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Herman L, Amo A, Legois B, Di Carlo C, Veitia RA, Todeschini AL. A cellular model provides insights into the pathogenicity of the oncogenic FOXL2 somatic variant p.Cys134Trp. Br J Cancer 2024; 130:1453-1462. [PMID: 38429437 PMCID: PMC11059147 DOI: 10.1038/s41416-024-02613-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2023] [Revised: 01/30/2024] [Accepted: 02/01/2024] [Indexed: 03/03/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND FOXL2 is a transcription factor expressed in ovarian granulosa cells. A somatic variant of FOXL2 (c.402 C > G, p.Cys134Trp) is the hallmark of adult-type granulosa cell tumours. METHODS We generated KGN cell clones either heterozygous for this variant (MUT) or homozygous for the wild-type (WT) allele by CRISPR/Cas9 editing. They underwent RNA-Seq and bioinformatics analyses to uncover pathways impacted by deregulated genes. Cell morphology and migration were studied. RESULTS The differentially expressed genes (DEGs) between WT/MUT and WT/WT KGN cells (DEGs-WT/MUT), pointed to several dysregulated pathways, like TGF-beta pathway, cell adhesion and migration. Consistently, WT/MUT cells were rounder than WT/WT cells and displayed a different distribution of stress fibres and paxillin staining. A comparison of the DEGs-WT/MUT with those found when FOXL2 was knocked down (KD) in WT/WT KGN cells showed that most DEGs-WT/MUT cells were not so in the KD experiment, supporting a gain-of-function (GOF) scenario. MUT-FOXL2 also displayed a stronger interaction with SMAD3. CONCLUSIONS Our work, aiming at better understanding the GOF scenario, shows that the dysregulated genes and pathways are consistent with this idea. Besides, we propose that GOF might result from an enhanced interaction with SMAD3 that could underlie an ectopic capacity of mutated FOXL2 to bind SMAD4.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laetitia Herman
- Université Paris Cité, CNRS, Institut Jacques Monod, Paris, France
| | - Angélique Amo
- Université Paris Cité, CNRS, Institut Jacques Monod, Paris, France
| | - Berangère Legois
- Université Paris Cité, CNRS, Institut Jacques Monod, Paris, France
| | | | - Reiner A Veitia
- Université Paris Cité, CNRS, Institut Jacques Monod, Paris, France
- Université Paris Saclay, Paris, France
- Institut de Biologie François Jacob, CEA, Fontenay aux Roses, Paris, France
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2
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Biglari-Zadeh G, Sargazi S, Mohammadi M, Ghasemi M, Majidpour M, Saravani R, Mirinejad S. Relationship Between Genetic Polymorphisms in Cell Cycle Regulatory Gene TP53 and Polycystic Ovarian Syndrome: A Case-Control Study and In Silico Analyses. Biochem Genet 2023; 61:1827-1849. [PMID: 36856940 DOI: 10.1007/s10528-023-10349-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2022] [Accepted: 02/15/2023] [Indexed: 03/02/2023]
Abstract
Polycystic ovarian syndrome (PCOS) is a complex endocrine and metabolic condition with several potential causes. Insulin resistance is a hallmark of PCOS that often coexists with hirsutism, hyperandrogenism, being overweight, and hormonal imbalances. The functioning of multiple replication and transcription factors is regulated by tumor suppressor genes (TSGs), which play a crucial role in maintaining genomic integrity and controlling the cell cycle of granulosa cells. In the present study, we examined how three single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in TP53, a cell cycle regulatory gene, affect the risk of developing PCOS in a sample of an Iranian population. Genomic DNA was extracted from 200 PCOS patients and 200 healthy women to analyze TP53 rs17880604, rs1625895, and rs1042522 SNPs using the polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism (PCR-RFLP) method. Our findings revealed that the majority of PCOS cases were overweight [25 < body mass index (BMI) < 30]. A positive association was observed between the TP53 rs1042522 SNP and the risk of PCOS under codominant heterozygous and overdominant genetic patterns (odds ratio > 1). Meanwhile, a negative association was observed between TP53 SNPs (rs1625895, rs17880604) and susceptibility to PCOS under codominant heterozygous and dominant models of inheritance (odds ratio < 1). Moreover, different genotype and haplotype combinations of rs17880604/rs1625895/rs1042522 conferred a decreased risk of PCOS in our population. We found no statistical difference in the frequency of TP53 genotypes between PCOS cases and/or controls in terms of BMI, waist circumference, prolactin level, and markers of lipid and carbohydrate profile (P > 0.05). Molecular dynamic prediction showed that the missense substitution in the 17p13.1 position (rs1042522) could change the properties and secondary structure of the p53 protein. As inherited risk factors, TP53 variations may play a pivotal role in the pathogenesis of PCOS among Iranian women. Replicated population-based studies on other ethnicities are required to find the genetic contribution of variants of TP53, or SNPs located in other TSGs, to the etiology of this endocrine disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ghazaleh Biglari-Zadeh
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, University of Sistan and Baluchestan, Zahedan, Iran
| | - Saman Sargazi
- Cellular and Molecular Research Center, Research Institute of Cellular and Molecular Sciences in Infectious Diseases, Zahedan University of Medical Sciences, Zahedan, 9816743463, Iran.
| | - Malihe Mohammadi
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, University of Sistan and Baluchestan, Zahedan, Iran
| | - Marzieh Ghasemi
- Pregnancy Health Research Center, Zahedan University of Medical Sciences, Zahedan, Iran.
- Moloud Infertility Center, Ali Ibn Abitaleb Hospital, Zahedan University of Medical Sciences, Zahedan, Iran.
| | - Mahdi Majidpour
- Cellular and Molecular Research Center, Research Institute of Cellular and Molecular Sciences in Infectious Diseases, Zahedan University of Medical Sciences, Zahedan, 9816743463, Iran
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, School of Medicine, Zahedan University of Medical Sciences, Zahedan, Iran
| | - Ramin Saravani
- Cellular and Molecular Research Center, Research Institute of Cellular and Molecular Sciences in Infectious Diseases, Zahedan University of Medical Sciences, Zahedan, 9816743463, Iran
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, School of Medicine, Zahedan University of Medical Sciences, Zahedan, Iran
| | - Shekoufeh Mirinejad
- Cellular and Molecular Research Center, Research Institute of Cellular and Molecular Sciences in Infectious Diseases, Zahedan University of Medical Sciences, Zahedan, 9816743463, Iran
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3
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Chauvin S, Cohen-Tannoudji J, Guigon CJ. Estradiol Signaling at the Heart of Folliculogenesis: Its Potential Deregulation in Human Ovarian Pathologies. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23010512. [PMID: 35008938 PMCID: PMC8745567 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23010512] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2021] [Revised: 12/23/2021] [Accepted: 12/24/2021] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Estradiol (E2) is a major hormone controlling women fertility, in particular folliculogenesis. This steroid, which is locally produced by granulosa cells (GC) within ovarian follicles, controls the development and selection of dominant preovulatory follicles. E2 effects rely on a complex set of nuclear and extra-nuclear signal transduction pathways principally triggered by its nuclear receptors, ERα and ERβ. These transcription factors are differentially expressed within follicles, with ERβ being the predominant ER in GC. Several ERβ splice isoforms have been identified and display specific structural features, which greatly complicates the nature of ERβ-mediated E2 signaling. This review aims at providing a concise overview of the main actions of E2 during follicular growth, maturation, and selection in human. It also describes the current understanding of the various roles of ERβ splice isoforms, especially their influence on cell fate. We finally discuss how E2 signaling deregulation could participate in two ovarian pathogeneses characterized by either a follicular arrest, as in polycystic ovary syndrome, or an excess of GC survival and proliferation, leading to granulosa cell tumors. This review emphasizes the need for further research to better understand the molecular basis of E2 signaling throughout folliculogenesis and to improve the efficiency of ovarian-related disease therapies.
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4
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Mansour FR, Nabiuni M, Amini E. Ovarian Toxicity Induced by Aluminum Chloride: Alteration of Cyp19a1, Pcna, Puma, and Map1lc3b genes Expression. Toxicology 2021; 466:153084. [PMID: 34958889 DOI: 10.1016/j.tox.2021.153084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2021] [Revised: 12/22/2021] [Accepted: 12/23/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Aluminum (Al) is an abundant metal with wide application in our daily lives including medicine, industry, cosmetics, and packaging. After entrance to the body, aluminum binds to transferrin and reaches different tissues. Al is a metalloestrogen that can lead to oxidative stress (OxS) and endocrine disruption. No detailed study can be found addressing the effect of Al on the ovary and granulosa cells (GCs). In this study, the focus is on the treated ovaries and GCs of NMRI mice exposed to low, middle, and high doses of aluminum chloride (AlCl3) via in vitro and in vivo assays. The steroidogenic, proliferative, apoptotic, and autophagic-related genes were examined. Up-regulated expression of steroidogenic and proliferative genes was detected. The observed apoptotic and autophagic genes had variable expression. Interrupted ovarian structure, disrupted folliculogenesis, presence of Call-Exner bodies, overexpression of steroidogenic gene, and unbalanced apoptosis/autophagy and proliferation resembled features of granulosa cell tumor (GCT).
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Affiliation(s)
- Farima Rahimi Mansour
- Department of Cell & Molecular Biology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Kharazmi University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mohammad Nabiuni
- Department of Cell & Molecular Biology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Kharazmi University, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Elaheh Amini
- Department of Animal Biology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Kharazmi University, Tehran, Iran
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5
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Cluzet V, Devillers MM, Petit F, Pierre A, Giton F, Airaud E, L'Hôte D, Leary A, Genestie C, Treilleux I, Mayeur A, Katzenellenbogen JA, Kim SH, Cohen-Tannoudji J, Chauvin S, Guigon CJ. Estradiol promotes cell survival and induces Greb1 expression in granulosa cell tumors of the ovary through an ERα-dependent mechanism. J Pathol 2021; 256:335-348. [PMID: 34860414 DOI: 10.1002/path.5843] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2021] [Revised: 11/10/2021] [Accepted: 11/30/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Granulosa cell tumor (GCT) is a form of ovarian tumor characterized by its tendency to recur years after surgical ablation. Little is known on the mechanisms involved in GCT development and progression. GCTs can produce estradiol (E2), but whether this hormone could play a role in this cancer through its nuclear receptors, i.e., ERα and ERβ, remains unknown. Here, we addressed this issue by cell-based and molecular studies on human GCTs and GCT cell lines. Importantly, we observed that E2 significantly increased the growth of GCT cells by promoting cell survival. The use of selective agonists of each type of receptor, together with Esr1 (ERα) or Esr2 (ERβ)-deleted GCT cells revealed that E2 mediated its effects through ERα-dependent genomic mechanisms and ERβ/ERα-dependent extra-nuclear mechanisms. Notably, the expression of Greb1, a prototypical ER target gene, was dose-dependently up-regulated by E2 specifically through ERα in GCT cells. Accordingly, using GCTs from patients, we found that GREB1 mRNA abundance was positively correlated to intra-tumoral E2 concentrations. Tissue microarrays analyses showed that there were various combinations of ER expression in primary and recurrent GCTs, and that ERα expression persisted only in combination with ERβ in ~40% of recurrent tumors. Altogether, this study demonstrates that E2 can promote the progression of GCTs, with a clear dependence on ERα. In addition to demonstrating that GCTs can be classified as a hormone-related cancer, our results also highlight that the nature of ER forms present in recurrent GCTs could underlie the variable efficiency of endocrine therapies. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victoria Cluzet
- Université de Paris, BFA, UMR 8251, CNRS, ERL U1133, Inserm, F-75013, Paris, France
| | - Marie M Devillers
- Université de Paris, BFA, UMR 8251, CNRS, ERL U1133, Inserm, F-75013, Paris, France
| | - Florence Petit
- Université de Paris, BFA, UMR 8251, CNRS, ERL U1133, Inserm, F-75013, Paris, France
| | - Alice Pierre
- Université de Paris, BFA, UMR 8251, CNRS, ERL U1133, Inserm, F-75013, Paris, France
| | - Frank Giton
- AP-HP, Pôle biologie-Pathologie Henri Mondor, INSERM IMRB U955, Créteil, France
| | - Eloïse Airaud
- Université de Paris, BFA, UMR 8251, CNRS, ERL U1133, Inserm, F-75013, Paris, France
| | - David L'Hôte
- Université de Paris, BFA, UMR 8251, CNRS, ERL U1133, Inserm, F-75013, Paris, France
| | - Alexandra Leary
- Gustave Roussy Cancer Campus and University of Paris-Saclay, Villejuif, France
| | - Catherine Genestie
- Department of Pathology, University Paris-Saclay, Gustave Roussy Cancer Center, Villejuif, France
| | | | - Anne Mayeur
- Service de Médecine de la Reproduction et Préservation de la Fertilité, Hôpital Antoine Béclère, Clamart, France
| | - John A Katzenellenbogen
- Department of Chemistry and Cancer Center at Illinois, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Champaign, IL, USA
| | - Sung Hoon Kim
- Department of Chemistry and Cancer Center at Illinois, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Champaign, IL, USA
| | | | - Stéphanie Chauvin
- Université de Paris, BFA, UMR 8251, CNRS, ERL U1133, Inserm, F-75013, Paris, France
| | - Céline J Guigon
- Université de Paris, BFA, UMR 8251, CNRS, ERL U1133, Inserm, F-75013, Paris, France
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6
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di Clemente N, Racine C, Pierre A, Taieb J. Anti-Müllerian Hormone in Female Reproduction. Endocr Rev 2021; 42:753-782. [PMID: 33851994 DOI: 10.1210/endrev/bnab012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Anti-Müllerian hormone (AMH), also called Müllerian inhibiting substance, was shown to be synthesized by the ovary in the 1980s. This article reviews the main findings of the past 20 years on the regulation of the expression of AMH and its specific receptor AMHR2 by granulosa cells, the mechanism of action of AMH, the different roles it plays in the reproductive organs, its clinical utility, and its involvement in the principal pathological conditions affecting women. The findings in respect of regulation tell us that AMH and AMHR2 expression is mainly regulated by bone morphogenetic proteins, gonadotropins, and estrogens. It has now been established that AMH regulates the different steps of folliculogenesis and that it has neuroendocrine effects. On the other hand, the importance of serum AMH as a reliable marker of ovarian reserve and as a useful tool in the prediction of the polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) and primary ovarian failure has also been acknowledged. Last but not least, a large body of evidence points to the involvement of AMH in the pathogenesis of PCOS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathalie di Clemente
- Sorbonne Université, INSERM, Centre de Recherche Saint-Antoine (CRSA), Paris, France.,Institut Hospitalo-Universitaire ICAN, Paris, France
| | - Chrystèle Racine
- Sorbonne Université, INSERM, Centre de Recherche Saint-Antoine (CRSA), Paris, France.,Institut Hospitalo-Universitaire ICAN, Paris, France.,Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris-Diderot Université, Paris, France
| | - Alice Pierre
- Sorbonne Paris Cité, Université Paris-Diderot, CNRS, INSERM, Biologie Fonctionnelle et Adaptative UMR 8251, Physiologie de l'Axe Gonadotrope U1133, Paris, France
| | - Joëlle Taieb
- Sorbonne Paris Cité, Université Paris-Diderot, CNRS, INSERM, Biologie Fonctionnelle et Adaptative UMR 8251, Physiologie de l'Axe Gonadotrope U1133, Paris, France
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7
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Pilsworth JA, Todeschini AL, Neilson SJ, Cochrane DR, Lai D, Anttonen M, Heikinheimo M, Huntsman DG, Veitia RA. FOXL2 in adult-type granulosa cell tumour of the ovary: oncogene or tumour suppressor gene? J Pathol 2021; 255:225-231. [PMID: 34338304 DOI: 10.1002/path.5771] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2021] [Revised: 07/13/2021] [Accepted: 07/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
A recurrent mutation in FOXL2 (c.402C>G; p.C134W) is present in over 95% of adult-type granulosa cell tumours (AGCTs). In contrast, various loss-of-function mutations in FOXL2 lead to the development of blepharophimosis, ptosis, and epicanthus inversus syndrome (BPES). BPES is characterised by an eyelid malformation often accompanied with primary ovarian insufficiency. Two recent studies suggest that FOXL2 C402G is a gain- or change-of-function mutation with altered DNA-binding specificity. Another study proposes that FOXL2 C402G is selectively targeted for degradation, inducing somatic haploinsufficiency, suggesting its role as a tumour suppressor. The latter study relies on data indicative of an FOXL2 allelic imbalance in AGCTs. Here we present RNA-seq data as genetic evidence that no real allelic imbalance is observed at the transcriptomic level in AGCTs. Additionally, there is no loss of protein expression in tumours harbouring the mutated allele. These data and other features of this mutation compared to other oncogenes and tumour suppressor genes argue strongly against FOXL2 being a tumour suppressor in this context. Given the likelihood that FOXL2 C402G is oncogenic, targeting the variant protein or its downstream consequences is the most viable path forward to identifying an effective treatment for this cancer. © 2021 The Pathological Society of Great Britain and Ireland. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica A Pilsworth
- Department of Medical Genetics, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada.,Department of Molecular Oncology, BC Cancer, Vancouver, Canada
| | - Anne-Laure Todeschini
- Université de Paris, Paris, France.,Université de Paris, CNRS, Institut Jacques Monod, Paris, France
| | | | - Dawn R Cochrane
- Department of Molecular Oncology, BC Cancer, Vancouver, Canada
| | - Daniel Lai
- Department of Molecular Oncology, BC Cancer, Vancouver, Canada.,Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
| | - Mikko Anttonen
- Department of Clinical Chemistry, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Markku Heikinheimo
- Children's Hospital, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
| | - David G Huntsman
- Department of Molecular Oncology, BC Cancer, Vancouver, Canada.,Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada.,Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
| | - Reiner A Veitia
- Université de Paris, Paris, France.,Université de Paris, CNRS, Institut Jacques Monod, Paris, France.,Université Paris-Saclay, Institut de Biologie F. Jacob, Commissariat à l'Energie Atomique, Fontenay aux Roses, France
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8
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Sp B, J P, Mp K, Im R. Long-term effect of repeated deslorelin acetate treatment in bitches for reproduction control. Theriogenology 2021; 173:73-82. [PMID: 34339906 DOI: 10.1016/j.theriogenology.2021.07.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2021] [Revised: 07/20/2021] [Accepted: 07/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Long-acting gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) analogs, which are approved for male dogs and ferrets, have been used off-label to suppress estrus in bitches predisposed to the side effects of spaying. Health data from the past 12 years were evaluated from bitches without progestogen pretreatment that received deslorelin acetate (DA) to suppress estrus for the first time before the age of 4.5 years. The study population included 32 client-owned bitches repeatedly treated with either 4.7 mg or 9.4 mg DA implants for a period of 5.3 ± 3.4 years (range 0.5-11.3 years). Follow-up information concerning immediate side effects of DA occurring within five months after the first DA treatment (n = 23) as well as long-term side effects of sustained gonadal suppression occurring after five months up to three years (n = 2), three years up to five years (n = 2) or more than five years (n = 8) were assessed through a questionnaire. Treatment was considered successful if no major side effects requiring medical treatment occurred, which applied to 26 out of 32 (81 %) bitches. In the six remaining bitches, the following major side effects led to treatment discontinuation: persistent urinary incontinence (n = 1), reoccurring induced heat (n = 1), uterine disease (n = 3) and/or ovarian tumor (n = 3). The bitches recovered completely after surgical spaying and/or DA implant removal. Minor side effects that did not require therapy or affect animal welfare included body weight changes (n = 18), subtle behavioral changes (n = 13), induced heat (n = 12), coat changes (n = 11), pseudocyesis (n = 6), transient urinary incontinence (n = 4), and/or temporary thickening of the uterine wall with little anechogenic content (n = 2). To examine a possible causal relationship between adverse side effects and DA treatment, further studies should compare the frequency of pathologies between groups of GnRH-treated, intact and spayed bitches of similar breeds and ages. Nevertheless, DA application before the age of 4.5 years may be a means of postponing surgical spaying for several years in breeds at high risk for developing urinary incontinence. Before DA is used in bitches, owners should be fully informed regarding possible side effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brändli Sp
- Clinic of Reproductive Medicine, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 260, 8057, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Palm J
- Clinic of Reproductive Medicine, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 260, 8057, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Kowalewski Mp
- Institute of Veterinary Anatomy, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 260, 8057, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Reichler Im
- Clinic of Reproductive Medicine, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 260, 8057, Zurich, Switzerland.
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9
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Ye M, Chen Y. Zebrafish as an emerging model to study gonad development. Comput Struct Biotechnol J 2020; 18:2373-2380. [PMID: 32994895 PMCID: PMC7498840 DOI: 10.1016/j.csbj.2020.08.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2020] [Revised: 08/06/2020] [Accepted: 08/26/2020] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
The zebrafish (Danio rerio) has emerged as a popular model organism in developmental biology and pharmacogenetics due to its attribute of pathway conservation. Coupled with the availability of robust genetic and transgenic tools, transparent embryos and rapid larval development, studies of zebrafish allow detailed cellular analysis of many dynamic processes. In recent decades, the cellular and molecular mechanisms involved in the process of gonad development have been the subject of intense research using zebrafish models. In this mini-review, we give a brief overview of these studies, and highlight the essential genes involved in sex determination and gonad development in zebrafish.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengling Ye
- Division of Medical Genetics and Genomics, The Children's Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China.,Institute of Genetics, Zhejiang University and Department of Genetics, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Ye Chen
- Division of Medical Genetics and Genomics, The Children's Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China.,Institute of Genetics, Zhejiang University and Department of Genetics, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
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10
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Roze J, Monroe G, Kutzera J, Groeneweg J, Stelloo E, Paijens S, Nijman H, van Meurs H, van Lonkhuijzen L, Piek J, Lok C, Jonges G, Witteveen P, Verheijen R, van Haaften G, Zweemer R. Whole Genome Analysis of Ovarian Granulosa Cell Tumors Reveals Tumor Heterogeneity and a High-Grade TP53-Specific Subgroup. Cancers (Basel) 2020; 12:E1308. [PMID: 32455687 PMCID: PMC7281495 DOI: 10.3390/cancers12051308] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2020] [Revised: 05/14/2020] [Accepted: 05/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Adult granulosa cell tumors (AGCTs) harbor a somatic FOXL2 c.402C>G mutation in ~95% of cases and are mainly surgically removed due to limited systemic treatment effect. In this study, potentially targetable genomic alterations in AGCTs were investigated by whole genome sequencing on 46 tumor samples and matched normal DNA. Copy number variant (CNV) analysis confirmed gain of chromosome 12 and 14, and loss of 22. Pathogenic TP53 mutations were identified in three patients with highest tumor mutational burden and mitotic activity, defining a high-grade AGCT subgroup. Within-patient tumor comparisons showed 29-80% unique somatic mutations per sample, suggesting tumor heterogeneity. A higher mutational burden was found in recurrent tumors, as compared to primary AGCTs. FOXL2-wildtype AGCTs harbored DICER1, TERT(C228T) and TP53 mutations and similar CNV profiles as FOXL2-mutant tumors. Our study confirms that absence of the FOXL2 c.402C>G mutation does not exclude AGCT diagnosis. The lack of overlapping variants in targetable cancer genes indicates the need for personalized treatment for AGCT patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joline Roze
- Department of Gynaecological Oncology, UMC Utrecht Cancer Center, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, 3584 CX Utrecht, The Netherlands; (G.M.); (J.G.); (R.V.); (R.Z.)
| | - Glen Monroe
- Department of Gynaecological Oncology, UMC Utrecht Cancer Center, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, 3584 CX Utrecht, The Netherlands; (G.M.); (J.G.); (R.V.); (R.Z.)
| | - Joachim Kutzera
- Department of Genetics, Center for Molecular Medicine, University Medical Center Utrecht, Oncode Institute, Utrecht University, 3584 CX Utrecht, The Netherlands; (J.K.); (E.S.); (G.v.H.)
| | - Jolijn Groeneweg
- Department of Gynaecological Oncology, UMC Utrecht Cancer Center, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, 3584 CX Utrecht, The Netherlands; (G.M.); (J.G.); (R.V.); (R.Z.)
| | - Ellen Stelloo
- Department of Genetics, Center for Molecular Medicine, University Medical Center Utrecht, Oncode Institute, Utrecht University, 3584 CX Utrecht, The Netherlands; (J.K.); (E.S.); (G.v.H.)
| | - Sterre Paijens
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, 9713 GZ Groningen, The Netherlands; (S.P.); (H.N.)
| | - Hans Nijman
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, 9713 GZ Groningen, The Netherlands; (S.P.); (H.N.)
| | - Hannah van Meurs
- Department of Gynecological Oncology, Centre for Gynaecological Oncology Amsterdam, Amsterdam University Medical Center, 1105 AZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands; (H.v.M.); (L.v.L.)
| | - Luc van Lonkhuijzen
- Department of Gynecological Oncology, Centre for Gynaecological Oncology Amsterdam, Amsterdam University Medical Center, 1105 AZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands; (H.v.M.); (L.v.L.)
| | - Jurgen Piek
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Catharina Hospital, 5623 EJ Eindhoven, The Netherlands;
| | - Christianne Lok
- Department of Gynaecological Oncology, Centre for Gynaecological Oncology Amsterdam, The Netherlands Cancer Institute, Antoni van Leeuwenhoek Hospital, 1066 CX Amsterdam, The Netherlands;
| | - Geertruida Jonges
- Department of Pathology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, 3584 CX Utrecht, The Netherlands;
| | - Petronella Witteveen
- Department of Medical Oncology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, 3584 CX Utrecht, The Netherlands;
| | - René Verheijen
- Department of Gynaecological Oncology, UMC Utrecht Cancer Center, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, 3584 CX Utrecht, The Netherlands; (G.M.); (J.G.); (R.V.); (R.Z.)
| | - Gijs van Haaften
- Department of Genetics, Center for Molecular Medicine, University Medical Center Utrecht, Oncode Institute, Utrecht University, 3584 CX Utrecht, The Netherlands; (J.K.); (E.S.); (G.v.H.)
| | - Ronald Zweemer
- Department of Gynaecological Oncology, UMC Utrecht Cancer Center, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, 3584 CX Utrecht, The Netherlands; (G.M.); (J.G.); (R.V.); (R.Z.)
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