlin M. O’Connor
- Department of Internal Medicine: Division of Genetic Medicine, The University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan
- Rogel Cancer Center, The University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Sarah E. Taylor
- Department of Pathology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio
| | - Kathryn M. Miller
- Department of Surgery, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York City, New York
| | - Lauren Hurst
- Department of Internal Medicine: Division of Genetic Medicine, The University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Terrance J. Haanen
- Rogel Cancer Center, The University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan
- Department of Cancer Biology, The University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Tahra K. Suhan
- Department of Internal Medicine: Division of Genetic Medicine, The University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Kaitlin P. Zawacki
- Department of Internal Medicine: Division of Genetic Medicine, The University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | | | - Jonida Trako
- Department of Internal Medicine: Division of Genetic Medicine, The University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Arathi Mohan
- Department of Internal Medicine: Division of Genetic Medicine, The University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Jaya Sangodkar
- Department of Internal Medicine: Division of Genetic Medicine, The University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Dmitriy Zamarin
- Department of Medicine, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York City, New York
| | - Analisa DiFeo
- Rogel Cancer Center, The University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan
- Department of Pathology, The University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Goutham Narla
- Department of Internal Medicine: Division of Genetic Medicine, The University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan
- Rogel Cancer Center, The University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Ali A, Vaikari VP, Alachkar H. CD99 in malignant hematopoiesis. Exp Hematol 2022; 106:40-46. [PMID: 34920053 PMCID: PMC9450008 DOI: 10.1016/j.exphem.2021.12.363] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2021] [Revised: 12/02/2021] [Accepted: 12/09/2021] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
The CD99 gene encodes a transmembrane protein that is involved in cell differentiation, adhesion, migration, and protein trafficking. CD99 is differentially expressed on the surface of hematopoietic cells both in the myeloid and lymphoid lineages. CD99 has two isoforms, the long and short isoforms that play different roles depending on the cellular context. There has been extensive evidence supporting the role of CD99 in myeloid and lymphoblastic leukemias. Here we review research findings related to the CD99 in malignant hematopoiesis. We also summarize the significance of CD99 as a therapeutic target in hematological malignancies.
Collapse
MESH Headings
- 12E7 Antigen/analysis
- 12E7 Antigen/genetics
- 12E7 Antigen/metabolism
- Animals
- Gene Expression Regulation, Leukemic
- Hematopoiesis
- Humans
- Leukemia, Lymphocytic, Chronic, B-Cell/genetics
- Leukemia, Lymphocytic, Chronic, B-Cell/metabolism
- Leukemia, Lymphocytic, Chronic, B-Cell/pathology
- Leukemia, Lymphocytic, Chronic, B-Cell/therapy
- Leukemia, Myeloid/genetics
- Leukemia, Myeloid/metabolism
- Leukemia, Myeloid/pathology
- Leukemia, Myeloid/therapy
- Precursor Cell Lymphoblastic Leukemia-Lymphoma/genetics
- Precursor Cell Lymphoblastic Leukemia-Lymphoma/metabolism
- Precursor Cell Lymphoblastic Leukemia-Lymphoma/pathology
- Precursor Cell Lymphoblastic Leukemia-Lymphoma/therapy
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Atham Ali
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, School of Pharmacy, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA
| | - Vijaya Pooja Vaikari
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, School of Pharmacy, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA
| | - Houda Alachkar
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, School of Pharmacy, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA.
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Balestra T, Manara MC, Laginestra MA, Pasello M, De Feo A, Bassi C, Guerzoni C, Landuzzi L, Lollini PL, Donati DM, Negrini M, Magnani M, Scotlandi K. Targeting CD99 Compromises the Oncogenic Effects of the Chimera EWS-FLI1 by Inducing Reexpression of Zyxin and Inhibition of GLI1 Activity. Mol Cancer Ther 2022; 21:58-69. [PMID: 34667115 DOI: 10.1158/1535-7163.mct-21-0189] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2021] [Revised: 07/30/2021] [Accepted: 10/12/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Ewing sarcoma, a highly aggressive pediatric tumor, is driven by EWS-FLI1, an oncogenic transcription factor that remodels the tumor genetic landscape. Epigenetic mechanisms play a pivotal role in Ewing sarcoma pathogenesis, and the therapeutic value of compounds targeting epigenetic pathways is being identified in preclinical models. Here, we showed that modulation of CD99, a cell surface molecule highly expressed in Ewing sarcoma cells, may alter transcriptional dysregulation in Ewing sarcoma through control of the zyxin-GLI1 axis. Zyxin is transcriptionally repressed, but GLI1 expression is maintained by EWS-FLI1. We demonstrated that targeting CD99 with antibodies, including the human diabody C7, or genetically inhibiting CD99 is sufficient to increase zyxin expression and induce its dynamic nuclear accumulation. Nuclear zyxin functionally affects GLI1, inhibiting targets such as NKX2-2, cyclin D1, and PTCH1 and upregulating GAS1, a tumor suppressor protein negatively regulated by SHH/GLI1 signaling. We used a battery of functional assays to demonstrate (i) the relationship between CD99/zyxin and tumor cell growth/migration and (ii) how CD99 deprivation from the Ewing sarcoma cell surface is sufficient to specifically affect the expression of some crucial EWS-FLI1 targets, both in vitro and in vivo, even in the presence of EWS-FLI1. This article reveals that the CD99/zyxin/GLI1 axis is promising therapeutic target for reducing Ewing sarcoma malignancy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tommaso Balestra
- Laboratory of Experimental Oncology, IRCCS Istituto Ortopedico Rizzoli, Bologna, Italy
- Department of Experimental, Diagnostic and Specialty Medicine (DIMES), University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Maria Cristina Manara
- Laboratory of Experimental Oncology, IRCCS Istituto Ortopedico Rizzoli, Bologna, Italy
| | | | - Michela Pasello
- Laboratory of Experimental Oncology, IRCCS Istituto Ortopedico Rizzoli, Bologna, Italy
| | - Alessandra De Feo
- Laboratory of Experimental Oncology, IRCCS Istituto Ortopedico Rizzoli, Bologna, Italy
| | - Cristian Bassi
- Department of Translational Medicine and for Romagna, and "Laboratorio per le Tecnologie delle Terapie Avanzate" (LTTA), University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Clara Guerzoni
- Laboratory of Experimental Oncology, IRCCS Istituto Ortopedico Rizzoli, Bologna, Italy
| | - Lorena Landuzzi
- Laboratory of Experimental Oncology, IRCCS Istituto Ortopedico Rizzoli, Bologna, Italy
| | - Pier-Luigi Lollini
- Department of Experimental, Diagnostic and Specialty Medicine (DIMES), University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Davide Maria Donati
- Clinica Ortopedica III, IRCCS Istituto Ortopedico Rizzoli, Bologna, Italy
- Department of Biomedical and Neuromotor Sciences (DIBINEM), University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Massimo Negrini
- Department of Translational Medicine and for Romagna, and "Laboratorio per le Tecnologie delle Terapie Avanzate" (LTTA), University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Mauro Magnani
- Department of Biomolecular Sciences, University of Urbino, Fano, Italy
| | - Katia Scotlandi
- Laboratory of Experimental Oncology, IRCCS Istituto Ortopedico Rizzoli, Bologna, Italy.
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Long MJC, Ly P, Aye Y. Still no Rest for the Reductases: Ribonucleotide Reductase (RNR) Structure and Function: An Update. Subcell Biochem 2022; 99:155-197. [PMID: 36151376 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-031-00793-4_5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Herein we present a multidisciplinary discussion of ribonucleotide reductase (RNR), the essential enzyme uniquely responsible for conversion of ribonucleotides to deoxyribonucleotides. This chapter primarily presents an overview of this multifaceted and complex enzyme, covering RNR's role in enzymology, biochemistry, medicinal chemistry, and cell biology. It further focuses on RNR from mammals, whose interesting and often conflicting roles in health and disease are coming more into focus. We present pitfalls that we think have not always been dealt with by researchers in each area and further seek to unite some of the field-specific observations surrounding this enzyme. Our work is thus not intended to cover any one topic in extreme detail, but rather give what we consider to be the necessary broad grounding to understand this critical enzyme holistically. Although this is an approach we have advocated in many different areas of scientific research, there is arguably no other single enzyme that embodies the need for such broad study than RNR. Thus, we submit that RNR itself is a paradigm of interdisciplinary research that is of interest from the perspective of the generalist and the specialist alike. We hope that the discussions herein will thus be helpful to not only those wanting to tackle RNR-specific problems, but also those working on similar interdisciplinary projects centering around other enzymes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Marcus J C Long
- University of Lausanne (UNIL), Lausanne, Switzerland
- Department of Biochemistry, UNIL, Epalinges, Switzerland
| | - Phillippe Ly
- Swiss Federal Institute of Technology Lausanne (EPFL), Lausanne, Switzerland
- EPFL SB ISIC LEAGO, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Yimon Aye
- Swiss Federal Institute of Technology Lausanne (EPFL), Lausanne, Switzerland.
- EPFL SB ISIC LEAGO, Lausanne, Switzerland.
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Siwy J, Wendt R, Albalat A, He T, Mischak H, Mullen W, Latosinska A, Lübbert C, Kalbitz S, Mebazaa A, Peters B, Stegmayr B, Spasovski G, Wiech T, Staessen JA, Wolf J, Beige J. CD99 and polymeric immunoglobulin receptor peptides deregulation in critical COVID-19: A potential link to molecular pathophysiology? Proteomics 2021; 21:e2100133. [PMID: 34383378 PMCID: PMC8420529 DOI: 10.1002/pmic.202100133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2021] [Revised: 07/28/2021] [Accepted: 08/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Identification of significant changes in urinary peptides may enable improved understanding of molecular disease mechanisms. We aimed towards identifying urinary peptides associated with critical course of COVID-19 to yield hypotheses on molecular pathophysiological mechanisms in disease development. In this multicentre prospective study urine samples of PCR-confirmed COVID-19 patients were collected in different centres across Europe. The urinary peptidome of 53 patients at WHO stages 6-8 and 66 at WHO stages 1-3 COVID-19 disease was analysed using capillary electrophoresis coupled to mass spectrometry. 593 peptides were identified significantly affected by disease severity. These peptides were compared with changes associated with kidney disease or heart failure. Similarities with kidney disease were observed, indicating comparable molecular mechanisms. In contrast, convincing similarity to heart failure could not be detected. The data for the first time showed deregulation of CD99 and polymeric immunoglobulin receptor peptides and of known peptides associated with kidney disease, including collagen and alpha-1-antitrypsin. Peptidomic findings were in line with the pathophysiology of COVID-19. The clinical corollary is that COVID-19 induces specific inflammation of numerous tissues including endothelial lining. Restoring these changes, especially in CD99, PIGR and alpha-1-antitripsin, may represent a valid and effective therapeutic approach in COVID-19, targeting improvement of endothelial integrity. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Ralph Wendt
- Department of Infectious Diseases/Tropical Medicine, Nephrology and Rheumatology, Hospital St. Georg, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Amaya Albalat
- School of Natural Sciences, University of Stirling, Stirling, UK
| | - Tianlin He
- Mosaiques diagnostics GmbH, Hannover, Germany
| | | | - William Mullen
- Institute of Cardiovascular and Medical Science, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | | | - Christoph Lübbert
- Department of Infectious Diseases/Tropical Medicine, Nephrology and Rheumatology, Hospital St. Georg, Leipzig, Germany.,Division of Infectious Diseases and Tropical Medicine, Department of Oncology, Gastroenterology, Hepatology, Pneumology and Infectious Diseases, Leipzig University Hospital, Leipzig, Germany.,Interdisciplinary Center for Infectious Diseases, Leipzig University Hospital, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Sven Kalbitz
- Department of Infectious Diseases/Tropical Medicine, Nephrology and Rheumatology, Hospital St. Georg, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Alexandre Mebazaa
- Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care, Saint Louis-Lariboisière - Fernand Widal University Hospital, Assistance Publique Hôpitaux de Paris, Paris, France.,Université de Paris, Paris, France.,INSERM UMR-S 942 - MASCOT, Paris, France
| | - Björn Peters
- Department of Nephrology, Skaraborg Hospital, Skövde, Sweden.,Department of Molecular and Clinical Medicine, Institute of Medicine, the Sahlgrenska Academy at University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Bernd Stegmayr
- Department of Public Health and Clinical Medicine, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Goce Spasovski
- Department of Nephrology, Medical Faculty, University St.Cyril and Methodius, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Thorsten Wiech
- Nephropathology Section, Institute for Pathology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Jan A Staessen
- Alliance for the Promotion of Preventive Medicine (APPREMED), Mechelen, Belgium.,Biomedical Sciences Group, Faculty of Medicine, University of Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Johannes Wolf
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Hospital St. Georg, Leipzig, Germany.,ImmunoDeficiencyCenter Leipzig (IDCL) at Hospital St. Georg Leipzig, Jeffrey Modell Diagnostic and Research Center for Primary Immunodeficiency Diseases, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Joachim Beige
- Department of Infectious Diseases/Tropical Medicine, Nephrology and Rheumatology, Hospital St. Georg, Leipzig, Germany.,Kuratorium for Dialysis and Transplantation (KfH) Renal Unit, Hospital St. Georg, Leipzig, Germany.,Martin-Luther-University Halle/Wittenberg, Halle/Saale, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Sevim H, Çelik H, Düşünceli L, Ceyhan CS, Molotkova A, Nakazawa K, Graham GT, Petro JR, Toretsky JA, Üren A. Clofarabine induces ERK/MSK/CREB activation through inhibiting CD99 on Ewing sarcoma cells. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0253170. [PMID: 34133426 PMCID: PMC8208565 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0253170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2020] [Accepted: 05/29/2021] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Clofarabine, an FDA approved purine analog, is used in the treatment of relapsed or refractory acute lymphoblastic leukemia. Clofarabine acts by inhibiting DNA synthesis. We demonstrated that clofarabine may have a novel function though inhibiting CD99, a transmembrane protein highly expressed on Ewing Sarcoma (ES) cells. CD99 is a validated target in ES whose inhibition may lead to a high therapeutic index for patients. Here we present additional data to support the hypothesis that clofarabine acts on CD99 and regulates key signaling pathways in ES. Cellular thermal shift assay indicated a direct interaction between clofarabine and CD99 in ES cell lysates. Clofarabine induced ES cell death does not require clofarabine's conversion to its active form by deoxycytidine kinase. A phosphokinase array screen with clofarabine and a CD99 blocking antibody identified alterations in signaling pathways. CD99 inhibition with clofarabine in ES cells caused rapid and sustained phosphorylation of ERK, MSK, and CREB. However, activation of this pathway did not correlate with clofarabine induced ES cell death. In summary, we demonstrated that clofarabine may activate ERK, MSK, and CREB phosphorylation through CD99 within minutes, however this paradoxical activation and subsequent ES cell death requires additional investigation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Handan Sevim
- Lombardi Comprehensive Cancer Center, Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington, DC, United States of America
| | - Haydar Çelik
- Lombardi Comprehensive Cancer Center, Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington, DC, United States of America
| | - Levent Düşünceli
- Lombardi Comprehensive Cancer Center, Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington, DC, United States of America
| | - Ceyda S. Ceyhan
- Lombardi Comprehensive Cancer Center, Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington, DC, United States of America
| | - Anna Molotkova
- Lombardi Comprehensive Cancer Center, Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington, DC, United States of America
| | - Kay Nakazawa
- Lombardi Comprehensive Cancer Center, Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington, DC, United States of America
| | - Garrett T. Graham
- Lombardi Comprehensive Cancer Center, Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington, DC, United States of America
| | - Jeffrey R. Petro
- Lombardi Comprehensive Cancer Center, Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington, DC, United States of America
| | - Jeffrey A. Toretsky
- Lombardi Comprehensive Cancer Center, Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington, DC, United States of America
| | - Aykut Üren
- Lombardi Comprehensive Cancer Center, Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington, DC, United States of America
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Zhou F, Elzi DJ, Jayabal P, Ma X, Chiu YC, Chen Y, Blackman B, Weintraub ST, Houghton PJ, Shiio Y. GDF6-CD99 Signaling Regulates Src and Ewing Sarcoma Growth. Cell Rep 2021; 33:108332. [PMID: 33147457 PMCID: PMC7688343 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2020.108332] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2020] [Revised: 09/07/2020] [Accepted: 10/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
We report here that the autocrine signaling mediated by growth and differentiation factor 6 (GDF6), a member of the bone morphogenetic protein (BMP) family of cytokines, maintains Ewing sarcoma growth by preventing Src hyperactivation. Surprisingly, Ewing sarcoma depends on the prodomain, not the BMP domain, of GDF6. We demonstrate that the GDF6 prodomain is a ligand for CD99, a transmembrane protein that has been widely used as a marker of Ewing sarcoma. The binding of the GDF6 prodomain to the CD99 extracellular domain results in recruitment of CSK (C-terminal Src kinase) to the YQKKK motif in the intracellular domain of CD99, inhibiting Src activity. GDF6 silencing causes hyperactivation of Src and p21-dependent growth arrest. We demonstrate that two GDF6 prodomain mutants linked to Klippel-Feil syndrome are hyperactive in CD99-Src signaling. These results reveal a cytokine signaling pathway that regulates the CSK-Src axis and cancer cell proliferation and suggest the gain-of-function activity for disease-causing GDF6 mutants. Ewing sarcoma is driven by the EWS-ETS fusion oncoprotein, but little is known about the extracellular signaling regulating this cancer. Zhou et al. report that the prodomain of GDF6 is a ligand for CD99, inhibiting Src through CSK and maintaining Ewing sarcoma growth in an autocrine fashion.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Fuchun Zhou
- Greehey Children's Cancer Research Institute, The University of Texas Health Science Center, San Antonio, TX 78229, USA
| | - David J Elzi
- Greehey Children's Cancer Research Institute, The University of Texas Health Science Center, San Antonio, TX 78229, USA; BioAffinity Technologies, Inc., 1 UTSA Circle, San Antonio, TX 78249, USA
| | - Panneerselvam Jayabal
- Greehey Children's Cancer Research Institute, The University of Texas Health Science Center, San Antonio, TX 78229, USA
| | - Xiuye Ma
- Greehey Children's Cancer Research Institute, The University of Texas Health Science Center, San Antonio, TX 78229, USA
| | - Yu-Chiao Chiu
- Greehey Children's Cancer Research Institute, The University of Texas Health Science Center, San Antonio, TX 78229, USA
| | - Yidong Chen
- Greehey Children's Cancer Research Institute, The University of Texas Health Science Center, San Antonio, TX 78229, USA; Department of Population Health Sciences, The University of Texas Health Science Center, San Antonio, TX 78229, USA; Mays Cancer Center, The University of Texas Health Science Center, San Antonio, TX 78229, USA
| | - Barron Blackman
- Greehey Children's Cancer Research Institute, The University of Texas Health Science Center, San Antonio, TX 78229, USA
| | - Susan T Weintraub
- Mays Cancer Center, The University of Texas Health Science Center, San Antonio, TX 78229, USA; Department of Biochemistry and Structural Biology, The University of Texas Health Science Center, San Antonio, TX 78229, USA
| | - Peter J Houghton
- Greehey Children's Cancer Research Institute, The University of Texas Health Science Center, San Antonio, TX 78229, USA; Mays Cancer Center, The University of Texas Health Science Center, San Antonio, TX 78229, USA; Department of Molecular Medicine, The University of Texas Health Science Center, San Antonio, TX 78229, USA
| | - Yuzuru Shiio
- Greehey Children's Cancer Research Institute, The University of Texas Health Science Center, San Antonio, TX 78229, USA; Mays Cancer Center, The University of Texas Health Science Center, San Antonio, TX 78229, USA; Department of Biochemistry and Structural Biology, The University of Texas Health Science Center, San Antonio, TX 78229, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Preclinical In Vivo Modeling of Pediatric Sarcoma-Promises and Limitations. J Clin Med 2021; 10:jcm10081578. [PMID: 33918045 PMCID: PMC8069549 DOI: 10.3390/jcm10081578] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2021] [Revised: 04/05/2021] [Accepted: 04/06/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Pediatric sarcomas are an extremely heterogeneous group of genetically distinct diseases. Despite the increasing knowledge on their molecular makeup in recent years, true therapeutic advancements are largely lacking and prognosis often remains dim, particularly for relapsed and metastasized patients. Since this is largely due to the lack of suitable model systems as a prerequisite to develop and assess novel therapeutics, we here review the available approaches to model sarcoma in vivo. We focused on genetically engineered and patient-derived mouse models, compared strengths and weaknesses, and finally explored possibilities and limitations to utilize these models to advance both biological understanding as well as clinical diagnosis and therapy.
Collapse
|
12
|
Oliveira DVNP, Prahm KP, Christensen IJ, Hansen A, Høgdall CK, Høgdall EV. Gene expression profile association with poor prognosis in epithelial ovarian cancer patients. Sci Rep 2021; 11:5438. [PMID: 33686173 PMCID: PMC7940404 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-84953-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2020] [Accepted: 01/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Ovarian cancer (OC) is the eighth most common type of cancer for women worldwide. The current diagnostic and prognostic routine available for OC management either lack specificity or are very costly. Gene expression profiling has shown to be a very effective tool in exploring new molecular markers for patients with OC, although association of such markers with patient survival and clinical outcome is still elusive. Here, we performed gene expression profiling of different subtypes of OC to evaluate its association with patient overall survival (OS) and aggressive forms of the disease. By global mRNA microarray profiling in a total of 196 epithelial OC patients (161 serous, 15 endometrioid, 11 mucinous, and 9 clear cell carcinomas), we found four candidates-HSPA1A, CD99, RAB3A and POM121L9P, which associated with OS and poor clinicopathological features. The overexpression of all combined was correlated with shorter OS and progression-free survival (PFS). Furthermore, the combination of at least two markers were further associated with advanced grade, chemotherapy resistance, and progressive disease. These results indicate that a panel comprised of a few predictors that associates with a more aggressive form of OC may be clinically relevant, presenting a better performance than one marker alone.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Kira P Prahm
- Department of Pathology, Herlev Hospital, University of Copenhagen, Herlev, Denmark
| | - Ib J Christensen
- Department of Pathology, Herlev Hospital, University of Copenhagen, Herlev, Denmark
| | | | - Claus K Høgdall
- Department of Gynaecology, Juliane Marie Centre, Rigshospitalet, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Estrid V Høgdall
- Department of Pathology, Herlev Hospital, University of Copenhagen, Herlev, Denmark.
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Tiwari PB, Bencheqroun C, Lemus M, Shaw T, Kouassi-Brou M, Alaoui A, Üren A. SPRD: a surface plasmon resonance database of common factors for better experimental planning. BMC Mol Cell Biol 2021; 22:17. [PMID: 33676410 PMCID: PMC7937274 DOI: 10.1186/s12860-021-00354-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2020] [Accepted: 02/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Surface plasmon resonance is a label-free biophysical technique that is widely used in investigating biomolecular interactions, including protein-protein, protein-DNA, and protein-small molecule binding. Surface plasmon resonance is a very powerful tool in different stages of small molecule drug development and antibody characterization. Both academic institutions and pharmaceutical industry extensively utilize this method for screening and validation studies involving direct molecular interactions. In most applications of the surface plasmon resonance technology, one of the studied molecules is immobilized on a microchip, while the second molecule is delivered through a microfluidic system over the immobilized molecules. Changes in total mass on the chip surface is recorded in real time as an indicator of the molecular interactions. Main body Quality and accuracy of the surface plasmon resonance data depend on experimental variables, including buffer composition, type of sensor chip, coupling chemistry of molecules on the sensor surface, and surface regeneration conditions. These technical details are generally included in materials and methods sections of published manuscripts and are not easily accessible using the common internet browser search engines or PubMed. Herein, we introduce a surface plasmon resonance database, www.sprdatabase.info that contains technical details extracted from 5140 publications with surface plasmon resonance data. We also provide an analysis of experimental conditions preferred by different laboratories. These experimental variables can be searched within the database and help future users of this technology to design better experiments. Conclusion Amine coupling and CM5 chips were the most common methods used for immobilizing proteins in surface plasmon resonance experiments. However, number of different chips, capture methods and buffer conditions were used by multiple investigators. We predict that the database will significantly help the scientific community using this technology and hope that users will provide feedback to improve and expand the database indefinitely. Publicly available information in the database can save a great amount of time and resources by assisting initial optimization and troubleshooting of surface plasmon resonance experiments.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Camelia Bencheqroun
- Innovation Center for Biomedical Informatics (ICBI), Georgetown University, Washington, DC, 20057, USA
| | - Mario Lemus
- Department of Oncology, Georgetown University, Washington, DC, 20057, USA
| | - Taryn Shaw
- Department of Oncology, Georgetown University, Washington, DC, 20057, USA
| | - Marilyn Kouassi-Brou
- Department of Oncology, Georgetown University, Washington, DC, 20057, USA.,Geisel School of Medicine, Dartmouth College, NH, 03755, Hanover, USA
| | - Adil Alaoui
- Innovation Center for Biomedical Informatics (ICBI), Georgetown University, Washington, DC, 20057, USA
| | - Aykut Üren
- Department of Oncology, Georgetown University, Washington, DC, 20057, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Quezada-Vidal J, Ortíz-Muñiz R, Cervantes-Ríos E, Cruz-Vallejo V, Morales-Ramírez P. In vivo kinetics of the genotoxic and cytotoxic activities of cladribine and clofarabine. ENVIRONMENTAL AND MOLECULAR MUTAGENESIS 2020; 61:922-927. [PMID: 32567744 DOI: 10.1002/em.22394] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2020] [Revised: 05/01/2020] [Accepted: 05/10/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
The aim of the present in vivo study was to determine the kinetics of the genotoxic and cytotoxic activities of cladribine and clofarabine in mouse normoblasts using flow cytometry. Mice in groups of five were treated with cladribine or clofarabine. Blood samples were obtained from the mouse tails before treatment and every 8 hr posttreatment for 72 hr. These samples were cytometrically scored for micronucleated reticulocytes (RETs), and the percentage of RETs was determined. The results showed that clofarabine and cladribine have early cytotoxic effects that are related to the genotoxic effects reported in previous studies; the drugs have both complex long-lasting genotoxic and cytotoxic kinetic activity, with similar profiles that suggest a relationship between the genotoxic and cytotoxic parameters. The initial genotoxkinetics timing of clofarabine is equivalent to those of difluorodeoxycytidine, likely because both agents inhibit DNA polymerase. Clofarabine shows a higher genotoxic and cytotoxic efficiency than cladribine, in agreement with previous results.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jesús Quezada-Vidal
- Departamento de Biología, Instituto Nacional de Investigaciones Nucleares, Centro Nuclear, Carretera México-Toluca s/n, La Marquesa, Ocoyoacac, Estado de México, México
- Doctorado en Ciencias Biológicas y de la Salud, Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana-Iztapalapa, Avenida San Rafael Atlixco 186, Ciudad de México, México
| | - Rocío Ortíz-Muñiz
- Doctorado en Ciencias Biológicas y de la Salud, Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana-Iztapalapa, Avenida San Rafael Atlixco 186, Ciudad de México, México
| | - Elsa Cervantes-Ríos
- Doctorado en Ciencias Biológicas y de la Salud, Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana-Iztapalapa, Avenida San Rafael Atlixco 186, Ciudad de México, México
| | - Virginia Cruz-Vallejo
- Departamento de Biología, Instituto Nacional de Investigaciones Nucleares, Centro Nuclear, Carretera México-Toluca s/n, La Marquesa, Ocoyoacac, Estado de México, México
| | - Pedro Morales-Ramírez
- Departamento de Biología, Instituto Nacional de Investigaciones Nucleares, Centro Nuclear, Carretera México-Toluca s/n, La Marquesa, Ocoyoacac, Estado de México, México
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Genomics and Therapeutic Vulnerabilities of Primary Bone Tumors. Cells 2020; 9:cells9040968. [PMID: 32295254 PMCID: PMC7227002 DOI: 10.3390/cells9040968] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2020] [Revised: 04/08/2020] [Accepted: 04/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Osteosarcoma, Ewing sarcoma and chondrosarcoma are rare diseases but the most common primary tumors of bone. The genes directly involved in the sarcomagenesis, tumor progression and treatment responsiveness are not completely defined for these tumors, and the powerful discovery of genetic analysis is highly warranted in the view of improving the therapy and cure of patients. The review summarizes recent advances concerning the molecular and genetic background of these three neoplasms and, of their most common variants, highlights the putative therapeutic targets and the clinical trials that are presently active, and notes the fundamental issues that remain unanswered. In the era of personalized medicine, the rarity of sarcomas may not be the major obstacle, provided that each patient is studied extensively according to a road map that combines emerging genomic and functional approaches toward the selection of novel therapeutic strategies.
Collapse
|
16
|
Hu T, Sun R, Huang F, Liu X, Duan Z, Ye R, Li Y, Xiao L, Guo Z, Liu Q, Zhu W. CD99 mediates neutrophil transmigration through the bEnd.3 monolayer via the induction of oxygen-glucose deprivation. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2020; 526:799-804. [PMID: 32268960 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2020.03.159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2020] [Accepted: 03/29/2020] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
AIM/BACKGROUND CD99 participate in neutrophil infiltration after inflammatory events; however, despite the important role of inflammation in ischemic stroke, the role of CD99 in ischemic stroke remains unclear. METHOD In the present study, we detected the protein expression of CD99, ICAM-1, and CD31 (PECAM-1) in oxygen-glucose deprivation (OGD)-induced bEnd.3 cells and neutrophils and explored the influence of HIF-1α and IL-1β on their expression. We also explored the role of CD99 in the OGD-induced transmigration of neutrophils. RESULTS Our results showed that OGD induction upregulated CD99 in bEnd.3 cells and that this effect could be abolished by the preadministration of IL-1β and was not mediated by HIF-1α. However, the activation of ICAM-1 by OGD remained activated with IL-1β treatment. No significant influence of IL-1β on OGD-induced CD31. Finally, we found a significant increase in infiltrated neutrophils after OGD induction compared with the control and OGD + anti-CD99 groups. CONCLUSION Our results indicated that CD99 mediates neutrophil infiltration and transmigration via OGD induction and thus constitutes a potential therapeutic target for anti-inflammatory treatment after ischemic stroke.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ting Hu
- Jinling Hospital Department of Neurology, Nanjing University, School of Medicine, Nanjing, 210002, PR China; Department of Neurology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, 221006, China.
| | - Rui Sun
- Jinling Hospital Department of Neurology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 210002, PR China.
| | - Feihong Huang
- Nanjing Hospital Department of Neurology, South Medical University, Nanjing, 210002, PR China.
| | - Xiaoyun Liu
- Jinling Hospital Department of Neurology, Nanjing University, School of Medicine, Nanjing, 210002, PR China.
| | - Zhenhui Duan
- Nanjing Hospital Department of Neurology, South Medical University, Nanjing, 210002, PR China.
| | - Ruidong Ye
- Jinling Hospital Department of Neurology, Nanjing University, School of Medicine, Nanjing, 210002, PR China.
| | - Yunzi Li
- Jinling Hospital Department of Neurology, Nanjing University, School of Medicine, Nanjing, 210002, PR China.
| | - Lulu Xiao
- Jinling Hospital Department of Neurology, Nanjing University, School of Medicine, Nanjing, 210002, PR China.
| | - Zhiliang Guo
- Department of Neurology, Second Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, 215004, China.
| | - Qian Liu
- Jinling Hospital Department of Neurology, Nanjing University, School of Medicine, Nanjing, 210002, PR China.
| | - Wusheng Zhu
- Jinling Hospital Department of Neurology, Nanjing University, School of Medicine, Nanjing, 210002, PR China.
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Current Approaches for Personalized Therapy of Soft Tissue Sarcomas. Sarcoma 2020; 2020:6716742. [PMID: 32317857 PMCID: PMC7152984 DOI: 10.1155/2020/6716742] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2019] [Revised: 02/27/2020] [Accepted: 03/09/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Soft tissue sarcomas (STS) are a highly heterogeneous group of cancers of mesenchymal origin with diverse morphologies and clinical behaviors. While surgical resection is the standard treatment for primary STS, advanced and metastatic STS patients are not eligible for surgery. Systemic treatments, including standard chemotherapy and newer chemical agents, still play the most relevant role in the management of the disease. Discovery of specific genetic alterations in distinct STS subtypes allowed better understanding of mechanisms driving their pathogenesis and treatment optimization. This review focuses on the available targeted drugs or drug combinations based on genetic aberration involved in STS development including chromosomal translocations, oncogenic mutations, gene amplifications, and their perspectives in STS treatment. Furthermore, in this review, we discuss the possible use of chemotherapy sensitivity and resistance assays (CSRA) for the adjustment of treatment for individual patients. In summary, current trends in personalized management of advanced and metastatic STS are based on combination of both genetic testing and CSRA.
Collapse
|
18
|
Long MJC, Zhao Y, Aye Y. Clofarabine Commandeers the RNR-α-ZRANB3 Nuclear Signaling Axis. Cell Chem Biol 2019; 27:122-133.e5. [PMID: 31836351 DOI: 10.1016/j.chembiol.2019.11.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2018] [Revised: 08/30/2019] [Accepted: 11/19/2019] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Ribonucleotide reductase (RNR) is an essential enzyme in DNA biogenesis and a target of several chemotherapeutics. Here, we investigate how anti-leukemic drugs (e.g., clofarabine [ClF]) that target one of the two subunits of RNR, RNR-α, affect non-canonical RNR-α functions. We discovered that these clinically approved RNR-inhibiting dATP-analogs inhibit growth by also targeting ZRANB3-a recently identified DNA synthesis promoter and nuclear-localized interactor of RNR-α. Remarkably, in early time points following drug treatment, ZRANB3 targeting accounted for most of the drug-induced DNA synthesis suppression and multiple cell types featuring ZRANB3 knockout/knockdown were resistant to these drugs. In addition, ZRANB3 plays a major role in regulating tumor invasion and H-rasG12V-promoted transformation in a manner dependent on the recently discovered interactome of RNR-α involving select cytosolic-/nuclear-localized protein players. The H-rasG12V-promoted transformation-which we show requires ZRANB3-supported DNA synthesis-was efficiently suppressed by ClF. Such overlooked mechanisms of action of approved drugs and a previously unappreciated example of non-oncogene addiction, which is suppressed by RNR-α, may advance cancer interventions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Marcus J C Long
- Bishop Burton, Beverley, East Riding of Yorkshire HU17 8QH, UK
| | - Yi Zhao
- Swiss Federal Institute of Technology Lausanne (EPFL), Lausanne 1015, Switzerland
| | - Yimon Aye
- Swiss Federal Institute of Technology Lausanne (EPFL), Lausanne 1015, Switzerland.
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Diaz-Perez JA, Nielsen GP, Antonescu C, Taylor MS, Lozano-Calderon SA, Rosenberg AE. EWSR1/FUS-NFATc2 rearranged round cell sarcoma: clinicopathological series of 4 cases and literature review. Hum Pathol 2019; 90:45-53. [PMID: 31078563 PMCID: PMC6714048 DOI: 10.1016/j.humpath.2019.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2019] [Accepted: 05/05/2019] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
The classification of bone neoplasms composed of small round cells is experiencing a transformation after the discovery of various gene fusion rearrangements that determine diagnosis, behavior, and response to therapy. We present herein 4 new cases of small round cell tumor of the bone that harbor NFATc2 rearrangements involving either EWSR1 or FUS genes. We studied the clinical presentation, pathologic features, genetics (FISH, targeted RNA sequencing) and outcome in these 4 patients. We also reviewed the literature describing similar cases. All our patients were male. The median age at diagnosis was 33.5 years. All tumors presented in long bones of the extremities as a large destructive mass with a mean size of 12.5 cm. All cases were hypercellular with prominent collagenous stroma and consisted of small to medium size round cells arranged in cords, thin trabeculae, and pseudoacinar structures. Most cases showed focal or diffuse membrane staining for CD99; whereas S100, synaptophysin and chromogranin were negative. EMA showed cytoplasmic staining in one case. Genetic studies identified EWSR1-NFATc2 fusion in 3 cases, and FUS-NFATc2 fusion in one case. Two patients were treated with neoadjuvant chemotherapy using Ewing sarcoma regimens, and surgical excision was performed on 3 patients; necrosis was minimal. Follow-up is limited; after a median follow-up of 8.7 months, one patient developed local recurrence and metastases to the lungs. Poorly differentiated round cell sarcoma with EWSR1/FUS-NFATc2 fusions are uncommon. The tumors have consistent clinical findings, morphology, and immunoprofile that in combination are distinctive and differ from that of Ewing sarcoma. Importantly, these tumors do not respond to Ewing sarcoma chemotherapy regimens.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Julio A Diaz-Perez
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, FL
| | - G Petur Nielsen
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard University, Boston, MA
| | - Cristina Antonescu
- Department of Pathology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY
| | - Martin S Taylor
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard University, Boston, MA
| | | | - Andrew E Rosenberg
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, FL.
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Cardoso LC, Soares RDS, Laurentino TDS, Lerario AM, Marie SKN, Oba-Shinjo SM. CD99 Expression in Glioblastoma Molecular Subtypes and Role in Migration and Invasion. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20051137. [PMID: 30845661 PMCID: PMC6429353 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20051137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2019] [Revised: 02/27/2019] [Accepted: 02/27/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Glioblastoma (GBM) is the most aggressive type of brain tumor, with an overall survival of 17 months under the current standard of care therapy. CD99, an over-expressed transmembrane protein in several malignancies, has been considered a potential target for immunotherapy. To further understand this potentiality, we analyzed the differential expression of its two isoforms in human astrocytoma specimens, and the CD99 involved signaling pathways in glioma model U87MG cell line. CD99 was also analyzed in GBM molecular subtypes. Whole transcriptomes by RNA-Seq of CD99-siRNA, and functional in vitro assays in CD99-shRNA, that are found in U87MG cells, were performed. Astrocytoma of different malignant grades and U87MG cells only expressed CD99 isoform 1, which was higher in mesenchymal and classical than in proneural GBM subtypes. Genes related to actin dynamics, predominantly to focal adhesion, and lamellipodia/filopodia formation were down-regulated in the transcriptome analysis, when CD99 was silenced. A decrease in tumor cell migration/invasion, and dysfunction of focal adhesion, were observed in functional assays. In addition, a striking morphological change was detected in CD99-silenced U87MG cells, further corroborating CD99 involvement in actin cytoskeleton rearrangement. Inhibiting the overexpressed CD99 may improve resectability and decrease the recurrence rate of GBM by decreasing tumor cells migration and invasion.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lais C Cardoso
- Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Biology (LIM 15), Department of Neurology, Faculdade de Medicina FMUSP, Universidade de Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo 01246-903, Brazil.
| | - Roseli da S Soares
- Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Biology (LIM 15), Department of Neurology, Faculdade de Medicina FMUSP, Universidade de Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo 01246-903, Brazil.
| | - Talita de S Laurentino
- Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Biology (LIM 15), Department of Neurology, Faculdade de Medicina FMUSP, Universidade de Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo 01246-903, Brazil.
| | - Antonio M Lerario
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Metabolism, Endocrinology, and Diabetes, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA.
| | - Suely K N Marie
- Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Biology (LIM 15), Department of Neurology, Faculdade de Medicina FMUSP, Universidade de Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo 01246-903, Brazil.
| | - Sueli Mieko Oba-Shinjo
- Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Biology (LIM 15), Department of Neurology, Faculdade de Medicina FMUSP, Universidade de Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo 01246-903, Brazil.
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Thangaretnam KP, Paramasivam OR, Ramanathan P, Gopisetty G, Rajkumar T. Production and characterization of monoclonal antibodies against recombinant extracellular domain of CD99. Hum Antibodies 2019; 27:69-83. [PMID: 30282350 DOI: 10.3233/hab-180350] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE CD99/MIC2 gene product is a heavily glycosylated transmembrane protein which plays a major role in homotypic cell adhesion, apoptosis of double positive T cells and vesicular protein trafficking. It is over expressed in various cancers and has been considered as an ideal therapeutic target. The present study focused at developing monoclonal antibodies against the extracellular domain (ECD) of CD99 using hybridoma technology. MATERIALS AND METHODS In order to generate monoclonal antibodies, the recombinant ECD of CD99 was used for immunizing the mice. Resulting hybridomas were screened through indirect ELISA. Clones which gave high absorbance values were sub cloned by limiting dilution followed by isotype determination, IP, WB and FACS. The monoclonal antibody 547F2 4F12 was purified from culture supernatant using FPLC and further screened using IF. Finally, the antibodies were validated for specificity using siRNA knock-down. RESULTS We were able to establish stable hybridoma clones secreting CD99 antibodies. The antibodies reacted with both the recombinant ECD as well as the wild type CD99 and their isotype's were determined as IgM. CONCLUSION Based on these results, we propose that the purified monoclonal antibody 547F2 4F12 could be possibly used for targeting tumors which over express CD99.
Collapse
|
22
|
Abstract
The cell surface molecule CD99 has gained interest because of its involvement in regulating cell differentiation and adhesion/migration of immune and tumor cells. However, the molecule plays an intriguing and dual role in different cell types. In particular, it acts as a requirement for cell malignancy or as an oncosuppressor in tumors. In addition, the gene encodes for two different isoforms, which also act in opposition inside the same cell. This review highlights key studies focusing on the dual role of CD99 and its isoforms and discusses major critical issues, challenges, and strategies for overcoming those challenges. The review specifically underscores the properties that make the molecule an attractive therapeutic target and identifies new relationships and areas of study that may be exploited. The elucidation of the spatial and temporal control of the expression of CD99 in normal and tumor cells is required to obtain a full appreciation of this molecule and its signaling.
Collapse
|