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Yang T, Chi Y, Wang X, Xu C, Chen X, Liu Y, Huang S, Zhu X, Zhang H, Zhuo H, Wu D. PRL-mediated STAT5B/ARRB2 pathway promotes the progression of prostate cancer through the activation of MAPK signaling. Cell Death Dis 2024; 15:128. [PMID: 38341429 PMCID: PMC10858970 DOI: 10.1038/s41419-023-06362-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2023] [Revised: 11/25/2023] [Accepted: 12/01/2023] [Indexed: 02/12/2024]
Abstract
Previous study showed that higher expression of prolactin (PRL) was found in CRPC samples compared with hormone-naive prostate cancer (HNPC) and benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) samples. We further investigate the function of PRL in prostate cancer (PCa) and explored its downstream effects. We found heterogeneous expression of the PRLR in clinical prostate samples. The VCaP and 22Rv1 cells exhibited PRLR expression. Among the downstream proteins, STAT5B was the dominant subtype in clinical samples and cell lines. Human recombinant PRL stimulation of PCa cells with PRLR expression resulted in increased phosphorylation of STAT5B(pSTAT5B) and progression of PCa in vitro and in vivo, and STAT5B knockdown can suppress the malignant behavior of PCa. To understand the mechanism further, we performed Bioinformatic analysis, ChIP qPCR, and luciferase reporter gene assay. The results revealed that ARRB2 was the transcription target gene of STAT5B, and higher expression of ARRB2 was related to higher aggression and poorer prognosis of PCa. Additionally, Gene set enrichment analysis indicated that higher expression of ARRB2 was significantly enriched in the MAPK signaling pathway. Immunohistochemistry (IHC) demonstrated elevated pSTAT5B, ARRB2, and pERK1/2 expression levels in CRPC tissues compared to HNPC and BPH. Mechanically, ARRB2 enhanced the activation of the MAPK pathway by binding to ERK1/2, thereby promoting the phosphorylation of ERK1/2 (pERK1/2). In conclusion, our study demonstrated that PRL stimulation can promote the progression of PCa through STAT5B/ARRB2 pathway and activation of MAPK signaling, which can be suppressed by intervention targeting STAT5B. Blockade of the STAT5B can be a potential therapeutic target for PCa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tao Yang
- Department of Urology, Tongji Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai, China
- Department of Urology, The Third People's Hospital of Chengdu/The Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Yongnan Chi
- Department of Urology, Tongji Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai, China
| | - Xin'an Wang
- Department of Urology, Tongji Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai, China
| | - Chengdang Xu
- Department of Urology, Tongji Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai, China
| | - Xi Chen
- Department of Urology, Tongji Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai, China
| | - Ying Liu
- Department of Urology, Tongji Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai, China
| | - Shengsong Huang
- Department of Urology, Tongji Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai, China
| | - Xuyou Zhu
- Department of Pathology, Tongji Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai, China
| | - Haoyang Zhang
- Department of Pathology, Baoshan Branch, Shuguang Hospital, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Hui Zhuo
- Department of Urology, The Third People's Hospital of Chengdu/The Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China.
| | - Denglong Wu
- Department of Urology, Tongji Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai, China.
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2
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Boudreault J, Wang N, Ghozlan M, Lebrun JJ. Transforming Growth Factor-β/Smad Signaling Inhibits Melanoma Cancer Stem Cell Self-Renewal, Tumor Formation and Metastasis. Cancers (Basel) 2024; 16:224. [PMID: 38201651 PMCID: PMC10778361 DOI: 10.3390/cancers16010224] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2023] [Revised: 12/20/2023] [Accepted: 12/29/2023] [Indexed: 01/12/2024] Open
Abstract
The secreted protein transforming growth factor-beta (TGFβ) plays essential roles, ranging from cell growth regulation and cell differentiation in both normal and cancer cells. In melanoma, TGFβ acts as a potent tumor suppressor in melanoma by blocking cell cycle progression and inducing apoptosis. In the present study, we found TGFβ to regulate cancer stemness in melanoma through the Smad signaling pathway. We discovered that TGFβ/Smad signaling inhibits melanosphere formation in multiple melanoma cell lines and reduces expression of the CD133+ cancer stem cell subpopulation in a Smad3-dependent manner. Using preclinical models of melanoma, we further showed that preventing Smad3/4 signaling, by means of CRISPR knockouts, promoted both tumorigenesis and lung metastasis in vivo. Collectively, our results define new functions for the TGFβ/Smad signaling axis in melanoma stem-cell maintenance and open avenues for new therapeutic approaches to this disease.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Jean-Jacques Lebrun
- Cancer Research Program, Department of Medicine, Research Institute of McGill University Health Center, Montreal, QU H4A 3J1, Canada; (J.B.); (N.W.); (M.G.)
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3
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Jena MK, Khan FB, Ali SA, Abdullah A, Sharma AK, Yadav V, Kancharla S, Kolli P, Mandadapu G, Sahoo AK, Rath PK, Taneera J, Kumar S, Mohanty AK, Goh KW, Ming LC, Ardianto C. Molecular complexity of mammary glands development: a review of lactogenic differentiation in epithelial cells. ARTIFICIAL CELLS, NANOMEDICINE, AND BIOTECHNOLOGY 2023; 51:491-508. [PMID: 37694522 DOI: 10.1080/21691401.2023.2252872] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2023] [Revised: 07/31/2023] [Accepted: 08/07/2023] [Indexed: 09/12/2023]
Abstract
The mammary gland is a dynamic organ with various physiological processes like cellular proliferation, differentiation, and apoptosis during the pregnancy-lactation-involution cycle. It is essential to understand the molecular changes during the lactogenic differentiation of mammary epithelial cells (MECs, the milk-synthesizing cells). The MECs are organized as luminal milk-secreting cells and basal myoepithelial cells (responsible for milk ejection by contraction) that form the alveoli. The branching morphogenesis and lactogenic differentiation of the MECs prepare the gland for lactation. This process is governed by many molecular mediators including hormones, growth factors, cytokines, miRNAs, regulatory proteins, etc. Interestingly, various signalling pathways guide lactation and understanding these molecular transitions from pregnancy to lactation will help researchers design further research. Manipulation of genes responsible for milk synthesis and secretion will promote augmentation of milk yield in dairy animals. Identifying protein signatures of lactation will help develop strategies for persistent lactation and shortening the dry period in farm animals. The present review article discusses in details the physiological and molecular changes occurring during lactogenic differentiation of MECs and the associated hormones, regulatory proteins, miRNAs, and signalling pathways. An in-depth knowledge of the molecular events will aid in developing engineered cellular models for studies related to mammary gland diseases of humans and animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manoj Kumar Jena
- Department of Biotechnology, School of Bioengineering and Biosciences, Lovely Professional University, Phagwara, Punjab, India
| | - Farheen Badrealam Khan
- Department of Biology, College of Arts and Science, Khalifa University, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates
| | - Syed Azmal Ali
- Division of Proteomics of Stem Cells and Cancer, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Abdullah Abdullah
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Malakand, Chakdara, Dir Lower, Pakistan
| | - Amarish Kumar Sharma
- Department of Biotechnology, School of Bioengineering and Biosciences, Lovely Professional University, Phagwara, Punjab, India
| | - Vikas Yadav
- Department of Translational Medicine, Clinical Research Centre, Skane University Hospital, Lund University, Malmo, Sweden
| | | | | | | | - Anjan Kumar Sahoo
- Department of Veterinary Surgery and Radiology, College of Veterinary Science and AH, Odisha University of Agriculture and Technology, Bhubaneswar, Odisha, India
| | - Prasana Kumar Rath
- Department of Veterinary Pathology, College of Veterinary Science and AH, Odisha University of Agriculture and Technology, Bhubaneswar, Odisha, India
| | - Jalal Taneera
- Sharjah Institute for Medical Research, University of Sharjah, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates
- Department of Basic Sciences, College of Medicine, University of Sharjah, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates
| | - Sudarshan Kumar
- Proteomics and Structural Biology Lab, Animal Biotechnology Centre, National Dairy Research Institute, Karnal, Haryana, India
| | | | - Khang Wen Goh
- Faculty Data Science and Information Technology, INTI International University, Nilai, Malaysia
| | - Long Chiau Ming
- School of Medical and Life Sciences, Sunway University, Sunway City, Malaysia
- PAPRSB Institute of Health Sciences, Universiti Brunei Darussalam, Gadong, Brunei
- Department of Pharmacy Practice, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universitas Airlangga, Surabaya, Indonesia
| | - Chrismawan Ardianto
- Department of Pharmacy Practice, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universitas Airlangga, Surabaya, Indonesia
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Xie T, Qin H, Yuan Z, Zhang Y, Li X, Zheng L. Emerging Roles of RNF168 in Tumor Progression. Molecules 2023; 28:molecules28031417. [PMID: 36771081 PMCID: PMC9920519 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28031417] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2022] [Revised: 01/23/2023] [Accepted: 01/31/2023] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
RING finger protein 168 (RNF168) is an E3 ubiquitin ligase with the RING finger domain. It is an important protein contributing to the DNA double-strand damage repair pathway. Recent studies have found that RNF168 is significantly implicated in the occurrence and development of various cancers. Additionally, RNF168 contributes to the drug resistance of tumor cells by enhancing their DNA repair ability or regulating the degradation of target proteins. This paper summarizes and prospects the research progress of the structure and main functions of RNF168, especially its roles and the underlying mechanisms in tumorigenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tianyuan Xie
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Intervention, School of Life Science and Technology, China Pharmaceutical University, 639 Longmian Road, Nanjing 211198, China
| | - Hai Qin
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Guizhou Provincial Orthopedic Hospital, No. 206, Sixian Street, Baiyun District, Guiyang 550007, China
| | - Zhengdong Yuan
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Intervention, School of Life Science and Technology, China Pharmaceutical University, 639 Longmian Road, Nanjing 211198, China
| | - Yiwen Zhang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Intervention, School of Life Science and Technology, China Pharmaceutical University, 639 Longmian Road, Nanjing 211198, China
| | - Xiaoman Li
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Pharmacology and Safety Evaluation of Chinese Materia Medica, School of Pharmacy, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210023, China
- Correspondence: (X.L.); (L.Z.)
| | - Lufeng Zheng
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Intervention, School of Life Science and Technology, China Pharmaceutical University, 639 Longmian Road, Nanjing 211198, China
- Correspondence: (X.L.); (L.Z.)
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5
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Mohamadianamiri M, Ebrahimi A, Farzaneh F, Aklami M, Momeni M, Hajighasem T, Shirazi H, Zeinadini M. The association between expression of prolactin receptor and lymph node involvement in triple-negative breast cancer. BREAST CANCER MANAGEMENT 2022. [DOI: 10.2217/bmt-2022-0006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: Triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) is associated with a poor prognosis and requires more aggressive treatment. Aim: The study aimed to evaluate the prophetic role of the prolactin receptor (PRLR) in TNBC stratification. Materials & methods: In a retrospective study, 58 formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded tumor tissues from patients diagnosed with TNBC were examined for PRLR expression using immunohistochemistry. The potential associations between PRLR expression and tumor characteristics were assessed. Result: PRLR expression was negative in 36 (62%) patients and positive in 22 (38%) patients. The number of positive PRLR tumors was significantly higher in patients without lymph node involvement (p = 0.019). Conclusion: PRLR expression was negatively associated with lymph node invasion in TNBC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahdiss Mohamadianamiri
- Firoozgar Clinical Research & Development Center (FCRDC), Iran University of Medical Sciences (IUMS), Tehran, 15937-48711, Iran
| | - Abdolali Ebrahimi
- Department of Pathology, Imam Hossein Hospital, School of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, 16177-63141, Iran
| | - Farah Farzaneh
- Preventive Gynecology Research Center (PGRC), Emam Hossein Hospital, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, 16177-63141, Iran
| | - Majid Aklami
- Department of Anesthesiology, Akbarabadi Hospital, School of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, 11687-43514, Iran
| | - Mina Momeni
- School of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences (IUMS), Tehran, 14496-14535, Iran
| | - Tannaz Hajighasem
- School of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences (IUMS), Tehran, 14496-14535, Iran
| | - Hossein Shirazi
- Firoozgar Clinical Research & Development Center (FCRDC), Iran University of Medical Sciences (IUMS), Tehran, 15937-48711, Iran
| | - Mohammadreza Zeinadini
- School of Medicine, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences (SUMS), Fars, 71348-14336, Iran
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6
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Functional regulations between genetic alteration-driven genes and drug target genes acting as prognostic biomarkers in breast cancer. Sci Rep 2022; 12:10641. [PMID: 35739271 PMCID: PMC9226112 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-13835-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2022] [Accepted: 05/30/2022] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Differences in genetic molecular features including mutation, copy number alterations and DNA methylation, can explain interindividual variability in response to anti-cancer drugs in cancer patients. However, identifying genetic alteration-driven genes and characterizing their functional mechanisms in different cancer types are still major challenges for cancer studies. Here, we systematically identified functional regulations between genetic alteration-driven genes and drug target genes and their potential prognostic roles in breast cancer. We identified two mutation and copy number-driven gene pairs (PARP1-ACSL1 and PARP1-SRD5A3), three DNA methylation-driven gene pairs (PRLR-CDKN1C, PRLR-PODXL2 and PRLR-SRD5A3), six gene pairs between mutation-driven genes and drug target genes (SLC19A1-SLC47A2, SLC19A1-SRD5A3, AKR1C3-SLC19A1, ABCB1-SRD5A3, NR3C2-SRD5A3 and AKR1C3-SRD5A3), and four copy number-driven gene pairs (ADIPOR2-SRD5A3, CASP12-SRD5A3, SLC39A11-SRD5A3 and GALNT2-SRD5A3) that all served as prognostic biomarkers of breast cancer. In particular, RARP1 was found to be upregulated by simultaneous copy number amplification and gene mutation. Copy number deletion and downregulated expression of ACSL1 and upregulation of SRD5A3 both were observed in breast cancers. Moreover, copy number deletion of ACSL1 was associated with increased resistance to PARP inhibitors. PARP1-ACSL1 pair significantly correlated with poor overall survival in breast cancer owing to the suppression of the MAPK, mTOR and NF-kB signaling pathways, which induces apoptosis, autophagy and prevents inflammatory processes. Loss of SRD5A3 expression was also associated with increased sensitivity to PARP inhibitors. The PARP1-SRD5A3 pair significantly correlated with poor overall survival in breast cancer through regulating androgen receptors to induce cell proliferation. These results demonstrate that genetic alteration-driven gene pairs might serve as potential biomarkers for the prognosis of breast cancer and facilitate the identification of combination therapeutic targets for breast cancers.
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7
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Xiao M, He J, Yin L, Chen X, Zu X, Shen Y. Tumor-Associated Macrophages: Critical Players in Drug Resistance of Breast Cancer. Front Immunol 2022; 12:799428. [PMID: 34992609 PMCID: PMC8724912 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.799428] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2021] [Accepted: 12/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Drug resistance is one of the most critical challenges in breast cancer (BC) treatment. The occurrence and development of drug resistance are closely related to the tumor immune microenvironment (TIME). Tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs), the most important immune cells in TIME, are essential for drug resistance in BC treatment. In this article, we summarize the effects of TAMs on the resistance of various drugs in endocrine therapy, chemotherapy, targeted therapy, and immunotherapy, and their underlying mechanisms. Based on the current overview of the key role of TAMs in drug resistance, we discuss the potential possibility for targeting TAMs to reduce drug resistance in BC treatment, By inhibiting the recruitment of TAMs, depleting the number of TAMs, regulating the polarization of TAMs and enhancing the phagocytosis of TAMs. Evidences in our review support it is important to develop novel therapeutic strategies to target TAMs in BC to overcome the treatment of resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maoyu Xiao
- Cancer Research Institute, The First Affiliated Hospital, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, Hengyang, China
| | - Jun He
- Department of Spine Surgery, The Nanhua Affiliated Hospital, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, Hengyang, China
| | - Liyang Yin
- Cancer Research Institute, The First Affiliated Hospital, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, Hengyang, China
| | - Xiguan Chen
- Cancer Research Institute, The First Affiliated Hospital, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, Hengyang, China
| | - Xuyu Zu
- Cancer Research Institute, The First Affiliated Hospital, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, Hengyang, China
| | - Yingying Shen
- Cancer Research Institute, The First Affiliated Hospital, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, Hengyang, China
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8
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Abstract
Prolactin coordinates with the ovarian steroids to orchestrate mammary development and lactation, culminating in nourishment and an increasingly appreciated array of other benefits for neonates. Its central activities in mammary epithelial growth and differentiation suggest that it plays a role(s) in breast cancer, but it has been challenging to identify its contributions, essential for incorporation into prevention and treatment approaches. Large prospective epidemiologic studies have linked higher prolactin exposure to increased risk, particularly for ER+ breast cancer in postmenopausal women. However, it has been more difficult to determine its actions and clinical consequences in established tumors. Here we review experimental data implicating multiple mechanisms by which prolactin may increase the risk of breast cancer. We then consider the evidence for role(s) of prolactin and its downstream signaling cascades in disease progression and treatment responses, and discuss how new approaches are beginning to illuminate the biology behind the seemingly conflicting epidemiologic and experimental studies of prolactin actions across diverse breast cancers.
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9
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Ali S, Hamam D, Liu X, Lebrun JJ. Terminal differentiation and anti-tumorigenic effects of prolactin in breast cancer. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2022; 13:993570. [PMID: 36157462 PMCID: PMC9499354 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2022.993570] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2022] [Accepted: 08/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Breast cancer is a major disease affecting women worldwide. A woman has 1 in 8 lifetime risk of developing breast cancer, and morbidity and mortality due to this disease are expected to continue to rise globally. Breast cancer remains a challenging disease due to its heterogeneity, propensity for recurrence and metastasis to distant vital organs including bones, lungs, liver and brain ultimately leading to patient death. Despite the development of various therapeutic strategies to treat breast cancer, still there are no effective treatments once metastasis has occurred. Loss of differentiation and increased cellular plasticity and stemness are being recognized molecularly and clinically as major derivers of heterogeneity, tumor evolution, relapse, metastasis, and therapeutic failure. In solid tumors, breast cancer is one of the leading cancer types in which tumor differentiation state has long been known to influence cancer behavior. Reprograming and/or restoring differentiation of cancer cells has been proposed to provide a viable approach to reverse the cancer through differentiation and terminal maturation. The hormone prolactin (PRL) is known to play a critical role in mammary gland lobuloalveolar development/remodeling and the terminal differentiation of the mammary epithelial cells promoting milk proteins gene expression and lactation. Here, we will highlight recent discoveries supporting an anti-tumorigenic role for PRL in breast cancer as a "pro/forward-differentiation" pathway restricting plasticity, stemness and tumorigenesis.
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Kolomiiets O, Yazykov O, Piddubnyi A, Lyndin M, Lukavenko I, Andryushchenko V, Romaniuk A, Moskalenko R. The Expression of Prolactin Receptors in Benign Breast Tumors Is Not Associated with Serum Prolactin Level. J Clin Med 2021; 10:jcm10245866. [PMID: 34945164 PMCID: PMC8705851 DOI: 10.3390/jcm10245866] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2021] [Revised: 11/18/2021] [Accepted: 11/30/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
The role of prolactin (PRL) and its receptors in the initiation and development of benign breast tumors (BBT) has not been sufficiently studied. An imbalance in the system of hormone homeostasis is crucial in the development of BBT. In particular, an association between elevated prolactin levels and the development of BBT has been reported. Our study showed no significant differences between PRL receptor (PRL-R) expression in BBT tissue under normal and elevated serum PRL levels. There was also no significant correlation between age, PRL-R expression in BBT tissue, intact tissue, and PRL level in the serum. There was a strong significant correlation (p < 0.01; r = 0.92) between PRL-R expression in BBT samples and intact breast tissue, which did not depend on the serum PRL level. There was also no significant difference in the expression of the proliferative marker Ki-67 in BBT tissues from women with normal and elevated levels of serum PRL (p > 0.05). No signs of PRL and its receptors were detected in the BBT cystic fluid women with elevated serum PRL levels. In summary, our prospective study showed that the expression of PRL-R in the tissue of BBT and physiological breast tissue does not depend on the level of serum PRL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olena Kolomiiets
- Department of Pathology, Sumy State University, 40022 Sumy, Ukraine; (O.K.); (A.P.); (M.L.)
- Private Clinic “MRIYA”, 40004 Sumy, Ukraine; (O.Y.); (I.L.); (V.A.)
| | - Oleksandr Yazykov
- Private Clinic “MRIYA”, 40004 Sumy, Ukraine; (O.Y.); (I.L.); (V.A.)
- Department of Surgery, Sumy State University, 40007 Sumy, Ukraine
| | - Artem Piddubnyi
- Department of Pathology, Sumy State University, 40022 Sumy, Ukraine; (O.K.); (A.P.); (M.L.)
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Umeå University, 90736 Umeå, Sweden
- Ukrainian-Swedish Research Center SUMEYA, Sumy State University, 40022 Sumy, Ukraine
| | - Mykola Lyndin
- Department of Pathology, Sumy State University, 40022 Sumy, Ukraine; (O.K.); (A.P.); (M.L.)
| | - Ivan Lukavenko
- Private Clinic “MRIYA”, 40004 Sumy, Ukraine; (O.Y.); (I.L.); (V.A.)
- Department of Surgery, Sumy State University, 40007 Sumy, Ukraine
| | - Volodymyr Andryushchenko
- Private Clinic “MRIYA”, 40004 Sumy, Ukraine; (O.Y.); (I.L.); (V.A.)
- Department of Surgery, Sumy State University, 40007 Sumy, Ukraine
| | - Anatolii Romaniuk
- Department of Pathology, Sumy State University, 40022 Sumy, Ukraine; (O.K.); (A.P.); (M.L.)
- Correspondence: (A.R.); (R.M.); Tel.: +380-979-802-731 (R.M.)
| | - Roman Moskalenko
- Department of Pathology, Sumy State University, 40022 Sumy, Ukraine; (O.K.); (A.P.); (M.L.)
- Ukrainian-Swedish Research Center SUMEYA, Sumy State University, 40022 Sumy, Ukraine
- Correspondence: (A.R.); (R.M.); Tel.: +380-979-802-731 (R.M.)
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11
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Kavarthapu R, Anbazhagan R, Dufau ML. Crosstalk between PRLR and EGFR/HER2 Signaling Pathways in Breast Cancer. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:4685. [PMID: 34572912 PMCID: PMC8467304 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13184685] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2021] [Revised: 09/14/2021] [Accepted: 09/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Prolactin receptor (PRLR) and epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR/ERBB) signaling pathways activated by prolactin (PRL) and epidermal growth factor (EGF), have a major role in the mammary gland development and in the etiology of breast cancer, respectively. ER+ breast tumors comprise up to 75% of all breast cancers and 10% of these are HER2+. Elevated levels of PRLR in breast tumors, high circulating levels of PRL and increased expression of ERBB1/2 in patients that become resistant to endocrine therapy have shown to be associated with higher risk of cancer progression. In this review, we examine the role of crosstalk between PRLR and ERBB1/2 signaling pathways in the activation of unliganded ERα, cyclin-D1 and other oncogenic factors (MYC, FOS, JUN) in breast cancer. PRL/PRLR and EGF/EGFR induces phosphorylation of ERα through activation of MEK/MAPK and PI3K/AKT signaling pathways. PRL in breast cancer cells via PRLR/JAK2 can also induce phosphorylation of ERBB2/HER2, which in turn activates the downstream RAS/MEK/ERK pathway required for ERα phosphorylation. EGFR, independent of PRL/PRLR, can activate STAT5 indirectly via c-SRC and drive the expression of target genes involved in cell proliferation and survival. The crosstalk between PRLR and HER2, where PRL induces HER2 signaling can be an alternative route for ERα activation to induce transcription of PRLR and other ER target genes. We believe that overexpression of EGFR/HER2 and PRLR in breast tumors could maximize the actions of their ligands, and further induce cell proliferation promoting malignancy. This could also explain the resistance to endocrine therapy resulting in tumor growth.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Maria L. Dufau
- Section on Molecular Endocrinology, Division of Developmental Biology, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA; (R.K.); (R.A.)
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12
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Suppression of Breast Cancer by Small Molecules That Block the Prolactin Receptor. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:cancers13112662. [PMID: 34071395 PMCID: PMC8198871 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13112662] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2021] [Revised: 05/24/2021] [Accepted: 05/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Unabated tumor growth, metastasis, and resistance to hormone therapy and/or to chemotherapy constitute serious impediments for combating breast cancer (BC). With the exception of targeted anti-HER2/neu therapy and combination therapies, there have been no radical changes in the standard of care for BC patients in the past two decades. In addition, there are only limited options for treating BC-derived brain metastases that cause high morbidity and mortality. This report describes the use of high throughput screening (HTS) for identifying novel small molecules that blocked the prolactin receptor (PRLR) and suppressed BC in a laboratory setting. These small molecules have a great potential to become effective therapeutics in patients with BC. Abstract Prolactin (PRL) is a protein hormone which in humans is secreted by pituitary lactotrophs as well as by many normal and malignant non-pituitary sites. Many lines of evidence demonstrate that both circulating and locally produced PRL increase breast cancer (BC) growth and metastases and confer chemoresistance. Our objective was to identify and then characterize small molecules that block the tumorigenic actions of PRL in BC. We employed three cell-based assays in high throughput screening (HTS) of 51,000 small molecules and identified two small molecule inhibitors (SMIs), named SMI-1 and SMI-6. Both compounds bound to the extracellular domain (ECD) of the PRL receptor (PRLR) at 1–3 micromolar affinity and abrogated PRL-induced breast cancer cell (BCC) invasion and malignant lymphocyte proliferation. SMI-6 effectively reduced the viability of multiple BCC types, had much lower activity against various non-malignant cells, displayed high selectivity, and showed no apparent in vitro or in vivo toxicity. In athymic nude mice, SMI-6 rapidly and dramatically suppressed the growth of PRL-expressing BC xenografts. This report represents a pre-clinical phase of developing novel anti-cancer agents with the potential to become effective therapeutics in breast cancer patients.
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