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Wang ZH, Wang J, Liu F, Sun S, Zheng Q, Hu X, Yin Z, Xie C, Wang H, Wang T, Zhang S, Wang YP. THAP3 recruits SMYD3 to OXPHOS genes and epigenetically promotes mitochondrial respiration in hepatocellular carcinoma. FEBS Lett 2024; 598:1513-1531. [PMID: 38664231 DOI: 10.1002/1873-3468.14889] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2024] [Revised: 03/27/2024] [Accepted: 03/31/2024] [Indexed: 06/27/2024]
Abstract
Mitochondria harbor the oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS) system to sustain cellular respiration. However, the transcriptional regulation of OXPHOS remains largely unexplored. Through the cancer genome atlas (TCGA) transcriptome analysis, transcription factor THAP domain-containing 3 (THAP3) was found to be strongly associated with OXPHOS gene expression. Mechanistically, THAP3 recruited the histone methyltransferase SET and MYND domain-containing protein 3 (SMYD3) to upregulate H3K4me3 and promote OXPHOS gene expression. The levels of THAP3 and SMYD3 were altered by metabolic cues. They collaboratively supported liver cancer cell proliferation and colony formation. In clinical human liver cancer, both of them were overexpressed. THAP3 positively correlated with OXPHOS gene expression. Together, THAP3 cooperates with SMYD3 to epigenetically upregulate cellular respiration and liver cancer cell proliferation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zi-Hao Wang
- Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Jingyi Wang
- Precision Research Center for Refractory Diseases, Institute for Clinical Research, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Pancreatic Disease, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, China
- Department of Ophthalmology, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, China
| | - Fuchen Liu
- The Third Department of Hepatic Surgery, Eastern Hepatobiliary Surgery Hospital, Third Affiliated Hospital, Naval Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Sijun Sun
- Precision Research Center for Refractory Diseases, Institute for Clinical Research, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Pancreatic Disease, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, China
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, China
| | - Quan Zheng
- Center for Single-Cell Omics, School of Public Health, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, China
| | - Xiaotian Hu
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, China
| | - Zihan Yin
- Precision Research Center for Refractory Diseases, Institute for Clinical Research, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Pancreatic Disease, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, China
- Department of Ophthalmology, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, China
| | - Chengmei Xie
- Precision Research Center for Refractory Diseases, Institute for Clinical Research, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Pancreatic Disease, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, China
| | - Haiyan Wang
- Department of Ophthalmology, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, China
| | - Tianshi Wang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Cell Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, China
| | - Shengjie Zhang
- Precision Research Center for Refractory Diseases, Institute for Clinical Research, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Pancreatic Disease, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, China
| | - Yi-Ping Wang
- Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
- Precision Research Center for Refractory Diseases, Institute for Clinical Research, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Pancreatic Disease, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, China
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2
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Sun J, Li Y, Shi M, Tian H, Li J, Zhu K, Guo Y, Mu Y, Geng J, Li Z. A Positive Feedback Loop of lncRNA HOXD-AS2 and SMYD3 Facilitates Hepatocellular Carcinoma Progression via the MEK/ERK Pathway. J Hepatocell Carcinoma 2023; 10:1237-1256. [PMID: 37533602 PMCID: PMC10390764 DOI: 10.2147/jhc.s416946] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2023] [Accepted: 07/20/2023] [Indexed: 08/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Purpose HOX cluster-embedded long noncoding RNAs (HOX-lncRNAs) have been shown to be tightly related to hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). However, the potential biological roles and underlying molecular mechanism of HOX-lncRNAs in HCC largely remains to be elucidated. Methods The expression signature of eighteen HOX-lncRNAs in HCC cell lines were measured by qRT-PCR. HOXD-AS2 expression and its clinical significance in HCC was investigated by bioinformatics analysis utilizing the TCGA data. Subcellular localization of HOXD-AS2 in HCC cells was observed by RNA-FISH. Loss‑of‑function experiments in vitro and in vivo were conducted to probe the roles of HOXD-AS2 in HCC. Potential HOXD-AS2-controlled genes and signaling pathways were revealed by RNA-seq. Rescue experiments were performed to validate that SMYD3 mediates HOXD-AS2 promoting HCC progression. The positive feedback loop of HOXD-AS2 and SMYD3 was identified by luciferase reporter assay and ChIP-qPCR. Results HOXD-AS2 was dramatically elevated in HCC, and its up-regulation exhibited a positive association with aggressive clinical features (T stage, pathologic stage, histologic grade, AFP level, and vascular invasion) and unfavorable prognosis of HCC patients. HOXD-AS2 was distributed both in the nucleus and the cytoplasm of HCC cells. Knockdown of HOXD-AS2 restrained the proliferation, migration, invasion of HCC cells in vitro, as well as tumor growth in subcutaneous mouse model. Transcriptome analysis demonstrated that SMYD3 expression and activity of MEK/ERK pathway were impaired by silencing HOXD-AS2 in HCC cells. Rescue experiments revealed that SMYD3 as downstream target mediated oncogenic functions of HOXD-AS2 in HCC cells through altering the expression of cyclin B1, cyclin E1, MMP2 as well as the activity of MEK/ERK pathway. Additionally, HOXD-AS2 was uncovered to be positively regulated at transcriptional level by its downstream gene of SMYD3. Conclusion HOXD-AS2, a novel oncogenic HOX-lncRNA, facilitates HCC progression by forming a positive feedback loop with SMYD3 and activating the MEK/ERK pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin Sun
- National-Local Joint Engineering Research Center of Biodiagnostics and Biotherapy, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an, Shaanxi, People’s Republic of China
- Shaanxi Provincial Clinical Research Center for Hepatic & Splenic Diseases, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an, Shaanxi, People’s Republic of China
- Center for Tumor and Immunology, the Precision Medical Institute, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an, Shaanxi, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yingnan Li
- National-Local Joint Engineering Research Center of Biodiagnostics and Biotherapy, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an, Shaanxi, People’s Republic of China
- Shaanxi Provincial Clinical Research Center for Hepatic & Splenic Diseases, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an, Shaanxi, People’s Republic of China
- Center for Tumor and Immunology, the Precision Medical Institute, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an, Shaanxi, People’s Republic of China
| | - Mengjiao Shi
- National-Local Joint Engineering Research Center of Biodiagnostics and Biotherapy, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an, Shaanxi, People’s Republic of China
- Shaanxi Provincial Clinical Research Center for Hepatic & Splenic Diseases, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an, Shaanxi, People’s Republic of China
| | - Hongwei Tian
- National-Local Joint Engineering Research Center of Biodiagnostics and Biotherapy, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an, Shaanxi, People’s Republic of China
- Shaanxi Provincial Clinical Research Center for Hepatic & Splenic Diseases, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an, Shaanxi, People’s Republic of China
- Center for Tumor and Immunology, the Precision Medical Institute, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an, Shaanxi, People’s Republic of China
| | - Jun Li
- National-Local Joint Engineering Research Center of Biodiagnostics and Biotherapy, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an, Shaanxi, People’s Republic of China
- Shaanxi Provincial Clinical Research Center for Hepatic & Splenic Diseases, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an, Shaanxi, People’s Republic of China
- Center for Tumor and Immunology, the Precision Medical Institute, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an, Shaanxi, People’s Republic of China
| | - Kai Zhu
- National-Local Joint Engineering Research Center of Biodiagnostics and Biotherapy, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an, Shaanxi, People’s Republic of China
- Shaanxi Provincial Clinical Research Center for Hepatic & Splenic Diseases, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an, Shaanxi, People’s Republic of China
- Center for Tumor and Immunology, the Precision Medical Institute, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an, Shaanxi, People’s Republic of China
| | - Ying Guo
- National-Local Joint Engineering Research Center of Biodiagnostics and Biotherapy, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an, Shaanxi, People’s Republic of China
- Shaanxi Provincial Clinical Research Center for Hepatic & Splenic Diseases, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an, Shaanxi, People’s Republic of China
- Center for Tumor and Immunology, the Precision Medical Institute, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an, Shaanxi, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yanhua Mu
- National-Local Joint Engineering Research Center of Biodiagnostics and Biotherapy, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an, Shaanxi, People’s Republic of China
- Shaanxi Provincial Clinical Research Center for Hepatic & Splenic Diseases, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an, Shaanxi, People’s Republic of China
- Center for Tumor and Immunology, the Precision Medical Institute, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an, Shaanxi, People’s Republic of China
| | - Jing Geng
- National-Local Joint Engineering Research Center of Biodiagnostics and Biotherapy, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an, Shaanxi, People’s Republic of China
- Shaanxi Provincial Clinical Research Center for Hepatic & Splenic Diseases, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an, Shaanxi, People’s Republic of China
- Center for Tumor and Immunology, the Precision Medical Institute, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an, Shaanxi, People’s Republic of China
| | - Zongfang Li
- National-Local Joint Engineering Research Center of Biodiagnostics and Biotherapy, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an, Shaanxi, People’s Republic of China
- Shaanxi Provincial Clinical Research Center for Hepatic & Splenic Diseases, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an, Shaanxi, People’s Republic of China
- Center for Tumor and Immunology, the Precision Medical Institute, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an, Shaanxi, People’s Republic of China
- Department of Geriatric General Surgery, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Xi’ an Jiaotong University, Xi’an, Shaanxi, People’s Republic of China
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Nigam N, Bernard B, Sevilla S, Kim S, Dar MS, Tsai D, Robbins Y, Burkitt K, Sievers C, Allen CT, Bennett RL, Tettey TT, Carter B, Rinaldi L, Lingen MW, Sater H, Edmondson EF, Moshiri A, Saeed A, Cheng H, Luo X, Brennan K, Koparde V, Chen C, Das S, Andresson T, Abdelmaksoud A, Murali M, Sakata S, Takeuchi K, Chari R, Nakamura Y, Uppaluri R, Sunwoo JB, Van Waes C, Licht JD, Hager GL, Saloura V. SMYD3 represses tumor-intrinsic interferon response in HPV-negative squamous cell carcinoma of the head and neck. Cell Rep 2023; 42:112823. [PMID: 37463106 PMCID: PMC10407766 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2023.112823] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2022] [Revised: 04/03/2023] [Accepted: 07/03/2023] [Indexed: 07/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Cancers often display immune escape, but the mechanisms are incompletely understood. Herein, we identify SMYD3 as a mediator of immune escape in human papilloma virus (HPV)-negative head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC), an aggressive disease with poor response to immunotherapy with pembrolizumab. SMYD3 depletion induces upregulation of multiple type I interferon (IFN) response and antigen presentation machinery genes in HNSCC cells. Mechanistically, SMYD3 binds to and regulates the transcription of UHRF1, encoding for a reader of H3K9me3, which binds to H3K9me3-enriched promoters of key immune-related genes, recruits DNMT1, and silences their expression. SMYD3 further maintains the repression of immune-related genes through intragenic deposition of H4K20me3. In vivo, Smyd3 depletion induces influx of CD8+ T cells and increases sensitivity to anti-programmed death 1 (PD-1) therapy. SMYD3 overexpression is associated with decreased CD8 T cell infiltration and poor response to neoadjuvant pembrolizumab. These data support combining SMYD3 depletion strategies with checkpoint blockade to overcome anti-PD-1 resistance in HPV-negative HNSCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nupur Nigam
- Thoracic and GI Malignancies Branch, Center for Cancer Research, NCI, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Benjamin Bernard
- Thoracic and GI Malignancies Branch, Center for Cancer Research, NCI, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Samantha Sevilla
- Collaborative Bioinformatics Resource, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA; Advanced Biomedical Computational Science, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, MD 21702, USA
| | - Sohyoung Kim
- Laboratory of Receptor Biology and Gene Expression, NCI, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Mohd Saleem Dar
- Thoracic and GI Malignancies Branch, Center for Cancer Research, NCI, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Daniel Tsai
- Thoracic and GI Malignancies Branch, Center for Cancer Research, NCI, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Yvette Robbins
- Translational Tumor Immunology Program, NIDCD, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Kyunghee Burkitt
- Thoracic and GI Malignancies Branch, Center for Cancer Research, NCI, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Cem Sievers
- Translational Tumor Immunology Program, NIDCD, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Clint T Allen
- Translational Tumor Immunology Program, NIDCD, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | | | - Theophilus T Tettey
- Laboratory of Receptor Biology and Gene Expression, NCI, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Benjamin Carter
- National Heart, Lung and Blood Institute, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Lorenzo Rinaldi
- Laboratory of Receptor Biology and Gene Expression, NCI, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Mark W Lingen
- University of Chicago, Department of Pathology, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
| | - Houssein Sater
- GU Malignancies Branch, NCI, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Elijah F Edmondson
- Molecular Histopathology Laboratory, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, NIH, Frederick, MD 21702, USA
| | - Arfa Moshiri
- Thoracic and GI Malignancies Branch, Center for Cancer Research, NCI, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Abbas Saeed
- Thoracic and GI Malignancies Branch, Center for Cancer Research, NCI, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Hui Cheng
- National Institute of Deafness and Other Communication Disorders, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Xiaolin Luo
- Ionis Pharmaceuticals, Carlsbad, CA 92010, USA
| | - Kevin Brennan
- Department of Otolaryngology - Head and Neck Surgery, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Vishal Koparde
- Collaborative Bioinformatics Resource, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA; Advanced Biomedical Computational Science, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, MD 21702, USA
| | - Chen Chen
- Department of Otolaryngology - Head and Neck Surgery, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Sudipto Das
- Protein Characterization Laboratory, Cancer Research Technology Program, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Leidos Biomedical Research, Inc, Frederick, MD 21702, USA
| | - Thorkell Andresson
- Protein Characterization Laboratory, Cancer Research Technology Program, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Leidos Biomedical Research, Inc, Frederick, MD 21702, USA
| | - Abdalla Abdelmaksoud
- Collaborative Bioinformatics Resource, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA; Advanced Biomedical Computational Science, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, MD 21702, USA
| | - Madhavi Murali
- Thoracic and GI Malignancies Branch, Center for Cancer Research, NCI, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Seiji Sakata
- Pathology Project for Molecular Targets, Cancer Institute, Japanese Foundation for Cancer Research, Tokyo 135-0063, Japan; Division of Pathology, Cancer Institute, Japanese Foundation for Cancer Research, Tokyo 135-0063, Japan
| | - Kengo Takeuchi
- Pathology Project for Molecular Targets, Cancer Institute, Japanese Foundation for Cancer Research, Tokyo 135-0063, Japan; Division of Pathology, Cancer Institute, Japanese Foundation for Cancer Research, Tokyo 135-0063, Japan; Department of Pathology, Cancer Institute Hospital, Japanese Foundation for Cancer Research, Tokyo 135-0063, Japan
| | - Raj Chari
- Genome Modification Core, Laboratory Animal Sciences Program, Frederick National Lab for Cancer Research, Frederick, MD 21702, USA
| | - Yusuke Nakamura
- Cancer Precision Medicine Center, Japanese Foundation for Cancer Research, Tokyo 135-0063, Japan
| | | | - John B Sunwoo
- Department of Otolaryngology - Head and Neck Surgery, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Carter Van Waes
- National Institute of Deafness and Other Communication Disorders, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | | | - Gordon L Hager
- Laboratory of Receptor Biology and Gene Expression, NCI, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Vassiliki Saloura
- Thoracic and GI Malignancies Branch, Center for Cancer Research, NCI, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA.
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Wang S, You X, Liu X, Fengwei Zhang, Zhou H, Shang X, Cai L. SMYD3 induces sorafenib resistance by activating SMAD2/3-mediated epithelial-mesenchymal transition in hepatocellular carcinoma. iScience 2023; 26:106994. [PMID: 37534166 PMCID: PMC10391607 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2023.106994] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2022] [Revised: 03/19/2023] [Accepted: 05/25/2023] [Indexed: 08/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Drug resistance prominently hampers the effects of systemic therapy of sorafenib to hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). Epigenetics have critical regulatory roles in drug resistance. However, the contributions of histone methylatransferase SET and MYND domain containing 3 (SMYD3) to sorafenib resistance in HCC remain largely unknown. Here, using our established sorafenib-resistant HCC cell and xenograft models, we found SMYD3 was markedly elevated in sorafenib-resistant tumors and cells. Functionally, loss- and gain-of-function studies showed that SMYD3 promoted the migration, invasion, metastasis and stemness of sorafenib-resistant HCC cells. Mechanistically, SMYD3 is required for SMAD2/3-mediated epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) in sorafenib-resistant HCC cells by interacting with SMAD2/3 and epigenetically promoting the expression of SOX4, ZEB1, SNAIL1 and MMP9 genes. In summary, our data demonstrate that targeting SMYD3 is an effective approach to overcome sorafenib resistance in HCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shanshan Wang
- Central Laboratory, Affiliated Hangzhou Chest Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, 208 Huancheng Dong Road, Hangzhou 310003, Zhejiang, China
| | - Xin You
- College of Life Science, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, Heilong Jiang, China
| | - Xiaoshu Liu
- Central Laboratory, Affiliated Hangzhou Chest Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, 208 Huancheng Dong Road, Hangzhou 310003, Zhejiang, China
| | - Fengwei Zhang
- Central Laboratory, Affiliated Hangzhou Chest Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, 208 Huancheng Dong Road, Hangzhou 310003, Zhejiang, China
| | - Hongjuan Zhou
- Central Laboratory, Affiliated Hangzhou Chest Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, 208 Huancheng Dong Road, Hangzhou 310003, Zhejiang, China
| | - Xuechai Shang
- Central Laboratory, Affiliated Hangzhou Chest Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, 208 Huancheng Dong Road, Hangzhou 310003, Zhejiang, China
| | - Long Cai
- Central Laboratory, Affiliated Hangzhou Chest Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, 208 Huancheng Dong Road, Hangzhou 310003, Zhejiang, China
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5
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Zeng Y, Ma G, Cai F, Wang P, Liang H, Zhang R, Deng J, Liu Y. SMYD3 drives the proliferation in gastric cancer cells via reducing EMP1 expression in an H4K20me3-dependent manner. Cell Death Dis 2023; 14:386. [PMID: 37386026 PMCID: PMC10310787 DOI: 10.1038/s41419-023-05907-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2022] [Revised: 06/10/2023] [Accepted: 06/19/2023] [Indexed: 07/01/2023]
Abstract
Protein lysine methyltransferase SET and MYND domain-containing 3 (SMYD3) is aberrantly expressed in various cancer settings. The mechanisms that SMYD3 activates the expression of critical pro-tumoral genes in an H3K4me3-dependent manner have been well described in previous reports. Besides H3K4me3, H4K20me3 is another catalytic product of SMYD3, however it is a transcriptionally repressive hallmark. Since it is not clear that how SMYD3-elicited transcriptionally repressive program functions in cancer, we used gastric cancer (GC) as a model to investigate the roles of SMYD3-H4K20me3. Herein, online bioinformatics tools, quantitative PCR, western blotting and immunohistochemistry assays demonstrated that SMYD3 expression was markedly increased in GC tissues from our institutional and The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) cohort. Additionally, aberrantly increased SMYD3 expression was closely associated with aggressive clinical characteristics and poor prognosis. Depletion of endogenous SMYD3 expression using shRNAs significantly attenuates the proliferation in GC cells and Akt signaling pathway in vitro and in vivo. Mechanistically, chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP) assay showed that SMYD3 epigenetically repressed the expression of epithelial membrane protein 1 (EMP1) in an H4K20me3-dependent manner. Gain-of-function and rescue experiments validated that EMP1 inhibited the propagation of GC cells and reduced p-Akt (S473) level. Based on these data, pharmaceutical inhibition of SMYD3 activity using the small inhibitor BCI-121 deactivated Akt signaling pathway in GC cells and further impaired the cellular viability in vitro and in vivo. Together, these results demonstrate that SMYD3 promotes the proliferation in GC cells and may be a valid target for therapeutic intervention of patients with GC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Zeng
- Department of Gastric Surgery, Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute & Hospital, National Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Therapy, Tianjin, Tianjin's Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Tianjin, 300060, PR China
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgical Oncology, Clinical Oncology School of Fujian Medical University, Fujian Cancer Hospital, Fuzhou, 350000, Fujian, PR China
| | - Gang Ma
- Department of Gastric Surgery, Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute & Hospital, National Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Therapy, Tianjin, Tianjin's Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Tianjin, 300060, PR China
| | - Fenglin Cai
- Department of Gastric Surgery, Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute & Hospital, National Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Therapy, Tianjin, Tianjin's Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Tianjin, 300060, PR China
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, The Province and Ministry Co-sponsored Collaborative Innovation Center for Medical Epigenetics, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, 300060, PR China
| | - Pengliang Wang
- Department of Gastric Surgery, Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute & Hospital, National Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Therapy, Tianjin, Tianjin's Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Tianjin, 300060, PR China
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510120, PR China
| | - Han Liang
- Department of Gastric Surgery, Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute & Hospital, National Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Therapy, Tianjin, Tianjin's Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Tianjin, 300060, PR China
| | - Rupeng Zhang
- Department of Gastric Surgery, Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute & Hospital, National Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Therapy, Tianjin, Tianjin's Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Tianjin, 300060, PR China
| | - Jingyu Deng
- Department of Gastric Surgery, Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute & Hospital, National Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Therapy, Tianjin, Tianjin's Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Tianjin, 300060, PR China.
| | - Yong Liu
- Department of Gastric Surgery, Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute & Hospital, National Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Therapy, Tianjin, Tianjin's Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Tianjin, 300060, PR China.
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6
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Yang Z, Liu F, Li Z, Liu N, Yao X, Zhou Y, Zhang L, Jiang P, Liu H, Kong L, Lang C, Xu X, Jia J, Nakajima T, Gu W, Zheng L, Zhang Z. Histone lysine methyltransferase SMYD3 promotes oral squamous cell carcinoma tumorigenesis via H3K4me3-mediated HMGA2 transcription. Clin Epigenetics 2023; 15:92. [PMID: 37237385 DOI: 10.1186/s13148-023-01506-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2023] [Accepted: 05/16/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Epigenetic dysregulation is essential to the tumorigenesis of oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC). SET and MYND domain-containing protein 3 (SMYD3), a histone lysine methyltransferase, is implicated in gene transcription regulation and tumor development. However, the roles of SMYD3 in OSCC initiation are not fully understood. The present study investigated the biological functions and mechanisms involved in the SMYD3-mediated tumorigenesis of OSCC utilizing bioinformatic approaches and validation assays with the aim of informing the development of targeted therapies for OSCC. RESULTS 429 chromatin regulators were screened by a machine learning approach and aberrant expression of SMYD3 was found to be closely associated with OSCC formation and poor prognosis. Data profiling of single-cell and tissue demonstrated that upregulated SMYD3 significantly correlated with aggressive clinicopathological features of OSCC. Alterations in copy number and DNA methylation patterns may contribute to SMYD3 overexpression. Functional experimental results suggested that SMYD3 enhanced cancer cell stemness and proliferation in vitro and tumor growth in vivo. SMYD3 was observed to bind to the High Mobility Group AT-Hook 2 (HMGA2) promoter and elevated tri-methylation of histone H3 lysine 4 at the corresponding site was responsible for transactivating HMGA2. SMYD3 also was positively linked to HMGA2 expression in OSCC samples. Furthermore, treatment with the SMYD3 chemical inhibitor BCI-121 exerted anti-tumor effects. CONCLUSIONS Histone methyltransferase activity and transcription-potentiating function of SMYD3 were found to be essential for tumorigenesis and the SMYD3-HMGA2 is a potential therapeutic target in OSCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zongcheng Yang
- Department of Stomatology, The First Affiliated Hospital of USTC, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui, People's Republic of China
| | - Fen Liu
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Linyi Central Hospital, Linyi, Shandong, People's Republic of China
| | - Zongkai Li
- Department of Stomatology, The First Affiliated Hospital of USTC, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui, People's Republic of China
| | - Nianping Liu
- Department of Stomatology, The First Affiliated Hospital of USTC, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui, People's Republic of China
| | - Xinfeng Yao
- Department of Stomatology, The First Affiliated Hospital of USTC, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui, People's Republic of China
| | - Yu Zhou
- Department of Stomatology, The First Affiliated Hospital of USTC, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui, People's Republic of China
| | - Liyu Zhang
- Department of Stomatology, The First Affiliated Hospital of USTC, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui, People's Republic of China
| | - Pan Jiang
- Department of Stomatology, The First Affiliated Hospital of USTC, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui, People's Republic of China
| | - Honghong Liu
- Department of Stomatology, The First Affiliated Hospital of USTC, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui, People's Republic of China
| | - Lingming Kong
- Department of General Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of USTC, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui, People's Republic of China
| | - Chuandong Lang
- Department of Orthopedics, The First Affiliated Hospital of USTC, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui, People's Republic of China
| | - Xin Xu
- Department of Implantology, School and Hospital of Stomatology, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Shandong Key Laboratory of Oral Tissue Regeneration, Shandong Engineering Laboratory for Dental Materials and Oral Tissue Regeneration, Jinan, Shandong, People's Republic of China
| | - Jihui Jia
- Department of Microbiology/Key Laboratory for Experimental Teratology of the Chinese Ministry of Education, School of Basic Medical Science, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, People's Republic of China
| | - Takahito Nakajima
- Department of Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Wenchao Gu
- Department of Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan.
- Department of Diagnostic Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, Gunma University Graduate School of Medicine, Maebashi, Gunma, Japan.
| | - Lixin Zheng
- Department of Microbiology/Key Laboratory for Experimental Teratology of the Chinese Ministry of Education, School of Basic Medical Science, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, People's Republic of China.
| | - Zhihong Zhang
- Department of Stomatology, The First Affiliated Hospital of USTC, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui, People's Republic of China.
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7
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Wang X, Ding L, Jiang H, Yuan X, Xiang L, Tang C. Synthesis and biological evaluation of novel pteridin-7(8H)-one derivatives as potent CDK2 inhibitors. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2023; 88:129284. [PMID: 37060933 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2023.129284] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2022] [Revised: 04/07/2023] [Accepted: 04/09/2023] [Indexed: 04/17/2023]
Abstract
Cyclin-dependent kinase 2 (CDK2) is considered as an important target in the research of antitumor drugs. Taking the CDK2/4/6 inhibitor Ebvaciclib as the positive control and an in-house library compound (23) as the lead compound, three classes of 30 target compounds with pteridin-7(8H)-one as the core structure were designed to establish structure-activity relationships (SAR). In general, SAR of pteridin-7(8H)-one CDK2 inhibitors is systematically described in this paper, resulting in the discovery of two compounds (KII-17 and KII-21) with further research value. After the above compounds were tested for CDK2/4/6 kinase selectivity, we found that compound KII-21 was about 3 and 4 times more selective to CDK2-cyclinE2 than CDK4-cyclinD1 and CDK6-cyclinD3, respectively. This work also provides a reference basis for the subsequent research on CDK2 inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xia Wang
- School of Life Sciences and Health Engineering, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China
| | - Lei Ding
- School of Life Sciences and Health Engineering, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China
| | - Hongyu Jiang
- School of Life Sciences and Health Engineering, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China
| | - Xin Yuan
- School of Life Sciences and Health Engineering, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China
| | - Lianghua Xiang
- School of Life Sciences and Health Engineering, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China
| | - Chunlei Tang
- School of Life Sciences and Health Engineering, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China.
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8
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Kouroumalis E, Tsomidis I, Voumvouraki A. Pathogenesis of Hepatocellular Carcinoma: The Interplay of Apoptosis and Autophagy. Biomedicines 2023; 11:biomedicines11041166. [PMID: 37189787 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines11041166] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2023] [Revised: 04/09/2023] [Accepted: 04/12/2023] [Indexed: 05/17/2023] Open
Abstract
The pathogenesis of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is a multifactorial process that has not yet been fully investigated. Autophagy and apoptosis are two important cellular pathways that are critical for cell survival or death. The balance between apoptosis and autophagy regulates liver cell turnover and maintains intracellular homeostasis. However, the balance is often dysregulated in many cancers, including HCC. Autophagy and apoptosis pathways may be either independent or parallel or one may influence the other. Autophagy may either inhibit or promote apoptosis, thus regulating the fate of the liver cancer cells. In this review, a concise overview of the pathogenesis of HCC is presented, with emphasis on new developments, including the role of endoplasmic reticulum stress, the implication of microRNAs and the role of gut microbiota. The characteristics of HCC associated with a specific liver disease are also described and a brief description of autophagy and apoptosis is provided. The role of autophagy and apoptosis in the initiation, progress and metastatic potential is reviewed and the experimental evidence indicating an interplay between the two is extensively analyzed. The role of ferroptosis, a recently described specific pathway of regulated cell death, is presented. Finally, the potential therapeutic implications of autophagy and apoptosis in drug resistance are examined.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elias Kouroumalis
- Department of Gastroenterology, PAGNI University Hospital, University of Crete School of Medicine, 71500 Heraklion, Crete, Greece
- Laboratory of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University of Crete Medical School, 71500 Heraklion, Crete, Greece
| | - Ioannis Tsomidis
- Laboratory of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University of Crete Medical School, 71500 Heraklion, Crete, Greece
- 1st Department of Internal Medicine, AHEPA University Hospital, 54621 Thessaloniki, Central Macedonia, Greece
| | - Argyro Voumvouraki
- 1st Department of Internal Medicine, AHEPA University Hospital, 54621 Thessaloniki, Central Macedonia, Greece
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9
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SMYD Family Members Serve as Potential Prognostic Markers and Correlate with Immune Infiltrates in Gastric Cancer. JOURNAL OF ONCOLOGY 2023; 2023:6032864. [PMID: 36816359 PMCID: PMC9929213 DOI: 10.1155/2023/6032864] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2022] [Revised: 08/19/2022] [Accepted: 08/22/2022] [Indexed: 02/10/2023]
Abstract
Background The SMYD family comprises a group of genes encoding lysine methyltransferases, which are closely related to tumorigenesis. However, a systematic understanding of their role in gastric cancer (GC) is lacking. Methods Using databases and tools such as the Cancer Genome Atlas, Human Protein Atlas, Kaplan-Meier Plotter, Gene Expression Profiling Interactive Analysis, and Metascape, we comprehensively analyzed differences in SMYD expression and its prognostic value as well as the association of SMYDs with immune cell infiltration, tumor mutational burden (TMB), and microsatellite instability (MSI). We conducted functional enrichment analysis and explored a competing endogenous RNA mechanism regulating SMYD mRNA and protein levels in patients with GC. Results In GC, the expression of SMYD2/3/4/5 mRNA was significantly upregulated, as opposed to that of SMYD1 mRNA, which was significantly downregulated. The protein levels of SMYDs were consistent with mRNA levels. SMYD1/2/4/5 was negatively correlated with overall survival; SMYD1/2/3/5 was negatively correlated with progression-free survival. Our SMYD-based signature and nomogram model may be useful for inferring the prognosis of GC. All SMYDs were closely associated with the infiltration of six immune cell types: uncharacterized, CD8+ T, CD4+ T, macrophage, endothelial, and B cells. TMB was significantly negatively correlated with SMYD1 expression, while a significant positive correlation was observed with SMYD2/5. Furthermore, MSI was significantly positively correlated with SMYD2/5 expression. Long non-coding RNAs, such as chr22-38_28785274-29006793.1, XLOC_002309, and CTD-2008N3.1, were suggested to regulate SMYD expression by sponging multiple microRNAs. Conclusion SMYDs are differentially expressed in GC and are thus potential prognostic markers. SMYD expression is closely related to immune infiltration, TMB, and MSI, all of which are closely related to the response to targeted immune therapy.
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Azizidoost S, Nasrolahi A, Sheykhi-Sabzehpoush M, Akiash N, Assareh AR, Anbiyaee O, Antosik P, Dzięgiel P, Farzaneh M, Kempisty B. Potential roles of endothelial cells-related non-coding RNAs in cardiovascular diseases. Pathol Res Pract 2023; 242:154330. [PMID: 36696805 DOI: 10.1016/j.prp.2023.154330] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2023] [Accepted: 01/19/2023] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Endothelial dysfunction is identified by a conversion of the endothelium toward decreased vasodilation and prothrombic features and is known as a primary pathogenic incident in cardiovascular diseases. An insight based on particular and promising biomarkers of endothelial dysfunction may possess vital clinical significances. Currently, non-coding RNAs due to their participation in critical cardiovascular processes like initiation and progression have gained much attention as possible diagnostic as well as prognostic biomarkers in cardiovascular diseases. Emerging line of proof has demonstrated that abnormal expression of non-coding RNAs is nearly correlated with the pathogenesis of cardiovascular diseases. In the present review, we focus on the expression and functional effects of various kinds of non-coding RNAs in cardiovascular diseases and negotiate their possible clinical implications as diagnostic or prognostic biomarkers and curative targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shirin Azizidoost
- Atherosclerosis Research Center, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
| | - Ava Nasrolahi
- Infectious Ophthalmologic Research Center, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
| | | | - Nehzat Akiash
- Atherosclerosis Research Center, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
| | - Ahmad Reza Assareh
- Atherosclerosis Research Center, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
| | - Omid Anbiyaee
- Cardiovascular Research Center, Nemazi Hospital, School of Medicine, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Paweł Antosik
- Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Veterinary Surgery, Nicolaus Copernicus University, Torun, Poland
| | - Piotr Dzięgiel
- Division of Histology and Embryology, Department of Human Morphology and Embryology, Wroclaw Medical University, 50-368 Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Maryam Farzaneh
- Fertility, Infertility and Perinatology Research Center, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran.
| | - Bartosz Kempisty
- Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Veterinary Surgery, Nicolaus Copernicus University, Torun, Poland; Department of Human Morphology and Embryology, Division of Anatomy, Wroclaw Medical University, Wrocław, Poland; North Carolina State University College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Raleigh, NC 27695, USA.
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11
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Yang Y, Qiu R, Zhao S, Shen L, Tang B, Weng Q, Xu Z, Zheng L, Chen W, Shu G, Wang Y, Zhao Z, Chen M, Ji J. SMYD3 associates with the NuRD (MTA1/2) complex to regulate transcription and promote proliferation and invasiveness in hepatocellular carcinoma cells. BMC Biol 2022; 20:294. [PMID: 36575438 PMCID: PMC9795622 DOI: 10.1186/s12915-022-01499-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2022] [Accepted: 12/07/2022] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND SMYD3, a member of the SET and MYND domain-containing (SMYD) family, is a histone methyltransferase (HMT) and transcription factor that plays an important role in transcriptional regulation in human carcinogenesis. RESULTS Using affinity purification and mass spectrometry assays to identify SMYD3-associated proteins in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) cells, we found several previously undiscovered SMYD3-interacting proteins, including the NuRD (MTA1/2) complex, the METTL family, and the CRL4B complex. Transcriptomic analysis of the consequences of knocking down SMYD3, MTA1, or MTA2 in HCC cells showed that SMYD3/NuRD complex targets a cohort of genes, some of which are critically involved in cell growth and migration. qChIP analyses showed that SMYD3 knockdown led to a significant reduction in the binding of MTA1 or MTA2 to the promoters of IGFBP4 and led to a significant decrease in H4K20me3 and a marked increase in H4Ac at the IGFBP4 promoter. In addition, we demonstrated that SMYD3 promotes cell proliferation, invasion, and tumorigenesis in vivo and in vitro and found that its expression is markedly upregulated in human liver cancer. Knockdown of MTA1 or MTA2 had the same effect as knockdown of SMYD3 on proliferation and invasion of hepatocellular carcinoma cells. Catalytic mutant SMYD3 could not rescue the phenotypic effects caused by knockdown of SMYD3. Inhibitors of SMYD3 effectively inhibited the proliferation and invasiveness of HCC cells. CONCLUSIONS These findings revealed that SMYD3 could transcriptionally repress a cohort of target genes expression by associating with the NuRD (MTA1/2) complex, thereby promoting the proliferation and invasiveness of HCC cells. Our results support the case for pursuing SMYD3 as a practical prognostic marker or therapeutic target against HCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Yang
- grid.268099.c0000 0001 0348 3990Key Laboratory of Imaging Diagnosis and Minimally Invasive Intervention Research, Imaging Diagnosis and Interventional Minimally Invasive Institute, The Fifth Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Lishui, 323000 China ,grid.440824.e0000 0004 1757 6428Department of Interventional Radiology, Clinical College of The Affiliated Central Hospital, Lishui University, Lishui, 323000 China
| | - Rongfang Qiu
- grid.268099.c0000 0001 0348 3990Key Laboratory of Imaging Diagnosis and Minimally Invasive Intervention Research, Imaging Diagnosis and Interventional Minimally Invasive Institute, The Fifth Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Lishui, 323000 China ,grid.440824.e0000 0004 1757 6428Department of Interventional Radiology, Clinical College of The Affiliated Central Hospital, Lishui University, Lishui, 323000 China
| | - Siyu Zhao
- grid.268099.c0000 0001 0348 3990Key Laboratory of Imaging Diagnosis and Minimally Invasive Intervention Research, Imaging Diagnosis and Interventional Minimally Invasive Institute, The Fifth Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Lishui, 323000 China ,grid.440824.e0000 0004 1757 6428Department of Interventional Radiology, Clinical College of The Affiliated Central Hospital, Lishui University, Lishui, 323000 China
| | - Lin Shen
- grid.268099.c0000 0001 0348 3990Key Laboratory of Imaging Diagnosis and Minimally Invasive Intervention Research, Imaging Diagnosis and Interventional Minimally Invasive Institute, The Fifth Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Lishui, 323000 China ,grid.440824.e0000 0004 1757 6428Department of Interventional Radiology, Clinical College of The Affiliated Central Hospital, Lishui University, Lishui, 323000 China
| | - Bufu Tang
- grid.268099.c0000 0001 0348 3990Key Laboratory of Imaging Diagnosis and Minimally Invasive Intervention Research, Imaging Diagnosis and Interventional Minimally Invasive Institute, The Fifth Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Lishui, 323000 China ,grid.440824.e0000 0004 1757 6428Department of Interventional Radiology, Clinical College of The Affiliated Central Hospital, Lishui University, Lishui, 323000 China
| | - Qiaoyou Weng
- grid.268099.c0000 0001 0348 3990Key Laboratory of Imaging Diagnosis and Minimally Invasive Intervention Research, Imaging Diagnosis and Interventional Minimally Invasive Institute, The Fifth Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Lishui, 323000 China ,grid.440824.e0000 0004 1757 6428Department of Interventional Radiology, Clinical College of The Affiliated Central Hospital, Lishui University, Lishui, 323000 China
| | - Ziwei Xu
- grid.268099.c0000 0001 0348 3990Key Laboratory of Imaging Diagnosis and Minimally Invasive Intervention Research, Imaging Diagnosis and Interventional Minimally Invasive Institute, The Fifth Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Lishui, 323000 China ,grid.440824.e0000 0004 1757 6428Department of Interventional Radiology, Clinical College of The Affiliated Central Hospital, Lishui University, Lishui, 323000 China
| | - Liyun Zheng
- grid.268099.c0000 0001 0348 3990Key Laboratory of Imaging Diagnosis and Minimally Invasive Intervention Research, Imaging Diagnosis and Interventional Minimally Invasive Institute, The Fifth Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Lishui, 323000 China ,grid.440824.e0000 0004 1757 6428Department of Interventional Radiology, Clinical College of The Affiliated Central Hospital, Lishui University, Lishui, 323000 China
| | - Weiqian Chen
- grid.268099.c0000 0001 0348 3990Key Laboratory of Imaging Diagnosis and Minimally Invasive Intervention Research, Imaging Diagnosis and Interventional Minimally Invasive Institute, The Fifth Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Lishui, 323000 China ,grid.440824.e0000 0004 1757 6428Department of Interventional Radiology, Clinical College of The Affiliated Central Hospital, Lishui University, Lishui, 323000 China
| | - Gaofeng Shu
- grid.268099.c0000 0001 0348 3990Key Laboratory of Imaging Diagnosis and Minimally Invasive Intervention Research, Imaging Diagnosis and Interventional Minimally Invasive Institute, The Fifth Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Lishui, 323000 China ,grid.440824.e0000 0004 1757 6428Department of Interventional Radiology, Clinical College of The Affiliated Central Hospital, Lishui University, Lishui, 323000 China
| | - Yajie Wang
- grid.268099.c0000 0001 0348 3990Key Laboratory of Imaging Diagnosis and Minimally Invasive Intervention Research, Imaging Diagnosis and Interventional Minimally Invasive Institute, The Fifth Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Lishui, 323000 China ,grid.440824.e0000 0004 1757 6428Department of Interventional Radiology, Clinical College of The Affiliated Central Hospital, Lishui University, Lishui, 323000 China
| | - Zhongwei Zhao
- grid.268099.c0000 0001 0348 3990Key Laboratory of Imaging Diagnosis and Minimally Invasive Intervention Research, Imaging Diagnosis and Interventional Minimally Invasive Institute, The Fifth Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Lishui, 323000 China ,grid.440824.e0000 0004 1757 6428Department of Interventional Radiology, Clinical College of The Affiliated Central Hospital, Lishui University, Lishui, 323000 China
| | - Minjiang Chen
- grid.268099.c0000 0001 0348 3990Key Laboratory of Imaging Diagnosis and Minimally Invasive Intervention Research, Imaging Diagnosis and Interventional Minimally Invasive Institute, The Fifth Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Lishui, 323000 China ,grid.440824.e0000 0004 1757 6428Department of Interventional Radiology, Clinical College of The Affiliated Central Hospital, Lishui University, Lishui, 323000 China
| | - Jiansong Ji
- grid.268099.c0000 0001 0348 3990Key Laboratory of Imaging Diagnosis and Minimally Invasive Intervention Research, Imaging Diagnosis and Interventional Minimally Invasive Institute, The Fifth Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Lishui, 323000 China ,grid.440824.e0000 0004 1757 6428Department of Interventional Radiology, Clinical College of The Affiliated Central Hospital, Lishui University, Lishui, 323000 China
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12
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Razmi M, Yazdanpanah A, Etemad-Moghadam S, Alaeddini M, Angelini S, Eini L. Clinical prognostic value of the SMYD2/3 as new epigenetic biomarkers in solid cancer patients: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Expert Rev Mol Diagn 2022; 22:1-15. [PMID: 36346387 DOI: 10.1080/14737159.2022.2144235] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2022] [Accepted: 11/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND SET and MYND domain-containing protein (SMYD) family with methyltransferase activity is involved in cancer progression. This novel meta-analysis aimed to evaluate the association of SMYD family with the clinical and survival outcomes in solid cancer patients. METHODS We systematically searched Embase, PubMed, Scopus and Web of Science to select relevant articles. Hazard ratios (HRs), odds ratios (ORs), and 95% confidence intervals were extracted. Heterogeneity was evaluated by chi-square-based Q and I2 tests, while publication bias by funnel plots and Egger's test. RESULTS Thirty-two articles (4,826 patients) met inclusion criteria. SMYD2/3 overexpression was statistically associated with poor overall survival (HR = 1.794, P < 0.001), disease/relapse/progression-free survival (HR = 2.114, P < 0.001), disease/cancer-specific survival (HR = 3.220, P = 0.003), larger tumor size (OR = 1.963, P < 0.001), advanced TNM stage (OR = 2.066, P < 0.001), lymph node metastasis (OR = 2.054, P < 0.001), and distant metastasis (OR = 1.978, P = 0.004). Subgroup analysis showed more significant association between SMYD2 overexpression and reduced survival outcomes than that in SMYD3. Conversely, the relationship between SMYD3 and various clinicopathologic factors was stronger compared to SMYD2. CONCLUSION Enhanced SMYD2/3 expression may be an unfavorable clinical prognostic factor in different solid cancer types.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahdieh Razmi
- Dental Research Center, Dentistry Research Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- Oncopathology Research Center, Iran University of Medical Sciences (IUMS), Tehran, Iran
| | - Ayna Yazdanpanah
- Department of Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Shahroo Etemad-Moghadam
- Dental Research Center, Dentistry Research Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mojgan Alaeddini
- Dental Research Center, Dentistry Research Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Sabrina Angelini
- Department of Pharmacy and Biotechnology (Fabit), University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Leila Eini
- Dental Research Center, Dentistry Research Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- Division of Histology, Department of Basic Science, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Science and Research Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
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Tian Z, Xu C, Yang P, Lin Z, Wu W, Zhang W, Ding J, Ding R, Zhang X, Dou K. Molecular pathogenesis: Connections between viral hepatitis-induced and non-alcoholic steatohepatitis-induced hepatocellular carcinoma. Front Immunol 2022; 13:984728. [PMID: 36189208 PMCID: PMC9520190 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.984728] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2022] [Accepted: 08/31/2022] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Hepatocellular carcinoma(HCC) is the sixth most common cancer in the world and is usually caused by viral hepatitis (HBV and HCV), alcoholic, and non-alcoholic fatty liver disease(NAFLD). Viral hepatitis accounts for 80% of HCC cases worldwide. In addition, With the increasing incidence of metabolic diseases, NAFLD is now the most common liver disease and a major risk factor for HCC in most developed countries. This review mainly described the specificity and similarity between the pathogenesis of viral hepatitis(HBV and HCV)-induced HCC and NAFLD-induced HCC. In general, viral hepatitis promotes HCC development mainly through specific encoded viral proteins. HBV can also exert its tumor-promoting mechanism by integrating into the host chromosome, while HCV cannot. Viral hepatitis-related HCC and NASH-related HCC differ in terms of genetic factors, and epigenetic modifications (DNA methylation, histone modifications, and microRNA effects). In addition, both of them can lead to HCC progression through abnormal lipid metabolism, persistent inflammatory response, immune and intestinal microbiome dysregulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zelin Tian
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Xijing Hospital, Air Force Medical University, Xi’an, China
| | - Chen Xu
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Xijing Hospital, Air Force Medical University, Xi’an, China
| | - Peijun Yang
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Xijing Hospital, Air Force Medical University, Xi’an, China
| | - Zhibin Lin
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Xijing Hospital, Air Force Medical University, Xi’an, China
| | - Wenlong Wu
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Xijing Hospital, Air Force Medical University, Xi’an, China
| | - Wenjie Zhang
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Xijing Hospital, Air Force Medical University, Xi’an, China
- Chinese Education Ministry’s Key Laboratory of Western Resources and Modern Biotechnology, Key Laboratory of Biotechnology Shaanxi Province, College of Life Sciences, Northwest University, Xi’an, China
| | - Jian Ding
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Xijing Hospital, Air Force Medical University, Xi’an, China
| | - Rui Ding
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Xijing Hospital, Air Force Medical University, Xi’an, China
| | - Xuan Zhang
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Xijing Hospital, Air Force Medical University, Xi’an, China
- *Correspondence: Xuan Zhang, ; Kefeng Dou,
| | - Kefeng Dou
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Xijing Hospital, Air Force Medical University, Xi’an, China
- *Correspondence: Xuan Zhang, ; Kefeng Dou,
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SMYD3 regulates the abnormal proliferation of non-small-cell lung cancer cells via the H3K4me3/ANO1 axis. J Biosci 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s12038-022-00299-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/15/2022]
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15
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Wang X, Liu D, Yang J. Clinicopathological and Prognostic Significance of SMYD3 in Human Cancers: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis. Genet Test Mol Biomarkers 2022; 26:331-339. [PMID: 35763383 DOI: 10.1089/gtmb.2021.0199] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Dysregulation of the SET and MYND domain-containing protein 3 (SMYD3) has been found in multiple cancers. This meta-analysis aimed to elucidate the association between SMYD3 expression and clinical outcomes in cancer. Methods: A systematic search of Web of Science, Embase, PubMed, Cochrane Library, and CNKI was conducted. The relationship between SMYD3 expression and cancer patients' overall survival (OS) was evaluated using pooled hazard ratios (HRs) and their corresponding confidence intervals (95% CIs). The association between SMYD3 expression and clinicopathological features was assessed using odds ratios (ORs) with 95% CIs, including tumor size, lymph node metastasis (LNM), distance metastasis, and TNM stage. Results: In total, 715 cancer patients with hepatocellular carcinoma, nonsmall cell lung carcinoma, esophageal squamous cell carcinoma, glioma, colorectal cancer, and/or bladder cancer from seven studies were included in our meta-analysis. SMYD3 overexpression was significantly associated with poor OS (HR = 1.81, 95% CI: 1.38-2.37, p < 0.01) with no heterogeneity (I2 = 0.0%, p = 0.929) in various cancers. Subgroup analysis showed that the prognostic value of SMYD3 across multiple tumors was constant as the tumor type, sample size, and methods of data extraction changed. Increased SMYD3 expression was positively associated with LNM (OR = 1.88, 95% CI = 1.33-2.66, p < 0.001), tumor size (OR = 1.68, 95% CI: 1.09-2.60, p = 0.019), and advanced TNM stage (OR = 1.84, 95% CI: 1.25-2.69, p = 0.002). Conclusions: Upregulation of SMYD3 was significantly associated with poor prognosis in various cancers, suggesting that SMYD3 may be a useful prognostic biomarker.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuan Wang
- The Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, China.,Department of Oncology, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Shandong First Medical University (Affiliated Hospital of Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences), Jinan, China
| | - Debao Liu
- Department of Oncology, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Shandong First Medical University (Affiliated Hospital of Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences), Jinan, China
| | - Jing Yang
- Department of Gastroenterology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Shandong First Medical University & Shandong Provincial Qianfoshan Hospital, Jinan, China
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Fasano C, Lepore Signorile M, De Marco K, Forte G, Sanese P, Grossi V, Simone C. Identifying novel SMYD3 interactors on the trail of cancer hallmarks. Comput Struct Biotechnol J 2022; 20:1860-1875. [PMID: 35495117 PMCID: PMC9039736 DOI: 10.1016/j.csbj.2022.03.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2021] [Revised: 03/30/2022] [Accepted: 03/31/2022] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
SMYD3 overexpression in several human cancers highlights its crucial role in carcinogenesis. Nonetheless, SMYD3 specific activity in cancer development and progression is currently under debate. Taking advantage of a library of rare tripeptides, which we first tested for their in vitro binding affinity to SMYD3 and then used as in silico probes, we recently identified BRCA2, ATM, and CHK2 as direct SMYD3 interactors. To gain insight into novel SMYD3 cancer-related roles, here we performed a comprehensive in silico analysis to cluster all potential SMYD3-interacting proteins identified by screening the human proteome for the previously tested tripeptides, based on their involvement in cancer hallmarks. Remarkably, we identified mTOR, BLM, MET, AMPK, and p130 as new SMYD3 interactors implicated in cancer processes. Further studies are needed to characterize the functional mechanisms underlying these interactions. Still, these findings could be useful to devise novel therapeutic strategies based on the combined inhibition of SMYD3 and its newly identified molecular partners. Of note, our in silico methodology may be useful to search for unidentified interactors of other proteins of interest.
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Affiliation(s)
- Candida Fasano
- Medical Genetics, National Institute for Gastroenterology, IRCCS ‘S. de Bellis’ Research Hospital, Castellana Grotte (Ba), Italy
- Corresponding authors at: Medical Genetics, National Institute for Gastroenterology, IRCCS ‘S. de Bellis’ Research Hospital, Castellana Grotte (Ba), Italy (C.Fasano, C. Simone).
| | - Martina Lepore Signorile
- Medical Genetics, National Institute for Gastroenterology, IRCCS ‘S. de Bellis’ Research Hospital, Castellana Grotte (Ba), Italy
| | - Katia De Marco
- Medical Genetics, National Institute for Gastroenterology, IRCCS ‘S. de Bellis’ Research Hospital, Castellana Grotte (Ba), Italy
| | - Giovanna Forte
- Medical Genetics, National Institute for Gastroenterology, IRCCS ‘S. de Bellis’ Research Hospital, Castellana Grotte (Ba), Italy
| | - Paola Sanese
- Medical Genetics, National Institute for Gastroenterology, IRCCS ‘S. de Bellis’ Research Hospital, Castellana Grotte (Ba), Italy
| | - Valentina Grossi
- Medical Genetics, National Institute for Gastroenterology, IRCCS ‘S. de Bellis’ Research Hospital, Castellana Grotte (Ba), Italy
| | - Cristiano Simone
- Medical Genetics, National Institute for Gastroenterology, IRCCS ‘S. de Bellis’ Research Hospital, Castellana Grotte (Ba), Italy
- Medical Genetics, Department of Biomedical Sciences and Human Oncology (DIMO), University of Bari Aldo Moro, Bari, Italy
- Corresponding authors at: Medical Genetics, National Institute for Gastroenterology, IRCCS ‘S. de Bellis’ Research Hospital, Castellana Grotte (Ba), Italy (C.Fasano, C. Simone).
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Asuthkar S, Venkataraman S, Avilala J, Shishido K, Vibhakar R, Veo B, Purvis IJ, Guda MR, Velpula KK. SMYD3 Promotes Cell Cycle Progression by Inducing Cyclin D3 Transcription and Stabilizing the Cyclin D1 Protein in Medulloblastoma. Cancers (Basel) 2022; 14:cancers14071673. [PMID: 35406445 PMCID: PMC8997160 DOI: 10.3390/cancers14071673] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2022] [Revised: 03/11/2022] [Accepted: 03/22/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Medulloblastoma is the most common malignant pediatric brain tumor and is classified into four molecular subgroups: Wnt, Shh, Group 3, and Group 4. Of these subgroups, patients with Myc+ Group 3 MB have the worst prognosis. Using an RNAi functional genomic screen, we identified the lysine methyltransferase SMYD3 as a crucial epigenetic regulator responsible for promoting Group 3 MB cell growth. We demonstrated that SMYD3 drives MB cell cycle progression by inducing cyclin D3 transcription and preventing cyclin D1 ubiquitination. Using in vitro and ex vivo studies, we showed that SMYD3 suppression by shRNA and BCI-121 significantly impaired proliferation, resulting in the downregulation of cyclin D3, cyclin D1, and pRBSer795. Moreover, we are the first to show that SMYD3 methylates the cyclin D1 protein, indicating that the SMYD3 stabilizes cyclin D1 through post-translational modification. Collectively, our studies position SMYD3 as a promising treatment option for Group 3 Myc+ MB patients. Abstract Medulloblastoma (MB) is the most common malignant pediatric brain tumor. Maximum safe resection, postoperative craniospinal irradiation, and chemotherapy are the standard of care for MB patients. MB is classified into four subgroups: Shh, Wnt, Group 3, and Group 4. Of these subgroups, patients with Myc+ Group 3 MB have the worst prognosis, necessitating alternative therapies. There is increasing interest in targeting epigenetic modifiers for treating pediatric cancers, including MB. Using an RNAi functional genomic screen, we identified the lysine methyltransferase SMYD3, as a crucial epigenetic regulator that drives the growth of Group 3 Myc+ MB cells. We demonstrated that SMYD3 directly binds to the cyclin D3 promoter to activate its transcription. Further, SMYD3 depletion significantly reduced MB cell proliferation and led to the downregulation of cyclin D3, cyclin D1, pRBSer795, with concomitant upregulations in RB in vitro. Similar results were obtained following pharmacological inhibition of SMYD3 using BCI-121 ex vivo. SMYD3 knockdown also promoted cyclin D1 ubiquitination, indicating that SMYD3 plays a vital role in stabilizing the cyclin D1 protein. Collectively, our studies demonstrate that SMYD3 drives cell cycle progression in Group 3 Myc+ MB cells and that targeting SMYD3 has the potential to improve clinical outcomes for high-risk patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Swapna Asuthkar
- Department of Cancer Biology and Pharmacology, University of Illinois College of Medicine at Peoria, Peoria, IL 61605, USA; (J.A.); (K.S.); (I.J.P.); (M.R.G.); (K.K.V.)
- Correspondence:
| | - Sujatha Venkataraman
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045, USA; (S.V.); (R.V.); (B.V.)
| | - Janardhan Avilala
- Department of Cancer Biology and Pharmacology, University of Illinois College of Medicine at Peoria, Peoria, IL 61605, USA; (J.A.); (K.S.); (I.J.P.); (M.R.G.); (K.K.V.)
| | - Katherine Shishido
- Department of Cancer Biology and Pharmacology, University of Illinois College of Medicine at Peoria, Peoria, IL 61605, USA; (J.A.); (K.S.); (I.J.P.); (M.R.G.); (K.K.V.)
| | - Rajeev Vibhakar
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045, USA; (S.V.); (R.V.); (B.V.)
| | - Bethany Veo
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045, USA; (S.V.); (R.V.); (B.V.)
| | - Ian J. Purvis
- Department of Cancer Biology and Pharmacology, University of Illinois College of Medicine at Peoria, Peoria, IL 61605, USA; (J.A.); (K.S.); (I.J.P.); (M.R.G.); (K.K.V.)
| | - Maheedhara R. Guda
- Department of Cancer Biology and Pharmacology, University of Illinois College of Medicine at Peoria, Peoria, IL 61605, USA; (J.A.); (K.S.); (I.J.P.); (M.R.G.); (K.K.V.)
| | - Kiran K. Velpula
- Department of Cancer Biology and Pharmacology, University of Illinois College of Medicine at Peoria, Peoria, IL 61605, USA; (J.A.); (K.S.); (I.J.P.); (M.R.G.); (K.K.V.)
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Illinois College of Medicine at Peoria, Peoria, IL 61605, USA
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Illinois College of Medicine at Peoria, Peoria, IL 61605, USA
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Tian F, Cai D. Overexpressed GNAZ predicts poor outcome and promotes G0/G1 cell cycle progression in hepatocellular carcinoma. Gene 2022; 807:145964. [PMID: 34530087 DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2021.145964] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2021] [Revised: 08/19/2021] [Accepted: 09/09/2021] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
AIMS We aimed to investigate the role of G protein subunit alpha Z(GNAZ) in the progression and prognosis of patients with hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). METHODS Oncomine, GEO, TCGA, GEPIA2, Kaplan-Meier Plotter, TIMER2, Metascape, CCLE, LinkedOmics, and UALCAN databases were used to analyze the differential expression of GNAZ in HCC and normal liver tissues, relationship between GNAZ expression and prognosis of patients with HCC, and expression of GNAZ in common human HCC cell lines. Western blotting was performed to analyze GNAZ expression, while the Cell Counting Kit 8 assay was used to determine cell proliferation, and flow cytometry was used to evaluate the cell cycle and apoptosis. Wound healing and transwell invasion assays were used to investigate cell metastasis and invasion. RESULTS Using Oncomine, Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO), and GEPIA2 databases, GNAZ was found to be overexpressed in HCC tissues compared with that in adjacent normal liver tissues, and western blotting analysis showed GNAZ overexpression in seven patients with HCC who underwent surgical resection of HCC and para-cancerous tissues (p < 0.01). Survival analysis revealed that high GNAZ expression was negatively associated with overall survival (OS), recurrence-free survival, progression-free survival, and disease-specific survival in patients with HCC (p < 0.05). GNAZ overexpression was associated with worse 4- month, 6- month, 12- month, 24- month, 36- month, 48- month, and 60-month OS, as well as with different clinicopathological characteristics of patients with HCC, including hepatitis virus infection state; alcohol consumption state; male; female; Asian; microvascular invasion, Stage I-II, Stage II-III, and Stage III-IV; and grade II (Cox regression, p < 0.05). KEGG/GO biological process enrichment indicated that the genes similar to GNAZ in HCC were mainly enriched in the cell cycle, cell cycle phase transition, DNA replication checkpoint, and regulation of G0 to G1 transition. siRNA-GNAZ significantly reduced the viability of JHH-2 and SNU-761 cells from 12 to 96 h; increased the percentage of cells in the G0/G1 phase and decreased that of cells in the S and G2/M phases (p < 0.05); and markedly downregulated the expression of cyclin D, cyclin E, and CDK2 protein. siRNA-GNAZ also significantly increased the percentage of JHH-2 and SNU-761 cell apoptosis at late stages, while the number of surviving cells decreased (p < 0.05), and upregulated the expression of apoptosis-related proteins Bax and caspase 3 protein. Furthermore, siRNA-GNAZ remarkably reduced the healing of scratch wounds in JHH-2 and SNU-761 cells and the number of invasive cells compared with that in the control group (p < 0.001). CONCLUSION Our study demonstrated that GNAZ plays a pivotal role as a potential oncogene and predicts poor prognosis in patients with HCC. It promotes tumor proliferation via cell cycle arrest, apoptosis, migration, and invasion. Thus, GNAZ may be a potential candidate biomarker providing useful insight into hepatocarcinogenesis and aggressiveness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feng Tian
- Department of General Surgery, Lishui People's Hospital, the Six Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Lishui, Zhejiang, China
| | - Daxia Cai
- Key Laboratory of Imaging Diagnosis and Minimally Invasive Research, Lishui Central Hospital, Zhejiang University Lishui Hospital, The Fifth Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical College, Lishui, Zhejiang, China.
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Liang Y, Fan Y, Liu Y, Fan H. HNRNPU promotes the progression of hepatocellular carcinoma by enhancing CDK2 transcription. Exp Cell Res 2021; 409:112898. [PMID: 34737140 DOI: 10.1016/j.yexcr.2021.112898] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2021] [Revised: 09/29/2021] [Accepted: 10/25/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
The nuclear matrix-associated protein Heterogeneous Nuclear Ribonucleoprotein U (HNRNPU), also known as SAF-A, is known to maintain active chromatin structure in mouse hepatocytes. However, the functional roles and molecular mechanisms of HNRNPU in the development of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) remain largely unknown. Herein, we found that HNRNPU was upregulated in HCC, and the proliferation of HCC cells was inhibited in vitro and in vivo upon HNRNPU knockdown. Moreover, the upregulation of HNRNPU was correlated with poor prognosis in HCC. Mechanistically, HNRNPU bound to the CDK2 gene locus, a key factor in cell cycle regulation, where it was enriched with H3K27 acetylation (H3K27ac), H3K9 acetylation (H3K9ac), and H3K4 mono-methylation (H3K4me1). Furthermore, HNRNPU knockdown reduced the levels of H3K27ac and H3K9ac at the binding site, where the levels of H3K27 tri-methylation (H3K27me3) were increased, eventually leading to the downregulation of CDK2. Collectively, our results provide a new mechanism whereby HNRNPU promotes HCC development by enhancing the transcription of CDK2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Liang
- The Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology of Infectious Diseases Designated By the Chinese Ministry of Education, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Yao Fan
- Affiliated Traditional Chinese Medicine Hospital, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, 646000, China
| | - Yu Liu
- The Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology of Infectious Diseases Designated By the Chinese Ministry of Education, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Hui Fan
- The Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology of Infectious Diseases Designated By the Chinese Ministry of Education, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China.
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Zheng L, Wu Y, Shen L, Liang X, Yang Z, Li S, Li T, Shang W, Shao W, Wang Y, Liu F, Ma L, Jia J. Mechanisms of JARID1B Up-Regulation and Its Role in Helicobacter pylori-Induced Gastric Carcinogenesis. Front Oncol 2021; 11:757497. [PMID: 34778074 PMCID: PMC8581301 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2021.757497] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2021] [Accepted: 10/07/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Gastric cancer (GC) is the third leading cause of cancer-related death worldwide. Helicobacter pylori infection can induce GC through a serial cascade of events, with emerging evidence suggesting the important role of epigenetic alterations in the development and progression of the disease. Here, we report on mechanisms responsible for Jumonji AT-rich interactive domain1B (JARID1B) upregulation in GC and its role in the malignant transformation induced by H. pylori infection. We found that upregulation of JARID1B was associated with poorer prognosis, greater tumor purity, and less immune cell infiltration into the tumor. Mechanistically, we showed that the upregulation of JARID1B in human GC was attributed to JARID1B amplification and its induction by H. pylori infection. Furthermore, we identified miR-29c as a negative regulator of JARID1B in GC. H. pylori caused downregulation of miR-29c in human GC and thereby contributed to JARID1B upregulation through relieving posttranscriptional regulation. Functionally, we showed that knockdown of JARID1B reduced GC cell proliferation induced by H. pylori infection. Subsequently, cyclinD1 (CCND1), a key molecule in GC, was shown to be a target gene of JARID1B. In conclusion, these results suggest that JARID1B may be an oncogene upregulated in human GC and could represent a novel therapeutic target to prevent malignant transformation induced by H. pylori infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lixin Zheng
- Key Laboratory of Experimental Teratology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Yujiao Wu
- Key Laboratory of Experimental Teratology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Li Shen
- Key Laboratory of Experimental Teratology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Xiuming Liang
- Key Laboratory of Experimental Teratology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Zongcheng Yang
- Key Laboratory of Experimental Teratology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Shuyan Li
- Key Laboratory of Experimental Teratology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Tongyu Li
- Key Laboratory of Experimental Teratology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Wenjing Shang
- Key Laboratory of Experimental Teratology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Wei Shao
- Key Laboratory of Experimental Teratology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Yue Wang
- Key Laboratory of Experimental Teratology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Fen Liu
- Key Laboratory of Experimental Teratology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Lin Ma
- Key Laboratory of Experimental Teratology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Jihui Jia
- Key Laboratory of Experimental Teratology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Shandong University, Jinan, China.,Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Infection and Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Shandong University, Jinan, China
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21
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A network pharmacology approach to investigate the anticancer mechanism of cinobufagin against hepatocellular carcinoma via downregulation of EGFR-CDK2 signaling. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 2021; 431:115739. [PMID: 34619160 DOI: 10.1016/j.taap.2021.115739] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2021] [Revised: 09/29/2021] [Accepted: 09/30/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is one of the deadliest cancers with high mortality and poor prognosis, and the investigation on new approaches and effective drugs for HCC therapy is of great significance. In our study, we demonstrate that treatment with cinobufagin, a natural compound isolated from traditional chinese medicine Chansu, reduces proliferation and the colony formation capacity of the human hepatoma cells in vitro, in addition, cinobufagin induces mitotic arrest in human hepatoma cells. The results of a network pharmacology-based analysis show that EGFR, MAPK1, PTK2, CDK2, MAPK3, ESR1, CDK1, PRKCA, AR, and CSNK2A1 are the key targets involved in the anti-tumor activities of cinobufagin, additionally, several signaling pathways such as proteoglycans in cancer, pathways in cancer, HIF-1 signaling pathway, VEGF signaling pathway, ErbB signaling pathway, and PI3K-AKT signaling pathway are identified as the potential pathways involved in the inhibitory effects of cinobufagin against HCC. Furthermore, at the molecular level, we find that cinobufagin decreases EGFR expression and CDK2 activity in human hepatoma cells. Inhibition of EGFR or CDK2 expression could not only suppress the growth of tumor cells but also enhance the inhibitory effects of cinobufagin on the proliferative potential of human hepatoma cells. We also demonstrate that EGFR positively regulates CDK2 expression. Furthermore, EGFR inhibitor gefitinib or CDK2 inhibitor CVT-313 synergistically enhances anticancer effects of cinobufagin in human hepatoma cells. Taken together, these findings indicate that cinobufagin may exert antitumor effects by suppressing EGFR-CDK2 signaling, and our study suggests that cinobufagin may be a novel, promising anticancer agent for the treatment of HCC.
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Rueda-Robles A, Audano M, Álvarez-Mercado AI, Rubio-Tomás T. Functions of SMYD proteins in biological processes: What do we know? An updated review. Arch Biochem Biophys 2021; 712:109040. [PMID: 34555372 DOI: 10.1016/j.abb.2021.109040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2021] [Revised: 09/13/2021] [Accepted: 09/16/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Epigenetic modifiers, such as methyltransferases, play crucial roles in the regulation of many biological processes, including development, cancer and multiple physiopathological conditions. SUMMARY The Su(Var)3-9, Enhancer-of-zeste and Trithorax (SET) and Myeloid, Nervy, and DEAF-1 (MYND) domain-containing (SMYD) protein family consists of five members in humans and mice (i.e. SMYD1, SMYD2, SMYD3, SMYD4 and SMYD5), which are known or predicted to have methyltransferase activity on histone and non-histone substrates. The abundance of information concerning SMYD2 and SMYD3 is of note, whereas the other members of the SMYD family have not been so thoroughly studied CONCLUSION: Here we review the literature regarding SMYD proteins published in the last five years, including basic molecular biology mechanistic studies using in vitro systems and animal models, as well as human studies with a more translational or clinical approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ascensión Rueda-Robles
- Institute of Nutrition and Food Technology "José Mataix", Center of Biomedical Research, University of Granada, Avda. del Conocimiento s/n, 18016, Armilla, Granada, Spain
| | - Matteo Audano
- Dipartimento di Scienze Farmacologiche e Biomolecolari, Università degli Studi di Milano, 20133, Milan, Italy
| | - Ana I Álvarez-Mercado
- Institute of Nutrition and Food Technology "José Mataix", Center of Biomedical Research, University of Granada, Avda. del Conocimiento s/n, 18016, Armilla, Granada, Spain; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology II, School of Pharmacy, University of Granada, 18071, Granada, Spain; Instituto de Investigación Biosanitaria ibs.GRANADA, Complejo Hospitalario Universitario de Granada, Granada, 18014, Spain.
| | - Teresa Rubio-Tomás
- Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), 08036, Barcelona, Spain; School of Medicine, University of Crete, 70013, Herakleion, Crete, Greece.
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Novel insights into SMYD2 and SMYD3 inhibitors: from potential anti-tumoural therapy to a variety of new applications. Mol Biol Rep 2021; 48:7499-7508. [PMID: 34510321 DOI: 10.1007/s11033-021-06701-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2021] [Accepted: 09/07/2021] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
The revelance of the epigenetic regulation of cancer led to the design and testing of many drugs targeting epigenetic modifiers. The Su(Var)3-9, Enhancer-of-zeste and Trithorax (SET) and myeloid, Nervy, and DEAF-1 (MYND) domain-containing protein 2 (SMYD2) and 3 (SMYD3) are methyltransferases which act on histone and non-histone proteins to promote tumorigenesis in many cancer types. In addition to their oncogenic roles, SMYD2 and SMYD3 are involved in many other physiopathological conditions. In this review we will focus on the advances made in the last five years in the field of pharmacology regarding drugs targeting SMYD2 (such as LLY-507 or AZ505) and SMYD3 (such as BCI-121 or EPZ031686) and their potential cellular and molecular mechanisms of action and application in anti-tumoural therapy and/or against other diseases.
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Playing on the Dark Side: SMYD3 Acts as a Cancer Genome Keeper in Gastrointestinal Malignancies. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:cancers13174427. [PMID: 34503239 PMCID: PMC8430692 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13174427] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2021] [Revised: 08/29/2021] [Accepted: 08/30/2021] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary The activity of SMYD3 in promoting carcinogenesis is currently under debate. Growing evidence seems to confirm that SMYD3 overexpression correlates with poor prognosis, cancer growth and invasion, especially in gastrointestinal tumors. In this review, we dissect the emerging role played by SMYD3 in the regulation of cell cycle and DNA damage response by promoting homologous recombination (HR) repair and hence cancer cell genomic stability. Considering the crucial role of PARP1 in other DNA repair mechanisms, we also discuss a recently evaluated synthetic lethality approach based on the combined use of SMYD3 and PARP inhibitors. Interestingly, a significant proportion of HR-proficient gastrointestinal tumors expressing high levels of SMYD3 from the PanCanAtlas dataset seem to be eligible for this innovative strategy. This promising approach could be taken advantage of for therapeutic applications of SMYD3 inhibitors in cancer treatment. Abstract The SMYD3 methyltransferase has been found overexpressed in several types of cancers of the gastrointestinal (GI) tract. While high levels of SMYD3 have been positively correlated with cancer progression in cellular and advanced mice models, suggesting it as a potential risk and prognosis factor, its activity seems dispensable for autonomous in vitro cancer cell proliferation. Here, we present an in-depth analysis of SMYD3 functional role in the regulation of GI cancer progression. We first describe the oncogenic activity of SMYD3 as a transcriptional activator of genes involved in tumorigenesis, cancer development and transformation and as a co-regulator of key cancer-related pathways. Then, we dissect its role in orchestrating cell cycle regulation and DNA damage response (DDR) to genotoxic stress by promoting homologous recombination (HR) repair, thereby sustaining cancer cell genomic stability and tumor progression. Based on this evidence and on the involvement of PARP1 in other DDR mechanisms, we also outline a synthetic lethality approach consisting of the combined use of SMYD3 and PARP inhibitors, which recently showed promising therapeutic potential in HR-proficient GI tumors expressing high levels of SMYD3. Overall, these findings identify SMYD3 as a promising target for drug discovery.
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Kang J, Huang X, Dong W, Zhu X, Li M, Cui N. Long non-coding RNA LINC00630 facilitates hepatocellular carcinoma progression through recruiting transcription factor E2F1 to up-regulate cyclin-dependent kinase 2 expression. Hum Exp Toxicol 2021; 40:S257-S268. [PMID: 34420405 DOI: 10.1177/09603271211038744] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
This study is aimed to investigate the role of long non-coding RNA 630 (LINC00630) in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). Quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR) was performed to examine LINC00630 expression in HCC cell lines and tissues. After LINC00630 was overexpressed or depleted in HCC cell lines, cell counting kit-8 (CCK-8) assay, BrdU assay, and flow cytometry were conducted for detecting HCC cell multiplication, apoptosis, and cell cycle progression. The catRAPID database was adopted to predict the binding relationship between LINC00630 and E2F transcription factor 1 (E2F1), and RNA pull-down and RNA immunoprecipitation (RIP) assays were carried out to verify this binding relationship. The binding of E2F1 to the cyclin-dependent kinase 2 (CDK2) promoter region was verified by dual-luciferase reporter gene assay and chromatin immunoprecipitation-quantitative polymerase chain reaction (ChIP-qPCR) assay. Western blotting was conducted to detect the protein expression of E2F1 and CDK2 in HCC cells. We report that LINC00630 expression was up-regulated in HCC and was significantly correlated with TNM stage and lymph node metastasis. LINC00630 overexpression facilitated HCC cell proliferation and cell cycle progression and inhibited the cell apoptosis, while LINC00630 knockdown had the opposite effects. LINC00630 directly bounds with E2F1. LINC00630 overexpression enhanced the binding of E2F1 to the CDK2 promoter region, thereby promoting CDK2 transcription, whereas knocking down LINC00630 inhibited CDK2 transcription. Collectively, LINC00630 promoted CDK2 transcription by recruiting E2F1 to the promoter region of CDK2, thereby promoting the malignant progression of HCC. Our data suggest that LINC00630 is a promising molecular target for HCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian Kang
- Department of Gastroenterology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Xu Huang
- Department of Gastroenterology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Weiguo Dong
- Department of Gastroenterology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Xueying Zhu
- Department of General Practice, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Ming Li
- Department of Gastroenterology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Ning Cui
- Department of Gastroenterology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
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SMYD3 promotes hepatocellular carcinoma progression by methylating S1PR1 promoters. Cell Death Dis 2021; 12:731. [PMID: 34301921 PMCID: PMC8302584 DOI: 10.1038/s41419-021-04009-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2020] [Revised: 07/03/2021] [Accepted: 07/06/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is one of the most common malignancies worldwide. SET and MYND domain-containing protein 3 (SMYD3) has been shown to promote the progression of various types of human cancers, including liver cancer; however, the detailed molecular mechanism is still largely unknown. Here, we report that SMYD3 expression in HCC is an independent prognostic factor for survival and promotes the proliferation and migration of HCC cells. We observed that SMYD3 upregulated sphingosine-1-phosphate receptor 1 (S1PR1) promoter activity by methylating histone 3 (H3K4me3). S1PR1 was expressed at high levels in HCC samples, and high S1PR1 expression was associated with shorter survival. S1PR1 expression was also positively correlated with SMYD3 expression in HCC samples. We confirmed that SMYD3 promotes HCC cell growth and migration in vitro and in vivo by upregulating S1PR1 expression. Further investigations revealed that SMYD3 affects critical signaling pathways associated with the progression of HCC through S1PR1. These findings strongly suggest that SMYD3 has a crucial function in HCC progression that is partially mediated by histone methylation at the downstream gene S1PR1, which affects key signaling pathways associated with carcinogenesis and the progression of HCC.
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Liu L, Liu F, Guan Y, Zou J, Zhang C, Xiong C, Zhao TC, Bayliss G, Li X, Zhuang S. Critical roles of SMYD2 lysine methyltransferase in mediating renal fibroblast activation and kidney fibrosis. FASEB J 2021; 35:e21715. [PMID: 34143514 DOI: 10.1096/fj.202000554rrr] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2020] [Revised: 05/12/2021] [Accepted: 05/18/2021] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
SET and MYND domain protein 2 (SMYD2) is a lysine methyltransferase that mediates histone H3 lysine 36 trimethylation (H3K36me3) and acts as a regulator of tumorgenesis and cystic growth. However, its role in renal fibrosis remains unknown. In this study, we found that SMYD2 was highly expressed in the murine kidney of renal fibrosis induced by unilateral ureteral obstruction, and primarily located in interstitial fibroblasts and renal tubular epithelial cells. Pharmacological inhibition of SMYD2 with AZ505, a highly selective inhibitor of SMYD2, protected against renal fibrosis and inhibited activation/proliferation of renal interstitial fibroblasts and conversion of epithelial cells to a profibrotic phenotype in this model. In cultured renal interstitial fibroblasts, treatment with AZ505 or silencing of SMYD2 by specific siRNA also inhibited serum- or TGF-β1-induced activation and proliferation of renal interstitial fibroblasts. Mechanistic studies showed that SMYD2 inhibition reduced phosphorylation of several profibrotic signaling molecules, including Smad3, extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1/2, AKT, signal transducer and activator of transcription-3 and nuclear factor-κB in both injured kidney and cultured renal fibroblasts. AZ505 was also effective in suppressing renal expression of Snail and Twist, two transcriptional factors that mediate renal partial epithelial-mesenchymal transition and fibrosis. Conversely, AZ505 treatment prevented downregulation of Smad7, a renoprotective factor in vivo and in vitro. These results indicate that SMYD2 plays a critical role in mediating conversion of epithelial cells to a profibrotic phenotype, renal fibroblast activation and renal fibrogenesis, and suggest that SMYD2 may be a potential target for the treatment of chronic fibrosis in kidney disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lirong Liu
- Department of Medicine, Rhode Island Hospital and Alpert Medical School, Brown University, Providence, RI, USA.,Center for Clinical Laboratories, the Affiliated Hospital of Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, China.,School of Clinical Laboratory Science, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, China
| | - Feng Liu
- Department of Nephrology, Shanghai East Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Yingjie Guan
- Department of Medicine, Rhode Island Hospital and Alpert Medical School, Brown University, Providence, RI, USA
| | - Jianan Zou
- Department of Medicine, Rhode Island Hospital and Alpert Medical School, Brown University, Providence, RI, USA
| | - Chunyun Zhang
- Department of Medicine, Rhode Island Hospital and Alpert Medical School, Brown University, Providence, RI, USA
| | - Chongxiang Xiong
- Department of Medicine, Rhode Island Hospital and Alpert Medical School, Brown University, Providence, RI, USA
| | - Ting C Zhao
- Department of Surgery, Rhode Island Hospital, Providence, RI, USA
| | - George Bayliss
- Department of Medicine, Rhode Island Hospital and Alpert Medical School, Brown University, Providence, RI, USA
| | - Xiaogang Li
- Department of Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Shougang Zhuang
- Department of Medicine, Rhode Island Hospital and Alpert Medical School, Brown University, Providence, RI, USA.,Department of Nephrology, Shanghai East Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
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Histone H3K4 Methyltransferases as Targets for Drug-Resistant Cancers. BIOLOGY 2021; 10:biology10070581. [PMID: 34201935 PMCID: PMC8301125 DOI: 10.3390/biology10070581] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2021] [Revised: 06/16/2021] [Accepted: 06/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
The KMT2 (MLL) family of proteins, including the major histone H3K4 methyltransferase found in mammals, exists as large complexes with common subunit proteins and exhibits enzymatic activity. SMYD, another H3K4 methyltransferase, and SET7/9 proteins catalyze the methylation of several non-histone targets, in addition to histone H3K4 residues. Despite these structural and functional commonalities, H3K4 methyltransferase proteins have specificity for their target genes and play a role in the development of various cancers as well as in drug resistance. In this review, we examine the overall role of histone H3K4 methyltransferase in the development of various cancers and in the progression of drug resistance. Compounds that inhibit protein-protein interactions between KMT2 family proteins and their common subunits or the activity of SMYD and SET7/9 are continuously being developed for the treatment of acute leukemia, triple-negative breast cancer, and castration-resistant prostate cancer. These H3K4 methyltransferase inhibitors, either alone or in combination with other drugs, are expected to play a role in overcoming drug resistance in leukemia and various solid cancers.
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Lv HW, Xing WQ, Ba YF, Li HM, Wang HR, Li Y. SMYD3 confers cisplatin chemoresistance of NSCLC cells in an ANKHD1-dependent manner. Transl Oncol 2021; 14:101075. [PMID: 33773404 PMCID: PMC8027902 DOI: 10.1016/j.tranon.2021.101075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2020] [Revised: 03/01/2021] [Accepted: 03/10/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Up-regulated SMYD3 correlates with worse prognosis and controls DDP resistance of NSCLC. ANKHD1 interacts with and is essential for SMYD3-induced DDP resistance. CDK2 is identified to be a downstream effector of SMYD3-ANKHD1 in NSCLC. SMYD3-ANKHD1 critically regulates the growth DDP-resistant NSCLC cells in vivo.
Background Cisplatin (DDP) remains the backbone of chemotherapy for non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC), yet its clinical efficacy is limited by DDP resistance. We aim to investigate the role of the SET and MYND domain-containing protein 3 (SMYD3) in DDP resistance of NSCLC. Methods Expression pattern of SMYD3 was determined in NSCLC tissues using qRT-PCR, which also validated its correlation with NSCLC clinicopathological stages. Impacts of SMYD3 on DDP resistance were evaluated by knocking down SMYD3 in DDP-resistant cells and overexpressing it in DDP-sensitive cells, and assessed for several phenotypes: IC50 by MTT, long-term proliferation by colony formation, apoptosis and cell-cycle distribution by flow cytometry. The interaction between Ankyrin Repeat and KH Domain Containing 1 (ANKHD1) and SMYD3 was examined by co-immunoprecipitation and immunofluorescence. The transcriptional regulation of SMYD3 on cyclin-dependent kinase 2 (CDK2) promoter regions was confirmed using chromatin-immunoprecipitation. The in vivo experiments using DDP-resistant cells with altered SMYD3 and ANKHD1 expression were further performed to verify the SMYD3/ANKHD1 axis. Results Highly expressed SMYD3 was observed in NSCLC tissues or cells, acted as a sensitive indicator for NSCLC, correlated with higher TNM stages or resistant to DDP treatment, and shorter overall survival. The promotion of SMYD3 on DDP resistance requires co-regulator, ANKHD1. CDK2 was identified as a downstream effector. In vivo, SMYD3 knockdown inhibited the growth of DDP-resistant NSCLC cells, which was abolished by ANKHD1 overexpression. Conclusions SMYD3 confers NSCLC cells chemoresistance to DDP in an ANKHD1-dependent manner, providing novel therapeutic targets to overcome DDP resistance in NSCLC .
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong-Wei Lv
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, The Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450008, Henan Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Wen-Qun Xing
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, The Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450008, Henan Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Yu-Feng Ba
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, The Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450008, Henan Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Hao-Miao Li
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, The Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450008, Henan Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Hao-Ran Wang
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, The Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450008, Henan Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Yin Li
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, The Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450008, Henan Province, People's Republic of China; Department of Thoracic Surgery, The Cancer Hospital Chinese Academy of Medical Science, Beijing 100021, People's Republic of China.
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30
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Gene Polymorphism of MUC15, MMP14, BRAF, and COL1A1 Is Associated with Capsule Formation in Hepatocellular Carcinoma. Can J Gastroenterol Hepatol 2021; 2021:9990305. [PMID: 34007838 PMCID: PMC8100414 DOI: 10.1155/2021/9990305] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2021] [Revised: 04/09/2021] [Accepted: 04/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The presence of a capsule is an important prognostic factor in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). Capsule formation is affected by tumor-host interaction, which may include collagen deposition and extracellular matrix (ECM) degradation. PURPOSE This study aimed to examine whether single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in the genes for COL1A1 MUC15, MMP14, CD97, SMYD3, BRAF, and transforming growth factor beta 1 (TGF-β) are related to capsule formation. METHODS We prospectively recruited and analyzed 185 patients with HCC with or without a capsule between 2019 and 2020. The SNPs involved were analyzed by polymerase chain reaction. Differences in the allele and genotype frequency between the cases and controls were evaluated using the chi-square test. Odds ratios and 95% confidence intervals were calculated by logistic regression analysis with adjustment for age and sex. Stratification analyses were also performed with preselected variables. RESULTS The single-locus analysis showed that the presence of a capsule was significantly associated with five SNPs : MUC15 rs17309195 (P=0.01), rs12271124 (P= 0.02), rs10430847 (P=0.04), MMP14 rs17884816 (P=0.01), and BRAF rs74512895 (P=0.03). Adjusted logistic regression revealed that the decreased capsule formation was statistically significantly associated with BRAF rs76603725, COL1A1 rs2269336, and MUC15 rs17309195, while MMP14 rs17884816 and MUC15 rs10430847, rs2063278, and rs967490 were associated with increased capsule formation. The MUC15 block 2 haplotype was associated with increased capsule formation. CONCLUSIONS MUC15, MMP14, BRAF, and COL1A1 gene polymorphisms are associated with capsule formation in HCC. Studies involving larger samples are needed to confirm our results.
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Meng X, Xu Y, Ning X. Tumor microenvironment acidity modulates ROR1 to promote epithelial-mesenchymal transition and hepatocarcinoma metastasis. J Cell Sci 2021; 134:237804. [PMID: 33648935 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.255349] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2020] [Accepted: 02/18/2021] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The tendency of hepatocarcinoma to metastasize results in a high rate of mortality, making it a hot research topic in cancer studies. Although an acidic tumor microenvironment has been proven to promote cancer metastasis, the underlying regulatory mechanisms remain poorly defined. Here, we found that acidic conditions significantly enhanced cell migration and invasion ability in hepatocellular carcinoma, and the expression of receptor tyrosine kinase-like orphan receptor 1 (ROR1) was distinctly upregulated in acid-treated cells. In addition, siRNA-mediated knockdown of ROR1 could effectively inhibit acid-induced cell migration, invasion and epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT). Importantly, neutralization of acidic environments with NaHCO3 could downregulate acid-stimulated ROR1 expression, thereby retarding cell metastatic potential. Notably, the formation of metastatic nodules was significantly increased after intrapulmonary injection of acid-stimulated cancer cells, and this was inhibited by pretreating with NaHCO3. In summary, we reveal that an acidic tumor microenvironment modulates ROR1 expression to promote tumor metastasis, providing not only a better understanding of molecular mechanisms related to metastasis, but also a promising target for tumor management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xia Meng
- National Laboratory of Solid State Microstructures, Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Microstructures, Chemistry and Biomedicine Innovation Center, College of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Artificial Functional Materials , Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, China
| | - Yurui Xu
- National Laboratory of Solid State Microstructures, Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Microstructures, Chemistry and Biomedicine Innovation Center, College of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Artificial Functional Materials , Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, China
| | - Xinghai Ning
- National Laboratory of Solid State Microstructures, Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Microstructures, Chemistry and Biomedicine Innovation Center, College of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Artificial Functional Materials , Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, China
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32
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Liu R, Wang G, Zhang C, Bai D. A prognostic model for hepatocellular carcinoma based on apoptosis-related genes. World J Surg Oncol 2021; 19:70. [PMID: 33712023 PMCID: PMC7955636 DOI: 10.1186/s12957-021-02175-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2021] [Accepted: 02/23/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Dysregulation of the balance between proliferation and apoptosis is the basis for human hepatocarcinogenesis. In many malignant tumors, such as hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), there is a correlation between apoptotic dysregulation and poor prognosis. However, the prognostic values of apoptosis-related genes (ARGs) in HCC have not been elucidated. Methods To screen for differentially expressed ARGs, the expression levels of 161 ARGs from The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) database (https://cancergenome.nih.gov/) were analyzed. Gene Ontology (GO) enrichment and the Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) pathway analyses were performed to evaluate the underlying molecular mechanisms of differentially expressed ARGs in HCC. The prognostic values of ARGs were established using Cox regression, and subsequently, a prognostic risk model for scoring patients was developed. Kaplan–Meier (K-M) and receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves were plotted to determine the prognostic value of the model. Results Compared with normal tissues, 43 highly upregulated and 8 downregulated ARGs in HCC tissues were screened. GO analysis results revealed that these 51 genes are indeed related to the apoptosis function. KEGG analysis revealed that these 51 genes were correlated with MAPK, P53, TNF, and PI3K-AKT signaling pathways, while Cox regression revealed that 5 ARGs (PPP2R5B, SQSTM1, TOP2A, BMF, and LGALS3) were associated with prognosis and were, therefore, obtained to develop the prognostic model. Based on the median risk scores, patients were categorized into high-risk and low-risk groups. Patients in the low-risk groups exhibited significantly elevated 2-year or 5-year survival probabilities (p < 0.0001). The risk model had a better clinical potency than the other clinical characteristics, with the area under the ROC curve (AUC = 0.741). The prognosis of HCC patients was established from a plotted nomogram. Conclusion Based on the differential expression of ARGs, we established a novel risk model for predicting HCC prognosis. This model can also be used to inform the individualized treatment of HCC patients. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12957-021-02175-9.
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Affiliation(s)
- Renjie Liu
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Clinical Medical College, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China.,Dalian Medical University, Dalian, 116044, Liaoning, People's Republic of China
| | - Guifu Wang
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Clinical Medical College, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China.,Dalian Medical University, Dalian, 116044, Liaoning, People's Republic of China
| | - Chi Zhang
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Clinical Medical College, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China
| | - Dousheng Bai
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Clinical Medical College, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China.
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Klein MI, Cannataro VL, Townsend JP, Newman S, Stern DF, Zhao H. Identifying modules of cooperating cancer drivers. Mol Syst Biol 2021; 17:e9810. [PMID: 33769711 PMCID: PMC7995435 DOI: 10.15252/msb.20209810] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2020] [Revised: 01/20/2021] [Accepted: 01/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Identifying cooperating modules of driver alterations can provide insights into cancer etiology and advance the development of effective personalized treatments. We present Cancer Rule Set Optimization (CRSO) for inferring the combinations of alterations that cooperate to drive tumor formation in individual patients. Application to 19 TCGA cancer types revealed a mean of 11 core driver combinations per cancer, comprising 2-6 alterations per combination and accounting for a mean of 70% of samples per cancer type. CRSO is distinct from methods based on statistical co-occurrence, which we demonstrate is a suboptimal criterion for investigating driver cooperation. CRSO identified well-studied driver combinations that were not detected by other approaches and nominated novel combinations that correlate with clinical outcomes in multiple cancer types. Novel synergies were identified in NRAS-mutant melanomas that may be therapeutically relevant. Core driver combinations involving NFE2L2 mutations were identified in four cancer types, supporting the therapeutic potential of NRF2 pathway inhibition. CRSO is available at https://github.com/mikekleinsgit/CRSO/.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael I Klein
- Program in Computational Biology and BioinformaticsYale UniversityNew HavenCTUSA
- Bioinformatics R&DSema4StamfordCTUSA
| | - Vincent L Cannataro
- Department of BiologyEmmanuel CollegeBostonMAUSA
- Department of BiostatisticsYale School of Public HealthNew HavenCTUSA
| | - Jeffrey P Townsend
- Program in Computational Biology and BioinformaticsYale UniversityNew HavenCTUSA
- Department of BiostatisticsYale School of Public HealthNew HavenCTUSA
- Yale Cancer CenterYale UniversityNew HavenCTUSA
| | | | - David F Stern
- Yale Cancer CenterYale UniversityNew HavenCTUSA
- Department of PathologyYale School of MedicineNew HavenCTUSA
| | - Hongyu Zhao
- Program in Computational Biology and BioinformaticsYale UniversityNew HavenCTUSA
- Department of BiostatisticsYale School of Public HealthNew HavenCTUSA
- Yale Cancer CenterYale UniversityNew HavenCTUSA
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Bernard BJ, Nigam N, Burkitt K, Saloura V. SMYD3: a regulator of epigenetic and signaling pathways in cancer. Clin Epigenetics 2021; 13:45. [PMID: 33637115 PMCID: PMC7912509 DOI: 10.1186/s13148-021-01021-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2020] [Accepted: 02/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Chromatin modifiers and their implications in oncogenesis have been an exciting area of cancer research. These are enzymes that modify chromatin via post-translational modifications such as methylation, acetylation, sumoylation, phosphorylation, in addition to others. Depending on the modification, chromatin modifiers can either promote or repress transcription. SET and MYN-domain containing 3 (SMYD3) is a chromatin modifier that has been implicated in the development and progression of various cancer types. It was first reported to tri-methylate Histone 3 Lysine 4 (H3K4), a methylation mark known to promote transcription. However, since this discovery, other histone (H4K5 and H4K20, for example) and non-histone (VEGFR, HER2, MAP3K2, ER, and others) substrates of SMYD3 have been described, primarily in the context of cancer. This review aims to provide a background on basic characteristics of SMYD3, such as its protein structure and tissue expression profiles, discuss reported histone and non-histone substrates of SMYD3, and underscore prognostic and functional implications of SMYD3 in cancer. Finally, we briefly discuss ongoing efforts to develop inhibitors of SMYD3 for future therapeutic use. It is our hope that this review will help synthesize existing research on SMYD3 in an effort to propel future discovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin J Bernard
- Thoracic and GI Malignancies Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, 41 Medlars Drive, Bethesda, MD, 20852, USA
| | - Nupur Nigam
- Thoracic and GI Malignancies Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, 41 Medlars Drive, Bethesda, MD, 20852, USA
| | | | - Vassiliki Saloura
- Thoracic and GI Malignancies Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, 41 Medlars Drive, Bethesda, MD, 20852, USA.
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Yue FR, Wei ZB, Yan RZ, Guo QH, Liu B, Zhang JH, Li Z. SMYD3 promotes colon adenocarcinoma (COAD) progression by mediating cell proliferation and apoptosis. Exp Ther Med 2020; 20:11. [PMID: 32934676 PMCID: PMC7472017 DOI: 10.3892/etm.2020.9139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2020] [Accepted: 07/24/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Colon adenocarcinoma (COAD) is a type of common malignant tumor originating in the digestive tract. Recently, targeted therapy has had significant effects on the treatment of COAD. However, more effective molecular targets need to be developed. SET and MYND domain-containing protein 3 (SMYD3) is a type of methyltransferase which methylates histone and non-histone proteins. The effects of SMYD3 on cancer progression and metastasis have been widely revealed. However, its possible role in COAD remains unclear. The current study demonstrated that SMYD3 expression was upregulated in human COAD tissues via analyzing the The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) database and the immunohistochemical assays. Furthermore, the expression of SMYD3 was correlated with prognosis and tumor stage (P=0.038) in patients with COAD. Colony formation, MTT, FCM assays and animal assays indicated SMYD3 affected the proliferation, apoptosis and the cell cycle of COAD cells in vitro and promoted tumor growth in mice in vivo. In summary, the results demonstrated the effects of SMYD3 on COAD progression and we hypothesized that SMYD3 is a novel molecular target for COAD treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fu-Ren Yue
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Tianjin Baodi Hospital, Tianjin 301800, P.R. China
| | - Zhi-Bin Wei
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Tianjin Baodi Hospital, Tianjin 301800, P.R. China
| | - Rui-Zhen Yan
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Tianjin Baodi Hospital, Tianjin 301800, P.R. China
| | - Qiu-Hong Guo
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Tianjin Baodi Hospital, Tianjin 301800, P.R. China
| | - Bing Liu
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Tianjin Baodi Hospital, Tianjin 301800, P.R. China
| | - Jing-Hui Zhang
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Tianjin Baodi Hospital, Tianjin 301800, P.R. China
| | - Zheng Li
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Tianjin Baodi Hospital, Tianjin 301800, P.R. China
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Ouyang X, Fan Q, Ling G, Shi Y, Hu F. Identification of Diagnostic Biomarkers and Subtypes of Liver Hepatocellular Carcinoma by Multi-Omics Data Analysis. Genes (Basel) 2020; 11:genes11091051. [PMID: 32899915 PMCID: PMC7566011 DOI: 10.3390/genes11091051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2020] [Revised: 09/01/2020] [Accepted: 09/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
As liver hepatocellular carcinoma (LIHC) has high morbidity and mortality rates, improving the clinical diagnosis and treatment of LIHC is an important issue. The advent of the era of precision medicine provides us with new opportunities to cure cancers, including the accumulation of multi-omics data of cancers. Here, we proposed an integration method that involved the Fisher ratio, Spearman correlation coefficient, classified information index, and an ensemble of decision trees (DTs) for biomarker identification based on an unbalanced dataset of LIHC. Then, we obtained 34 differentially expressed genes (DEGs). The ability of the 34 DEGs to discriminate tumor samples from normal samples was evaluated by classification, and a high area under the curve (AUC) was achieved in our studied dataset and in two external validation datasets (AUC = 0.997, 0.973, and 0.949, respectively). Additionally, we also found three subtypes of LIHC, and revealed different biological mechanisms behind the three subtypes. Mutation enrichment analysis showed that subtype 3 had many enriched mutations, including tumor protein p53 (TP53) mutations. Overall, our study suggested that the 34 DEGs could serve as diagnostic biomarkers, and the three subtypes could help with precise treatment for LIHC.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Fuyan Hu
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +86-027-87108033
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The role of histone methylation in the development of digestive cancers: a potential direction for cancer management. Signal Transduct Target Ther 2020; 5:143. [PMID: 32747629 PMCID: PMC7398912 DOI: 10.1038/s41392-020-00252-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2020] [Revised: 06/22/2020] [Accepted: 07/15/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Digestive cancers are the leading cause of cancer-related death worldwide and have high risks of morbidity and mortality. Histone methylation, which is mediated mainly by lysine methyltransferases, lysine demethylases, and protein arginine methyltransferases, has emerged as an essential mechanism regulating pathological processes in digestive cancers. Under certain conditions, aberrant expression of these modifiers leads to abnormal histone methylation or demethylation in the corresponding cancer-related genes, which contributes to different processes and phenotypes, such as carcinogenesis, proliferation, metabolic reprogramming, epithelial–mesenchymal transition, invasion, and migration, during digestive cancer development. In this review, we focus on the association between histone methylation regulation and the development of digestive cancers, including gastric cancer, liver cancer, pancreatic cancer, and colorectal cancer, as well as on its clinical application prospects, aiming to provide a new perspective on the management of digestive cancers.
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38
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Li Y, Li G, Chen X, Huang H, Liao L, Yuan T, Deng S. A Novel lncRNA NONHSAT053785 Acts as an Independent Risk Factor for Intrahepatic Metastasis of Hepatocellular Carcinoma. Onco Targets Ther 2020; 13:5455-5466. [PMID: 32606762 PMCID: PMC7295547 DOI: 10.2147/ott.s254455] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2020] [Accepted: 05/12/2020] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Purpose Long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs) in body fluids have been considered as promising novel biomarkers for tumor-related diseases. The present study aimed to investigate the expression level of lncRNA NONHSAT053785 in serum and its correlation with clinical characteristics of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) patients. Methods The droplet digital PCR (ddPCR) was used to measure the serum levels of NONHSAT053785 in 112 HCC patients, 96 chronic hepatitis B (CHB) patients, and 99 healthy controls (HC). The correlation between NONHSAT053785 and clinical characteristics was analyzed by chi-square test and Spearman correlation test. The risk factors of intrahepatic metastasis (IM) were detected by univariate and multivariate analyses. Furthermore, the diagnostic value of NONHSAT053785 in HCC and its predictive ability in IM were evaluated by the receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves. Results The level of NONHSAT053785 was significantly increased in the serum of HCC patients and was higher in HCC patients with IM as compared to those without. Additionally, the expression level of NONHSAT053785 was significantly related to IM, Child–Pugh classification, and peripheral blood indicators such as liver metabolic enzymes and positively correlated to IM, Barcelona Clinic Liver Cancer (BCLC) staging, and some peripheral blood indicators. Furthermore, the serum NONHSAT053785 was indicated as an independent predictor for IM in the elderly, non-smoking, drinking, and tumor size ≥5 cm subjects. The area under the ROC curve (AUC) was 0.801 (P <0.0001) for diagnosis of HCC and 0.678 (P =0.0015) for predicting IM. Conclusion The increase in serum NONHSAT053785 levels was related to an increased risk of IM, and hence, may serve as a novel biomarker for the diagnosis of HCC and the prediction of IM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuwei Li
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Daping Hospital, Army Medical University (Third Military Medical University), Chongqing 400042, People's Republic of China
| | - Guangyao Li
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Daping Hospital, Army Medical University (Third Military Medical University), Chongqing 400042, People's Republic of China
| | - Xia Chen
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Daping Hospital, Army Medical University (Third Military Medical University), Chongqing 400042, People's Republic of China
| | - Hengliu Huang
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Daping Hospital, Army Medical University (Third Military Medical University), Chongqing 400042, People's Republic of China
| | - Ling Liao
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Daping Hospital, Army Medical University (Third Military Medical University), Chongqing 400042, People's Republic of China
| | - Tao Yuan
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Daping Hospital, Army Medical University (Third Military Medical University), Chongqing 400042, People's Republic of China
| | - Shaoli Deng
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Daping Hospital, Army Medical University (Third Military Medical University), Chongqing 400042, People's Republic of China
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Santarpia M, Aguilar A, Chaib I, Cardona AF, Fancelli S, Laguia F, Bracht JWP, Cao P, Molina-Vila MA, Karachaliou N, Rosell R. Non-Small-Cell Lung Cancer Signaling Pathways, Metabolism, and PD-1/PD-L1 Antibodies. Cancers (Basel) 2020; 12:E1475. [PMID: 32516941 PMCID: PMC7352732 DOI: 10.3390/cancers12061475] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2020] [Revised: 05/25/2020] [Accepted: 06/01/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Treatment of advanced (metastatic) non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC) is currently mainly based on immunotherapy with antibodies against PD-1 or PD-L1, alone, or in combination with chemotherapy. In locally advanced NSCLC and in early resected stages, immunotherapy is also employed. Tumor PD-L1 expression by immunohistochemistry is considered the standard practice. Response rate is low, with median progression free survival very short in the vast majority of studies reported. Herein, numerous biological facets of NSCLC are described involving driver genetic lesions, mutations ad fusions, PD-L1 glycosylation, ferroptosis and metabolic rewiring in NSCLC and lung adenocarcinoma (LUAD). Novel concepts, such as immune-transmitters and the effect of neurotransmitters in immune evasion and tumor growth, the nascent relevance of necroptosis and pyroptosis, possible new biomarkers, such as gasdermin D and gasdermin E, the conundrum of K-Ras mutations in LUADs, with the growing recognition of liver kinase B1 (LKB1) and metabolic pathways, including others, are also commented. The review serves to charter diverse treatment solutions, depending on the main altered signaling pathways, in order to have effectual immunotherapy. Tumor PDCD1 gene (encoding PD-1) has been recently described, in equilibrium with tumor PD-L1 (encoded by PDCD1LG1). Such description explains tumor hyper-progression, which has been reported in several studies, and poises the fundamental criterion that IHC PD-L1 expression as a biomarker should be revisited.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariacarmela Santarpia
- Department of Human Pathology “G. Barresi”, Medical Oncology Unit, University of Messina, 98122 Messina, Italy;
| | - Andrés Aguilar
- Instituto Oncológico Dr Rosell, Hospital Universitario Quirón-Dexeus, 08028 Barcelona, Spain;
| | - Imane Chaib
- Institut d’Investigació en Ciències de la Salut Germans Trias i Pujol (IGTP), 08916 Badalona, Spain; (I.C.); (S.F.); (F.L.)
| | - Andrés Felipe Cardona
- Foundation for Clinical and Applied Cancer Research-FICMAC Translational Oncology, Bogotá 100110, Colombia;
| | - Sara Fancelli
- Institut d’Investigació en Ciències de la Salut Germans Trias i Pujol (IGTP), 08916 Badalona, Spain; (I.C.); (S.F.); (F.L.)
| | - Fernando Laguia
- Institut d’Investigació en Ciències de la Salut Germans Trias i Pujol (IGTP), 08916 Badalona, Spain; (I.C.); (S.F.); (F.L.)
| | | | - Peng Cao
- College of Pharmacy, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210023, China;
| | - Miguel Angel Molina-Vila
- Pangaea Oncology, Hospital Universitario Quirón-Dexeus, 08028 Barcelona, Spain; (J.W.P.B.); (M.A.M.-V.)
| | | | - Rafael Rosell
- Institut d’Investigació en Ciències de la Salut Germans Trias i Pujol (IGTP), 08916 Badalona, Spain; (I.C.); (S.F.); (F.L.)
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40
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Long Noncoding RNA EZR-AS1 Regulates the Proliferation, Migration, and Apoptosis of Human Venous Endothelial Cells via SMYD3. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2020; 2020:6840234. [PMID: 32596350 PMCID: PMC7273455 DOI: 10.1155/2020/6840234] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2019] [Accepted: 02/25/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Numerous studies have shown that long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs) play essential roles in the development and progression of human cardiovascular diseases. However, whether lncRNA ezrin antisense RNA 1 (EZR-AS1) is associated with the progression of coronary heart disease (CHD) remains unclear. Accordingly, the aim of the present study was to evaluate the role of lncRNA EZR-AS1 in patients with CHD and in human venous endothelial cells (HUVECs). The findings revealed that lncRNA EZR-AS1 was highly expressed in the peripheral blood of patients with CHD. In vitro experiments showed that the overexpression of EZR-AS1 could enhance proliferation, migration, and apoptosis by upregulating the expression of EZR in HUVECs; downregulation of lncRNA EZR-AS1 resulted in the opposite effect. lncRNA EZR-AS1 was also found to regulate SET and MYND domain-containing protein 3 (SMYD3), a histone H3 lysine 4-specific methyltransferase, which subsequently mediated EZR transcription. Collectively, these results demonstrate that lncRNA EZR-AS1 plays an important role in HUVECs function via SMYD3 signaling.
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41
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Cao N, Yu Y, Zhu H, Chen M, Chen P, Zhuo M, Mao Y, Li L, Zhao Q, Wu M, Ye M. SETDB1 promotes the progression of colorectal cancer via epigenetically silencing p21 expression. Cell Death Dis 2020; 11:351. [PMID: 32393761 PMCID: PMC7214465 DOI: 10.1038/s41419-020-2561-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2019] [Revised: 04/22/2020] [Accepted: 04/23/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
SETDB1, a histone H3K9 methyltransferase, has been reported to be upregulated in a variety of tumors and promotes cancer development. However, the exact pathogenesis of SETDB1 in human colorectal cancer (CRC) is hitherto unknown. Here, we showed that SETDB1 expression was highly amplified in CRC. Functionally, SETDB1 downregulation in SW480 and HCT116 cells reduced cell proliferation, migration, invasion, and increased CRC cells apoptosis. In contrast, SETDB1 overexpression promoted CRC cells proliferation, migration, and invasion. High expression of SETDB1 was associated with a more aggressive phenotype in vitro. Flow cytometry showed that cell cycle was arrested in G1 phase after SETDB1 silencing. Furthermore, depletion of SETDB1 in vivo suppressed CRC cells proliferation. Mechanistically, p21 was identified as the target of SETDB1. After transfected with siSETDB1, expression of p21 was distinctly increased. In contrast, expression of p21 was significantly decreased after overexpression SETDB1. We also showed that SETDB1 could be involved in the regulation of epithelial–mesenchymal transition (EMT) in HCT116 cells. Moreover, we confirmed that SETDB1 could regulate the activity of p21 promoter by dual-luciferase repoter assay, and proved that SETDB1 could bind to the promoter of p21 and regulate its H3K9me3 enrichment level by ChIP-PCR experiment. Finally, we verified that silencing of SETDB1 inhibited CRC tumorigenesis in vivo. In conclusion, our results indicate that SETDB1 is a major driver of CRC development and might provide a new therapeutic target for the clinical treatment of CRC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nan Cao
- Department of Gastroenterology, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei, 430071, China.,Hubei Clinical Center and Key Lab of Intestinal and Colorectal Diseases, Wuhan, Hubei, 430071, China
| | - Yali Yu
- Department of Gastroenterology, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei, 430071, China.,Hubei Clinical Center and Key Lab of Intestinal and Colorectal Diseases, Wuhan, Hubei, 430071, China
| | - Hua Zhu
- Department of Gastroenterology, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei, 430071, China.,Hubei Clinical Center and Key Lab of Intestinal and Colorectal Diseases, Wuhan, Hubei, 430071, China
| | - Meng Chen
- Department of Gastroenterology, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei, 430071, China.,Hubei Clinical Center and Key Lab of Intestinal and Colorectal Diseases, Wuhan, Hubei, 430071, China
| | - Ping Chen
- Department of Gastroenterology, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei, 430071, China.,Hubei Clinical Center and Key Lab of Intestinal and Colorectal Diseases, Wuhan, Hubei, 430071, China
| | - Mingxing Zhuo
- Department of Gastroenterology, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei, 430071, China.,Hubei Clinical Center and Key Lab of Intestinal and Colorectal Diseases, Wuhan, Hubei, 430071, China
| | - Yujuan Mao
- Department of Gastroenterology, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei, 430071, China.,Hubei Clinical Center and Key Lab of Intestinal and Colorectal Diseases, Wuhan, Hubei, 430071, China
| | - Lianyun Li
- College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei, 430072, China
| | - Qiu Zhao
- Department of Gastroenterology, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei, 430071, China.,Hubei Clinical Center and Key Lab of Intestinal and Colorectal Diseases, Wuhan, Hubei, 430071, China
| | - Min Wu
- College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei, 430072, China
| | - Mei Ye
- Department of Gastroenterology, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei, 430071, China. .,Hubei Clinical Center and Key Lab of Intestinal and Colorectal Diseases, Wuhan, Hubei, 430071, China.
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42
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Lin H, Zhou W, Huang Y, Ren M, Xu F, Wang H. Systemic hypoxia potentiates anti-tumor effects of metformin in hepatocellular carcinoma in mice. Acta Biochim Biophys Sin (Shanghai) 2020; 52:421-429. [PMID: 32250393 DOI: 10.1093/abbs/gmaa010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2019] [Revised: 01/17/2020] [Accepted: 01/17/2020] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Local hypoxia is a universal phenomenon in most solid tumors. The role of local hypoxia in the tumor microenvironment and cancer growth and metastasis has been well established. However, the effect of acute systemic hypoxia (exposing the whole body to 10% O2 environment) on cancer has not yet been investigated. In this study, we investigated the potential effects of acute systemic hypoxia itself and in combination with metformin on hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) growth and metastasis in a mouse model of HCC. Acute systemic hypoxia significantly decreased tumor volume and weight in H22 tumor-bearing mice. Interestingly, the combined treatment of acute systemic hypoxia and metformin showed a more pronounced effect in reducing tumor volume and weight. Moreover, acute systemic hypoxia and metformin in combination had a potent inhibitory effect on tumor progression. More importantly, the expressions of hypoxia response genes including hypoxia-inducible factor-1 α, vascular endothelial growth factor, and matrix metalloproteinase 2 were significantly decreased in the tumor tissues with combination treatment. Our study demonstrated that acute systemic hypoxia repressed tumor progression of the HCC and potentiated the anti-tumor activities of metformin. This study supports that combination of systemic hypoxia and metformin treatment may represent a novel strategy for HCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Lin
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330006, China
| | - Wenfang Zhou
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330006, China
- Agricultural and Health Center, Jiangxi Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Nanchang 330006, China
| | - Yonghong Huang
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330006, China
| | - Min Ren
- Medical Laboratory Education Center, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330006, China
| | - Fangyun Xu
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330006, China
| | - Hongmei Wang
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330006, China
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43
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Binh MT, Hoan NX, Giang DP, Tong HV, Bock CT, Wedemeyer H, Toan NL, Bang MH, Kremsner PG, Meyer CG, Song LH, Velavan TP. Upregulation of SMYD3 and SMYD3 VNTR 3/3 polymorphism increase the risk of hepatocellular carcinoma. Sci Rep 2020; 10:2797. [PMID: 32071406 PMCID: PMC7029004 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-59667-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2019] [Accepted: 02/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
SMYD3 (SET and MYND domain-containing protein 3) is involved in histone modification, which initiates oncogenesis by activating transcription of multiple downstream genes. To investigate associations of variable numbers of tandem repeats (VNTR) variants in the SMYD3 gene promoter, SMYD3 serum levels and SMYD3 mRNA expression in hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection and clinical progression of related liver disease. SMYD3 VNTRs were genotyped in 756 HBV patients and 297 healthy controls. SMYD3 serum levels were measured in 293 patients and SMYD3 mRNA expression was quantified in 48 pairs of hepatocellular tumor and adjacent non-tumor liver tissues. Genotype SYMD3 VNTR 3/3 was more frequent among HCC patients than in controls (Padjusted = 0.037). SMYD3 serum levels increased according to clinical progression of liver diseases (P = 0.01); HCC patients had higher levels than non-HCC patients (P = 0.04). Among patients with SMYD3 VNTR 3/3, HCC patients had higher SMYD3 levels than others (P < 0.05). SMYD3 mRNA expression was up-regulated in HCC tumor tissues compared to other tissues (P = 0.008). In conclusion, upregulation of SMYD3 correlates with the occurrence of HCC and SMYD3 VNTR 3/3 appears to increase the risk of HCC through increasing SMYD3 levels. SMYD3 may be an indicator for HCC development in HBV patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mai Thanh Binh
- Institute of Tropical Medicine, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany.,Vietnamese-German Center for Medical Research (VGCARE), Hanoi, Vietnam.,108 Military Central Hospital, Hanoi, Vietnam
| | - Nghiem Xuan Hoan
- Institute of Tropical Medicine, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany.,Vietnamese-German Center for Medical Research (VGCARE), Hanoi, Vietnam.,108 Military Central Hospital, Hanoi, Vietnam
| | - Dao Phuong Giang
- Vietnamese-German Center for Medical Research (VGCARE), Hanoi, Vietnam.,108 Military Central Hospital, Hanoi, Vietnam
| | - Hoang Van Tong
- Institute of Tropical Medicine, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany.,Vietnamese-German Center for Medical Research (VGCARE), Hanoi, Vietnam.,Vietnam Military Medical University, Hanoi, Vietnam
| | - C-Thomas Bock
- Institute of Tropical Medicine, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany.,Department of Infectious Diseases, Robert Koch Institute, Berlin, Germany
| | - Heiner Wedemeyer
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Essen University Hospital, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Nguyen Linh Toan
- Vietnamese-German Center for Medical Research (VGCARE), Hanoi, Vietnam.,Vietnam Military Medical University, Hanoi, Vietnam
| | | | - Peter G Kremsner
- Institute of Tropical Medicine, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Christian G Meyer
- Institute of Tropical Medicine, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany.,Vietnamese-German Center for Medical Research (VGCARE), Hanoi, Vietnam.,Duy Tan University, Da Nang, Vietnam
| | - Le Huu Song
- Vietnamese-German Center for Medical Research (VGCARE), Hanoi, Vietnam.,108 Military Central Hospital, Hanoi, Vietnam
| | - Thirumalaisamy P Velavan
- Institute of Tropical Medicine, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany. .,Vietnamese-German Center for Medical Research (VGCARE), Hanoi, Vietnam. .,Duy Tan University, Da Nang, Vietnam.
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44
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Huang C, Liew SS, Lin GR, Poulsen A, Ang MJY, Chia BCS, Chew SY, Kwek ZP, Wee JLK, Ong EH, Retna P, Baburajendran N, Li R, Yu W, Koh-Stenta X, Ngo A, Manesh S, Fulwood J, Ke Z, Chung HH, Sepramaniam S, Chew XH, Dinie N, Lee MA, Chew YS, Low CB, Pendharkar V, Manoharan V, Vuddagiri S, Sangthongpitag K, Joy J, Matter A, Hill J, Keller TH, Foo K. Discovery of Irreversible Inhibitors Targeting Histone Methyltransferase, SMYD3. ACS Med Chem Lett 2019; 10:978-984. [PMID: 31223458 DOI: 10.1021/acsmedchemlett.9b00170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2019] [Accepted: 05/23/2019] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
SMYD3 is a histone methyltransferase that regulates gene transcription, and its overexpression is associated with multiple human cancers. A novel class of tetrahydroacridine compounds which inhibit SMYD3 through a covalent mechanism of action is identified. Optimization of these irreversible inhibitors resulted in the discovery of 4-chloroquinolines, a new class of covalent warheads. Tool compound 29 exhibits high potency by inhibiting SMYD3's enzymatic activity and showing antiproliferative activity against HepG2 in 3D cell culture. Our findings suggest that covalent inhibition of SMYD3 may have an impact on SMYD3 biology by affecting expression levels, and this warrants further exploration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chuhui Huang
- Experimental Drug Development Centre, 10 Biopolis Road #05-01 Chromos, Singapore 138670
| | - Si Si Liew
- Experimental Drug Development Centre, 10 Biopolis Road #05-01 Chromos, Singapore 138670
| | - Grace R. Lin
- Experimental Drug Development Centre, 10 Biopolis Road #05-01 Chromos, Singapore 138670
| | - Anders Poulsen
- Experimental Drug Development Centre, 10 Biopolis Road #05-01 Chromos, Singapore 138670
| | - Melgious J. Y. Ang
- Experimental Drug Development Centre, 10 Biopolis Road #05-01 Chromos, Singapore 138670
| | - Brian C. S. Chia
- Experimental Drug Development Centre, 10 Biopolis Road #05-01 Chromos, Singapore 138670
| | - Sin Yin Chew
- Experimental Drug Development Centre, 10 Biopolis Road #05-01 Chromos, Singapore 138670
| | - Zekui P. Kwek
- Experimental Drug Development Centre, 10 Biopolis Road #05-01 Chromos, Singapore 138670
| | - John L. K. Wee
- Experimental Drug Development Centre, 10 Biopolis Road #05-01 Chromos, Singapore 138670
| | - Esther H. Ong
- Experimental Drug Development Centre, 10 Biopolis Road #05-01 Chromos, Singapore 138670
| | - Priya Retna
- Experimental Drug Development Centre, 10 Biopolis Road #05-01 Chromos, Singapore 138670
| | - Nithya Baburajendran
- Experimental Drug Development Centre, 10 Biopolis Road #05-01 Chromos, Singapore 138670
| | - Rong Li
- Experimental Drug Development Centre, 10 Biopolis Road #05-01 Chromos, Singapore 138670
| | - Weixuan Yu
- Experimental Drug Development Centre, 10 Biopolis Road #05-01 Chromos, Singapore 138670
| | - Xiaoying Koh-Stenta
- Experimental Drug Development Centre, 10 Biopolis Road #05-01 Chromos, Singapore 138670
| | - Anna Ngo
- Experimental Drug Development Centre, 10 Biopolis Road #05-01 Chromos, Singapore 138670
| | - Sravanthy Manesh
- Experimental Drug Development Centre, 10 Biopolis Road #05-01 Chromos, Singapore 138670
| | - Justina Fulwood
- Experimental Drug Development Centre, 10 Biopolis Road #05-01 Chromos, Singapore 138670
| | - Zhiyuan Ke
- Experimental Drug Development Centre, 10 Biopolis Road #05-01 Chromos, Singapore 138670
| | - Hwa Hwa Chung
- Experimental Drug Development Centre, 10 Biopolis Road #05-01 Chromos, Singapore 138670
| | | | - Xin Hui Chew
- Experimental Drug Development Centre, 10 Biopolis Road #05-01 Chromos, Singapore 138670
| | - Nurul Dinie
- Experimental Drug Development Centre, 10 Biopolis Road #05-01 Chromos, Singapore 138670
| | - May Ann Lee
- Experimental Drug Development Centre, 10 Biopolis Road #05-01 Chromos, Singapore 138670
| | - Yun Shan Chew
- Experimental Drug Development Centre, 10 Biopolis Road #05-01 Chromos, Singapore 138670
| | - Choon Bing Low
- Experimental Drug Development Centre, 10 Biopolis Road #05-01 Chromos, Singapore 138670
| | - Vishal Pendharkar
- Experimental Drug Development Centre, 10 Biopolis Road #05-01 Chromos, Singapore 138670
| | - Vithya Manoharan
- Experimental Drug Development Centre, 10 Biopolis Road #05-01 Chromos, Singapore 138670
| | - Susmitha Vuddagiri
- Experimental Drug Development Centre, 10 Biopolis Road #05-01 Chromos, Singapore 138670
| | - Kanda Sangthongpitag
- Experimental Drug Development Centre, 10 Biopolis Road #05-01 Chromos, Singapore 138670
| | - Joma Joy
- Experimental Drug Development Centre, 10 Biopolis Road #05-01 Chromos, Singapore 138670
| | - Alex Matter
- Experimental Drug Development Centre, 10 Biopolis Road #05-01 Chromos, Singapore 138670
| | - Jeffrey Hill
- Experimental Drug Development Centre, 10 Biopolis Road #05-01 Chromos, Singapore 138670
| | - Thomas H. Keller
- Experimental Drug Development Centre, 10 Biopolis Road #05-01 Chromos, Singapore 138670
| | - Klement Foo
- Experimental Drug Development Centre, 10 Biopolis Road #05-01 Chromos, Singapore 138670
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