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Kennedy NW, Comstock LE. Mechanisms of bacterial immunity, protection, and survival during interbacterial warfare. Cell Host Microbe 2024; 32:794-803. [PMID: 38870897 PMCID: PMC11216714 DOI: 10.1016/j.chom.2024.05.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2024] [Revised: 05/06/2024] [Accepted: 05/10/2024] [Indexed: 06/15/2024]
Abstract
Most bacteria live in communities, often with closely related strains and species with whom they must compete for space and resources. Consequently, bacteria have acquired or evolved mechanisms to antagonize competitors through the production of antibacterial toxins. Similar to bacterial systems that combat phage infection and mechanisms to thwart antibiotics, bacteria have also acquired and evolved features to protect themselves from antibacterial toxins. Just as there is a large body of research identifying and characterizing antibacterial proteins and toxin delivery systems, studies of bacterial mechanisms to resist and survive assault from competitors' weapons have also expanded tremendously. Emerging data are beginning to reveal protective processes and mechanisms that are as diverse as the toxins themselves. Protection against antibacterial toxins can be acquired by horizontal gene transfer, receptor or target alteration, induction of protective functions, physical barriers, and other diverse processes. Here, we review recent studies in this rapidly expanding field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nolan W Kennedy
- Duchossois Family Institute and Department of Microbiology, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
| | - Laurie E Comstock
- Duchossois Family Institute and Department of Microbiology, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA.
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2
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Younker IT, Molnar N, Scorza K, Weed R, Light SH, Pfister CA. Bacteria on the foundational kelp in kelp forest ecosystems: Insights from culturing, whole genome sequencing and metabolic assays. ENVIRONMENTAL MICROBIOLOGY REPORTS 2024; 16:e13270. [PMID: 38778582 PMCID: PMC11112141 DOI: 10.1111/1758-2229.13270] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2023] [Accepted: 04/06/2024] [Indexed: 05/25/2024]
Abstract
In coastal marine ecosystems, kelp forests serve as a vital habitat for numerous species and significantly influence local nutrient cycles. Bull kelp, or Nereocystis luetkeana, is a foundational species in the iconic kelp forests of the northeast Pacific Ocean and harbours a complex microbial community with potential implications for kelp health. Here, we report the isolation and functional characterisation of 16 Nereocystis-associated bacterial species, comprising 13 Gammaproteobacteria, 2 Flavobacteriia and 1 Actinomycetia. Genome analyses of these isolates highlight metabolisms potentially beneficial to the host, such as B vitamin synthesis and nitrogen retention. Assays revealed that kelp-associated bacteria thrive on amino acids found in high concentrations in the ocean and in the kelp (glutamine and asparagine), generating ammonium that may facilitate host nitrogen acquisition. Multiple isolates have genes indicative of interactions with key elemental cycles in the ocean, including carbon, nitrogen and sulphur. We thus report a collection of kelp-associated microbial isolates that provide functional insight for the future study of kelp-microbe interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isaac T. Younker
- Committee on MicrobiologyThe University of ChicagoChicagoIllinoisUSA
| | - Nichos Molnar
- The CollegeThe University of ChicagoChicagoIllinoisUSA
| | - Kaylie Scorza
- The CollegeThe University of ChicagoChicagoIllinoisUSA
| | - Roo Weed
- The Graduate Program in Biophysical SciencesThe University of ChicagoChicagoIllinoisUSA
| | - Samuel H. Light
- Department of MicrobiologyThe University of ChicagoChicagoIllinoisUSA
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3
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Koo H, Morrow CD. Bacteroidales-Specific Antimicrobial Genes Can Influence the Selection of the Dominant Fecal Strain of Bacteroides vulgatus and Bacteroides uniformis from the Gastrointestinal Tract Microbial Community. Life (Basel) 2024; 14:555. [PMID: 38792577 PMCID: PMC11121782 DOI: 10.3390/life14050555] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2024] [Revised: 04/21/2024] [Accepted: 04/23/2024] [Indexed: 05/26/2024] Open
Abstract
Bacteroides vulgatus and Bacteroides uniformis are known to be abundant in the human fecal microbial community. Although these strains typically remain stable over time in humans, disruption of this microbial community following antibiotics resulted in the transient change to new strains suggesting that a complex, dynamic strain community exists in humans. To further study the selection of dominant fecal microbial strains from the gastrointestinal tract (GIT) community, we analyzed three longitudinal metagenomic sequencing data sets using BLAST+ to identify genes encoding Bacteroidales-specific antimicrobial proteins (BSAP) that have known functions to restrict species-specific replication of B. uniformis (BSAP-2) or B. vulgatus (BSAP-3) and have been postulated to provide a competitive advantage in microbial communities. In the HMP (Human Microbiome Project) data set, we found fecal samples from individuals had B. vulgatus or B. uniformis with either complete or deleted BSAP genes that did not change over time. We also examined fecal samples from two separate longitudinal data sets of individuals who had been given either single or multiple antibiotics. The BSAP gene pattern from most individuals given either single or multiple antibiotics recovered to be the same as the pre-antibiotic strain. However, in a few individuals, we found incomplete BSAP-3 genes at early times during the recovery that were replaced by B. vulgatus with the complete BSAP-3 gene, consistent with the function of the BSAP to specifically restrict Bacteroides spp. The results of these studies provide insights into the fluxes that occur in the Bacteroides spp. GIT community following perturbation and the dynamics of the selection of a dominant fecal strain of Bacteroides spp.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyunmin Koo
- Department of Genetics, Hugh Kaul Precision Medicine Institute, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA
| | - Casey D. Morrow
- Department of Cell, Developmental and Integrative Biology, Hugh Kaul Precision Medicine Institute, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA
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4
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Wang S, Mu L, Yu C, He Y, Hu X, Jiao Y, Xu Z, You S, Liu SL, Bao H. Microbial collaborations and conflicts: unraveling interactions in the gut ecosystem. Gut Microbes 2024; 16:2296603. [PMID: 38149632 PMCID: PMC10761165 DOI: 10.1080/19490976.2023.2296603] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2023] [Accepted: 12/14/2023] [Indexed: 12/28/2023] Open
Abstract
The human gut microbiota constitutes a vast and complex community of microorganisms. The myriad of microorganisms present in the intestinal tract exhibits highly intricate interactions, which play a crucial role in maintaining the stability and balance of the gut microbial ecosystem. These interactions, in turn, influence the overall health of the host. The mammalian gut microbes have evolved a wide range of mechanisms to suppress or even eliminate their competitors for nutrients and space. Simultaneously, extensive cooperative interactions exist among different microbes to optimize resource utilization and enhance their own fitness. This review will focus on the competitive mechanisms among members of the gut microorganisms and discuss key modes of actions, including bacterial secretion systems, bacteriocins, membrane vesicles (MVs) etc. Additionally, we will summarize the current knowledge of the often-overlooked positive interactions within the gut microbiota, and showcase representative machineries. This information will serve as a reference for better understanding the complex interactions occurring within the mammalian gut environment. Understanding the interaction dynamics of competition and cooperation within the gut microbiota is crucial to unraveling the ecology of the mammalian gut microbial communities. Targeted interventions aimed at modulating these interactions may offer potential therapeutic strategies for disease conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuang Wang
- Genomics Research Center, Key Laboratory of Gut Microbiota and Pharmacogenomics of Heilongjiang Province, State-Province Key Laboratory of Biomedicine-Pharmaceutics of China, College of Pharmacy, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
- Department of Biopharmaceutical Sciences (State-Province Key Laboratories of Biomedicine-Pharmaceutics of China), College of Pharmacy, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
- National Key Laboratory of Frigid Zone Cardiovascular Diseases (NKLFZCD) College of Pharmacy, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Lingyi Mu
- Genomics Research Center, Key Laboratory of Gut Microbiota and Pharmacogenomics of Heilongjiang Province, State-Province Key Laboratory of Biomedicine-Pharmaceutics of China, College of Pharmacy, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Chong Yu
- Genomics Research Center, Key Laboratory of Gut Microbiota and Pharmacogenomics of Heilongjiang Province, State-Province Key Laboratory of Biomedicine-Pharmaceutics of China, College of Pharmacy, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
- National Key Laboratory of Frigid Zone Cardiovascular Diseases (NKLFZCD) College of Pharmacy, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
- Harbin Medical University-University of Calgary Cumming School of Medicine Centre for Infection and Genomics, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Yuting He
- Genomics Research Center, Key Laboratory of Gut Microbiota and Pharmacogenomics of Heilongjiang Province, State-Province Key Laboratory of Biomedicine-Pharmaceutics of China, College of Pharmacy, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
- National Key Laboratory of Frigid Zone Cardiovascular Diseases (NKLFZCD) College of Pharmacy, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
- Harbin Medical University-University of Calgary Cumming School of Medicine Centre for Infection and Genomics, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Xinliang Hu
- Genomics Research Center, Key Laboratory of Gut Microbiota and Pharmacogenomics of Heilongjiang Province, State-Province Key Laboratory of Biomedicine-Pharmaceutics of China, College of Pharmacy, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
- National Key Laboratory of Frigid Zone Cardiovascular Diseases (NKLFZCD) College of Pharmacy, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
- Harbin Medical University-University of Calgary Cumming School of Medicine Centre for Infection and Genomics, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Yanlei Jiao
- Genomics Research Center, Key Laboratory of Gut Microbiota and Pharmacogenomics of Heilongjiang Province, State-Province Key Laboratory of Biomedicine-Pharmaceutics of China, College of Pharmacy, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
- National Key Laboratory of Frigid Zone Cardiovascular Diseases (NKLFZCD) College of Pharmacy, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
- Harbin Medical University-University of Calgary Cumming School of Medicine Centre for Infection and Genomics, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Ziqiong Xu
- Genomics Research Center, Key Laboratory of Gut Microbiota and Pharmacogenomics of Heilongjiang Province, State-Province Key Laboratory of Biomedicine-Pharmaceutics of China, College of Pharmacy, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
- National Key Laboratory of Frigid Zone Cardiovascular Diseases (NKLFZCD) College of Pharmacy, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
- Harbin Medical University-University of Calgary Cumming School of Medicine Centre for Infection and Genomics, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Shaohui You
- Genomics Research Center, Key Laboratory of Gut Microbiota and Pharmacogenomics of Heilongjiang Province, State-Province Key Laboratory of Biomedicine-Pharmaceutics of China, College of Pharmacy, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
- National Key Laboratory of Frigid Zone Cardiovascular Diseases (NKLFZCD) College of Pharmacy, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
- Harbin Medical University-University of Calgary Cumming School of Medicine Centre for Infection and Genomics, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Shu-Lin Liu
- Genomics Research Center, Key Laboratory of Gut Microbiota and Pharmacogenomics of Heilongjiang Province, State-Province Key Laboratory of Biomedicine-Pharmaceutics of China, College of Pharmacy, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
- National Key Laboratory of Frigid Zone Cardiovascular Diseases (NKLFZCD) College of Pharmacy, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
- Harbin Medical University-University of Calgary Cumming School of Medicine Centre for Infection and Genomics, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Hongxia Bao
- Genomics Research Center, Key Laboratory of Gut Microbiota and Pharmacogenomics of Heilongjiang Province, State-Province Key Laboratory of Biomedicine-Pharmaceutics of China, College of Pharmacy, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
- National Key Laboratory of Frigid Zone Cardiovascular Diseases (NKLFZCD) College of Pharmacy, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
- Harbin Medical University-University of Calgary Cumming School of Medicine Centre for Infection and Genomics, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
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5
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Jiang K, Li W, Tong M, Xu J, Chen Z, Yang Y, Zang Y, Jiao X, Liu C, Lim B, Jiang X, Wang J, Wu D, Wang M, Liu SJ, Shao F, Gao X. Bacteroides fragilis ubiquitin homologue drives intraspecies bacterial competition in the gut microbiome. Nat Microbiol 2024; 9:70-84. [PMID: 38082149 DOI: 10.1038/s41564-023-01541-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2023] [Accepted: 10/26/2023] [Indexed: 12/21/2023]
Abstract
Interbacterial antagonism and associated defensive strategies are both essential during bacterial competition. The human gut symbiont Bacteroides fragilis secretes a ubiquitin homologue (BfUbb) that is toxic to a subset of B. fragilis strains in vitro. In the present study, we demonstrate that BfUbb lyses certain B. fragilis strains by non-covalently binding and inactivating an essential peptidyl-prolyl isomerase (PPIase). BfUbb-sensitivity profiling of B. fragilis strains revealed a key tyrosine residue (Tyr119) in the PPIase and strains that encode a glutamic acid residue at Tyr119 are resistant to BfUbb. Crystal structural analysis and functional studies of BfUbb and the BfUbb-PPIase complex uncover a unique disulfide bond at the carboxy terminus of BfUbb to mediate the interaction with Tyr119 of the PPIase. In vitro coculture assays and mouse studies show that BfUbb confers a competitive advantage for encoding strains and this is further supported by human gut metagenome analyses. Our findings reveal a previously undescribed mechanism of bacterial intraspecies competition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kun Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, Shandong University, Qingdao, China
| | - Weixun Li
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, Shandong University, Qingdao, China
| | - Ming Tong
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, Shandong University, Qingdao, China
| | - Jinghua Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, Shandong University, Qingdao, China
| | - Zhe Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, Shandong University, Qingdao, China
| | - Yan Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, Shandong University, Qingdao, China
| | - Yuanrong Zang
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, Shandong University, Qingdao, China
| | - Xuyao Jiao
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, Shandong University, Qingdao, China
| | - Chang Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, Shandong University, Qingdao, China
| | - Bentley Lim
- Department of Microbial Pathogenesis and Microbial Sciences Institute, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Xianzhi Jiang
- Microbiome Research Center, Moon (Guangzhou) Biotech Co. Ltd., Guangzhou, China
| | - Jiawei Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Membrane Biology, Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Structural Biology, School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Dalei Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, Shandong University, Qingdao, China
| | - Mingyu Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, Shandong University, Qingdao, China
| | - Shuang-Jiang Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, Shandong University, Qingdao, China
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Resources, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Feng Shao
- National Institute of Biological Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Xiang Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, Shandong University, Qingdao, China.
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6
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Fernandez-Cantos MV, Garcia-Morena D, Yi Y, Liang L, Gómez-Vázquez E, Kuipers OP. Bioinformatic mining for RiPP biosynthetic gene clusters in Bacteroidales reveals possible new subfamily architectures and novel natural products. Front Microbiol 2023; 14:1219272. [PMID: 37469430 PMCID: PMC10352776 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2023.1219272] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2023] [Accepted: 06/16/2023] [Indexed: 07/21/2023] Open
Abstract
The Bacteroidales order, widely distributed among diverse human populations, constitutes a key component of the human microbiota. Members of this Gram-negative order have been shown to modulate the host immune system, play a fundamental role in the gut's microbial food webs, or be involved in pathogenesis. Bacteria inhabiting such a complex environment as the human microbiome are expected to display social behaviors and, hence, possess factors that mediate cooperative and competitive interactions. Different types of molecules can mediate interference competition, including non-ribosomal peptides (NRPs), polyketides, and bacteriocins. The present study investigates the potential of Bacteroidales bacteria to biosynthesize class I bacteriocins, which are ribosomally synthesized and post-translationally modified peptides (RiPPs). For this purpose, 1,136 genome-sequenced strains from this order were mined using BAGEL4. A total of 1,340 areas of interest (AOIs) were detected. The most commonly identified enzymes involved in RiPP biosynthesis were radical S-adenosylmethionine (rSAM), either alone or in combination with other biosynthetic enzymes such as YcaO. A more comprehensive analysis of a subset of 9 biosynthetic gene clusters (BGCs) revealed a consistent association in Bacteroidales BGCs between peptidase-containing ATP-binding transporters (PCATs) and precursor peptides with GG-motifs. This finding suggests a possibly shared mechanism for leader peptide cleavage and transport of mature products. Notably, human metagenomic studies showed a high prevalence and abundance of the RiPP BGCs from Phocaeicola vulgatus and Porphyromonas gulae. The mature product of P. gulae BGC is hypothesized to display γ-thioether linkages and a C-terminal backbone amidine, a potential new combination of post-translational modifications (PTM). All these findings highlight the RiPP biosynthetic potential of Bacteroidales bacteria, as a rich source of novel peptide structures of possible relevance in the human microbiome context.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Victoria Fernandez-Cantos
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Groningen Biomolecular Sciences and Biotechnology Institute, University of Groningen, Groningen, Netherlands
| | - Diego Garcia-Morena
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Groningen Biomolecular Sciences and Biotechnology Institute, University of Groningen, Groningen, Netherlands
| | - Yunhai Yi
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Groningen Biomolecular Sciences and Biotechnology Institute, University of Groningen, Groningen, Netherlands
| | | | - Emilio Gómez-Vázquez
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Groningen Biomolecular Sciences and Biotechnology Institute, University of Groningen, Groningen, Netherlands
| | - Oscar P. Kuipers
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Groningen Biomolecular Sciences and Biotechnology Institute, University of Groningen, Groningen, Netherlands
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7
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A proteolytically activated antimicrobial toxin encoded on a mobile plasmid of Bacteroidales induces a protective response. Nat Commun 2022; 13:4258. [PMID: 35871068 PMCID: PMC9308784 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-31925-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2021] [Accepted: 07/11/2022] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Phocaeicola vulgatus is one of the most abundant and ubiquitous bacterial species of the human gut microbiota, yet a comprehensive analysis of antibacterial toxin production by members of this species has not been reported. Here, we identify and characterize a previously undescribed antibacterial protein. This toxin, designated BcpT, is encoded on a small mobile plasmid that is largely confined to strains of the closely related species Phocaeicola vulgatus and Phocaeicola dorei. BcpT is unusual in that it requires cleavage at two distinct sites for activation, and we identify bacterial proteases that perform this activation. We further identify BcpT's receptor as the Lipid A-core glycan, allowing BcpT to target species of other Bacteroidales families. Exposure of cells to BcpT induces a response involving an unusual sigma/anti-sigma factor pair that is likely triggered by cell envelope stress, resulting in the expression of genes that partially protect cells from multiple antimicrobial toxins.
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8
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Vacca M, Raspini B, Calabrese FM, Porri D, De Giuseppe R, Chieppa M, Liso M, Cerbo RM, Civardi E, Garofoli F, Cena H, De Angelis M. The establishment of the gut microbiota in 1-year-aged infants: from birth to family food. Eur J Nutr 2022; 61:2517-2530. [PMID: 35211851 PMCID: PMC9279275 DOI: 10.1007/s00394-022-02822-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2021] [Accepted: 01/25/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Purpose With the aim of characterizing the gastrointestinal (GI) microbiota and contextually determine how different prenatal, perinatal, and postnatal factors affected its composition in early childhood, infants were enrolled in a longitudinal-prospective study named “A.MA.MI.” (Alimentazione MAmma e bambino nei primi MIlle giorni; NCT04122612, October 2019). Methods Forty-five fecal samples were collected at 12 months of infants’ age, identified as the 3rd follow-up (T3). The evaluated variables were pre-gestational weight and weight gain during pregnancy, delivery mode, feeding, timing of weaning, and presence/absence of older siblings. Fecal alpha and beta-diversities were analyzed. Noteworthy, to determine the impact of the influencing factors, multivariate analyses were conducted. Results At T3, all prenatal and perinatal variables did not result to be significant whereas, among the postnatal variables, type of milk-feeding and weaning showed the greatest contribution in shaping the microbiota. Although aged 1 year, infants exclusively breastfed until 6 months were mainly colonized by Lactobacillaceae and Enterobacteriaceae. Differently, Bacteroidaceae characterized the microbiota of infants that were never breastfed in an exclusive way. Moreover, although an early introduction of solid foods determined higher values of Faith’s PD, high abundances of Ruminococcaceae and Faecalibacterium mainly associated with infants weaned after the 4th month of age. Conclusion The microbial colonization during the first year of life is likely affected by a simultaneous effect of multiple variables playing a significant role at different times. Therefore, these data contribute to add evidence concerning the complex multifactorial interaction between GI microbiota and various stimuli affecting infants during the early stages of life. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s00394-022-02822-1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mirco Vacca
- Department of Soil, Plant and Food Science, University of Bari Aldo Moro, Bari, Italy
| | - Benedetta Raspini
- Laboratory of Dietetics and Clinical Nutrition, Department of Public Health, Experimental and Forensic Medicine, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy
| | | | - Debora Porri
- Laboratory of Dietetics and Clinical Nutrition, Department of Public Health, Experimental and Forensic Medicine, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy
| | - Rachele De Giuseppe
- Laboratory of Dietetics and Clinical Nutrition, Department of Public Health, Experimental and Forensic Medicine, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy
| | - Marcello Chieppa
- Institute of Research, National Institute of Gastroenterology "S. de Bellis", Castellana Grotte, Italy
| | - Marina Liso
- Institute of Research, National Institute of Gastroenterology "S. de Bellis", Castellana Grotte, Italy
| | - Rosa Maria Cerbo
- Neonatal Unit and Neonatal Intensive Care Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Policlinico San Matteo, Pavia, Italy
| | - Elisa Civardi
- Neonatal Unit and Neonatal Intensive Care Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Policlinico San Matteo, Pavia, Italy
| | - Francesca Garofoli
- Neonatal Unit and Neonatal Intensive Care Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Policlinico San Matteo, Pavia, Italy
| | - Hellas Cena
- Laboratory of Dietetics and Clinical Nutrition, Department of Public Health, Experimental and Forensic Medicine, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy. .,Unit of Internal Medicine and Endocrinology, Clinical Nutrition and Dietetics Service, ICS Maugeri IRCCS, Pavia, Italy.
| | - Maria De Angelis
- Department of Soil, Plant and Food Science, University of Bari Aldo Moro, Bari, Italy
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9
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Bacteroidetocins Target the Essential Outer Membrane Protein BamA of Bacteroidales Symbionts and Pathogens. mBio 2021; 12:e0228521. [PMID: 34517753 PMCID: PMC8546649 DOI: 10.1128/mbio.02285-21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Bacteroidetocins are a family of antibacterial peptide toxins that are produced by and target members of the phylum Bacteroidetes. To date, 19 bacteroidetocins have been identified, and four have been tested and shown to kill diverse Bacteroidales species (M. J. Coyne, N. Béchon, L. M. Matano, V. L. McEneany, et al., Nat Commun 10:3460, 2019, https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-019-11494-1). Here, we identify the target and likely mechanism of action of the bacteroidetocins. We selected seven spontaneous mutants of four different genera, all resistant to bacteroidetocin A (Bd-A) and found that all contained mutations in a single gene, bamA. Construction of three of these bamA mutants in the wild-type (WT) strains confirmed they confer resistance to Bd-A as well as to other bacteroidetocins. We identified an aspartate residue of BamA at the beginning of exterior loop 3 (eL3) that, when altered, renders strains resistant to Bd-A. Analysis of a panel of diverse Bacteroidales strains showed a correlation between the presence of this aspartate residue and Bd-A sensitivity. Fluorescence microscopy and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) analysis of Bd-A-treated cells showed cellular morphological changes consistent with a BamA defect. Transcriptomic analysis of Bd-A-treated cells revealed gene expression changes indicative of cell envelope stress. Studies in mice revealed that bacteroidetocin-resistant mutants are outcompeted by their WT strain in vivo. Analyses of longitudinal human gut isolates showed that bamA mutations leading to bacteroidetocin resistance do not become fixed in the human gut, even in bacteroidetocin-producing strains and nonproducing coresident strains. Together, these data lend further support to the applicability of the bacteroidetocins as therapeutic peptides in the treatment of maladies involving Bacteroidales species.
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10
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Bao Y, Verdegaal AA, Anderson BW, Barry NA, He J, Gao X, Goodman AL. A Common Pathway for Activation of Host-Targeting and Bacteria-Targeting Toxins in Human Intestinal Bacteria. mBio 2021; 12:e0065621. [PMID: 34465018 PMCID: PMC8406203 DOI: 10.1128/mbio.00656-21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2021] [Accepted: 08/02/2021] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Human gut microbes exhibit a spectrum of cooperative and antagonistic interactions with their host and also with other microbes. The major Bacteroides host-targeting virulence factor, Bacteroides fragilis toxin (BFT), is produced as an inactive protoxin by enterotoxigenic B. fragilis strains. BFT is processed by the conserved bacterial cysteine protease fragipain (Fpn), which is also encoded in B. fragilis strains that lack BFT. In this report, we identify a secreted antibacterial protein (fragipain-activated bacteriocin 1 [Fab1]) and its cognate immunity protein (resistance to fragipain-activated bacteriocin 1 [RFab1]) in enterotoxigenic and nontoxigenic strains of B. fragilis. Although BFT and Fab1 share no sequence identity, Fpn also activates the Fab1 protoxin, resulting in its secretion and antibacterial activity. These findings highlight commonalities between host- and bacterium-targeting toxins in intestinal bacteria and suggest that antibacterial antagonism may promote the conservation of pathways that activate host-targeting virulence factors. IMPORTANCE The human intestine harbors a highly complex microbial community; interpersonal variation in this community can impact pathogen susceptibility, metabolism, and other aspects of health. Here, we identified and characterized a commensal-targeting antibacterial protein encoded in the gut microbiome. Notably, a shared pathway activates this antibacterial toxin and a host-targeting toxin. These findings highlight unexpected commonalities between host- and bacterium-targeting toxins in intestinal bacteria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yiqiao Bao
- Department of Microbial Pathogenesis, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
- Microbial Sciences Institute, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
| | - Andrew A. Verdegaal
- Department of Microbial Pathogenesis, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
- Microbial Sciences Institute, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
| | - Brent W. Anderson
- Department of Microbial Pathogenesis, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
- Microbial Sciences Institute, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
| | - Natasha A. Barry
- Department of Microbial Pathogenesis, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
- Microbial Sciences Institute, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
| | - Jing He
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, Shandong University, Qingdao, Shandong, China
| | - Xiang Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, Shandong University, Qingdao, Shandong, China
| | - Andrew L. Goodman
- Department of Microbial Pathogenesis, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
- Microbial Sciences Institute, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
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11
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Kostopoulos I, Aalvink S, Kovatcheva-Datchary P, Nijsse B, Bäckhed F, Knol J, de Vos WM, Belzer C. A Continuous Battle for Host-Derived Glycans Between a Mucus Specialist and a Glycan Generalist in vitro and in vivo. Front Microbiol 2021; 12:632454. [PMID: 34248864 PMCID: PMC8264420 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2021.632454] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2020] [Accepted: 05/18/2021] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
The human gastrointestinal tract is colonized by a diverse microbial community, which plays a crucial role in human health. In the gut, a protective mucus layer that consists of glycan structures separates the bacteria from the host epithelial cells. These host-derived glycans are utilized by bacteria that have adapted to this specific compound in the gastrointestinal tract. Our study investigated the close interaction between two distinct gut microbiota members known to use mucus glycans, the generalist Bacteroides thetaiotaomicron and the specialist Akkermansia muciniphila in vitro and in vivo. The in vitro study, in which mucin was the only nutrient source, indicated that B. thetaiotaomicron significantly upregulated genes coding for Glycoside Hydrolases (GHs) and mucin degradation activity when cultured in the presence of A. muciniphila. Furthermore, B. thetaiotaomicron significantly upregulated the expression of a gene encoding for membrane attack complex/perforin (MACPF) domain in co-culture. The transcriptome analysis also indicated that A. muciniphila was less affected by the environmental changes and was able to sustain its abundance in the presence of B. thetaiotaomicron while increasing the expression of LPS core biosynthesis activity encoding genes (O-antigen ligase, Lipid A and Glycosyl transferases) as well as ABC transporters. Using germ-free mice colonized with B. thetaiotaomicron and/or A. muciniphila, we observed a more general glycan degrading profile in B. thetaiotaomicron while the expression profile of A. muciniphila was not significantly affected when colonizing together, indicating that two different nutritional niches were established in mice gut. Thus, our results indicate that a mucin degrading generalist adapts to its changing environment, depending on available carbohydrates while a mucin degrading specialist adapts by coping with competing microorganism through upregulation of defense related genes.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Steven Aalvink
- Laboratory of Microbiology, Wageningen University, Wageningen, Netherlands
| | - Petia Kovatcheva-Datchary
- Wallenberg Laboratory, Department of Molecular and Clinical Medicine, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Bart Nijsse
- Laboratory of Systems and Synthetic Biology, Wageningen University, Wageningen, Netherlands
| | - Fredrik Bäckhed
- Wallenberg Laboratory, Department of Molecular and Clinical Medicine, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Jan Knol
- Laboratory of Microbiology, Wageningen University, Wageningen, Netherlands.,Danone Nutricia Research, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Willem M de Vos
- Laboratory of Microbiology, Wageningen University, Wageningen, Netherlands.,Human Microbiome Research Program, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Clara Belzer
- Laboratory of Microbiology, Wageningen University, Wageningen, Netherlands
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12
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De Santis S, Liso M, Vacca M, Verna G, Cavalcanti E, Coletta S, Calabrese FM, Eri R, Lippolis A, Armentano R, Mastronardi M, De Angelis M, Chieppa M. Dysbiosis Triggers ACF Development in Genetically Predisposed Subjects. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:cancers13020283. [PMID: 33466665 PMCID: PMC7828790 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13020283] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2020] [Revised: 01/07/2021] [Accepted: 01/08/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Colorectal cancer (CRC) is the third most common cancer worldwide, characterized by a multifactorial etiology including genetics, lifestyle, and environmental factors including microbiota composition. To address the role of microbial modulation in CRC, we used our recently established mouse model (the Winnie-APCMin/+) combining inflammation and genetics. METHODS Gut microbiota profiling was performed on 8-week-old Winnie-APCMin/+ mice and their littermates by 16S rDNA gene amplicon sequencing. Moreover, to study the impact of dysbiosis induced by the mother's genetics in ACF development, the large intestines of APCMin/+ mice born from wild type mice were investigated by histological analysis at 8 weeks. RESULTS ACF development in 8-week-old Winnie-APCMin/+ mice was triggered by dysbiosis. Specifically, the onset of ACF in genetically predisposed mice may result from dysbiotic signatures in the gastrointestinal tract of the breeders. Additionally, fecal transplant from Winnie donors to APCMin/+ hosts leads to an increased rate of ACF development. CONCLUSIONS The characterization of microbiota profiling supporting CRC development in genetically predisposed mice could help to design therapeutic strategies to prevent dysbiosis. The application of these strategies in mothers during pregnancy and lactation could also reduce the CRC risk in the offspring.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefania De Santis
- Department of Pharmacy-Drug Science, University of Bari Aldo Moro, 70126 Bari, Italy;
| | - Marina Liso
- Research Department, National Institute of Gastroenterology “S. de Bellis”, Research Hospital, 70013 Castellana Grotte, Italy; (M.L.); (E.C.); (S.C.); (A.L.); (R.A.); (M.M.)
| | - Mirco Vacca
- Department of Soil, Plant and Food Sciences, University of Bari, 70126 Bari, Italy; (M.V.); (F.M.C.)
| | - Giulio Verna
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Salerno, 84084 Fisciano, Italy;
| | - Elisabetta Cavalcanti
- Research Department, National Institute of Gastroenterology “S. de Bellis”, Research Hospital, 70013 Castellana Grotte, Italy; (M.L.); (E.C.); (S.C.); (A.L.); (R.A.); (M.M.)
| | - Sergio Coletta
- Research Department, National Institute of Gastroenterology “S. de Bellis”, Research Hospital, 70013 Castellana Grotte, Italy; (M.L.); (E.C.); (S.C.); (A.L.); (R.A.); (M.M.)
| | - Francesco Maria Calabrese
- Department of Soil, Plant and Food Sciences, University of Bari, 70126 Bari, Italy; (M.V.); (F.M.C.)
| | - Rajaraman Eri
- School of Health Sciences, College of Health and Medicine, University of Tasmania, Launceston, TAS 7250, Australia;
| | - Antonio Lippolis
- Research Department, National Institute of Gastroenterology “S. de Bellis”, Research Hospital, 70013 Castellana Grotte, Italy; (M.L.); (E.C.); (S.C.); (A.L.); (R.A.); (M.M.)
| | - Raffaele Armentano
- Research Department, National Institute of Gastroenterology “S. de Bellis”, Research Hospital, 70013 Castellana Grotte, Italy; (M.L.); (E.C.); (S.C.); (A.L.); (R.A.); (M.M.)
| | - Mauro Mastronardi
- Research Department, National Institute of Gastroenterology “S. de Bellis”, Research Hospital, 70013 Castellana Grotte, Italy; (M.L.); (E.C.); (S.C.); (A.L.); (R.A.); (M.M.)
| | - Maria De Angelis
- Department of Soil, Plant and Food Sciences, University of Bari, 70126 Bari, Italy; (M.V.); (F.M.C.)
- Correspondence: (M.D.A.); (M.C.); Tel.: +39-080-544-2949 (M.D.A.); +39-080-499-4628 (M.C.)
| | - Marcello Chieppa
- Research Department, National Institute of Gastroenterology “S. de Bellis”, Research Hospital, 70013 Castellana Grotte, Italy; (M.L.); (E.C.); (S.C.); (A.L.); (R.A.); (M.M.)
- Correspondence: (M.D.A.); (M.C.); Tel.: +39-080-544-2949 (M.D.A.); +39-080-499-4628 (M.C.)
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13
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Abstract
The functional diversity of the mammalian intestinal microbiome far exceeds that of the host organism, and microbial genes contribute substantially to the well-being of the host. However, beneficial gut organisms can also be pathogenic when present in the gut or other locations in the body. Among dominant beneficial bacteria are several species of Bacteroides, which metabolize polysaccharides and oligosaccharides, providing nutrition and vitamins to the host and other intestinal microbial residents. These topics and the specific organismal and molecular interactions that are known to be responsible for the beneficial and detrimental effects of Bacteroides species in humans comprise the focus of this review. The complexity of these interactions will be revealed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hassan Zafar
- Department of Molecular Biology, Division of Biological Sciences, University of California at San Diego, USA
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Okara,Okara, PunjabPakistan
| | - Milton H. Saier
- Department of Molecular Biology, Division of Biological Sciences, University of California at San Diego, USA
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14
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Abstract
The cholesterol-dependent cytolysins’ pore-forming mechanism relies on the ability to sense the completion of the oligomeric prepore structure and initiate the insertion of the β-barrel pore from the assembled prepore structure. These studies show that a conserved motif is an important component of the sensor that triggers the prepore-to-pore transition and that it is conserved in a large family of previously unidentified CDC-like proteins, the genes for which are present in a vast array of microbial species that span most terrestrial environments, as well as most animal and human microbiomes. These studies establish the foundation for future investigations that will probe the contribution of this large family of CDC-like proteins to microbial survival and human disease. The cholesterol-dependent cytolysins (CDCs) are bacterial, β-barrel, pore-forming toxins. A central enigma of the pore-forming mechanism is how completion of the prepore is sensed to initiate its conversion to the pore. We identified a motif that is conserved between the CDCs and a diverse family of nearly 300 uncharacterized proteins present in over 220 species that span at least 10 bacterial and 2 eukaryotic phyla. Except for this motif, these proteins exhibit little similarity to the CDCs at the primary structure level. Studies herein show this motif is a critical component of the sensor that initiates the prepore-to-pore transition in the CDCs. We further show by crystallography, single particle analysis, and biochemical studies of one of these CDC-like (CDCL) proteins from Elizabethkingia anophelis, a commensal of the malarial mosquito midgut, that a high degree of structural similarity exists between the CDC and CDCL monomer structures and both form large oligomeric pore complexes. Furthermore, the conserved motif in the E. anophelis CDCL crystal structure occupies a nearly identical position and makes similar contacts to those observed in the structure of the archetype CDC, perfringolysin O (PFO). This suggests a common function in the CDCs and CDCLs and may explain why only this motif is conserved in the CDCLs. Hence, these studies identify a critical component of the sensor involved in initiating the prepore-to-pore transition in the CDCs, which is conserved in a large and diverse group of distant relatives of the CDCs.
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15
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Streamlined Genetic Manipulation of Diverse Bacteroides and Parabacteroides Isolates from the Human Gut Microbiota. mBio 2019; 10:mBio.01762-19. [PMID: 31409684 PMCID: PMC6692515 DOI: 10.1128/mbio.01762-19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
We have entered an era when studies of the gut microbiota are transitioning from basic questions of composition and host effects to understanding the microbial molecules that underlie compositional shifts and mediate health and disease processes. The importance of the gut Bacteroidales to human health and disease and their potential as a source of engineered live biotherapeutics make these bacteria of particular interest for in-depth mechanistic study. However, there are still barriers to the genetic analysis of diverse Bacteroidales strains, limiting our ability to study important host and community phenotypes identified in these strains. Here, we have overcome many of these obstacles by constructing a series of vectors that allow easy genetic manipulation in diverse gut Bacteroides and Parabacteroides strains. These constructs fill a critical need and allow streamlined allelic replacement in diverse gut Bacteroidales, including the growing number of multiantibiotic-resistant strains present in the modern-day human intestine. Studies of the gut microbiota have dramatically increased in recent years as the importance of this microbial ecosystem to human health and disease is better appreciated. The Bacteroidales are the most abundant order of bacteria in the healthy human gut and induce both health-promoting and disease-promoting effects. There are more than 55 species of gut Bacteroidales with extensive intraspecies genetic diversity, especially in regions involved in the synthesis of molecules that interact with other bacteria, the host, and the diet. This property necessitates the study of diverse species and strains. In recent years, the genetic toolkit to study these bacteria has greatly expanded, but we still lack a facile system for creating deletion mutants and allelic replacements in diverse strains, especially with the rapid increase in resistance to the two antibiotics used for genetic manipulation. Here, we present a new versatile and highly efficient vector suite that allows the creation of allelic deletions and replacements in multiresistant strains of Bacteroides and Parabacteroides using a gain-of-function system based on polysaccharide utilization. These vectors also allow for easy counterselection independent of creating a mutant background strain, using a toxin from a type VI secretion system of Bacteroides fragilis. Toxin production during counterselection is induced with one of two different molecules, providing flexibility based on strain phenotypes. This family of vectors greatly facilitates functional genetic analyses and extends the range of gut Bacteroidales strains that can be genetically modified to include multiresistant strains that are currently genetically intractable with existing genetic tools.
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16
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Coyne MJ, Béchon N, Matano LM, McEneany VL, Chatzidaki-Livanis M, Comstock LE. A family of anti-Bacteroidales peptide toxins wide-spread in the human gut microbiota. Nat Commun 2019; 10:3460. [PMID: 31371723 PMCID: PMC6671954 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-019-11494-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2019] [Accepted: 07/17/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Bacteria often produce antimicrobial toxins to compete in microbial communities. Here we identify a family of broad-spectrum peptide toxins, named bacteroidetocins, produced by Bacteroidetes species. We study this toxin family using phenotypic, mutational, bioinformatic, and human metagenomic analyses. Bacteroidetocins are related to class IIa bacteriocins of Gram-positive bacteria and kill members of the Bacteroidetes phylum, including Bacteroides, Parabacteroides, and Prevotella gut species, as well as pathogenic Prevotella species. The bacteroidetocin biosynthesis genes are found in horizontally acquired mobile elements, which likely allow dissemination within the gut microbiota and may explain their wide distribution in human populations. Bacteroidetocins may have potential applications in microbiome engineering and as therapeutics for polymicrobial diseases such as bacterial vaginosis and periodontal disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael J Coyne
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - Nathalie Béchon
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
- Institut Pasteur, Genetics of Biofilms Unit, 75015 Paris, cedex 15, 25-28 rue du Docteur Roux, France
- Ecole Doctorale Bio Sorbonne Paris Cité (BioSPC), Paris Diderot University, 75013, Cellule Pasteur, Paris, cedex, France
| | - Leigh M Matano
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - Valentina Laclare McEneany
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - Maria Chatzidaki-Livanis
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Ohio, Athens, OH, 45701, USA
| | - Laurie E Comstock
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02115, USA.
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17
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Identification of a Fifth Antibacterial Toxin Produced by a Single Bacteroides fragilis Strain. J Bacteriol 2019; 201:JB.00577-18. [PMID: 30692177 DOI: 10.1128/jb.00577-18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2018] [Accepted: 01/24/2019] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Bacteroidales are the most abundant Gram-negative bacteria of the healthy human colonic microbiota, comprising nearly 50% of the colonic bacteria in many individuals. Numerous species and strains of gut Bacteroidales are present simultaneously at high concentrations in this ecosystem. Studies are revealing that gut Bacteroides has numerous antibacterial weapons to antagonize closely related members. In this study, we identify a new diffusible antibacterial toxin produced by Bacteroides fragilis 638R, designated BSAP-4. This is the fifth antibacterial toxin produced by this strain and the second toxin of this strain with a membrane attack complex/perforin domain (MACPF). We identify the target molecule of sensitive cells as a β-barrel outer membrane protein (OMP) with calycin-like domains. As with other MACPF toxins, the gene encoding the target in sensitive strains is in the same genetic region as bsap-4 in producing strains. A comparison of B. fragilis strains showed there are two sensitive variants of this OMP that are 87% similar to each other and 50% similar to the resistant OMP. Unlike other MACPF toxins, there are numerous B. fragilis strains that harbor the resistant OMP without bsap-4 Several OMP variants from strains that are BSAP-4 resistant under the conditions of our assay confer BSAP-4 sensitivity to Bacteroides thetaiotaomicron when constitutively expressed. Using a reporter assay, we show that the BSAP-4 receptor gene is differentially expressed in sensitive and resistant strains leading to apparent BSAP-4 resistance under the conditions of our assay, despite harboring the BSAP-4 target gene.IMPORTANCE The intestinal microbiota is a diverse microbial ecosystem that provides numerous benefits to humans. The factors that govern its establishment and stability are just beginning to be elucidated. Identification and characterization of antimicrobial toxins produced by its members and their killing range are essential to understanding the role of antagonism in community composition and stability. Here, we identify a fifth antimicrobial toxin produced by a single Bacteroides fragilis strain and identify its target. The finding of such a large number of toxins that antagonize competing members suggests that this feature substantially contributes to the fitness of these bacteria. In addition, these toxins may have applications in genetically engineered gut bacteria to allow engraftment or to antagonize a potentially pathogenic member.
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18
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Di Lorenzo F, De Castro C, Silipo A, Molinaro A. Lipopolysaccharide structures of Gram-negative populations in the gut microbiota and effects on host interactions. FEMS Microbiol Rev 2019; 43:257-272. [DOI: 10.1093/femsre/fuz002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2018] [Accepted: 01/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Flaviana Di Lorenzo
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Naples Federico II, via Cinthia 4, 80126 Naples, Italy
- Task Force on Microbiome Studies, University of Naples Federico II, via Cinthia 4, 80126 Naples, Italy
| | - Cristina De Castro
- Task Force on Microbiome Studies, University of Naples Federico II, via Cinthia 4, 80126 Naples, Italy
- Department of Agricultural Sciences, University of Naples Federico II, via Università 100, 80055 Portici, Italy
| | - Alba Silipo
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Naples Federico II, via Cinthia 4, 80126 Naples, Italy
- Task Force on Microbiome Studies, University of Naples Federico II, via Cinthia 4, 80126 Naples, Italy
| | - Antonio Molinaro
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Naples Federico II, via Cinthia 4, 80126 Naples, Italy
- Task Force on Microbiome Studies, University of Naples Federico II, via Cinthia 4, 80126 Naples, Italy
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