1
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Jin S, Liu PS, Zheng D, Xie X. The interplay of miRNAs and ferroptosis in diseases related to iron overload. Apoptosis 2024; 29:45-65. [PMID: 37758940 DOI: 10.1007/s10495-023-01890-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/01/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023]
Abstract
Ferroptosis has been conceptualized as a novel cell death modality distinct from apoptosis, necroptosis, pyroptosis and autophagic cell death. The sensitivity of cellular ferroptosis is regulated at multiple layers, including polyunsaturated fatty acid metabolism, glutathione-GPX4 axis, iron homeostasis, mitochondria and other parallel pathways. In addition, microRNAs (miRNAs) have been implicated in modulating ferroptosis susceptibility through targeting different players involved in the execution or avoidance of ferroptosis. A growing body of evidence pinpoints the deregulation of miRNA-regulated ferroptosis as a critical factor in the development and progression of various pathophysiological conditions related to iron overload. The revelation of mechanisms of miRNA-dependent ferroptosis provides novel insights into the etiology of diseases and offers opportunities for therapeutic intervention. In this review, we discuss the interplay of emerging miRNA regulators and ferroptosis players under different pathological conditions, such as cancers, ischemia/reperfusion, neurodegenerative diseases, acute kidney injury and cardiomyopathy. We emphasize on the relevance of miRNA-regulated ferroptosis to disease progression and the targetability for therapeutic interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shikai Jin
- School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Shaoxing University, Shaoxing City, Zhejiang, China
| | - Pu-Ste Liu
- Institute of Cellular and System Medicine, National Health Research Institutes, Zhunan Town, Miaoli County, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Daheng Zheng
- School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Shaoxing University, Shaoxing City, Zhejiang, China.
| | - Xin Xie
- School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Shaoxing University, Shaoxing City, Zhejiang, China.
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2
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Lee J, Shin DY, Jang Y, Han JP, Cho EM, Seo YR. Cadmium-induced Carcinogenesis in Respiratory Organs and the Prostate: Insights from Three Perspectives on Toxicogenomic Approach. J Cancer Prev 2023; 28:150-159. [PMID: 38205367 PMCID: PMC10774485 DOI: 10.15430/jcp.2023.28.4.150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2023] [Accepted: 12/25/2023] [Indexed: 01/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Cadmium (Cd) exposure primarily occurs through inhalation, either by smoking or occupational exposure to contaminated air. Upon inhalation, Cd ultimately reaches the prostate through the bloodstream. In this review, we investigate the carcinogenic potential of Cd in both respiratory organs and the prostate. Specifically, this review examines cellular metabolism, comprehensive toxicity, and carcinogenic mechanisms by exploring gene ontology, biological networks, and adverse outcome pathways. In the respiratory organs, Cd induces lung cancer by altering the expression of IL1B and FGF2, causing DNA damage, reducing cell junction integrity, and promoting apoptosis. In the prostate, Cd induces prostate cancer by modifying the expression of EDN1 and HMOX1, leading to abnormal protein activities and maturation, suppressing tumor suppressors, and inducing apoptosis. Collectively, this review provides a comprehensive understanding of the carcinogenic mechanisms of Cd in two different organs by adopting toxicogenomic approaches. These insights can serve as a foundation for further research on cadmium-induced cancer, contributing to the establishment of future cancer prevention strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Lee
- Department of Life Science, Institute of Environmental Medicine for Green Chemistry, Dongguk University Biomedi Campus, Goyang, Korea
| | - Dong Yeop Shin
- Department of Life Science, Institute of Environmental Medicine for Green Chemistry, Dongguk University Biomedi Campus, Goyang, Korea
| | - Yujin Jang
- Department of Life Science, Institute of Environmental Medicine for Green Chemistry, Dongguk University Biomedi Campus, Goyang, Korea
| | - Jun Pyo Han
- Department of Life Science, Institute of Environmental Medicine for Green Chemistry, Dongguk University Biomedi Campus, Goyang, Korea
| | - Eun-Min Cho
- Department of Nano, Chemical & Biological Engineering, College of Natural Science and Engineering, Seokyeong University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Young Rok Seo
- Department of Life Science, Institute of Environmental Medicine for Green Chemistry, Dongguk University Biomedi Campus, Goyang, Korea
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3
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Tyagi B, Chandrasekaran B, Tyagi A, Shukla V, Saran U, Tyagi N, Talluri S, Juneau AD, Fu H, Ankem MK, Damodaran C. Exposure of environmental trace elements in prostate cancer patients: A multiple metal analysis. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 2023; 479:116728. [PMID: 37858873 DOI: 10.1016/j.taap.2023.116728] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2023] [Revised: 10/10/2023] [Accepted: 10/16/2023] [Indexed: 10/21/2023]
Abstract
Prostate cancer (PCa) is the second leading cause of cancer-related deaths among men. To elucidate the connection between trace elements (arsenic: As, cadmium: Cd, lead: Pb, chromium: Cr, and nickel: Ni) and the risk of PCa, we analyzed trace element levels in the serum, urine, and tissues of PCa patients, while also examining their smoking status. We correlated these levels with their smoking habits. Notably, levels of Cd (P ≤ 0.05) and As (P ≤ 0.01) were significantly higher in the tumor tissue than in adjacent tissues. No significant differences were observed in the levels of Pb, Cr and Ni. Additionally, urinary Cd levels in 70% and arsenic levels in 2.3% of the PCa cohort were markedly higher than the CDC-reported cutoff (Cd ≤ 0.185 μg/L & As ≤100 μg/L). None displayed elevated levels of urinary Pb, Cr, and Ni. Conversely, in serum samples, the concentration of arsenic exceeded the CDC-determined limit (As ≤1.0 μg/L) in 31.69% of PCa patients. However, only 7.04% of patients had higher serum Cd levels than the CDC standard values (Cd ≤ 0.315 μg/L), while all PCa patients exceeded the Cr CDC limit (Cr ≤ 0.16 μg/L) and the Ni CDC limit (Ni ≤ 0.2 μg/L). On the contrary, no significant differences were observed in serum Pb (Pb ≤ 35.0 μg/L). Our findings establish a positive link between Cd and arsenic tissue concentrations and the risk of PCa. Subsequent studies are essential to determine whether elevated trace element levels pose a risk for the development of prostate carcinogenesis. Interestingly, among the PCa cohort comprising smokers, notably higher Cd levels were observed only in tumor tissues (P ≤ 0.01) and urine (P ≤ 0.05) compared to other elements or in other specimens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bhawna Tyagi
- School of Pharmacy, Texas A&M University, TX, USA
| | | | - Ashish Tyagi
- School of Pharmacy, Texas A&M University, TX, USA
| | | | - Uttara Saran
- School of Pharmacy, Texas A&M University, TX, USA
| | - Neha Tyagi
- School of Pharmacy, Texas A&M University, TX, USA
| | | | | | - Hangcheng Fu
- Department of Urology, University of Louisville, KY, USA
| | - Murali K Ankem
- Department of Urology, University of Louisville, KY, USA
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Liu Q, Yang T, Zhang Y, Hu ZD, Liu YM, Luo YL, Liu SX, Zhang H, Zhong Q. ZIC2 induces pro-tumor macrophage polarization in nasopharyngeal carcinoma by activating the JUNB/MCSF axis. Cell Death Dis 2023; 14:455. [PMID: 37479694 PMCID: PMC10362010 DOI: 10.1038/s41419-023-05983-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2021] [Revised: 06/19/2023] [Accepted: 07/12/2023] [Indexed: 07/23/2023]
Abstract
Nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC) is a common malignant epithelial tumor of the head and neck that often exhibits local recurrence and distant metastasis. The molecular mechanisms are understudied, and effective therapeutic targets are still lacking. In our study, we found that the transcription factor ZIC2 was highly expressed in NPC. Although ZIC family members play important roles in neural development and carcinogenesis, the specific mechanism and clinical significance of ZIC2 in the tumorigenesis and immune regulation of NPC remain elusive. Here, we first reported that high expression of ZIC2 triggered the secretion of MCSF in NPC cells, induced M2 polarization of tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs), and affected the secretion of TAM-related cytokines. Mechanistically, ChIP-seq and RNA-seq analyses identified JUNB as a downstream target of ZIC2. Furthermore, ZIC2 was significantly enriched in the promoter site of JUNB and activated JUNB promoter activity, as shown by ChIP-qPCR and luciferase assays. In addition, JUNB and MCSF participated in ZIC2-induced M2 TAMs polarization. Thus, blocking JUNB and MCSF could reverse ZIC2-mediated M2 TAMs polarization. Moreover, Kaplan-Meier survival analyses indicated that high expression of ZIC2, JUNB, and CD163 was positively associated with a poor prognosis in NPC. Overexpression of ZIC2 induced tumor growth in vivo, with the increase of JUNB, MCSF secretion, and CD163. In summary, our study implies that ZIC2 induces M2 TAM polarization, at least in part through regulation of JUNB/MCSF and that ZIC2, JUNB, and CD163 can be utilized as prognostic markers for NPC and as therapeutic targets for cancer immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qian Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma Diagnosis and Therapy, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center (SYSUCC), Guangzhou, China
- Department of Ultrasound Medicine, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Ting Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma Diagnosis and Therapy, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center (SYSUCC), Guangzhou, China
| | - Yu Zhang
- Department of Pathology, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center (SYSUCC), Guangzhou, China
| | - Ze-Dong Hu
- Department of Orthopedics, The First People's Hospital of Anning, Kunming, China
| | - Yan-Min Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma Diagnosis and Therapy, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center (SYSUCC), Guangzhou, China
- Department of Immunology, Zhongshan School of Medicine; Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease Control of Ministry of Education, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yi-Ling Luo
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma Diagnosis and Therapy, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center (SYSUCC), Guangzhou, China
| | - Shang-Xin Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma Diagnosis and Therapy, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center (SYSUCC), Guangzhou, China
| | - Hua Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma Diagnosis and Therapy, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center (SYSUCC), Guangzhou, China
| | - Qian Zhong
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma Diagnosis and Therapy, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center (SYSUCC), Guangzhou, China.
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Singh V, Madeshiya AK, Ansari NG, Singh MK, Abhishek A. CYP1A1 gene polymorphism and heavy metal analyses in benign prostatic hyperplasia and prostate cancer: An explorative case-control study. Urol Oncol 2023:S1078-1439(23)00142-4. [PMID: 37277283 DOI: 10.1016/j.urolonc.2023.04.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2022] [Revised: 04/19/2023] [Accepted: 04/24/2023] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The prostatic disorder is associated with benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) and prostate cancer (CaP). Evidently, prevalent transcription factors and signaling pathways define their relationship. The etiology of the prostatic disorder is multifactorial including heavy metal toxicity like lead (Pb), Cadmium (Cd), and genetic factors. This study elucidates the association between heavy metal toxicity Pb, Cd, and CYP1A1 gene polymorphism with BPH and CaP. METHODS a case-control study with (BPH, n = 104), (CaP, n = 58) and (controls, n =107) patients. Heavy metal Pb and Cd estimation by atomic absorption spectrophotometer. The polymorphism of the CYP1A1 T>C (rs4646903) gene was analyzed byPCR-RFLP. RESULT Higher levels of Pb and Cd were found in BPH and CaP followed by the control group (P-value: < 0.05). Pb and Cd show a significant correlation among prostate volume in CaP. Additionally, PSA, IPSS score, and pre void volume were positively co-related with Pb in BPH patients. The posthoc test defines the level of Pb and Cd as significantly elevated in the mutant genotype, highest among homozygous mutant genotype of CYP1A1gene among BPH. In CaP, Pb is significantly higher among the homozygous mutant type of CYP1A1 gene. The risk is also influenced by smoking, tobacco, and alcohol. CONCLUSION The heavy metal toxicity Pb and Cd were reported to raise the risk of BPH and CaP. However, a person with heavy metal toxicity especially in BPH has a high-risk genetic susceptibility to the CYP1A1 gene in the north Indian population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vishwajeet Singh
- Department of Urology, King George's Medical University, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India.
| | - Amit Kumar Madeshiya
- Department of Urology, King George's Medical University, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India; Faillace Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, The University of Texas Health Science Center, Houston, TX
| | - Nasreen Ghazi Ansari
- Regulatory Toxicology, CSIR-Indian Institute of Toxicology Research, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Mukul Kumar Singh
- Department of Urology, King George's Medical University, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Amar Abhishek
- School of Life sciences, Guru Ghasidas vishwavidyalaya, A Central University, Bilaspur, Chattisgarh, India
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Tyagi A, Chandrasekaran B, Navin AK, Shukla V, Baby BV, Ankem MK, Damodaran C. Molecular interplay between NOX1 and autophagy in cadmium-induced prostate carcinogenesis. Free Radic Biol Med 2023; 199:44-55. [PMID: 36764624 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2023.02.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2022] [Revised: 01/18/2023] [Accepted: 02/07/2023] [Indexed: 02/11/2023]
Abstract
Chronic exposure to cadmium (Cd), a class I carcinogen, leads to malignant transformation of normal prostate epithelial cells (RWPE-1). The constant generation of Cd-induced ROS and resulting ER stress induces cellular responses that are needed for cell survival, and autophagy has an important role in this process. However, the mechanisms that regulate Cd-induced ROS and how these differ in terms of acute and chronic cadmium exposure remain unexplained. Here, we show that acute or chronic Cd exposure facilitates NOX1 assembly by activating its cytosolic regulators p47phox and p67phox in RWPE-1 cells. Upregulation of NOX1 complex proteins and generation of ROS activates unfolded protein response (UPR) via phosphorylation of protein kinase RNA-like endoplasmic reticulum kinase (PERK), eukaryotic initiation factor 2 alpha (eIF2α), and selective translation of activating transcription factor 4 (ATF4). Chronic Cd exposure constantly activates NOX1 complex and generates consistent ROS and ER stress that led to defective autophagy, wherein ATG5 expression is downregulated in contrast to acute Cd exposure. As a result, selective/defective autophagy creates depletion of autophagosome-lysosome fusion that gives a survival advantage to transforming cells, which is not available to RWPE-1 cells acutely exposed to Cd. Knockdown of key molecules in a lockstep manner directly affects the most downstream autophagy pathways in transforming cells. Overall, this study demonstrates that assembly of NOX1 complex proteins is indispensable for Cd-induced persistent ROS and controls ER stress-induced defective autophagy in mice and humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashish Tyagi
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, 77845, USA
| | - Balaji Chandrasekaran
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, 77845, USA
| | - Ajit K Navin
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, 77845, USA
| | - Vaibhav Shukla
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, 77845, USA
| | - Becaa V Baby
- Department of Urology, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, USA
| | - Murali K Ankem
- Department of Urology, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, USA
| | - Chendil Damodaran
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, 77845, USA; Department of Urology, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, USA.
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Chandrasekaran B, Tapadar S, Wu B, Saran U, Tyagi A, Johnston A, Gaul DA, Oyelere AK, Damodaran C. Antiandrogen-Equipped Histone Deacetylase Inhibitors Selectively Inhibit Androgen Receptor (AR) and AR-Splice Variant (AR-SV) in Castration-Resistant Prostate Cancer (CRPC). Cancers (Basel) 2023; 15:cancers15061769. [PMID: 36980655 PMCID: PMC10046692 DOI: 10.3390/cancers15061769] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2023] [Accepted: 03/09/2023] [Indexed: 03/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: Epigenetic modification influences androgen receptor (AR) activation, often resulting in prostate cancer (PCa) development and progression. Silencing histone-modifying enzymes (histone deacetylases-HDACs) either genetically or pharmacologically suppresses PCa proliferation in preclinical models of PCa; however, results from clinical studies were not encouraging. Similarly, PCa patients eventually become resistant to androgen ablation therapy (ADT). Our goal is to develop dual-acting small molecules comprising antiandrogen and HDAC-inhibiting moieties that may overcome the resistance of ADT and effectively suppress the growth of castration-resistant prostate cancer (CRPC). Methods: Several rationally designed antiandrogen-equipped HDAC inhibitors (HDACi) were synthesized, and their efficacy on CRPC growth was examined both in vitro and in vivo. Results: While screening our newly developed small molecules, we observed that SBI-46 significantly inhibited the proliferation of AR+ CRPC cells but not AR- CRPC and normal immortalized prostate epithelial cells (RWPE1) or normal kidney cells (HEK-293 and VERO). Molecular analysis confirmed that SBI-46 downregulated the expressions of both AR+ and AR-splice variants (AR-SVs) in CRPC cells. Further studies revealed the downregulation of AR downstream (PSA) events in CRPC cells. The oral administration of SBI-46 abrogated the growth of C4-2B and 22Rv1 CRPC xenograft tumors that express AR or both AR and AR-SV in xenotransplanted nude mice models. Further, immunohistochemical analysis confirmed that SBI-46 inhibits AR signaling in xenografted tumor tissues. Conclusion: These results demonstrate that SBI-46 is a potent agent that inhibits preclinical models of CRPC by downregulating the expressions of both AR and AR-SV. Furthermore, these results suggest that SBI-46 may be a potent compound for treating CRPC.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Subhasish Tapadar
- Parker H. Petit Institute for Bioengineering & Biosciences, School of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Georgia Institute of Technology, 315 Ferst Dr. NW, Atlanta, GA 30332, USA
| | - Bocheng Wu
- Parker H. Petit Institute for Bioengineering & Biosciences, School of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Georgia Institute of Technology, 315 Ferst Dr. NW, Atlanta, GA 30332, USA
| | - Uttara Saran
- Rangel School of Pharmacy, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77845, USA
| | - Ashish Tyagi
- Rangel School of Pharmacy, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77845, USA
| | - Alexis Johnston
- Parker H. Petit Institute for Bioengineering & Biosciences, School of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Georgia Institute of Technology, 315 Ferst Dr. NW, Atlanta, GA 30332, USA
| | - David A. Gaul
- Parker H. Petit Institute for Bioengineering & Biosciences, School of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Georgia Institute of Technology, 315 Ferst Dr. NW, Atlanta, GA 30332, USA
| | - Adegboyega K. Oyelere
- Parker H. Petit Institute for Bioengineering & Biosciences, School of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Georgia Institute of Technology, 315 Ferst Dr. NW, Atlanta, GA 30332, USA
- Correspondence: (A.K.O.); (C.D.); Tel.: +1-404-894-4047 (A.K.O.); +1-979-436-0495 (C.D.)
| | - Chendil Damodaran
- Rangel School of Pharmacy, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77845, USA
- Correspondence: (A.K.O.); (C.D.); Tel.: +1-404-894-4047 (A.K.O.); +1-979-436-0495 (C.D.)
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Chandrasekaran B, Tyagi A, Saran U, Kolluru V, Baby BV, Chirasani VR, Dokholyan NV, Lin JM, Singh A, Sharma AK, Ankem MK, Damodaran C. Urolithin A analog inhibits castration-resistant prostate cancer by targeting the androgen receptor and its variant, androgen receptor-variant 7. Front Pharmacol 2023; 14:1137783. [PMID: 36937838 PMCID: PMC10020188 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2023.1137783] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2023] [Accepted: 02/08/2023] [Indexed: 03/06/2023] Open
Abstract
We investigated the efficacy of a small molecule ASR-600, an analog of Urolithin A (Uro A), on blocking androgen receptor (AR) and its splice variant AR-variant 7 (AR-V7) signaling in castration-resistant prostate cancer (CRPC). ASR-600 effectively suppressed the growth of AR+ CRPC cells by inhibiting AR and AR-V7 expressions; no effect was seen in AR- CRPC and normal prostate epithelial cells. Biomolecular interaction assays revealed ASR-600 binds to the N-terminal domain of AR, which was further confirmed by immunoblot and subcellular localization studies. Molecular studies suggested that ASR-600 promotes the ubiquitination of AR and AR-V7 resulting in the inhibition of AR signaling. Microsomal and plasma stability studies suggest that ASR-600 is stable, and its oral administration inhibits tumor growth in CRPC xenografted castrated and non-castrated mice. In conclusion, our data suggest that ASR-600 enhances AR ubiquitination in both AR+ and AR-V7 CRPC cells and inhibits their growth in vitro and in vivo models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Balaji Chandrasekaran
- Department of Pharmaceutical Science, College of Pharmacy, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, United States
| | - Ashish Tyagi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Science, College of Pharmacy, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, United States
| | - Uttara Saran
- Department of Pharmaceutical Science, College of Pharmacy, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, United States
| | - Venkatesh Kolluru
- Department of Urology, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, United States
| | - Becca V. Baby
- Department of Urology, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, United States
| | - Venkat R. Chirasani
- Department of Pharmacology, Penn State Cancer Institute, Penn State College of Medicine, Hershey, PA, United States
| | - Nikolay V. Dokholyan
- Department of Pharmacology, Penn State Cancer Institute, Penn State College of Medicine, Hershey, PA, United States
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Penn State College of Medicine, Hershey, PA, United States
| | - Jyh M. Lin
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Penn State College of Medicine, Hershey, PA, United States
| | - Amandeep Singh
- Department of Pharmacology, Penn State Cancer Institute, Penn State College of Medicine, Hershey, PA, United States
| | - Arun K. Sharma
- Department of Pharmacology, Penn State Cancer Institute, Penn State College of Medicine, Hershey, PA, United States
| | - Murali K. Ankem
- Department of Urology, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, United States
| | - Chendil Damodaran
- Department of Pharmaceutical Science, College of Pharmacy, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, United States
- Department of Urology, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, United States
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Bede-Ojimadu O, Nnamah N, Onuegbu J, Grant-Weaver I, Barraza F, Orakwe J, Abiahu J, Orisakwe O, Nriagu J. Cadmium exposure and the risk of prostate cancer among Nigerian men: effect modification by zinc status. J Trace Elem Med Biol 2023; 78:127168. [PMID: 37043921 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtemb.2023.127168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2022] [Revised: 02/25/2023] [Accepted: 03/29/2023] [Indexed: 04/01/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Prostate cancer (PCa) may result from an interplay between many factors including exposure to trace elements. This study examined the association between cadmium exposure and PCa among Nigerian men and evaluated possible modification of this effect by zinc status. METHODS This case-control study involved men with histologically confirmed PCa (n = 82), benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH; n = 93) and controls (n = 98), aged between 40 and 80 years. Study participants were recruited from the main teaching hospital that draws clients from the entire Anambra State in South-Eastern Nigeria. Blood and urine samples were collected from these participants and were analyzed for trace elements using ICP-MS. Statistical models were used to assess the exposure risk for cadmium exposure as well as the mediating effect of zinc status. RESULTS Among men with prostatic disorders (case-case analysis), every 10-fold increase in urinary cadmium was associated with increased risk of PCa (adjusted odds ratios: 2.526; 95% CI: 1.096-5.821). Men in the highest blood zinc quartile had lower odds of PCa compared to the lowest quartile (AOR: 0.19; 95% CI, 0.06-0.54; p-for trend = 0.001). Zinc-specific effect was observed in this group: every 10-fold increase in urinary cadmium was associated with increased risk of PCa among men with creatinine-adjusted urinary zinc levels below the median value (AOR: 8.46; 95% CI: 1.97 -36.39) but not in those above the median value (AOR: 1.55; 95% CI: 0.45 - 5.39). CONCLUSION Higher exposure to cadmium may be associated with increased risk of PCa in Nigeria and probably other countries with high prevalence of Zn deficiency. These results point to the need to consider co-occurring trace metals in any effort to mitigate the toxicity of Cd in the environment.
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Saran U, Chandrasekaran B, Tyagi A, Shukla V, Singh A, Sharma AK, Damodaran C. A small molecule inhibitor of Notch1 modulates stemness and suppresses breast cancer cell growth. Front Pharmacol 2023; 14:1150774. [PMID: 36909163 PMCID: PMC9998682 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2023.1150774] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2023] [Accepted: 02/10/2023] [Indexed: 03/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Although breast cancer stem cells (BCSCs) are well characterized, molecularly targeting and eradicating this sub-population remains a challenge in the clinic. Recent studies have explored several signaling pathways that govern stem cell activation: We and others established that the Notch1 signaling plays a significant role in the proliferation, survival, and differentiation of BCSCs. Earlier, we reported that a newly developed small molecule, ASR490, binds to the negative regulatory region (NRR: The activation switch of the Notch receptor) of Notch1. In vitro results demonstrated that ASR490 significantly inhibited BCSCs (ALDH+ and CD44+/CD24-) and breast cancer (BC) growth at nM concentrations, and subsequently inhibited the colony- and mammosphere-forming abilities of BCSCs and BCs. ASR490 downregulated the expressions of Notch1 intracellular domain (NICD: The active form of Notch1) and its downstream effectors Hey1 and HES1. Inhibition of Notch1-NICD facilitated autophagy-mediated growth inhibition by triggering the fusion of autophagosome and autolysosome in BCSCs. ASR490 was found to be non-toxic to healthy cells as compared to existing Notch1 inhibitors. Moreover, oral administration of ASR490 abrogated BCSC and BC tumor growth in the in vivo xenograft models. Together our results indicate that ASR490 is a potential therapeutic agent that inhibits BC tumor growth by targeting and abolishing Notch1 signaling in BCSCs and BC cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Uttara Saran
- Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, United States
| | | | - Ashish Tyagi
- Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, United States
| | - Vaibhav Shukla
- Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, United States
| | - Amandeep Singh
- Penn State Cancer Institute, College of Medicine, The Pennsylvania State University, Hershey, PA, United States
| | - Arun K. Sharma
- Penn State Cancer Institute, College of Medicine, The Pennsylvania State University, Hershey, PA, United States
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11
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Li S, Xu S, Chen Y, Zhou J, Ben S, Guo M, Chu H, Gu D, Zhang Z, Wang M. Metal Exposure Promotes Colorectal Tumorigenesis via the Aberrant N6-Methyladenosine Modification of ATP13A3. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2023; 57:2864-2876. [PMID: 36745568 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.2c07389] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Element contamination, including that from heavy metals, is associated with gastrointestinal tumorigenesis, but the effects and mechanisms of crucial element exposure associated with colorectal cancer remain unclear. We profiled 56 elements by ICP-MS and used logistic regression, LASSO, BKMR, and GAM to identify colorectal cancer-relevant elements. A series of biochemical experiments were performed to demonstrate the cytotoxicity and the mechanisms of malignant transformation after metal exposure. Using an elementomics approach, we first found that the metal thallium (Tl) was positively correlated with many toxic metals and was associated with a significantly increased risk of colorectal cancer. Acute exposure to Tl induced cytotoxicity and cell death by accelerating the generation of reactive oxygen species and DNA damage. Chronic exposure to Tl led to the inhibition of cell death and thereby induced the malignant transformation of normal colon cells and xenograft tumor formation in nude mice. Furthermore, we describe the first identification of a significant metal quantitative trait locus for the novel colorectal cancer susceptibility locus rs1511625 near ATP13A3. Mechanistically, Tl increased the level of aberrant N6-methyladenosine (m6A) modification of ATP13A3 via the METLL3/METTL14/ALKBH5-ATP13A3 axis to promote colorectal tumorigenesis. This study provides a basis for the development of public health strategies for reducing metal exposure among populations at high risk for colorectal cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuwei Li
- Department of Genetic Toxicology, The Key Laboratory of Modern Toxicology of Ministry of Education, Center for Global Health, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 211166, Jiangsu, China
- Department of Environmental Genomics, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Cancer Biomarkers, Prevention and Treatment, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Personalized Medicine, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 211166, Jiangsu, China
| | - Shenya Xu
- Department of Genetic Toxicology, The Key Laboratory of Modern Toxicology of Ministry of Education, Center for Global Health, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 211166, Jiangsu, China
- Department of Environmental Genomics, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Cancer Biomarkers, Prevention and Treatment, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Personalized Medicine, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 211166, Jiangsu, China
| | - Yehua Chen
- Department of Genetic Toxicology, The Key Laboratory of Modern Toxicology of Ministry of Education, Center for Global Health, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 211166, Jiangsu, China
- Department of Environmental Genomics, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Cancer Biomarkers, Prevention and Treatment, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Personalized Medicine, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 211166, Jiangsu, China
| | - Jieyu Zhou
- Department of Genetic Toxicology, The Key Laboratory of Modern Toxicology of Ministry of Education, Center for Global Health, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 211166, Jiangsu, China
- Department of Environmental Genomics, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Cancer Biomarkers, Prevention and Treatment, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Personalized Medicine, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 211166, Jiangsu, China
| | - Shuai Ben
- Department of Genetic Toxicology, The Key Laboratory of Modern Toxicology of Ministry of Education, Center for Global Health, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 211166, Jiangsu, China
- Department of Environmental Genomics, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Cancer Biomarkers, Prevention and Treatment, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Personalized Medicine, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 211166, Jiangsu, China
| | - Mengfan Guo
- Department of Genetic Toxicology, The Key Laboratory of Modern Toxicology of Ministry of Education, Center for Global Health, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 211166, Jiangsu, China
- Department of Environmental Genomics, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Cancer Biomarkers, Prevention and Treatment, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Personalized Medicine, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 211166, Jiangsu, China
| | - Haiyan Chu
- Department of Genetic Toxicology, The Key Laboratory of Modern Toxicology of Ministry of Education, Center for Global Health, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 211166, Jiangsu, China
- Department of Environmental Genomics, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Cancer Biomarkers, Prevention and Treatment, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Personalized Medicine, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 211166, Jiangsu, China
| | - Dongying Gu
- Department of Oncology, Nanjing First Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 210006, Jiangsu, China
| | - Zhengdong Zhang
- Department of Genetic Toxicology, The Key Laboratory of Modern Toxicology of Ministry of Education, Center for Global Health, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 211166, Jiangsu, China
- Department of Environmental Genomics, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Cancer Biomarkers, Prevention and Treatment, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Personalized Medicine, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 211166, Jiangsu, China
| | - Meilin Wang
- Department of Genetic Toxicology, The Key Laboratory of Modern Toxicology of Ministry of Education, Center for Global Health, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 211166, Jiangsu, China
- Department of Environmental Genomics, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Cancer Biomarkers, Prevention and Treatment, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Personalized Medicine, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 211166, Jiangsu, China
- The Affiliated Suzhou Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Suzhou Municipal Hospital, Gusu School, Nanjing Medical University, Suzhou 215000, Jiangsu, China
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12
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Huang T, Chen J, Zhang Y, Chen Y, Xu C, Guo J, Ming H. Circ_0027470 promotes cadmium exposure-induced prostatic fibrosis via sponging miRNA-1236-3p and stimulating SHH signaling pathway. J Appl Toxicol 2023. [PMID: 36617218 DOI: 10.1002/jat.4436] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2022] [Revised: 12/19/2022] [Accepted: 01/05/2023] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Cadmium (Cd) is a toxic heavy metal pollutant and serves as an important environmental endocrine-disrupting chemical. Cd exposure is believed to can enhance the risks of age-related disorders including benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH). This study was to investigate the harms of Cd exposure on mice prostate and human nonmalignant prostate epithelial RWPE-1 cells. Mice prostate fibrosis was evaluated by visualizing the prostatic collagen deposition via Masson and Sirius red staining, and detecting the content of hydroxyproline. Additionally, the epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT), primary ciliogenesis and SHH signaling pathways in both mice prostate and RWPE-1 cells were evaluated. It was found that Cd exposure stimulated prostatic collagen deposition, EMT and primary ciliogenesis, as well as enhanced the circ_0027470 level and reduced the miRNA-1236-3p level. Circ_0027470 functioned as a sponge of miRNA-1236-3p, which had the inhibiting target of SHH. The whole results showed that circ_0027470 promoted Cd exposure-induced prostatic fibrosis via sponging miRNA-1236-3p and subsequently stimulating SHH signaling pathway. This study shed a light on a novel molecular mechanism involved in circRNA for Cd exposure-induced prostate deficits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tianqi Huang
- Department of Pharmacy, School of Medicine, Jianghan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Jinglou Chen
- Department of Pharmacy, School of Medicine, Jianghan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Yumiao Zhang
- Department of Pharmacy, School of Medicine, Jianghan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Yao Chen
- Department of Pharmacy, School of Medicine, Jianghan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Congyue Xu
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, School of Medicine, Jianghan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Jing Guo
- Department of Basic Medicine, School of Medicine, Jianghan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Hao Ming
- Department of Traditional Chinese Medicine, School of Medicine, Jianghan University, Wuhan, China
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13
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Lordan R, Zabetakis I. Cadmium: A Focus on the Brown Crab ( Cancer pagurus) Industry and Potential Human Health Risks. TOXICS 2022; 10:591. [PMID: 36287871 PMCID: PMC9609339 DOI: 10.3390/toxics10100591] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2022] [Revised: 09/30/2022] [Accepted: 10/01/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Cadmium is a major health risk globally and is usually associated with pollution and anthropogenic activity. The presence of cadmium in food is monitored to ensure that the health and safety of consumers are maintained. Cadmium is ubiquitous in the Asian and Western diets, with the highest levels present in grains, leafy greens, and shellfish. As part of their natural lifecycle of moulting and shell renewal, all crustaceans-including the brown crab (Cancer pagurus)-bioaccumulate cadmium from their environment in their hepatopancreas. The brown crab is an important species to the crab-fishing industries of many European countries, including Ireland. However, the industry has come under scrutiny in Europe due to the presence of cadmium in the brown crab meat intended for live export to Asia. This review explores evidence regarding the effects of cadmium consumption on human health, with a focus on the brown crab. Differences in cadmium surveillance have given rise to issues in the crab industry, with economic consequences for multiple countries. Currently, evidence suggests that brown crab consumption is safe for humans in moderation, but individuals who consume diets characterised by high levels of cadmium from multiple food groups should be mindful of their dietary choices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ronan Lordan
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Limerick, V94 T9PX Limerick, Ireland
- Health Research Institute, University of Limerick, V94 T9PX Limerick, Ireland
- Bernal Institute, University of Limerick, V94 T9PX Limerick, Ireland
- Institute for Translational Medicine and Therapeutics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Ioannis Zabetakis
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Limerick, V94 T9PX Limerick, Ireland
- Health Research Institute, University of Limerick, V94 T9PX Limerick, Ireland
- Bernal Institute, University of Limerick, V94 T9PX Limerick, Ireland
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14
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Juárez-Cruz JC, Okoniewski M, Ramírez M, Ortuño-Pineda C, Navarro-Tito N, Castañeda-Saucedo E. Chronic Leptin Treatment Induces Epithelial-Mesenchymal Transition in MCF10A Mammary Epithelial Cells. J Mammary Gland Biol Neoplasia 2022; 27:19-36. [PMID: 35195812 DOI: 10.1007/s10911-022-09515-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2021] [Accepted: 02/08/2022] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Leptin is a cytokine-like hormone that functions as a link between obesity and breast cancer (BC). Leptin treatment induces Epithelial to Mesenchymal Transition (EMT) in BC cell lines. In non-tumoral breast epithelial MCF10A cells, acute leptin treatment induces partial EMT. However, the effect of chronic leptin treatment on EMT in non-tumorigenic breast cells has not been fully explored. This study aimed to evaluate the effect of chronic leptin treatment on the induction of EMT in MCF10A cells. We found that chronic leptin treatment induces a switch from an epithelial to a mesenchymal morphology, partial loss of E-cadherin and gain of vimentin expression. Immunolocalization experiments showed a partial loss of E-cadherin at cell junctions and increased cytoplasmic localization of vimentin in leptin-treated cells. Moreover, chronic leptin treatment increased collective cell migration and invasion. Furthermore, when cultured in non-adherent conditions leptin treated cells exhibited reduced cell aggregation, increased survival, and decreased apoptosis, which correlates with increased FAK and AKT phosphorylation. Finally, bioinformatic analysis in two publicly available RNAseq datasets from normal breast tissue shows that high levels of leptin mRNA correlate positively with the expression of mesenchymal markers, and negatively with epithelial markers. Thus, our results demonstrate that chronic leptin treatment induces EMT in non-tumorigenic MCF10A cells and suggest that high leptin expression in normal breast tissue may induce EMT and contribute to increased risk of breast cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan Carlos Juárez-Cruz
- Laboratorio de Biología Celular del Cáncer. Facultad de Ciencias Químico-Biológicas, Universidad Autónoma de Guerrero. Av. Lázaro Cárdenas S/N Ciudad Universitaria. C.P, 39087, Chilpancingo de los Bravo, Guerrero, México
| | | | - Mónica Ramírez
- CONACYT, Universidad Autónoma de Guerrero, Chilpancingo de los Bravo, Guerrero, México
| | - Carlos Ortuño-Pineda
- Laboratorio de Ácidos Nucleicos y Proteínas. Facultad de Ciencias Químico-Biológicas, Universidad Autónoma de Guerrero, Chilpancingo de los Bravo, Guerrero, México
| | - Napoleón Navarro-Tito
- Laboratorio de Biología Celular del Cáncer. Facultad de Ciencias Químico-Biológicas, Universidad Autónoma de Guerrero. Av. Lázaro Cárdenas S/N Ciudad Universitaria. C.P, 39087, Chilpancingo de los Bravo, Guerrero, México
| | - Eduardo Castañeda-Saucedo
- Laboratorio de Biología Celular del Cáncer. Facultad de Ciencias Químico-Biológicas, Universidad Autónoma de Guerrero. Av. Lázaro Cárdenas S/N Ciudad Universitaria. C.P, 39087, Chilpancingo de los Bravo, Guerrero, México.
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15
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Adebola TM, Fennell HWW, Druitt MD, Bonin CA, Jenifer VA, van Wijnen AJ, Lewallen EA. Population-Level Patterns of Prostate Cancer Occurrence: Disparities in Virginia. CURRENT MOLECULAR BIOLOGY REPORTS 2022; 8:1-8. [PMID: 35909818 PMCID: PMC9337710 DOI: 10.1007/s40610-022-00147-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Prostate cancer is the most common cancer and the second leading cause of cancer-related deaths among men in the United States. In Virginia, which is a representative, ethnically diverse state of more than 8 million people that was established nearly 400 years ago, prostate cancer has the highest rate of new detection for any type of cancer. All men are at risk of developing prostate cancer regardless of demographics, but some men have an increased mortality risk due to cancer metastasis. Notably, one in five African American men will be diagnosed with prostate cancer in their lifetime and they have the highest prostate cancer mortality rate of any ethnic group in the United States, including Virginia. A person's genetic profile and family history are important biological determinants of prostate cancer risk, but modifiable environmental factors (e.g., pollution) appear to be correlated with patterns of disease prevalence and risk. In this review, we examine current perspectives on population-level spatial patterns of prostate cancer in Virginia. For context, recent, publicly available data from the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention are highlighted and presented in spatial format. In addition, we explore possible co-morbidities of prostate cancer that may have demographic underpinnings highlighted in recent health disparity studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tunde M Adebola
- Department of Biological Sciences, Hampton University, Hampton, VA, USA
| | | | - Michael D Druitt
- Department of Biological Sciences, Hampton University, Hampton, VA, USA
| | - Carolina A Bonin
- Department of Biological Sciences, Hampton University, Hampton, VA, USA
| | | | | | - Eric A Lewallen
- Department of Biological Sciences, Hampton University, Hampton, VA, USA
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16
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Gu H, Duan Z. Silencing of circDPP4 suppresses cell progression of human prostate cancer and enhances docetaxel cytotoxicity through regulating miR-564/ZIC2 axis. J Gene Med 2021; 24:e3403. [PMID: 34904327 DOI: 10.1002/jgm.3403] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2021] [Revised: 11/22/2021] [Accepted: 11/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Circular RNA derived from dipeptidyl peptidase 4 (circDPP4; ID: hsa_circ_0056881) is one top increased circRNA in prostate cancer (PC), and docetaxel (DTX)-based chemotherapy is the primary therapeutic choice for PC. However, its repertoire in PC development and chemoresistance remains to be documented. METHODS Expression of circDPP4, microRNA (miR)-564 and zinc finger of the cerebellum 2 (ZIC2) was detected by real-time quantitative PCR and western blotting; the direct interaction was validated by RNA pull-down assay, dual-luciferase reporter assay and RNA immunoprecipitation. Cell progression was measured by cell counting kit-8, colony formation assay, flow cytometry, Transwell assay, xenograft experiment, and immunohistochemistry. DTX cytotoxicity was confirmed by MTT cell viability assay. RESULTS Expression of circDPP4 is upregulated in PC tumors from 60 patients and PC cell lines, and higher circDPP4 might predict poor overall survival. Decreasing circDPP4 suppresses cell proliferation, colony formation, migration/invasion, and 50% inhibitory concentration of DTX in PC cells, and promotes apoptosis rate. Both overexpressing miR-564 and inhibiting ZIC2 could imitate those effects, while inhibiting miR-564 and restoring ZIC2 could separately counteract that. Mechanistically, circDPP4 functions as miR-564 sponge and regulates the expression of ZIC2, a target gene for miR-564. Tumor growth is retarded by silencing circDPP4, accompanied with elevated miR-564 and attenuated Ki-67 and ZIC2. CONCLUSION Blocking circDPP4 antagonizes cell progression of PC and contributes to in vitro DTX cytotoxicity via regulating miR-564/ZIC2 axis, at least. This study suggests circDPP4 as a potential biomarker and target for PC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hao Gu
- Department of Urinary Surgery, Xi'an People's Hospital (Xi'an Fourth Hospital), Xi'an, China
| | - Zhongqi Duan
- Department of Urinary Surgery, Xi'an People's Hospital (Xi'an Fourth Hospital), Xi'an, China
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17
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Zhang H, Yan J, Xie Y, Chang X, Li J, Ren C, Zhu J, Ren L, Qi K, Bai Z, Li X. Dual role of cadmium in rat liver: Inducing liver injury and inhibiting the progression of early liver cancer. Toxicol Lett 2021; 355:62-81. [PMID: 34785185 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxlet.2021.11.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2021] [Revised: 10/27/2021] [Accepted: 11/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The heavy metal cadmium (Cd) can induce damage in liver and liver cancer cells; however, the mechanism underlying its toxicity needs to be further verified in vivo. We daily administered CdCl2 to adult male rats at different dosages via gavage for 12 weeks and established rat liver injury model and liver cancer model to study the dual role of Cd in rat liver. Increased exposure to Cd resulted in abnormal liver function indicators, pathological degeneration, rat liver cell necrosis, and proliferation of collagen fibres. Using immunohistochemistry, we found that the area of GST-P-positive precancerous liver lesions decreased in a dose-dependent manner. Real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction, western blot, immunohistochemistry, and transmission electron microscopy revealed that Cd induced mitophagy, as well as mitophagy blockade, as evidenced by the downregulation of TOMM20 and upregulation of LC3II and P62 with increasing Cd dose. Next, the expression of PINK1/Parkin, a classic signalling pathway protein that regulates mitophagy, was examined. Cd was found to promote PINK1/Parkin expression, which was proportional to the Cd dose. In conclusion, Cd activates PINK1/Parkin-mediated mitophagy in a dose-dependent manner. Mitophagy blockade likely aggravates Cd toxicity, leading to the dual role of inducing liver injury and inhibiting the progression of early liver cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Honglong Zhang
- The First School of Clinical Medical, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730000, Gansu, People's Republic of China
| | - Jun Yan
- The First School of Clinical Medical, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730000, Gansu, People's Republic of China; Department of General Surgery, The First Hospital of Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730000, Gansu, People's Republic of China; Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Regenerative Medicine of Gansu Province, Lanzhou, 730000, Gansu, People's Republic of China; Hepatopancreatobiliary Surgery Institute of Gansu Province, Medical College Cancer Center of Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730000, Gansu, People's Republic of China
| | - Ye Xie
- The First School of Clinical Medical, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730000, Gansu, People's Republic of China
| | - Xuhong Chang
- Department of Toxicology, School of Public Health, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730000, Gansu, People's Republic of China
| | - Junliang Li
- Department of General Surgery, Gansu Provincial Hospital, Lanzhou, 730000, Gansu, People's Republic of China
| | - Chenghui Ren
- The First School of Clinical Medical, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730000, Gansu, People's Republic of China
| | - Jun Zhu
- The First School of Clinical Medical, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730000, Gansu, People's Republic of China; Department of Pathology, Donggang District, First Hospital of Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730000, Gansu, People's Republic of China
| | - Longfei Ren
- The First School of Clinical Medical, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730000, Gansu, People's Republic of China; Department of General Surgery, The First Hospital of Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730000, Gansu, People's Republic of China; Hepatopancreatobiliary Surgery Institute of Gansu Province, Medical College Cancer Center of Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730000, Gansu, People's Republic of China
| | - Kuo Qi
- The First School of Clinical Medical, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730000, Gansu, People's Republic of China; Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Regenerative Medicine of Gansu Province, Lanzhou, 730000, Gansu, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhongtian Bai
- The First School of Clinical Medical, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730000, Gansu, People's Republic of China; Department of General Surgery, The First Hospital of Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730000, Gansu, People's Republic of China; Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Regenerative Medicine of Gansu Province, Lanzhou, 730000, Gansu, People's Republic of China; Hepatopancreatobiliary Surgery Institute of Gansu Province, Medical College Cancer Center of Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730000, Gansu, People's Republic of China
| | - Xun Li
- The First School of Clinical Medical, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730000, Gansu, People's Republic of China; Department of General Surgery, The First Hospital of Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730000, Gansu, People's Republic of China; Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Regenerative Medicine of Gansu Province, Lanzhou, 730000, Gansu, People's Republic of China; Hepatopancreatobiliary Surgery Institute of Gansu Province, Medical College Cancer Center of Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730000, Gansu, People's Republic of China.
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18
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Lin HP, Wang Z, Yang C. LncRNA DUXAP10 Upregulation and the Hedgehog Pathway Activation Are Critically Involved in Chronic Cadmium Exposure-Induced Cancer Stem Cell-Like Property. Toxicol Sci 2021; 184:33-45. [PMID: 34373904 PMCID: PMC8677432 DOI: 10.1093/toxsci/kfab099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Cadmium (Cd) is a well-known lung carcinogen. However, the mechanism of Cd carcinogenesis remains to be clearly defined. Cd has been shown to act as a weak mutagen, suggesting that it may exert tumorigenic effect through nongenotoxic ways, such as epigenetic mechanisms. Long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs) refer to RNA molecules that are longer than 200 nucleotides in length but lack protein-coding capacities. Regulation of gene expressions by lncRNAs is considered as one of important epigenetic mechanisms. The goal of this study is to investigate the mechanism of Cd carcinogenesis focusing on the role of lncRNA dysregulations. Cd-induced malignant transformation of human bronchial epithelia BEAS-2B cells was accomplished by a 9-month low-dose Cd (CdCl2, 2.5 µM) exposure. The Cd-exposed cells formed significantly more colonies in soft agar, displayed cancer stem cell (CSC)-like property, and formed tumors in nude mice. Mechanistically, chronic low-dose Cd exposure did not cause significant genotoxic effects but dysregulated lncRNA expressions. Further Q-PCR analysis confirmed the significant upregulation of the oncogenic lncRNA DUXAP10 in Cd-transformed cells. DUXAP10 knockdown in Cd-transformed cells significantly reduced their CSC-like property. Further mechanistic studies showed that the Hedgehog pathway is activated in Cd-transformed cells and inhibition of this pathway reduces Cd-induced CSC-like property. DUXAP10 knockdown caused the Hedgehog pathway inactivation in Cd-transformed cells. Furthermore, Pax6 expression was upregulated in Cd-transformed cells and Pax6 knockdown significantly reduced their DUXAP10 levels and CSC-like property. In summary, these findings suggest that the lncRNA DUXAP10 upregulation may play an important role in Cd carcinogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hsuan-Pei Lin
- Department of Toxicology and Cancer Biology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky 40506, USA
| | - Zhishan Wang
- Division of Cancer Biology, Department of Medicine, MetroHealth Medical Center, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, Ohio 44109, USA
| | - Chengfeng Yang
- Division of Cancer Biology, Department of Medicine, MetroHealth Medical Center, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, Ohio 44109, USA
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19
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Bimonte VM, Besharat ZM, Antonioni A, Cella V, Lenzi A, Ferretti E, Migliaccio S. The endocrine disruptor cadmium: a new player in the pathophysiology of metabolic diseases. J Endocrinol Invest 2021; 44:1363-1377. [PMID: 33501614 DOI: 10.1007/s40618-021-01502-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2020] [Accepted: 01/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Cadmium (Cd), a highly toxic heavy metal, is found in soil, environment and contaminated water and food. Moreover, Cd is used in various industrial activities, such as electroplating, batteries production, fertilizers, while an important non-occupational source is represented by cigarette smoking, as Cd deposits in tobacco leaves. Since many years it is clear a strong correlation between Cd body accumulation and incidence of many diseases. Indeed, acute exposure to Cd can cause inflammation and affect many organs such as kidneys and liver. Furthermore, the attention has focused on its activity as environmental pollutant and endocrine disruptor able to interfere with metabolic and energy balance of living beings. Both in vitro and in vivo experiments have demonstrated that the Cd-exposure is related to metabolic diseases such as obesity, diabetes and osteoporosis even if human studies are still controversial. Recent data show that Cd-exposure is associated with atherosclerosis, hypertension and endothelial damage that are responsible for cardiovascular diseases. Due to the large environmental diffusion of Cd, in this review, we summarize the current knowledge concerning the role of Cd in the incidence of metabolic and cardiovascular diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- V M Bimonte
- Department of Movement, Human and Health Sciences, Section of Health Sciences, Foro Italico University, Piazza Lauro De Bosis 6, 00195, Rome, Italy
| | - Z M Besharat
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Section of Medical Pathophysiology, Endocrinology and Food Sciences, Sapienza University of Rome, Viiale Regina Elena 324, 00161, Rome, Italy
| | - A Antonioni
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Section of Medical Pathophysiology, Endocrinology and Food Sciences, Sapienza University of Rome, Viiale Regina Elena 324, 00161, Rome, Italy
| | - V Cella
- Department of Movement, Human and Health Sciences, Section of Health Sciences, Foro Italico University, Piazza Lauro De Bosis 6, 00195, Rome, Italy
| | - A Lenzi
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Section of Medical Pathophysiology, Endocrinology and Food Sciences, Sapienza University of Rome, Viiale Regina Elena 324, 00161, Rome, Italy
| | - E Ferretti
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Section of Medical Pathophysiology, Endocrinology and Food Sciences, Sapienza University of Rome, Viiale Regina Elena 324, 00161, Rome, Italy
| | - S Migliaccio
- Department of Movement, Human and Health Sciences, Section of Health Sciences, Foro Italico University, Piazza Lauro De Bosis 6, 00195, Rome, Italy.
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20
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Xu Z, Zheng J, Chen Z, Guo J, Li X, Wang X, Qu C, Yuan L, Cheng C, Sun X, Yu J. Multilevel regulation of Wnt signaling by Zic2 in colon cancer due to mutation of β-catenin. Cell Death Dis 2021; 12:584. [PMID: 34099631 PMCID: PMC8184991 DOI: 10.1038/s41419-021-03863-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2021] [Revised: 05/18/2021] [Accepted: 05/19/2021] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Zinc-finger of the cerebellum 2 (Zic2) is widely implicated in cancers, but the role of Zic2 in tumorigenesis is bilateral. A recent study indicated that Zic2 could render colon cancer cells more resistant to low glucose-induced apoptosis. However, the functional roles of Zic2 in colon cancer and the underlying molecular mechanism remain elusive. Herein, we demonstrated that Zic2 was highly expressed in colon cancer tissues and correlated with poor survival. Knockdown of Zic2 inhibited colon cancer cell growth, arrested the cell cycle transition from G0/G1 to S phase, and suppressed tumor sphere formation in vitro; in addition, silencing Zic2 retarded xenograft tumor formation in vivo. Consistently, ectopic expression of Zic2 had the opposite effects. Mechanistically, Zic2 executed its oncogenic role in colon cancer by enhancing Wnt/β-catenin signaling. Zic2 directly binds to the promoter of Axin2 and transcriptionally represses Axin2 expression and subsequently promotes the accumulation and nuclear translocation of β-catenin. Meanwhile, Zic2 could activate Wnt signaling by interacting with β-catenin. Intriguingly, in HCT116 cells with intrinsic Ser45 mutation of β-catenin, which blocks the degradation-related phosphorylation of β-catenin by CK1, modified Zic2 expression did not affect the protein level of β-catenin. Altogether, our findings uncover a novel multilevel mechanism for the oncogenic activity of Zic2 in colon cancer and suggest Zic2 as a potential therapeutic target for colon cancer patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhengshui Xu
- Department of General Surgery, First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710061, Shaanxi Province, PR China
| | - Jianbao Zheng
- Department of General Surgery, First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710061, Shaanxi Province, PR China
| | - Zilu Chen
- Department of General Surgery, First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710061, Shaanxi Province, PR China
| | - Jing Guo
- Department of General Surgery, First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710061, Shaanxi Province, PR China
| | - Xiaopeng Li
- Department of General Surgery, First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710061, Shaanxi Province, PR China
| | - Xingjie Wang
- Department of General Surgery, First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710061, Shaanxi Province, PR China
| | - Chao Qu
- Department of General Surgery, First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710061, Shaanxi Province, PR China
| | - Liyue Yuan
- Department of Endocrinology, First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710061, Shaanxi Province, PR China
| | - Chen Cheng
- Department of General Surgery, First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710061, Shaanxi Province, PR China
| | - Xuejun Sun
- Department of General Surgery, First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710061, Shaanxi Province, PR China.
| | - Junhui Yu
- Department of General Surgery, First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710061, Shaanxi Province, PR China.
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21
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Saran U, Chandrasekaran B, Kolluru V, Tyagi A, Nguyen KD, Valadon CL, Shaheen SP, Kong M, Poddar T, Ankem MK, Damodaran C. Diagnostic molecular markers predicting aggressive potential in low-grade prostate cancer. Transl Res 2021; 231:92-101. [PMID: 33279680 DOI: 10.1016/j.trsl.2020.11.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2020] [Revised: 11/05/2020] [Accepted: 11/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Currently, clinicians rely on clinical nomograms to stratify progression risk at the time of diagnosis in patients with prostate cancer (CaP). However, these tools may not accurately distinguish aggressive potential in low-grade CaP. The current study determined the diagnostic potential of 3 molecular markers (ROCK1, RUNX3, and miR-301a) in terms of their ability to identify which low-grade tumors are likely to progress. Real-time PCR and immunohistochemical analysis were used to assess ROCK1, RUNX3, and miR-301a expression profiles in 118 serum and needle biopsy specimens. Expressions of ROCK1 and miR-301a were found to be significantly higher in Gleason 6 and 7 CaP as compared to BPH, while an inverse trend was observed with RUNX3. Further, incorporation of all 3 molecular markers significantly improved clinical nomograms' diagnostic accuracy and correlated with disease progression. Hence, in conclusion, the inclusion of these 3 molecular markers identified aggressive phenotype and predicted disease progression in low-grade CaP tumors at the time of diagnosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Uttara Saran
- Department of Urology, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY
| | | | | | - Ashish Tyagi
- Department of Urology, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY
| | - Kristy D Nguyen
- Department of Urology, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY
| | | | - Saad P Shaheen
- Department of Bioinformatics and Biostatistics, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY
| | | | | | - Murali K Ankem
- Department of Urology, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY
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22
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Saran U, Tyagi A, Chandrasekaran B, Ankem MK, Damodaran C. The role of autophagy in metal-induced urogenital carcinogenesis. Semin Cancer Biol 2021; 76:247-257. [PMID: 33798723 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcancer.2021.03.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2021] [Revised: 03/18/2021] [Accepted: 03/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Environmental and/or occupational exposure to metals such as Arsenic (As), Cadmium (Cd), and Chromium (Cr) have been shown to induce carcinogenesis in various organs, including the urogenital system. However, the mechanisms responsible for metal-induced carcinogenesis remain elusive. We and others have shown that metals are potent inducers of autophagy, which has been suggested to be an adaptive stress response to allow metal-exposed cells to survive in hostile environments. Albeit few, recent experimental studies have shown that As and Cd promote tumorigenesis via autophagy and that inhibition of autophagic signaling suppressed metal-induced carcinogenesis. In light of the newly emerging role of autophagic involvement in metal-induced carcinogenesis, the present review focuses explicitly on the mechanistic role of autophagy and potential signaling pathways involved in As-, Cd-, and Cr-induced urogenital carcinogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Uttara Saran
- Department of Urology, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, United States
| | - Ashish Tyagi
- Department of Urology, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, United States
| | | | - Murali K Ankem
- Department of Urology, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, United States
| | - Chendil Damodaran
- Department of Urology, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, United States; College of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Texas A&M, College Station, TX, United States.
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23
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Dasgupta P, Kulkarni P, Bhat NS, Majid S, Shiina M, Shahryari V, Yamamura S, Tanaka Y, Gupta RK, Dahiya R, Hashimoto Y. Activation of the Erk/MAPK signaling pathway is a driver for cadmium induced prostate cancer. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 2020; 401:115102. [PMID: 32512071 PMCID: PMC7425797 DOI: 10.1016/j.taap.2020.115102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2020] [Revised: 06/03/2020] [Accepted: 06/04/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Cadmium (Cd) is reported to be associated with carcinogenesis. The molecular mechanisms associated with Cd-induced prostate cancer (PCa) remain elusive. MATERIALS AND METHODS RWPE1, PWR1E and DU 145 cells were used. RT2 Profiler Array, real-time-quantitative-PCR, immunofluorescence, cell cycle, apoptosis, proliferation and colony formation assays along with Gene Set Enrichment Analysis (GSEA) were performed. RESULT Chronic Cd exposure of non-malignant RWPE1 and PWR1E cells promoted cell survival, proliferation and colony formation with inhibition of apoptosis. Even a two-week Cd exposure of PCa cell line (DU 145) significantly increased the proliferation and decreased apoptosis. RT2 profiler array of 84 genes involved in the Erk/MAPK pathway revealed induction of gene expression in Cd-RWPE1 cells compared to RWPE1. This was confirmed by individual TaqMan gene expression analysis in both Cd-RWPE1 and Cd-PWR1E cell lines. GSEA showed an enrichment of the Erk/MAPK pathway along with other pathways such as KEGG-ERBB, KEGG-Cell Cycle, KEGG-VEGF, KEGG-Pathways in cancer and KEGG-prostate cancer pathway. We randomly selected upregulated genes from Erk/MAPK pathway and performed profile analysis in a PCa data set from the TCGA/GDC data base. We observed upregulation of these genes in PCa compared to normal samples. An increase in phosphorylation of the Erk1/2 and Mek1/2 was observed in Cd-RWPE1 and Cd-PWR1E cells compared to parental cells, confirming that Cd-exposure induces activation of the Erk/MAPK pathway. CONCLUSION This study demonstrates that Erk/MAPK signaling is a major pathway involved in Cd-induced malignant transformation of normal prostate cells. Understanding these dominant oncogenic pathways may help develop optimal therapeutic strategies for PCa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pritha Dasgupta
- Department of Urology, VA Medical Center and University of California San Francisco, School of Medicine, 4150 Clement Street, San Francisco, CA 94121, USA
| | - Priyanka Kulkarni
- Department of Urology, VA Medical Center and University of California San Francisco, School of Medicine, 4150 Clement Street, San Francisco, CA 94121, USA
| | - Nadeem S Bhat
- Department of Surgery, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, 4150 Clement Street, Miami, FL 94121, USA
| | - Shahana Majid
- Department of Urology, VA Medical Center and University of California San Francisco, School of Medicine, 4150 Clement Street, San Francisco, CA 94121, USA
| | - Marisa Shiina
- Department of Urology, VA Medical Center and University of California San Francisco, School of Medicine, 4150 Clement Street, San Francisco, CA 94121, USA
| | - Varahram Shahryari
- Department of Urology, VA Medical Center and University of California San Francisco, School of Medicine, 4150 Clement Street, San Francisco, CA 94121, USA
| | - Soichiro Yamamura
- Department of Urology, VA Medical Center and University of California San Francisco, School of Medicine, 4150 Clement Street, San Francisco, CA 94121, USA
| | - Yuichiro Tanaka
- Department of Urology, VA Medical Center and University of California San Francisco, School of Medicine, 4150 Clement Street, San Francisco, CA 94121, USA
| | - Ravi Kumar Gupta
- Department of Urology, VA Medical Center and University of California San Francisco, School of Medicine, 4150 Clement Street, San Francisco, CA 94121, USA
| | - Rajvir Dahiya
- Department of Urology, VA Medical Center and University of California San Francisco, School of Medicine, 4150 Clement Street, San Francisco, CA 94121, USA.
| | - Yutaka Hashimoto
- Department of Urology, VA Medical Center and University of California San Francisco, School of Medicine, 4150 Clement Street, San Francisco, CA 94121, USA.
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