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Acharya G, Mani C, Sah N, Saamarthy K, Young R, Reedy MB, Sobol RW, Palle K. CHK1 inhibitor induced PARylation by targeting PARG causes excessive replication and metabolic stress and overcomes chemoresistance in ovarian cancer. Cell Death Discov 2024; 10:278. [PMID: 38862485 PMCID: PMC11166985 DOI: 10.1038/s41420-024-02040-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2024] [Revised: 05/17/2024] [Accepted: 05/22/2024] [Indexed: 06/13/2024] Open
Abstract
Chemoresistance contributes to the majority of deaths in women with ovarian cancer (OC). Altered DNA repair and metabolic signaling is implicated in mediating therapeutic resistance. DNA damage checkpoint kinase 1 (CHK1) integrates cell cycle and DNA repair in replicating cells, and its inhibition causes replication stress, repair deficiency and cell cycle dysregulation. We observed elevated Poly-ADP-ribosylation (PAR) of proteins (PARylation) and subsequent decrease in cellular NAD+ levels in OC cells treated with the CHK1 inhibitor prexasertib, indicating activation of NAD+ dependent DNA repair enzymes poly-ADP-ribose polymerases (PARP1/2). While multiple PARP inhibitors are in clinical use in treating OC, tumor resistance to these drugs is highly imminent. We reasoned that inhibition of dePARylation by targeting Poly (ADP-ribose) glycohydrolase (PARG) would disrupt metabolic and DNA repair crosstalk to overcome chemoresistance. Although PARG inhibition (PARGi) trapped PARylation of the proteins and activated CHK1, it did not cause any significant OC cell death. However, OC cells deficient in CHK1 were hypersensitive to PARGi, suggesting a role for metabolic and DNA repair crosstalk in protection of OC cells. Correspondingly, OC cells treated with a combination of CHK1 and PARG inhibitors exhibited excessive replication stress-mediated DNA lesions, cell cycle dysregulation, and mitotic catastrophe compared to individual drugs. Interestingly, increased PARylation observed in combination treatment resulted in depletion of NAD+ levels. These decreased NAD+ levels were also paralleled with reduced aldehyde dehydrogenase (ALDH) activity, which requires NAD+ to maintain cancer stem cells. Furthermore, prexasertib and PARGi combinations exhibited synergistic cell death in OC cells, including an isogenic chemoresistant cell line and 3D organoid models of primary patient-derived OC cell lines. Collectively, our data highlight a novel crosstalk between metabolism and DNA repair involving replication stress and NAD+-dependent PARylation, and suggest a novel combination therapy of CHK1 and PARG inhibitors to overcome chemoresistance in OC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ganesh Acharya
- Department of Cell Biology and Biochemistry, School of Medicine, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Lubbock, TX, USA
| | - Chinnadurai Mani
- Department of Cell Biology and Biochemistry, School of Medicine, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Lubbock, TX, USA
| | - Naresh Sah
- Department of Cell Biology and Biochemistry, School of Medicine, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Lubbock, TX, USA
| | - Karunakar Saamarthy
- Department of Cell Biology and Biochemistry, School of Medicine, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Lubbock, TX, USA
| | - Robert Young
- Department of Cell Biology and Biochemistry, School of Medicine, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Lubbock, TX, USA
| | - Mark B Reedy
- Department of Obstetrics & Gynecology, School of Medicine, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Lubbock, TX, USA
| | - Robert W Sobol
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Warren Alpert Medical School, & Legorreta Cancer Center, Brown University, Providence, RI, USA
| | - Komaraiah Palle
- Department of Cell Biology and Biochemistry, School of Medicine, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Lubbock, TX, USA.
- Department of Obstetrics & Gynecology, School of Medicine, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Lubbock, TX, USA.
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Martincuks A, Zhang C, Austria T, Li YJ, Huang R, Lugo Santiago N, Kohut A, Zhao Q, Borrero RM, Shen B, Cristea M, Wang EW, Song M, Rodriguez-Rodriguez L, Yu H. Targeting PARG induces tumor cell growth inhibition and antitumor immune response by reducing phosphorylated STAT3 in ovarian cancer. J Immunother Cancer 2024; 12:e007716. [PMID: 38580335 PMCID: PMC11002370 DOI: 10.1136/jitc-2023-007716] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/20/2024] [Indexed: 04/07/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Ovarian cancer is the most lethal gynecological malignancy, with limited treatment options after failure of standard therapies. Despite the potential of poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase inhibitors in treating DNA damage response (DDR)-deficient ovarian cancer, the development of resistance and immunosuppression limit their efficacy, necessitating alternative therapeutic strategies. Inhibitors of poly(ADP-ribose) glycohydrolase (PARG) represent a novel class of inhibitors that are currently being assessed in preclinical and clinical studies for cancer treatment. METHODS By using a PARG small-molecule inhibitor, COH34, and a cell-penetrating antibody targeting the PARG's catalytic domain, we investigated the effects of PARG inhibition on signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (STAT3) in OVCAR8, PEO1, and Brca1-null ID8 ovarian cancer cell lines, as well as in immune cells. We examined PARG inhibition-induced effects on STAT3 phosphorylation, nuclear localization, target gene expression, and antitumor immune responses in vitro, in patient-derived tumor organoids, and in an immunocompetent Brca1-null ID8 ovarian mouse tumor model that mirrors DDR-deficient human high-grade serous ovarian cancer. We also tested the effects of overexpressing a constitutively activated STAT3 mutant on COH34-induced tumor cell growth inhibition. RESULTS Our findings show that PARG inhibition downregulates STAT3 activity through dephosphorylation in ovarian cancer cells. Importantly, overexpression of a constitutively activated STAT3 mutant in tumor cells attenuates PARG inhibitor-induced growth inhibition. Additionally, PARG inhibition reduces STAT3 phosphorylation in immune cells, leading to the activation of antitumor immune responses, shown in immune cells cocultured with ovarian cancer patient tumor-derived organoids and in immune-competent mice-bearing mouse ovarian tumors. CONCLUSIONS We have identified a novel antitumor mechanism underlying PARG inhibition beyond its primary antitumor effects through blocking DDR in ovarian cancer. Furthermore, targeting PARG activates antitumor immune responses, thereby potentially increasing response rates to immunotherapy in patients with ovarian cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antons Martincuks
- Department of Immuno-Oncology, City of Hope Comprehensive Cancer Center, Duarte, California, USA
| | - Chunyan Zhang
- Department of Immuno-Oncology, City of Hope Comprehensive Cancer Center, Duarte, California, USA
| | - Theresa Austria
- Department of Immuno-Oncology, City of Hope Comprehensive Cancer Center, Duarte, California, USA
| | - Yi-Jia Li
- Department of Immuno-Oncology, City of Hope Comprehensive Cancer Center, Duarte, California, USA
| | - Rui Huang
- Department of Immuno-Oncology, City of Hope Comprehensive Cancer Center, Duarte, California, USA
| | - Nicole Lugo Santiago
- Department of Surgery, City of Hope National Medical Center, Duarte, California, USA
| | - Adrian Kohut
- Department of Surgery, City of Hope National Medical Center, Duarte, California, USA
| | - Qianqian Zhao
- Department of Immuno-Oncology, City of Hope Comprehensive Cancer Center, Duarte, California, USA
- City of Hope Irell & Manella Graduate School of Biological Sciences, Duarte, California, USA
| | - Rosemarie Martinez Borrero
- Department of Immuno-Oncology, City of Hope Comprehensive Cancer Center, Duarte, California, USA
- City of Hope Irell & Manella Graduate School of Biological Sciences, Duarte, California, USA
| | - Binghui Shen
- Department of Cancer Genetics and Epigenetics, City of Hope Comprehensive Cancer Center, Duarte, California, USA
| | - Mihaela Cristea
- Department of Medical Oncology and Therapeutics Research, City of Hope National Medical Center, Duarte, California, USA
| | - Edward W Wang
- Department of Medical Oncology and Therapeutics Research, City of Hope National Medical Center, Duarte, California, USA
| | - Mihae Song
- Department of Surgery, City of Hope National Medical Center, Duarte, California, USA
| | | | - Hua Yu
- Department of Immuno-Oncology, City of Hope Comprehensive Cancer Center, Duarte, California, USA
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Nie L, Wang C, Huang M, Liu X, Feng X, Tang M, Li S, Hang Q, Teng H, Shen X, Ma L, Gan B, Chen J. DePARylation is critical for S phase progression and cell survival. eLife 2024; 12:RP89303. [PMID: 38578205 PMCID: PMC10997334 DOI: 10.7554/elife.89303] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/06/2024] Open
Abstract
Poly(ADP-ribose)ylation or PARylation by PAR polymerase 1 (PARP1) and dePARylation by poly(ADP-ribose) glycohydrolase (PARG) are equally important for the dynamic regulation of DNA damage response. PARG, the most active dePARylation enzyme, is recruited to sites of DNA damage via pADPr-dependent and PCNA-dependent mechanisms. Targeting dePARylation is considered an alternative strategy to overcome PARP inhibitor resistance. However, precisely how dePARylation functions in normal unperturbed cells remains elusive. To address this challenge, we conducted multiple CRISPR screens and revealed that dePARylation of S phase pADPr by PARG is essential for cell viability. Loss of dePARylation activity initially induced S-phase-specific pADPr signaling, which resulted from unligated Okazaki fragments and eventually led to uncontrolled pADPr accumulation and PARP1/2-dependent cytotoxicity. Moreover, we demonstrated that proteins involved in Okazaki fragment ligation and/or base excision repair regulate pADPr signaling and cell death induced by PARG inhibition. In addition, we determined that PARG expression is critical for cellular sensitivity to PARG inhibition. Additionally, we revealed that PARG is essential for cell survival by suppressing pADPr. Collectively, our data not only identify an essential role for PARG in normal proliferating cells but also provide a potential biomarker for the further development of PARG inhibitors in cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Litong Nie
- Department of Experimental Radiation Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer CenterHoustonUnited States
| | - Chao Wang
- Department of Experimental Radiation Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer CenterHoustonUnited States
| | - Min Huang
- Department of Experimental Radiation Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer CenterHoustonUnited States
| | - Xiaoguang Liu
- Department of Experimental Radiation Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer CenterHoustonUnited States
| | - Xu Feng
- Department of Experimental Radiation Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer CenterHoustonUnited States
| | - Mengfan Tang
- Department of Experimental Radiation Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer CenterHoustonUnited States
| | - Siting Li
- Department of Experimental Radiation Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer CenterHoustonUnited States
| | - Qinglei Hang
- Department of Experimental Radiation Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer CenterHoustonUnited States
| | - Hongqi Teng
- Department of Experimental Radiation Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer CenterHoustonUnited States
| | - Xi Shen
- Department of Experimental Radiation Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer CenterHoustonUnited States
- Institute for Personalized Cancer Therapy, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer CenterHoustonUnited States
| | - Li Ma
- Department of Experimental Radiation Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer CenterHoustonUnited States
| | - Boyi Gan
- Department of Experimental Radiation Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer CenterHoustonUnited States
| | - Junjie Chen
- Department of Experimental Radiation Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer CenterHoustonUnited States
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Yan J, Zhou Y, Wang Y, Liu Y. PARG Promotes Esophagus Cancer Cell Metastasis by Activation of the Wnt/β-Catenin Pathway. Biochem Genet 2024; 62:761-774. [PMID: 37429965 DOI: 10.1007/s10528-023-10434-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2023] [Accepted: 06/15/2023] [Indexed: 07/12/2023]
Abstract
Esophagus cancer (EC) is a highly malignant and metastatic cancer. Poly(ADP-ribose) glycohydrolase (PARG), a DNA replication and repair regulator, inhibits cancer cell replication defects. This study aimed to explore the role of PARG in EC. The biological behaviors were analyzed using MTT assay, Transwell assay, scratch test, cell adhesion assay, and western blot. PARG expression was detected using quantitative PCR and immunohistochemical assay. The regulation of the Wnt/β-catenin pathway was assessed using western blot. The results showed that PARG was highly expressed in EC tissues and cells. Knockdown of PARG suppressed cell viability, invasion, migration, adhesion, and epithelial-mesenchymal transition. Conversely, overexpression of PARG promoted the biological behaviors mentioned above. Moreover, overexpression of PARG promoted the activation of the Wnt/β-catenin pathway rather than the STAT and Notch pathways. XAV939, the Wnt/β-catenin pathway inhibitor, partly abolished the biological behaviors mediated by PARG overexpression. In conclusion, PARG promoted the malignant advancement of EC via activating the Wnt/β-catenin pathway. These findings suggested that PARG might be a new therapeutic target for EC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiaxin Yan
- Department of Pathology, Sichuan Cancer Hospital, 55 Renmin South Road, Wuhou District, Chengdu City, 610000, Sichuan, China
| | - Yehan Zhou
- Department of Pathology, Sichuan Cancer Hospital, 55 Renmin South Road, Wuhou District, Chengdu City, 610000, Sichuan, China
| | - Yalan Wang
- Department of Pathology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Chongqing Medical University, Chengdu City, China
| | - Yang Liu
- Department of Pathology, Sichuan Cancer Hospital, 55 Renmin South Road, Wuhou District, Chengdu City, 610000, Sichuan, China.
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Nie L, Wang C, Huang M, Liu X, Feng X, Tang M, Li S, Hang Q, Teng H, Shen X, Ma L, Gan B, Chen J. DePARylation is critical for S phase progression and cell survival. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2024:2023.07.31.551317. [PMID: 37577639 PMCID: PMC10418084 DOI: 10.1101/2023.07.31.551317] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/15/2023]
Abstract
Poly(ADP-ribose)ylation or PARylation by PAR polymerase 1 (PARP1) and dePARylation by poly(ADP-ribose) glycohydrolase (PARG) are equally important for the dynamic regulation of DNA damage response. PARG, the most active dePARylation enzyme, is recruited to sites of DNA damage via pADPr-dependent and PCNA-dependent mechanisms. Targeting dePARylation is considered an alternative strategy to overcome PARP inhibitor resistance. However, precisely how dePARylation functions in normal unperturbed cells remains elusive. To address this challenge, we conducted multiple CRISPR screens and revealed that dePARylation of S phase pADPr by PARG is essential for cell viability. Loss of dePARylation activity initially induced S phase-specific pADPr signaling, which resulted from unligated Okazaki fragments and eventually led to uncontrolled pADPr accumulation and PARP1/2-dependent cytotoxicity. Moreover, we demonstrated that proteins involved in Okazaki fragment ligation and/or base excision repair regulate pADPr signaling and cell death induced by PARG inhibition. In addition, we determined that PARG expression is critical for cellular sensitivity to PARG inhibition. Additionally, we revealed that PARG is essential for cell survival by suppressing pADPr. Collectively, our data not only identify an essential role for PARG in normal proliferating cells but also provide a potential biomarker for the further development of PARG inhibitors in cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Litong Nie
- Department of Experimental Radiation Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Chao Wang
- Department of Experimental Radiation Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Min Huang
- Department of Experimental Radiation Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Xiaoguang Liu
- Department of Experimental Radiation Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Xu Feng
- Department of Experimental Radiation Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Mengfan Tang
- Department of Experimental Radiation Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Siting Li
- Department of Experimental Radiation Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Qinglei Hang
- Department of Experimental Radiation Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Hongqi Teng
- Department of Experimental Radiation Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Xi Shen
- Department of Experimental Radiation Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA
- Institute for Personalized Cancer Therapy, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Li Ma
- Department of Experimental Radiation Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Boyi Gan
- Department of Experimental Radiation Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Junjie Chen
- Department of Experimental Radiation Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA
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6
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Sun Y, Shi Y, Liu H, Lv C, Zhang A. The role of poly (ADP-ribose) glycohydrolase in phosphatase and tensin homolog deficiency endometrial cancer. J Obstet Gynaecol Res 2023; 49:1244-1254. [PMID: 36759425 DOI: 10.1111/jog.15563] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2022] [Accepted: 01/12/2023] [Indexed: 02/11/2023]
Abstract
AIM To explore the relationship between poly(ADP-ribose) glycohydrolase (PARG) and the occurrence, development, and prognosis of endometrial carcinoma (EC), and investigate whether the PARG inhibitor PDD0017273 could increase the sensitivity of EC cells to cisplatin. METHODS The expression of PARG, phosphatase and tensin homolog (PTEN), and p53 in normal endometrial tissues (NE), endometrial hyperplasia without atypia (EH), atypical endometrial hyperplasia (AH), and EC was detected by immunohistochemistry. AN3CA EC cells with PTEN deficiency were treated with different cisplatin and PDD0017273, alone or in combination. Cell proliferation was detected by MTT method, apoptosis was detected by flow cytometry, and the expression of PARG in EC cells after treatment with different drugs was detected by western blot and immunohistochemistry. RESULTS Expression of PARG in NE, EH, AH, and EC increased gradually. In addition, compared with low PARG expression in PTEN-positive EC, patients who had high PARG expression in PTEN-negative EC had more advanced clinical stages (r = -0.399, p = 0.032) and shorter overall survival time (p = 0.037). A dose of 40 μM PDD0017273 effectively inhibited PARG expression, increased the sensitivity of AN3CA cells to cisplatin. CONCLUSIONS The findings suggest that PARG overexpression is a promising immunohistochemical marker to predict the occurrence and prognosis of EC. Moreover, PARG inhibition produced antitumor effects and increased the sensitivity of EC cells with PTEN deficiency to cisplatin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanyan Sun
- Department of Gynecology, The Third Central Hospital of Tianjin, Tianjin, China
| | - Yi Shi
- Department of Gynecology, The Third Central Hospital of Tianjin, Tianjin, China
| | - Hui Liu
- Artificial Cell Engineering Technology Research Center, Tianjin, China.,Tianjin Institute of Hepatobiliary Disease, Tianjin, China.,Tianjin Key Laboratory of Extracorporeal Life Support for Critical Diseases, Tianjin, China
| | - Chunmei Lv
- Department of Gynecology, The Third Central Hospital of Tianjin, Tianjin, China
| | - Aihua Zhang
- Department of Gynecology, The Third Central Hospital of Tianjin, Tianjin, China
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Golan T, Raitses-Gurevich M, Beller T, Carroll J, Brody JR. Strategies for the Management of Patients with Pancreatic Cancer with PARP Inhibitors. Cancer Treat Res 2023; 186:125-142. [PMID: 37978134 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-031-30065-3_8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2023]
Abstract
A subset of patients with pancreatic adenocarcinomas (PDAC) harbor mutations that are exploitable in the context of DNA-damage response and repair (DDR) inhibitory strategies. Between 8-18% of PDACs harbor specific mutations in the DDR pathway such as BRCA1/2 mutations, and a higher prevalence exists in high-risk populations (e.g., Ashkenazi Jews). Herein, we will review the current trials and data on the treatment of PDAC patients who harbor such mutations and who appear sensitive to platinum and/or poly ADP ribose polymerase inhibitor (PARPi) based therapies due to a concept known as synthetic lethality. Although this current best-in-class precision treatment shows clinical promise, the specter of resistance limits the extent of therapeutic responses. We therefore also evaluate promising pre-clinical and clinical approaches in the pipeline that may either work with existing therapies to break resistance or work separately with combination therapies against this subset of PDACs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Talia Golan
- Cancer Center, Chaim Sheba Medical Center and Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel.
| | - Maria Raitses-Gurevich
- Cancer Center, Chaim Sheba Medical Center and Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Tamar Beller
- Cancer Center, Chaim Sheba Medical Center and Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - James Carroll
- Department of Surgery, Brenden Colson Center for Pancreatic Care, Knight Cancer Institute, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR, USA
| | - Jonathan R Brody
- Department of Surgery, Brenden Colson Center for Pancreatic Care, Knight Cancer Institute, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR, USA
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Lebeau B, Zhao K, Jangal M, Zhao T, Guerra M, Greenwood CMT, Witcher M. Single base-pair resolution analysis of DNA binding motif with MoMotif reveals an oncogenic function of CTCF zinc-finger 1 mutation. Nucleic Acids Res 2022; 50:8441-8458. [PMID: 35947648 PMCID: PMC9410893 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gkac658] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2022] [Accepted: 07/21/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Defining the impact of missense mutations on the recognition of DNA motifs is highly dependent on bioinformatic tools that define DNA binding elements. However, classical motif analysis tools remain limited in their capacity to identify subtle changes in complex binding motifs between distinct conditions. To overcome this limitation, we developed a new tool, MoMotif, that facilitates a sensitive identification, at the single base-pair resolution, of complex, or subtle, alterations to core binding motifs, discerned from ChIP-seq data. We employed MoMotif to define the previously uncharacterized recognition motif of CTCF zinc-finger 1 (ZF1), and to further define the impact of CTCF ZF1 mutation on its association with chromatin. Mutations of CTCF ZF1 are exclusive to breast cancer and are associated with metastasis and therapeutic resistance, but the underlying mechanisms are unclear. Using MoMotif, we identified an extension of the CTCF core binding motif, necessitating a functional ZF1 to bind appropriately. Using a combination of ChIP-Seq and RNA-Seq, we discover that the inability to bind this extended motif drives an altered transcriptional program associated with the oncogenic phenotypes observed clinically. Our study demonstrates that MoMotif is a powerful new tool for comparative ChIP-seq analysis and characterising DNA-protein contacts.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Maika Jangal
- Lady Davis Institute, Jewish General Hospital, Montréal, Québec H3T 1E2, Canada
| | - Tiejun Zhao
- Lady Davis Institute, Jewish General Hospital, Montréal, Québec H3T 1E2, Canada
| | - Maria Guerra
- Lady Davis Institute, Jewish General Hospital, Montréal, Québec H3T 1E2, Canada
| | - Celia M T Greenwood
- Correspondence may also be addressed to Celia Greenwood. Tel: +1 514 340 8222 (Ext 28397);
| | - Michael Witcher
- To whom correspondence should be addressed. Tel: +1 514 340 8222 (Ext 23363);
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Yu M, Chen Z, Zhou Q, Zhang B, Huang J, Jin L, Zhou B, Liu S, Yan J, Li X, Zhang W, Liu C, Hu B, Fu P, Zhou C, Xu Y, Xiao Y, Zhou J, Fan J, Ren N, Hung MC, Guo L, Li H, Ye Q. PARG inhibition limits HCC progression and potentiates the efficacy of immune checkpoint therapy. J Hepatol 2022; 77:140-151. [PMID: 35157958 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhep.2022.01.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2021] [Revised: 01/23/2022] [Accepted: 01/28/2022] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS Although the treatment of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) has been revolutionized by the advent of effective systemic therapies, the prognosis of patients with HCC remains dismal. Herein, we examined the pathophysiological role of PARG and assessed the utility of targeting dePARylation for HCC therapy. METHODS The oncogenic function of PARG was evaluated in 2 orthotopic xenograft models and a Pargflox/flox mice model. The therapeutic efficacy of PARG inhibitors in combination with an anti-PD-1 antibody were assessed in murine orthotopic models. Microarray analysis was used to evaluate the pathological relevance of the PARG/DDB1/c-Myc/MMR axis. RESULTS High PARG expression was strongly associated with poor HCC prognosis. Hepatocyte-specific PARG deletion significantly impaired liver tumorigenesis. PARG promoted HCC growth and metastasis through DDB1-dependent modulation of c-Myc. Specifically, PARG dePARylated DDB1 and consequently promoted DDB1 autoubiquitination, thus stabilizing the c-Myc protein in HCC cells. PARG downregulation attenuated c-Myc-induced MMR expression and PARG deficiency was correlated with a favorable prognosis in patients with HCC treated with anti-PD-1-based immunotherapy. In addition, PARG inhibitors could act in synergy with anti-PD-1 antibodies in orthotopic mouse models. CONCLUSIONS PARG can act as an oncogene in HCC by modulating PARG/DDB1/c-Myc signaling and could be used as a biomarker to identify patients with HCC who may benefit from anti-PD-1 treatment. Our findings suggest that co-inhibition of PARG and PD-1 is an effective novel combination strategy for patients with HCC. LAY SUMMARY The increase in deaths due to hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is a growing concern, with the mechanisms responsible for HCC development still incompletely understood. Herein, we identify a novel mechanism by which the protein PARG contributes to HCC development. Inhibition of PARG increased the efficacy of anti-PD-1 therapy (a type of immunotherapy) in HCC. These findings support the future clinical development of PARG inhibitors, potentially in combination with anti-PD-1 inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mincheng Yu
- Department of Liver Surgery and Transplantation, Liver Cancer Institute, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Cancer Invasion, Ministry of Education, Shanghai, 200032, P.R. China
| | - Zheng Chen
- Department of Liver Surgery and Transplantation, Liver Cancer Institute, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Cancer Invasion, Ministry of Education, Shanghai, 200032, P.R. China
| | - Qiang Zhou
- Department of Liver Surgery and Transplantation, Liver Cancer Institute, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Cancer Invasion, Ministry of Education, Shanghai, 200032, P.R. China
| | - Bo Zhang
- Department of Liver Surgery and Transplantation, Liver Cancer Institute, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Cancer Invasion, Ministry of Education, Shanghai, 200032, P.R. China
| | - Jinlong Huang
- Department of Liver Surgery and Transplantation, Liver Cancer Institute, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Cancer Invasion, Ministry of Education, Shanghai, 200032, P.R. China
| | - Lei Jin
- Department of Liver Surgery and Transplantation, Liver Cancer Institute, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Cancer Invasion, Ministry of Education, Shanghai, 200032, P.R. China
| | - Binghai Zhou
- Department of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, 330006, P.R. China
| | - Shuang Liu
- Neurosurgery Department of Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, P.R. China
| | - Jiuliang Yan
- Department of Liver Surgery and Transplantation, Liver Cancer Institute, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Cancer Invasion, Ministry of Education, Shanghai, 200032, P.R. China
| | - Xiaoqiang Li
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Peking University Shenzhen Hospital, Shenzhen, 51800, P.R. China
| | - Wentao Zhang
- Department of Liver Surgery and Transplantation, Liver Cancer Institute, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Cancer Invasion, Ministry of Education, Shanghai, 200032, P.R. China
| | - Chunxiao Liu
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Bo Hu
- Department of Liver Surgery and Transplantation, Liver Cancer Institute, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Cancer Invasion, Ministry of Education, Shanghai, 200032, P.R. China
| | - Peiyao Fu
- Department of Liver Surgery and Transplantation, Liver Cancer Institute, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Cancer Invasion, Ministry of Education, Shanghai, 200032, P.R. China
| | - Chenhao Zhou
- Department of Liver Surgery and Transplantation, Liver Cancer Institute, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Cancer Invasion, Ministry of Education, Shanghai, 200032, P.R. China
| | - Yongfeng Xu
- Department of Liver Surgery and Transplantation, Liver Cancer Institute, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Cancer Invasion, Ministry of Education, Shanghai, 200032, P.R. China
| | - Yongsheng Xiao
- Department of Liver Surgery and Transplantation, Liver Cancer Institute, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Cancer Invasion, Ministry of Education, Shanghai, 200032, P.R. China
| | - Jian Zhou
- Department of Liver Surgery and Transplantation, Liver Cancer Institute, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Cancer Invasion, Ministry of Education, Shanghai, 200032, P.R. China
| | - Jia Fan
- Department of Liver Surgery and Transplantation, Liver Cancer Institute, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Cancer Invasion, Ministry of Education, Shanghai, 200032, P.R. China
| | - Ning Ren
- Department of Liver Surgery and Transplantation, Liver Cancer Institute, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Cancer Invasion, Ministry of Education, Shanghai, 200032, P.R. China; Institute of Fudan Minhang Academic Health System, Key Laboratory of Whole-Period Monitoring and Precise Intervention of Digestive Cancer (SMHC), Minhang Hospital & AHS, Fudan University, Shanghai, 201199, P.R. China.
| | - Mien-Chie Hung
- Graduate Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Research Center for Cancer Biology, and Center for Molecular Medicine, China Medical University, Taichung 404, Taiwan.
| | - Lei Guo
- Department of Liver Surgery and Transplantation, Liver Cancer Institute, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Cancer Invasion, Ministry of Education, Shanghai, 200032, P.R. China.
| | - Hui Li
- Department of Liver Surgery and Transplantation, Liver Cancer Institute, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Cancer Invasion, Ministry of Education, Shanghai, 200032, P.R. China; Shanghai Medical College and Zhongshan Hospital Immunotherapy Technology Transfer Center, Shanghai, 200031, P.R. China.
| | - Qinghai Ye
- Department of Liver Surgery and Transplantation, Liver Cancer Institute, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Cancer Invasion, Ministry of Education, Shanghai, 200032, P.R. China.
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10
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The Function of circRNA-0047604 in Regulating the Tumor Suppressor Gene DACH1 in Breast Cancer. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2022; 2022:6589651. [PMID: 35097124 PMCID: PMC8794664 DOI: 10.1155/2022/6589651] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2021] [Revised: 12/14/2021] [Accepted: 12/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Breast cancer is the most common cancer among females. Dachshund Homolog 1 (DACH1) gene is regarded as an important tumor suppressor gene in breast cancer which plays an important regulatory role in the development disease progression, particularly in carcinomas. Circular RNAs (circRNAs) and microRNA (miRNA), regarded as a novel group of noncoding RNAs, are always involved in regulating gene expression. In this work, hsa_circ_0047604 expressed lower in breast cancer tissue and played the role of sponge of miR-548o. By this way, hsa_circ_0047604 could upregulate DACH1 to inhibit breast cancer. In conclusion, this study revealed that hsa_circ_0047604 acted as a tumor suppressor and regulated breast cancer progression via hsa_circ_0047604–miR-548o–DACH1 axis, which might provide a therapeutic method for breast cancer.
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11
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Matanes E, López-Ozuna VM, Octeau D, Baloch T, Racovitan F, Dhillon AK, Kessous R, Raban O, Kogan L, Salvador S, Lau S, Gotlieb WH, Yasmeen A. Inhibition of Poly ADP-Ribose Glycohydrolase Sensitizes Ovarian Cancer Cells to Poly ADP-Ribose Polymerase Inhibitors and Platinum Agents. Front Oncol 2021; 11:745981. [PMID: 34778062 PMCID: PMC8578901 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2021.745981] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2021] [Accepted: 09/29/2021] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Poly ADP-ribose glycohydrolase (PARG) is responsible for the catabolism of PARP-synthesized PAR to free ADP-ribose. Inhibition of PARG leads to DNA repair interruption and consequently induces cell death. This study aims to evaluate the effect of a PARG inhibitor (PARGi) on epithelial ovarian cancer (OC) cell lines, alone and in combination with a PARP inhibitor (PARPi) and/or Cisplatin. Methods PARG mRNA levels were studied in three different OC datasets: TCGA, Hendrix, and Meyniel. PARG protein levels were assessed in 100 OC specimens from our bio-bank. The therapeutic efficacy of PARGi was assessed using cell migration and clonogenic formation assays. Flow cytometry was used to evaluate the cell apoptosis rate and the changes in the cell cycle. Results PARG protein was highly expressed in 34% of the OC tumors and low expression was found in another 9%. Similarly, Hendrix, Meyneil and TCGA databases showed a significant up-regulation in PARG mRNA expression in OC samples as compared to normal tissue (P=0.001, P=0.005, P=0.005, respectively). The use of PARGi leads to decreased cell migration. PARGi in combination with PARPi or Cisplatin induced decreased survival of cells as compared to each drug alone. In the presence of PARPi and Cisplatin, PARG knockdown cell lines showed significant G2/M cell cycle arrest and cell death induction. Conclusions PARG inhibition appears as a complementary strategy to PARP inhibition in the treatment of ovarian cancer, especially in the presence of homologous recombination defects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emad Matanes
- Division of Gynecologic Oncology, Jewish General Hospital, Montreal, QC, Canada.,Segal Cancer Center, Lady Davis Institute of Medical Research, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Vanessa M López-Ozuna
- Segal Cancer Center, Lady Davis Institute of Medical Research, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - David Octeau
- Segal Cancer Center, Lady Davis Institute of Medical Research, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Tahira Baloch
- Segal Cancer Center, Lady Davis Institute of Medical Research, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Florentin Racovitan
- Segal Cancer Center, Lady Davis Institute of Medical Research, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Amandeep Kaur Dhillon
- Segal Cancer Center, Lady Davis Institute of Medical Research, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Roy Kessous
- Division of Gynecologic Oncology, Jewish General Hospital, Montreal, QC, Canada.,Segal Cancer Center, Lady Davis Institute of Medical Research, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Oded Raban
- Division of Gynecologic Oncology, Jewish General Hospital, Montreal, QC, Canada.,Segal Cancer Center, Lady Davis Institute of Medical Research, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Liron Kogan
- Division of Gynecologic Oncology, Jewish General Hospital, Montreal, QC, Canada.,Segal Cancer Center, Lady Davis Institute of Medical Research, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Shannon Salvador
- Division of Gynecologic Oncology, Jewish General Hospital, Montreal, QC, Canada.,Segal Cancer Center, Lady Davis Institute of Medical Research, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Susie Lau
- Division of Gynecologic Oncology, Jewish General Hospital, Montreal, QC, Canada.,Segal Cancer Center, Lady Davis Institute of Medical Research, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Walter H Gotlieb
- Division of Gynecologic Oncology, Jewish General Hospital, Montreal, QC, Canada.,Segal Cancer Center, Lady Davis Institute of Medical Research, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Amber Yasmeen
- Segal Cancer Center, Lady Davis Institute of Medical Research, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
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12
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Cañedo EC, Totten S, Ahn R, Savage P, MacNeil D, Hudson J, Autexier C, Deblois G, Park M, Witcher M, Ursini-Siegel J. p66ShcA potentiates the cytotoxic response of triple-negative breast cancers to PARP inhibitors. JCI Insight 2021; 6:138382. [PMID: 33470989 PMCID: PMC7934920 DOI: 10.1172/jci.insight.138382] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2020] [Accepted: 01/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Triple-negative breast cancers (TNBCs) lack effective targeted therapies, and cytotoxic chemotherapies remain the standard of care for this subtype. Owing to their increased genomic instability, poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP) inhibitors (PARPi) are being tested against TNBCs. In particular, clinical trials are now interrogating the efficacy of PARPi combined with chemotherapies. Intriguingly, while response rates are low, cohort of patients do respond to PARPi in combination with chemotherapies. Moreover, recent studies suggest that an increase in levels of ROS may sensitize cells to PARPi. This represents a therapeutic opportunity, as several chemotherapies, including doxorubicin, function in part by producing ROS. We previously demonstrated that the p66ShcA adaptor protein is variably expressed in TNBCs. We now show that, in response to therapy-induced stress, p66ShcA stimulated ROS production, which, in turn, potentiated the synergy of PARPi in combination with doxorubicin in TNBCs. This p66ShcA-induced sensitivity relied on the accumulation of oxidative damage in TNBCs, rather than genomic instability, to potentiate cell death. These findings suggest that increasing the expression of p66ShcA protein levels in TNBCs represents a rational approach to bolster the synergy between PARPi and doxorubicin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eduardo Cepeda Cañedo
- Lady Davis Institute for Medical Research, Montreal, Québec, Canada.,Division of Experimental Medicine
| | - Stephanie Totten
- Lady Davis Institute for Medical Research, Montreal, Québec, Canada.,Division of Experimental Medicine
| | - Ryuhjin Ahn
- Lady Davis Institute for Medical Research, Montreal, Québec, Canada.,Division of Experimental Medicine
| | - Paul Savage
- Goodman Cancer Research Centre.,Department of Biochemistry, and
| | - Deanna MacNeil
- Lady Davis Institute for Medical Research, Montreal, Québec, Canada.,Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, McGill University, Montreal, Québec, Canada
| | - Jesse Hudson
- Lady Davis Institute for Medical Research, Montreal, Québec, Canada.,Division of Experimental Medicine
| | - Chantal Autexier
- Lady Davis Institute for Medical Research, Montreal, Québec, Canada.,Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, McGill University, Montreal, Québec, Canada
| | - Genevieve Deblois
- Institute for Research in Immunology and Cancer, Montreal, Québec, Canada
| | - Morag Park
- Goodman Cancer Research Centre.,Department of Biochemistry, and
| | - Michael Witcher
- Lady Davis Institute for Medical Research, Montreal, Québec, Canada.,Division of Experimental Medicine.,Gerald Bronfman Department of Oncology, McGill University, Montreal, Québec, Canada
| | - Josie Ursini-Siegel
- Lady Davis Institute for Medical Research, Montreal, Québec, Canada.,Division of Experimental Medicine.,Department of Biochemistry, and.,Gerald Bronfman Department of Oncology, McGill University, Montreal, Québec, Canada
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13
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Tan J, Zheng X, Li M, Ye F, Song C, Xu C, Zhang X, Li W, Wang Y, Zeng S, Li H, Chen G, Huang X, Ma D, Liu D, Gao Q. C/EBPβ promotes poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase inhibitor resistance by enhancing homologous recombination repair in high-grade serous ovarian cancer. Oncogene 2021; 40:3845-3858. [PMID: 33966038 PMCID: PMC8175237 DOI: 10.1038/s41388-021-01788-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2020] [Revised: 03/12/2021] [Accepted: 04/12/2021] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
PARP inhibitors (PARPi) are efficacious in treating high-grade serous ovarian cancer (HG-SOC) with homologous recombination (HR) deficiency. However, they exhibit suboptimal efficiency in HR-proficient cancers. Here, we found that the expression of CCAAT/enhancer-binding protein β (C/EBPβ), a transcription factor, was inversely correlated with PARPi sensitivity in vitro and in vivo, both in HR-proficient condition. High C/EBPβ expression enhanced PARPi tolerance; PARPi treatment in turn induced C/EBPβ expression. C/EBPβ directly targeted and upregulated multiple HR genes (BRCA1, BRIP1, BRIT1, and RAD51), thereby inducing restoration of HR capacity and mediating acquired PARPi resistance. C/EBPβ is a key regulator of the HR pathway and an indicator of PARPi responsiveness. Targeting C/EBPβ could induce HR deficiency and rescue PARPi sensitivity accordingly. Our findings indicate that HR-proficient patients may benefit from PARPi via targeting C/EBPβ, and C/EBPβ expression levels enable predicting and tracking PARPi responsiveness during treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiahong Tan
- grid.33199.310000 0004 0368 7223Cancer Biology Research Center (Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Education), Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, People’s Republic of China ,grid.33199.310000 0004 0368 7223Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, People’s Republic of China
| | - Xu Zheng
- grid.33199.310000 0004 0368 7223Cancer Biology Research Center (Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Education), Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, People’s Republic of China ,grid.33199.310000 0004 0368 7223Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, People’s Republic of China
| | - Mengchen Li
- grid.33199.310000 0004 0368 7223Cancer Biology Research Center (Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Education), Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, People’s Republic of China
| | - Fei Ye
- grid.33199.310000 0004 0368 7223Department of Neurosurgery, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, People’s Republic of China
| | - Chunyan Song
- grid.33199.310000 0004 0368 7223Cancer Biology Research Center (Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Education), Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, People’s Republic of China ,grid.33199.310000 0004 0368 7223Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, People’s Republic of China
| | - Cheng Xu
- grid.33199.310000 0004 0368 7223Cancer Biology Research Center (Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Education), Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, People’s Republic of China ,grid.33199.310000 0004 0368 7223Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, People’s Republic of China
| | - Xiaoxue Zhang
- grid.33199.310000 0004 0368 7223Cancer Biology Research Center (Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Education), Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, People’s Republic of China ,grid.33199.310000 0004 0368 7223Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, People’s Republic of China
| | - Wenqian Li
- grid.33199.310000 0004 0368 7223Cancer Biology Research Center (Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Education), Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, People’s Republic of China ,grid.33199.310000 0004 0368 7223Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, People’s Republic of China
| | - Ya Wang
- grid.33199.310000 0004 0368 7223Cancer Biology Research Center (Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Education), Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, People’s Republic of China ,grid.33199.310000 0004 0368 7223Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, People’s Republic of China
| | - Shaoqing Zeng
- grid.33199.310000 0004 0368 7223Cancer Biology Research Center (Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Education), Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, People’s Republic of China ,grid.33199.310000 0004 0368 7223Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, People’s Republic of China
| | - Huayi Li
- grid.33199.310000 0004 0368 7223Cancer Biology Research Center (Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Education), Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, People’s Republic of China ,grid.33199.310000 0004 0368 7223Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, People’s Republic of China
| | - Gang Chen
- grid.33199.310000 0004 0368 7223Cancer Biology Research Center (Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Education), Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, People’s Republic of China ,grid.33199.310000 0004 0368 7223Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, People’s Republic of China
| | - Xiaoyuan Huang
- grid.33199.310000 0004 0368 7223Cancer Biology Research Center (Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Education), Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, People’s Republic of China ,grid.33199.310000 0004 0368 7223Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, People’s Republic of China
| | - Ding Ma
- grid.33199.310000 0004 0368 7223Cancer Biology Research Center (Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Education), Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, People’s Republic of China ,grid.33199.310000 0004 0368 7223Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, People’s Republic of China
| | - Dan Liu
- grid.33199.310000 0004 0368 7223Cancer Biology Research Center (Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Education), Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, People’s Republic of China ,grid.33199.310000 0004 0368 7223Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, People’s Republic of China
| | - Qinglei Gao
- grid.33199.310000 0004 0368 7223Cancer Biology Research Center (Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Education), Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, People’s Republic of China ,grid.33199.310000 0004 0368 7223Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, People’s Republic of China
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14
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Zhou Y, Liu L, Tao S, Yao Y, Wang Y, Wei Q, Shao A, Deng Y. Parthanatos and its associated components: Promising therapeutic targets for cancer. Pharmacol Res 2020; 163:105299. [PMID: 33171306 DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2020.105299] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2020] [Revised: 10/19/2020] [Accepted: 10/22/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Parthanatos is a PARP1-dependent, caspase-independent, cell-death pathway that is distinct from apoptosis, necrosis, or other known forms of cell death. Parthanatos is a multistep pathway that plays a pivotal role in tumorigenesis. There are many molecules in the parthanatos cascade that can be exploited to create therapeutic interventions for cancer management, including PARP1, PARG, ARH3, AIF, and MIF. These critical molecules are involved in tumor cell proliferation, progression, invasion, and metastasis. Therefore, these molecular signals in the parthanatos cascade represent promising therapeutic targets for cancer therapy. In addition, intimate interactions occur between parthanatos and other forms of cancer cell death, such as apoptosis and autophagy. Thus, co-targeting a combination of parthanatos and other death pathways may further provide a new avenue for cancer precision treatment. In this review, we elaborate on the signaling pathways of canonical parthanatos and briefly introduce the non-canonical parthanatos. We also shed light on the role parthanatos and its associated components play in tumorigenesis, particularly with respect to the aforementioned five molecules, and discuss the promise targeted therapy of parthanatos and its associated components holds for cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yunxiang Zhou
- Department of Surgical Oncology, the Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310009, China
| | - Lihong Liu
- Department of Radiation Oncology, the Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310009, China
| | - Sifeng Tao
- Department of Surgical Oncology, the Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310009, China
| | - Yihan Yao
- Department of Surgical Oncology, the Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310009, China
| | - Yali Wang
- Department of Surgical Oncology, the Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310009, China
| | - Qichun Wei
- Department of Radiation Oncology, the Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310009, China.
| | - Anwen Shao
- Department of Neurosurgery, the Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310009, China.
| | - Yongchuan Deng
- Department of Surgical Oncology, the Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310009, China
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15
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Harrision D, Gravells P, Thompson R, Bryant HE. Poly(ADP-Ribose) Glycohydrolase (PARG) vs. Poly(ADP-Ribose) Polymerase (PARP) - Function in Genome Maintenance and Relevance of Inhibitors for Anti-cancer Therapy. Front Mol Biosci 2020; 7:191. [PMID: 33005627 PMCID: PMC7485115 DOI: 10.3389/fmolb.2020.00191] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2020] [Accepted: 07/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Poly(ADP-ribose) polymerases (PARPs) are a family of enzymes that catalyze the addition of poly(ADP-ribose) (PAR) subunits onto themselves and other acceptor proteins. PARPs are known to function in a large range of cellular processes including DNA repair, DNA replication, transcription and modulation of chromatin structure. Inhibition of PARP holds great potential for therapy, especially in cancer. Several PARP1/2/3 inhibitors (PARPi) have had success in treating ovarian, breast and prostate tumors harboring defects in the homologous recombination (HR) DNA repair pathway, especially BRCA1/2 mutated tumors. However, treatment is limited to specific sub-groups of patients and resistance can occur, limiting the use of PARPi. Poly(ADP-ribose) glycohydrolase (PARG) reverses the action of PARP enzymes, hydrolysing the ribose-ribose bonds present in poly(ADP-ribose). Like PARPs, PARG is involved in DNA replication and repair and PARG depleted/inhibited cells show increased sensitivity to DNA damaging agents. They also display an accumulation of perturbed replication intermediates which can lead to synthetic lethality in certain contexts. In addition, PARG is thought to play an important role in preventing the accumulation of cytoplasmic PAR and therefore parthanatos, a caspase-independent PAR-mediated type of cell death. In contrast to PARP, the therapeutic potential of PARG has been largely ignored. However, several recent papers have demonstrated the exciting possibilities that inhibitors of this enzyme may have for cancer treatment, both as single agents and in combination with cytotoxic drugs and radiotherapy. This article discusses what is known about the functions of PARP and PARG and the potential future implications of pharmacological inhibition in anti-cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Harrision
- Academic Unit of Molecular Oncology, Sheffield Institute for Nucleic Acids (SInFoNiA), Department of Oncology and Metabolism, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, United Kingdom
| | - Polly Gravells
- Academic Unit of Molecular Oncology, Sheffield Institute for Nucleic Acids (SInFoNiA), Department of Oncology and Metabolism, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, United Kingdom
| | - Ruth Thompson
- Academic Unit of Molecular Oncology, Sheffield Institute for Nucleic Acids (SInFoNiA), Department of Oncology and Metabolism, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, United Kingdom
| | - Helen E Bryant
- Academic Unit of Molecular Oncology, Sheffield Institute for Nucleic Acids (SInFoNiA), Department of Oncology and Metabolism, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, United Kingdom
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16
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Ghorai A, Mahaddalkar T, Thorat R, Dutt S. Sustained inhibition of PARP-1 activity delays glioblastoma recurrence by enhancing radiation-induced senescence. Cancer Lett 2020; 490:44-53. [PMID: 32645394 DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2020.06.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2019] [Revised: 06/08/2020] [Accepted: 06/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Glioblastoma (GBM) is the most common primary brain tumor and is highly aggressive with a median survival of 15 months. We have previously shown that residual cells of GBM form multinucleated giant cells (MNGCs) showing a senescent phenotype, but eventually escape from therapy induced senescence (TIS), resulting in GBM recurrence. Here we demonstrate the role of PARP-1 in TIS and its recovery. We show that genetic and pharmacological inhibition of PARP-1 has an anti-proliferative effect on GBM cell lines and primary cultures derived from patient samples. Furthermore, the PARP-1 inhibitor olaparib, in combination with radiation increased MNGCs formation and senescence as assessed by β-galactosidase activity, and macroH2A1 levels in residual cells. Additionally, we found that reduced PARP-1 activity and not protein levels in residual cells was crucial for MNGCs formation and their maintenance in the senescent state. PARP-1 activity was restored to higher levels in recurrent cells that escaped from TIS. Importantly, olaparib + radiation treatment significantly delayed recurrence in vitro as well in vivo in orthotopic GBM mouse models with a significant increase in overall survival of mice. Overall, this study demonstrates that sustained inhibition of PARP-1 activity during radiation treatment significantly delays GBM recurrence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Atanu Ghorai
- Shilpee Dutt Laboratory, Advanced Centre for Treatment, Research and Education in Cancer (ACTREC), Tata Memorial Centre, Navi Mumbai, India
| | - Tejashree Mahaddalkar
- Shilpee Dutt Laboratory, Advanced Centre for Treatment, Research and Education in Cancer (ACTREC), Tata Memorial Centre, Navi Mumbai, India; Homi Bhabha National Institute, Training School Complex, Anushakti Nagar, Mumbai, 400085, India
| | - Rahul Thorat
- Laboratory Animal Facility, Advanced Centre for Treatment, Research and Education in Cancer (ACTREC), Tata Memorial Centre (TMC), Kharghar, Navi Mumbai, India
| | - Shilpee Dutt
- Shilpee Dutt Laboratory, Advanced Centre for Treatment, Research and Education in Cancer (ACTREC), Tata Memorial Centre, Navi Mumbai, India; Homi Bhabha National Institute, Training School Complex, Anushakti Nagar, Mumbai, 400085, India.
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17
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Nagashima H, Lee CK, Tateishi K, Higuchi F, Subramanian M, Rafferty S, Melamed L, Miller JJ, Wakimoto H, Cahill DP. Poly(ADP-ribose) Glycohydrolase Inhibition Sequesters NAD + to Potentiate the Metabolic Lethality of Alkylating Chemotherapy in IDH-Mutant Tumor Cells. Cancer Discov 2020; 10:1672-1689. [PMID: 32606138 DOI: 10.1158/2159-8290.cd-20-0226] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2020] [Revised: 05/31/2020] [Accepted: 06/24/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
NAD+ is an essential cofactor metabolite and is the currency of metabolic transactions critical for cell survival. Depending on tissue context and genotype, cancer cells have unique dependencies on NAD+ metabolic pathways. PARPs catalyze oligomerization of NAD+ monomers into PAR chains during cellular response to alkylating chemotherapeutics, including procarbazine or temozolomide. Here we find that, in endogenous IDH1-mutant tumor models, alkylator-induced cytotoxicity is markedly augmented by pharmacologic inhibition or genetic knockout of the PAR breakdown enzyme PAR glycohydrolase (PARG). Both in vitro and in vivo, we observe that concurrent alkylator and PARG inhibition depletes freely available NAD+ by preventing PAR breakdown, resulting in NAD+ sequestration and collapse of metabolic homeostasis. This effect reversed with NAD+ rescue supplementation, confirming the mechanistic basis of cytotoxicity. Thus, alkylating chemotherapy exposes a genotype-specific metabolic weakness in tumor cells that can be exploited by PARG inactivation. SIGNIFICANCE: Oncogenic mutations in the isocitrate dehydrogenase genes IDH1 or IDH2 initiate diffuse gliomas of younger adulthood. Strategies to maximize the effectiveness of chemotherapy in these tumors are needed. We discover alkylating chemotherapy and concurrent PARG inhibition exploits an intrinsic metabolic weakness within these cancer cells to provide genotype-specific benefit.See related commentary by Pirozzi and Yan, p. 1629.This article is highlighted in the In This Issue feature, p. 1611.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroaki Nagashima
- Translational Neuro-Oncology Laboratory, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts.,Department of Neurosurgery, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Christine K Lee
- Translational Neuro-Oncology Laboratory, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts.,Department of Neurosurgery, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Kensuke Tateishi
- Department of Neurosurgery, Yokohama City University Graduate School of Medicine, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Fumi Higuchi
- Department of Neurosurgery, Dokkyo Medical University, Mibu, Tochigi, Japan
| | - Megha Subramanian
- Translational Neuro-Oncology Laboratory, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Seamus Rafferty
- Translational Neuro-Oncology Laboratory, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Lisa Melamed
- Translational Neuro-Oncology Laboratory, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Julie J Miller
- Translational Neuro-Oncology Laboratory, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts. .,Division of Neuro-Oncology, Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Hiroaki Wakimoto
- Translational Neuro-Oncology Laboratory, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts. .,Department of Neurosurgery, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Daniel P Cahill
- Translational Neuro-Oncology Laboratory, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts. .,Department of Neurosurgery, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
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18
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Therapeutic Strategies and Biomarkers to Modulate PARP Activity for Targeted Cancer Therapy. Cancers (Basel) 2020; 12:cancers12040972. [PMID: 32295316 PMCID: PMC7226473 DOI: 10.3390/cancers12040972] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2020] [Revised: 03/31/2020] [Accepted: 04/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Poly-(ADP-ribose) polymerase 1 (PARP1) is commonly known for its vital role in DNA damage response and repair. However, its enzymatic activity has been linked to a plethora of physiological and pathophysiological transactions ranging from cellular proliferation, survival and death. For instance, malignancies with BRCA1/2 mutations heavily rely on PARP activity for survival. Thus, the use of PARP inhibitors is a well-established intervention in these types of tumors. However, recent studies indicate that the therapeutic potential of attenuating PARP1 activity in recalcitrant tumors, especially where PARP1 is aberrantly overexpressed and hyperactivated, may extend its therapeutic utility in wider cancer types beyond BRCA-deficiency. Here, we discuss treatment strategies to expand the tumor-selective therapeutic application of PARP inhibitors and novel approaches with predictive biomarkers to perturb NAD+ levels and hyperPARylation that inactivate PARP in recalcitrant tumors. We also provide an overview of genetic alterations that transform non-BRCA mutant cancers to a state of "BRCAness" as potential biomarkers for synthetic lethality with PARP inhibitors. Finally, we discuss a paradigm shift for the use of novel PARP inhibitors outside of cancer treatment, where it has the potential to rescue normal cells from severe oxidative damage during ischemia-reperfusion injury induced by surgery and radiotherapy.
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19
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Nandy D, Rajam SM, Dutta D. A three layered histone epigenetics in breast cancer metastasis. Cell Biosci 2020; 10:52. [PMID: 32257110 PMCID: PMC7106732 DOI: 10.1186/s13578-020-00415-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2019] [Accepted: 03/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Thanks to the advancement in science and technology and a significant number of cancer research programs being carried out throughout the world, the prevention, prognosis and treatment of breast cancer are improving with a positive and steady pace. However, a stern thoughtful attention is required for the metastatic breast cancer cases—the deadliest of all types of breast cancer, with a character of relapse even when treated. In an effort to explore the less travelled avenues, we summarize here studies underlying the aspects of histone epigenetics in breast cancer metastasis. Authoritative reviews on breast cancer epigenetics are already available; however, there is an urgent need to focus on the epigenetics involved in metastatic character of this cancer. Here we put forward a comprehensive review on how different layers of histone epigenetics comprising of histone chaperones, histone variants and histone modifications interplay to create breast cancer metastasis landscape. Finally, we propose a hypothesis of integrating histone-epigenetic factors as biomarkers that encompass different breast cancer subtypes and hence could be exploited as a target of larger population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Debparna Nandy
- Regenerative Biology Program, Rajiv Gandhi Centre for Biotechnology, Thycaud PO, Poojappura, Thiruvananthapuram, Kerala 695014 India
| | - Sruthy Manuraj Rajam
- Regenerative Biology Program, Rajiv Gandhi Centre for Biotechnology, Thycaud PO, Poojappura, Thiruvananthapuram, Kerala 695014 India
| | - Debasree Dutta
- Regenerative Biology Program, Rajiv Gandhi Centre for Biotechnology, Thycaud PO, Poojappura, Thiruvananthapuram, Kerala 695014 India
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20
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The role of ADP-ribose metabolism in metabolic regulation, adipose tissue differentiation, and metabolism. Genes Dev 2020; 34:321-340. [PMID: 32029456 PMCID: PMC7050491 DOI: 10.1101/gad.334284.119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
In this review, Szanto et al. summarize the metabolic regulatory roles of PARP enzymes and their associated pathologies. Poly(ADP-ribose) polymerases (PARPs or ARTDs), originally described as DNA repair factors, have metabolic regulatory roles. PARP1, PARP2, PARP7, PARP10, and PARP14 regulate central and peripheral carbohydrate and lipid metabolism and often channel pathological disruptive metabolic signals. PARP1 and PARP2 are crucial for adipocyte differentiation, including the commitment toward white, brown, or beige adipose tissue lineages, as well as the regulation of lipid accumulation. Through regulating adipocyte function and organismal energy balance, PARPs play a role in obesity and the consequences of obesity. These findings can be translated into humans, as evidenced by studies on identical twins and SNPs affecting PARP activity.
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21
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Kassab MA, Yu LL, Yu X. Targeting dePARylation for cancer therapy. Cell Biosci 2020; 10:7. [PMID: 32010441 PMCID: PMC6988220 DOI: 10.1186/s13578-020-0375-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2019] [Accepted: 01/09/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Poly(ADP-ribosyl)ation (PARylation) mediated by poly ADP-ribose polymerases (PARPs) plays a key role in DNA damage repair. Suppression of PARylation by PARP inhibitors impairs DNA damage repair and induces apoptosis of tumor cells with repair defects. Thus, PARP inhibitors have been approved by the US FDA for various types of cancer treatment. However, recent studies suggest that dePARylation also plays a key role in DNA damage repair. Instead of antagonizing PARylation, dePARylation acts as a downstream step of PARylation in DNA damage repair. Moreover, several types of dePARylation inhibitors have been developed and examined in the preclinical studies for cancer treatment. In this review, we will discuss the recent progress on the role of dePARylation in DNA damage repair and cancer suppression. We expect that targeting dePARylation could be a promising approach for cancer chemotherapy in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muzaffer Ahmad Kassab
- 1Department of Cancer Genetics & Epigenetics, Beckman Research Institute, City of Hope, Duarte, CA 91010 USA
| | - Lily L Yu
- Westridge School, 324 Madeline Dr., Pasadena, CA 91105 USA
| | - Xiaochun Yu
- 1Department of Cancer Genetics & Epigenetics, Beckman Research Institute, City of Hope, Duarte, CA 91010 USA
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22
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Selective small molecule PARG inhibitor causes replication fork stalling and cancer cell death. Nat Commun 2019; 10:5654. [PMID: 31827085 PMCID: PMC6906431 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-019-13508-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2019] [Accepted: 11/04/2019] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Poly(ADP-ribose)ylation (PARylation) by PAR polymerase 1 (PARP1) and PARylation removal by poly(ADP-ribose) glycohydrolase (PARG) critically regulate DNA damage responses; yet, conflicting reports obscure PARG biology and its impact on cancer cell resistance to PARP1 inhibitors. Here, we found that PARG expression is upregulated in many cancers. We employed chemical library screening to identify and optimize methylxanthine derivatives as selective bioavailable PARG inhibitors. Multiple crystal structures reveal how substituent positions on the methylxanthine core dictate binding modes and inducible-complementarity with a PARG-specific tyrosine clasp and arginine switch, supporting inhibitor specificity and a competitive inhibition mechanism. Cell-based assays show selective PARG inhibition and PARP1 hyperPARylation. Moreover, our PARG inhibitor sensitizes cells to radiation-induced DNA damage, suppresses replication fork progression and impedes cancer cell survival. In PARP inhibitor-resistant A172 glioblastoma cells, our PARG inhibitor shows comparable killing to Nedaplatin, providing further proof-of-concept that selectively inhibiting PARG can impair cancer cell survival.
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23
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Lin T, Tang Y, Xiao M, Li M, Li Q, Yang L, Li X, Yang Y, Wang Y. Silencing PARG decreases invasion in CT26 cells. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF CLINICAL AND EXPERIMENTAL PATHOLOGY 2019; 12:3847-3854. [PMID: 31933773 PMCID: PMC6949763] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2019] [Accepted: 09/23/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
In this study we investigated the effect of poly (ADP-ribose) glycohydrolase (PARG) deficiency on the ability of invasion in CT26 murine colon carcinoma cell and its possible mechanism. We examined the effects of PARG protein knockdown by RNA interference on invasion, migration, and matrix adhesion of colon carcinoma CT26 cell line in vitro and using a murine model of liver metastasis in vivo to observe the average survival time. The expression of integrin-β1, matrix metalloproteinases-9 (MMP-9) and matrix metalloproteinases-2 (MMP-2) was detected by western blot. The activities of MMP-9 and MMP-2 in various group supernatants were measured by zymography. We observed that PARG silencing caused a significant decrease in the number of CT26 cells that adhered to fibronectin (P < 0.5) and invaded to the lower surface of the membrane (P < 0.5). The expression of integrin-β1, MMP-9, and matrix MMP-2 in CT26 cells of the PARG-shRNA group was lower than that of two control groups (P < 0.5). Similar results were observed in the activities of MMP-9 and MMP-2 in various group supernatants (P < 0.5). The average survival time of BALB/c mice with spleen-transplanted PARG-shRNA CT26 tumors was longer compared with control groups (P < 0.05). To conclude, PARG silencing can inhibit the adhesive and invasive abilities of CT26 cells and delay liver metastasis in a mouse model, which might be useful for therapeutic purposes in CRC patients with distant metastasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ting Lin
- Department of Pathology, Molecular Medicine and Cancer Research Center, Chongqing Medical University Chongqing, P. R. China
| | - Yi Tang
- Department of Pathology, Molecular Medicine and Cancer Research Center, Chongqing Medical University Chongqing, P. R. China
| | - Ming Xiao
- Department of Pathology, Molecular Medicine and Cancer Research Center, Chongqing Medical University Chongqing, P. R. China
| | - Ming Li
- Department of Pathology, Molecular Medicine and Cancer Research Center, Chongqing Medical University Chongqing, P. R. China
| | - Qingshu Li
- Department of Pathology, Molecular Medicine and Cancer Research Center, Chongqing Medical University Chongqing, P. R. China
| | - Lian Yang
- Department of Pathology, Molecular Medicine and Cancer Research Center, Chongqing Medical University Chongqing, P. R. China
| | - Xian Li
- Department of Pathology, Molecular Medicine and Cancer Research Center, Chongqing Medical University Chongqing, P. R. China
| | - Yi Yang
- Department of Pathology, Molecular Medicine and Cancer Research Center, Chongqing Medical University Chongqing, P. R. China
| | - Yalan Wang
- Department of Pathology, Molecular Medicine and Cancer Research Center, Chongqing Medical University Chongqing, P. R. China
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24
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Palazzo L, Mikolčević P, Mikoč A, Ahel I. ADP-ribosylation signalling and human disease. Open Biol 2019; 9:190041. [PMID: 30991935 PMCID: PMC6501648 DOI: 10.1098/rsob.190041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2019] [Accepted: 03/22/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
ADP-ribosylation (ADPr) is a reversible post-translational modification of proteins, which controls major cellular and biological processes, including DNA damage repair, cell proliferation and differentiation, metabolism, stress and immune responses. In order to maintain the cellular homeostasis, diverse ADP-ribosyl transferases and hydrolases are involved in the fine-tuning of ADPr systems. The control of ADPr network is vital, and dysregulation of enzymes involved in the regulation of ADPr signalling has been linked to a number of inherited and acquired human diseases, such as several neurological disorders and in cancer. Conversely, the therapeutic manipulation of ADPr has been shown to ameliorate several disorders in both human and animal models. These include cardiovascular, inflammatory, autoimmune and neurological disorders. Herein, we summarize the recent findings in the field of ADPr, which support the impact of this modification in human pathophysiology and highlight the curative potential of targeting ADPr for translational and molecular medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luca Palazzo
- Institute of Protein Biochemistry, National Research Council, Via Pietro Castellino 111, 80131 Naples, Italy
| | - Petra Mikolčević
- Division of Molecular Biology, Ruđer Bošković Institute, Bijenička cesta 54, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Andreja Mikoč
- Division of Molecular Biology, Ruđer Bošković Institute, Bijenička cesta 54, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Ivan Ahel
- Sir William Dunn School of Pathology, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, OX1 3RE Oxford, UK
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