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Li W, Ali T, He K, Zheng C, Li N, Yu Z, Li S. ApoE4 dysregulation incites depressive symptoms and mitochondrial impairments in mice. J Cell Mol Med 2024; 28:e18160. [PMID: 38506067 PMCID: PMC10951871 DOI: 10.1111/jcmm.18160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2023] [Revised: 01/12/2024] [Accepted: 01/18/2024] [Indexed: 03/21/2024] Open
Abstract
Apolipoprotein E4 (ApoE4) is involved in the stress-response processes and is hypothesized to be a risk factor for depression by means of mitochondrial dysfunction. However, their exact roles and underlying mechanisms are largely unknown. ApoE4 transgenic mice (B6. Cg-ApoEtm1Unc Cdh18Tg( GFAP-APOE i4)1Hol /J) were subjected to stress (lipopolysaccharides, LPS) to elucidate the aetiology of ApoE4-induced depression. LPS treatment significantly aggravated depression-like behaviours, concurrent with neuroinflammation and impaired mitochondrial changes, and melatonin/Urolithin A (UA) + 5-aminoimidazole-4-carboxamide 1-β-D-ribofuranoside (AICAR) reversed these effects in ApoE4 mice. Concurrently, ApoE4 mice exhibited mitophagy deficits, which could be further exacerbated by LPS stimulation, as demonstrated by reduced Atg5, Beclin-1 and Parkin levels, while PINK1 levels were increased. However, these changes were reversed by melatonin treatment. Additionally, proteomic profiling suggested mitochondria-related signalling and network changes in ApoE4 mice, which may underlie the exaggerated response to LPS. Furthermore, HEK 293T cells transfected with ApoE4 showed mitochondria-associated protein and mitophagy defects, including PGC-1α, TFAM, p-AMPKα, PINK1 and LC3B impairments. Additionally, it aggravates mitochondrial impairment (particularly mitophagy), which can be attenuated by triggering autophagy. Collectively, ApoE4 dysregulation enhanced depressive behaviour upon LPS stimulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weifen Li
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Huazhong University of Science and Technology Union Shenzhen HospitalShenzhen University School of MedicineShenzhenChina
- State Key Laboratory of Oncogenomics, School of Chemical Biology and BiotechnologyPeking University Shenzhen Graduate SchoolShenzhenChina
| | - Tahir Ali
- State Key Laboratory of Oncogenomics, School of Chemical Biology and BiotechnologyPeking University Shenzhen Graduate SchoolShenzhenChina
- Shenzhen Bay LaboratoryShenzhenChina
| | - Kaiwu He
- State Key Laboratory of Oncogenomics, School of Chemical Biology and BiotechnologyPeking University Shenzhen Graduate SchoolShenzhenChina
| | - Chengyou Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Oncogenomics, School of Chemical Biology and BiotechnologyPeking University Shenzhen Graduate SchoolShenzhenChina
| | - Ningning Li
- Tomas Lindahl Nobel Laureate Laboratory, Precision Medicine Research CentreThe Seventh Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat‐sen UniversityShenzhenChina
| | - Zhi‐Jian Yu
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Huazhong University of Science and Technology Union Shenzhen HospitalShenzhen University School of MedicineShenzhenChina
| | - Shupeng Li
- State Key Laboratory of Oncogenomics, School of Chemical Biology and BiotechnologyPeking University Shenzhen Graduate SchoolShenzhenChina
- Shenzhen Bay LaboratoryShenzhenChina
- Campbell Research Institute, Centre for Addiction and Mental HealthTorontoOntarioCanada
- Department of PsychiatryUniversity of TorontoTorontoOntarioCanada
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2
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Angelopoulou E, Koros C, Hatzimanolis A, Stefanis L, Scarmeas N, Papageorgiou SG. Exploring the Genetic Landscape of Mild Behavioral Impairment as an Early Marker of Cognitive Decline: An Updated Review Focusing on Alzheimer's Disease. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:2645. [PMID: 38473892 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25052645] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2024] [Revised: 02/20/2024] [Accepted: 02/22/2024] [Indexed: 03/14/2024] Open
Abstract
The clinical features and pathophysiology of neuropsychiatric symptoms (NPSs) in dementia have been extensively studied. However, the genetic architecture and underlying neurobiological mechanisms of NPSs at preclinical stages of cognitive decline and Alzheimer's disease (AD) remain largely unknown. Mild behavioral impairment (MBI) represents an at-risk state for incident cognitive impairment and is defined by the emergence of persistent NPSs among non-demented individuals in later life. These NPSs include affective dysregulation, decreased motivation, impulse dyscontrol, abnormal perception and thought content, and social inappropriateness. Accumulating evidence has recently begun to shed more light on the genetic background of MBI, focusing on its potential association with genetic factors related to AD. The Apolipoprotein E (APOE) genotype and the MS4A locus have been associated with affective dysregulation, ZCWPW1 with social inappropriateness and psychosis, BIN1 and EPHA1 with psychosis, and NME8 with apathy. The association between MBI and polygenic risk scores (PRSs) in terms of AD dementia has been also explored. Potential implicated mechanisms include neuroinflammation, synaptic dysfunction, epigenetic modifications, oxidative stress responses, proteosomal impairment, and abnormal immune responses. In this review, we summarize and critically discuss the available evidence on the genetic background of MBI with an emphasis on AD, aiming to gain insights into the potential underlying neurobiological mechanisms, which till now remain largely unexplored. In addition, we propose future areas of research in this emerging field, with the aim to better understand the molecular pathophysiology of MBI and its genetic links with cognitive decline.
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Affiliation(s)
- Efthalia Angelopoulou
- 1st Department of Neurology, Aiginition University Hospital, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 11528 Athens, Greece
| | - Christos Koros
- 1st Department of Neurology, Aiginition University Hospital, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 11528 Athens, Greece
| | - Alexandros Hatzimanolis
- 1st Department of Psychiatry, Aiginition University Hospital, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 11528 Athens, Greece
| | - Leonidas Stefanis
- 1st Department of Neurology, Aiginition University Hospital, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 11528 Athens, Greece
| | - Nikolaos Scarmeas
- 1st Department of Neurology, Aiginition University Hospital, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 11528 Athens, Greece
- Department of Neurology, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Sokratis G Papageorgiou
- 1st Department of Neurology, Aiginition University Hospital, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 11528 Athens, Greece
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3
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Wang K, Huang S, Fu D, Yang X, Ma L, Zhang T, Zhao W, Deng D, Ding Y, Zhang Y, Huang L, Chen X. The neurobiological mechanisms and therapeutic prospect of extracellular ATP in depression. CNS Neurosci Ther 2024; 30:e14536. [PMID: 38375982 PMCID: PMC10877668 DOI: 10.1111/cns.14536] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2023] [Revised: 09/21/2023] [Accepted: 11/07/2023] [Indexed: 02/21/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Depression is a prevalent psychiatric disorder with high long-term morbidities, recurrences, and mortalities. Despite extensive research efforts spanning decades, the cellular and molecular mechanisms of depression remain largely unknown. What's more, about one third of patients do not have effective anti-depressant therapies, so there is an urgent need to uncover more mechanisms to guide the development of novel therapeutic strategies. Adenosine triphosphate (ATP) plays an important role in maintaining ion gradients essential for neuronal activities, as well as in the transport and release of neurotransmitters. Additionally, ATP could also participate in signaling pathways following the activation of postsynaptic receptors. By searching the website PubMed for articles about "ATP and depression" especially focusing on the role of extracellular ATP (eATP) in depression in the last 5 years, we found that numerous studies have implied that the insufficient ATP release from astrocytes could lead to depression and exogenous supply of eATP or endogenously stimulating the release of ATP from astrocytes could alleviate depression, highlighting the potential therapeutic role of eATP in alleviating depression. AIM Currently, there are few reviews discussing the relationship between eATP and depression. Therefore, the aim of our review is to conclude the role of eATP in depression, especially focusing on the evidence and mechanisms of eATP in alleviating depression. CONCLUSION We will provide insights into the prospects of leveraging eATP as a novel avenue for the treatment of depression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaixin Wang
- Department of Anesthesiology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical CollegeHuazhong University of Science and TechnologyWuhanChina
- Institute of Anesthesia and Critical Care Medicine, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical CollegeHuazhong University of Science and TechnologyWuhanChina
- Key Laboratory of Anesthesiology and Resuscitation (Huazhong University of Science and Technology), Ministry of EducationWuhanChina
| | - Shiqian Huang
- Department of Anesthesiology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical CollegeHuazhong University of Science and TechnologyWuhanChina
- Institute of Anesthesia and Critical Care Medicine, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical CollegeHuazhong University of Science and TechnologyWuhanChina
- Key Laboratory of Anesthesiology and Resuscitation (Huazhong University of Science and Technology), Ministry of EducationWuhanChina
| | - Daan Fu
- Department of Anesthesiology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical CollegeHuazhong University of Science and TechnologyWuhanChina
- Institute of Anesthesia and Critical Care Medicine, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical CollegeHuazhong University of Science and TechnologyWuhanChina
- Key Laboratory of Anesthesiology and Resuscitation (Huazhong University of Science and Technology), Ministry of EducationWuhanChina
| | - Xinxin Yang
- Department of Anesthesiology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical CollegeHuazhong University of Science and TechnologyWuhanChina
- Institute of Anesthesia and Critical Care Medicine, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical CollegeHuazhong University of Science and TechnologyWuhanChina
- Key Laboratory of Anesthesiology and Resuscitation (Huazhong University of Science and Technology), Ministry of EducationWuhanChina
| | - Lulin Ma
- Department of Anesthesiology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical CollegeHuazhong University of Science and TechnologyWuhanChina
- Institute of Anesthesia and Critical Care Medicine, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical CollegeHuazhong University of Science and TechnologyWuhanChina
- Key Laboratory of Anesthesiology and Resuscitation (Huazhong University of Science and Technology), Ministry of EducationWuhanChina
| | - Tianhao Zhang
- Department of Anesthesiology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical CollegeHuazhong University of Science and TechnologyWuhanChina
- Institute of Anesthesia and Critical Care Medicine, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical CollegeHuazhong University of Science and TechnologyWuhanChina
- Key Laboratory of Anesthesiology and Resuscitation (Huazhong University of Science and Technology), Ministry of EducationWuhanChina
| | - Wenjing Zhao
- Department of Anesthesiology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical CollegeHuazhong University of Science and TechnologyWuhanChina
- Institute of Anesthesia and Critical Care Medicine, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical CollegeHuazhong University of Science and TechnologyWuhanChina
- Key Laboratory of Anesthesiology and Resuscitation (Huazhong University of Science and Technology), Ministry of EducationWuhanChina
| | - Daling Deng
- Department of Anesthesiology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical CollegeHuazhong University of Science and TechnologyWuhanChina
- Institute of Anesthesia and Critical Care Medicine, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical CollegeHuazhong University of Science and TechnologyWuhanChina
- Key Laboratory of Anesthesiology and Resuscitation (Huazhong University of Science and Technology), Ministry of EducationWuhanChina
| | - Yuanyuan Ding
- Department of Anesthesiology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical CollegeHuazhong University of Science and TechnologyWuhanChina
- Institute of Anesthesia and Critical Care Medicine, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical CollegeHuazhong University of Science and TechnologyWuhanChina
- Key Laboratory of Anesthesiology and Resuscitation (Huazhong University of Science and Technology), Ministry of EducationWuhanChina
| | - Yanyan Zhang
- Department of Anesthesiology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical CollegeHuazhong University of Science and TechnologyWuhanChina
- Institute of Anesthesia and Critical Care Medicine, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical CollegeHuazhong University of Science and TechnologyWuhanChina
- Key Laboratory of Anesthesiology and Resuscitation (Huazhong University of Science and Technology), Ministry of EducationWuhanChina
| | - Li Huang
- Department of Anesthesiology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical CollegeHuazhong University of Science and TechnologyWuhanChina
- Institute of Anesthesia and Critical Care Medicine, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical CollegeHuazhong University of Science and TechnologyWuhanChina
- Key Laboratory of Anesthesiology and Resuscitation (Huazhong University of Science and Technology), Ministry of EducationWuhanChina
| | - Xiangdong Chen
- Department of Anesthesiology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical CollegeHuazhong University of Science and TechnologyWuhanChina
- Institute of Anesthesia and Critical Care Medicine, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical CollegeHuazhong University of Science and TechnologyWuhanChina
- Key Laboratory of Anesthesiology and Resuscitation (Huazhong University of Science and Technology), Ministry of EducationWuhanChina
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4
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Blumenfeld J, Yip O, Kim MJ, Huang Y. Cell type-specific roles of APOE4 in Alzheimer disease. Nat Rev Neurosci 2024; 25:91-110. [PMID: 38191720 PMCID: PMC11073858 DOI: 10.1038/s41583-023-00776-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/28/2023] [Indexed: 01/10/2024]
Abstract
The ɛ4 allele of the apolipoprotein E gene (APOE), which translates to the APOE4 isoform, is the strongest genetic risk factor for late-onset Alzheimer disease (AD). Within the CNS, APOE is produced by a variety of cell types under different conditions, posing a challenge for studying its roles in AD pathogenesis. However, through powerful advances in research tools and the use of novel cell culture and animal models, researchers have recently begun to study the roles of APOE4 in AD in a cell type-specific manner and at a deeper and more mechanistic level than ever before. In particular, cutting-edge omics studies have enabled APOE4 to be studied at the single-cell level and have allowed the identification of critical APOE4 effects in AD-vulnerable cellular subtypes. Through these studies, it has become evident that APOE4 produced in various types of CNS cell - including astrocytes, neurons, microglia, oligodendrocytes and vascular cells - has diverse roles in AD pathogenesis. Here, we review these scientific advances and propose a cell type-specific APOE4 cascade model of AD. In this model, neuronal APOE4 emerges as a crucial pathological initiator and driver of AD pathogenesis, instigating glial responses and, ultimately, neurodegeneration. In addition, we provide perspectives on future directions for APOE4 research and related therapeutic developments in the context of AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica Blumenfeld
- Gladstone Institute of Neurological Disease, Gladstone Institutes, San Francisco, CA, USA
- Neuroscience Graduate Program, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Oscar Yip
- Gladstone Institute of Neurological Disease, Gladstone Institutes, San Francisco, CA, USA
- Biomedical Sciences Graduate Program, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Min Joo Kim
- Gladstone Institute of Neurological Disease, Gladstone Institutes, San Francisco, CA, USA
- Biomedical Sciences Graduate Program, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Yadong Huang
- Gladstone Institute of Neurological Disease, Gladstone Institutes, San Francisco, CA, USA.
- Neuroscience Graduate Program, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA.
- Biomedical Sciences Graduate Program, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA.
- Gladstone Center for Translational Advancement, Gladstone Institutes, San Francisco, CA, USA.
- Department of Neurology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA.
- Department of Pathology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA.
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5
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Wang C, Cui C, Xu P, Zhu L, Xue H, Chen B, Jiang P. Targeting PDK2 rescues stress-induced impaired brain energy metabolism. Mol Psychiatry 2023; 28:4138-4150. [PMID: 37188779 DOI: 10.1038/s41380-023-02098-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2022] [Revised: 04/27/2023] [Accepted: 04/28/2023] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
Depression is a mental illness frequently accompanied by disordered energy metabolism. A dysregulated hypothalamus pituitary adrenal axis response with aberrant glucocorticoids (GCs) release is often observed in patients with depression. However, the associated etiology between GCs and brain energy metabolism remains poorly understood. Here, using metabolomic analysis, we showed that the tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle was inhibited in chronic social defeat stress (CSDS)-exposed mice and patients with first-episode depression. Decreased mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation was concomitant with the impairment of the TCA cycle. In parallel, the activity of pyruvate dehydrogenase (PDH), the gatekeeper of mitochondrial TCA flux, was suppressed, which is associated with the CSDS-induced neuronal pyruvate dehydrogenase kinase 2 (PDK2) expression and consequently enhanced PDH phosphorylation. Considering the well-acknowledged role of GCs in energy metabolism, we further demonstrated that glucocorticoid receptors (GR) stimulated PDK2 expression by directly binding to its promoter region. Meanwhile, silencing PDK2 abrogated glucocorticoid-induced PDH inhibition, restored the neuronal oxidative phosphorylation, and improved the flux of isotope-labeled carbon (U-13C] glucose) into the TCA cycle. Additionally, in vivo, pharmacological inhibition and neuron-specific silencing of GR or PDK2 restored CSDS-induced PDH phosphorylation and exerted antidepressant activities against chronic stress exposure. Taken together, our findings reveal a novel mechanism of depression manifestation, whereby elevated GCs levels regulate PDK2 transcription via GR, thereby impairing brain energy metabolism and contributing to the onset of this condition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Changshui Wang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Affiliated Hospital of Jining Medical University, Jining Medical University, Jining, 272000, China
| | - Changmeng Cui
- Department of Neurosurgery, Affiliated Hospital of Jining Medical University, Jining Medical University, Jining, 272000, China
| | - Pengfei Xu
- Translational Pharmaceutical Laboratory, Jining First People's Hospital, Shandong First Medical University, Jining, 272000, China
| | - Li Zhu
- Translational Pharmaceutical Laboratory, Jining First People's Hospital, Shandong First Medical University, Jining, 272000, China
| | - Hongjia Xue
- Faculty of Science and Engineering, University of Nottingham Ningbo China, Ningbo, 315100, China
| | - Beibei Chen
- ADFA School of Science, University of New South Wales, Canberra, ACT, Australia
| | - Pei Jiang
- Translational Pharmaceutical Laboratory, Jining First People's Hospital, Shandong First Medical University, Jining, 272000, China.
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6
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Yang Y, Zhou B, Zhang S, Si L, Liu X, Li F. Prebiotics for depression: how does the gut microbiota play a role? Front Nutr 2023; 10:1206468. [PMID: 37485386 PMCID: PMC10358272 DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2023.1206468] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2023] [Accepted: 06/15/2023] [Indexed: 07/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Depression, a mood disorder characterized by persistent feelings of sadness and aversion to activity that can interfere with daily life, is a condition of great concern. Prebiotics, which are non-digestible substances selectively utilized by host microorganisms for health benefits, have gained attention for their potential to improve overall wellness and alleviate various disorders including depression. This study aims to review clinical trials utilizing carbohydrate-type prebiotics such as inulin-type fructans, galactooligosaccharides (GOS), human milk oligosaccharides, resistant starch, prebiotic phytochemicals including epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG), chlorogenic acids, resveratrol, and prebiotic lipids (n-3 polysaturated fatty acids) to determine their effects on depression. Our findings suggest that GOS at a daily dosage of 5 g and eicosapentaenoic acid at or less than 1 g can effectively mitigate depressive symptoms. While EGCG exhibits potential antidepressant properties, a higher dosage of 3 g/d may be necessary to elicit significant effects. The plausible mechanisms underlying the impact of prebiotics on depression include the synthesis of neurotransmitters, production of short-chain fatty acids, and regulation of inflammation.
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7
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Sung JH, Ou Y, Barger SW. Amyloid β-Peptide Effects on Glucose Regulation Are Dependent on Apolipoprotein E Genotype. eNeuro 2023; 10:ENEURO.0376-22.2023. [PMID: 37163733 PMCID: PMC10135078 DOI: 10.1523/eneuro.0376-22.2023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2022] [Revised: 01/26/2023] [Accepted: 02/14/2023] [Indexed: 05/12/2023] Open
Abstract
The apolipoprotein E gene (APOE) confers the greatest genetic risk factor for Alzheimer's disease (AD), wherein the ε4 allele confers an elevated risk compared with the ε3 allele. Biological mechanisms that differ across these alleles have been explored in mouse models wherein the murine Apoe gene has undergone targeted replacement with sequences encoding human ApoE3 or ApoE4 (ApoE-TR mice). Such models have indicated that the two variants of ApoE produce differential effects on energy metabolism, including metabolic syndrome. However, glucose regulation has not been compared in ApoE-TR mice with and without amyloid β-peptide (Aβ) accumulation. We crossed ApoE3-TR and ApoE4-TR mice with a transgenic line that accumulates human Aβ1-42 In male ApoE3-TR mice, introduction of Aβ caused aberrations in glucose tolerance and in membrane translocation of astrocytic glucose transporter 1 (GLUT1). Phosphorylation of Tau at AD-relevant sites was correlated with glucose intolerance. These effects appeared independent of insulin dysregulation and were not observed in females. In ApoE4-TR mice, the addition of Aβ had no significant effects because of a trend toward perturbation of the baseline values.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin Hee Sung
- Department of Geriatrics, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR 72205
| | - Yang Ou
- Department of Geriatrics, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR 72205
| | - Steven W Barger
- Department of Geriatrics, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR 72205
- Department of Neurobiology and Developmental Sciences, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR 72205
- Geriatric Research, Education and Clinical Center, Central Arkansas Veterans Healthcare System, Little Rock, AR 72205
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8
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Zhang X, Wu L, Swerdlow RH, Zhao L. Opposing Effects of ApoE2 and ApoE4 on Glycolytic Metabolism in Neuronal Aging Supports a Warburg Neuroprotective Cascade against Alzheimer's Disease. Cells 2023; 12:410. [PMID: 36766752 PMCID: PMC9914046 DOI: 10.3390/cells12030410] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2022] [Revised: 01/20/2023] [Accepted: 01/23/2023] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Apolipoprotein E4 (ApoE4) is the most recognized genetic risk factor for late-onset Alzheimer's disease (LOAD), whereas ApoE2 reduces the risk for LOAD. The underlying mechanisms are unclear but may include effects on brain energy metabolism. Here, we used neuro-2a (N2a) cells that stably express human ApoE isoforms (N2a-hApoE), differentiated N2a-hApoE neuronal cells, and humanized ApoE knock-in mouse models to investigate relationships among ApoE isoforms, glycolytic metabolism, and neuronal health and aging. ApoE2-expressing cells retained robust hexokinase (HK) expression and glycolytic activity, whereas these endpoints progressively declined with aging in ApoE4-expressing cells. These divergent ApoE2 and ApoE4 effects on glycolysis directly correlated with markers of cellular wellness. Moreover, ApoE4-expressing cells upregulated phosphofructokinase and pyruvate kinase with the apparent intent of compensating for the HK-dependent glycolysis reduction. The introduction of ApoE2 increased HK levels and glycolysis flux in ApoE4 cells. PI3K/Akt signaling was distinctively regulated by ApoE isoforms but was only partially responsible for the ApoE-mediated effects on HK. Collectively, our findings indicate that human ApoE isoforms differentially modulate neuronal glycolysis through HK regulation, with ApoE2 upregulating and ApoE4 downregulating, which markedly impacts neuronal health during aging. These findings lend compelling support to the emerging inverse-Warburg theory of AD and highlight a therapeutic opportunity for bolstering brain glycolytic resilience to prevent and treat AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Zhang
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, School of Pharmacy, University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS 66045, USA
| | - Long Wu
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, School of Pharmacy, University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS 66045, USA
| | - Russell H. Swerdlow
- Department of Neurology, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS 66160, USA
| | - Liqin Zhao
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, School of Pharmacy, University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS 66045, USA
- Neuroscience Graduate Program, University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS 66045, USA
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9
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Petrican R, Paine AL, Escott-Price V, Shelton KH. Overlapping brain correlates of superior cognition among children at genetic risk for Alzheimer's disease and/or major depressive disorder. Sci Rep 2023; 13:984. [PMID: 36653486 PMCID: PMC9849214 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-28057-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2022] [Accepted: 01/12/2023] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Early life adversity (ELA) tends to accelerate neurobiological ageing, which, in turn, is thought to heighten vulnerability to both major depressive disorder (MDD) and Alzheimer's disease (AD). The two conditions are putatively related, with MDD representing either a risk factor or early symptom of AD. Given the substantial environmental susceptibility of both disorders, timely identification of their neurocognitive markers could facilitate interventions to prevent clinical onset. To this end, we analysed multimodal data from the Adolescent Brain and Cognitive Development study (ages 9-10 years). To disentangle genetic from correlated genetic-environmental influences, while also probing gene-adversity interactions, we compared adoptees, a group generally exposed to substantial ELA, with children raised by their biological families via genetic risk scores (GRS) from genome-wide association studies. AD and MDD GRSs predicted overlapping and widespread neurodevelopmental alterations associated with superior fluid cognition. Specifically, among adoptees only, greater AD GRS were related to accelerated structural maturation (i.e., cortical thinning) and higher MDD GRS were linked to delayed functional neurodevelopment, as reflected in compensatory brain activation on an inhibitory control task. Our study identifies compensatory mechanisms linked to MDD risk and highlights the potential cognitive benefits of accelerated maturation linked to AD vulnerability in late childhood.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raluca Petrican
- Institute of Population Health, Department of Psychology, University of Liverpool, Bedford Street South, Liverpool, L69 7ZA, UK.
| | - Amy L Paine
- School of Psychology, Cardiff University, 70 Park Place, Cardiff, CF10 3AT, UK
| | - Valentina Escott-Price
- Division of Neuroscience and Mental Health, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Maindy Road, Cardiff, CF24 4HQ, UK
| | - Katherine H Shelton
- School of Psychology, Cardiff University, 70 Park Place, Cardiff, CF10 3AT, UK
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10
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Xia CY, Guo YX, Lian WW, Yan Y, Ma BZ, Cheng YC, Xu JK, He J, Zhang WK. The NLRP3 inflammasome in depression: Potential mechanisms and therapies. Pharmacol Res 2023; 187:106625. [PMID: 36563870 DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2022.106625] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2022] [Revised: 11/20/2022] [Accepted: 12/18/2022] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Increasing evidence suggests that the failure of clinical antidepressants may be related with neuroinflammation. The NOD-, LRR- and pyrin domain-containing protein 3 (NLRP3) inflammasome is an intracellular multiprotein complex, and has been considered as a key contributor to the development of neuroinflammation. Inhibition of NLRP3 inflammasome is an effective method for depression treatment. In this review, we summarized current researches highlighting the role of NLRP3 inflammasome in the pathology of depression. Firstly, we discussed NLRP3 inflammasome activation in patients with depression and animal models. Secondly, we outlined the possible mechanisms driving the activation of NLRP3 inflammasome. Thirdly, we discussed the pathogenetic role of NLRP3 inflammasome in depression. Finally, we overviewed the current and potential antidepressants targeting the NLRP3 inflammasome. Overall, the inhibition of NLRP3 inflammasome activation may be a potential therapeutic strategy for inflammation-related depression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cong-Yuan Xia
- Department of Pharmacy & Institute of Clinical Medical Sciences, China-Japan Friendship Hospital, Beijing 100029, PR China
| | - Yu-Xuan Guo
- School of Life Sciences, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100029, PR China
| | - Wen-Wen Lian
- Department of Pharmacy & Institute of Clinical Medical Sciences, China-Japan Friendship Hospital, Beijing 100029, PR China
| | - Yu Yan
- Department of Pharmacy & Institute of Clinical Medical Sciences, China-Japan Friendship Hospital, Beijing 100029, PR China
| | - Bing-Zhi Ma
- Department of Pharmacy & Institute of Clinical Medical Sciences, China-Japan Friendship Hospital, Beijing 100029, PR China
| | - Yung-Chi Cheng
- School of Medicine, Yale University, New Haven, CT, United States
| | - Jie-Kun Xu
- School of Life Sciences, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100029, PR China.
| | - Jun He
- Department of Pharmacy & Institute of Clinical Medical Sciences, China-Japan Friendship Hospital, Beijing 100029, PR China.
| | - Wei-Ku Zhang
- Department of Pharmacy & Institute of Clinical Medical Sciences, China-Japan Friendship Hospital, Beijing 100029, PR China.
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11
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Chen LJ, Tu ZY, Wang Y, He YH, Wang X, Tao SZ, Xu YY, Li CR, Wang RL, Yang ZX, Sun J, Ma X, Zhang D. ATP5O Hypo-crotonylation Caused by HDAC2 Hyper-Phosphorylation Is a Primary Detrimental Factor for Downregulated Phospholipid Metabolism under Chronic Stress. RESEARCH (WASHINGTON, D.C.) 2022; 2022:9834963. [PMID: 38645677 PMCID: PMC11030818 DOI: 10.34133/2022/9834963] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2022] [Accepted: 10/03/2022] [Indexed: 04/23/2024]
Abstract
Objective. Chronic stress (CS)-induced abnormal metabolism and other subsequent aspects of abnormality are threatening human health. Little is known regarding whether and how protein post-translational-modifications (PTMs) correlate with abnormal metabolism under CS. The aim of this study was to address this issue and also identify novel key protein PTM. Methods. First, we screened which pan-PTM had significant change between control and CS female mice and whether clinical CS females had similar pan-PTM change. Second, we performed quantitative PTM-omics and metabolomics to verify the correlation between abnormal protein PTMs and atypical metabolism. Third, we performed quantitative phospho-omics to identify the key PTM-regulating enzyme and investigate the interaction between PTM protein and PTM-regulating enzyme. Fourth, we attempted to rectify the abnormal metabolism by correcting the activity of the PTM-regulating enzyme. Finally, we examined whether the selected key protein was also correlated with stress scores and atypical metabolism in clinical women. Results. We initially found that multiple tissues of CS female mice have downregulated pan-crotonylation, and verified that the plasma of clinical CS females also had downregulated pan-crotonylation. Then we determined that ATP5O-K51 crotonylation decreased the most and also caused gross ATP5O decrement, whereas the plasma of CS mice had downregulated phospholipids. Next, downregulating ATP5O crotonylation partially recapitulated the downregulated phospholipid metabolism in CS mice. Next, we verified that HDAC2-S424 phosphorylation determined its decrotonylation activity on ATP5O-K51. Furthermore, correcting HDAC2 hyper-phosphorylation recovered the gross ATP5O level and partially rescued the downregulated phospholipid metabolism in CS mice. Finally, the ATP5O level was also significantly lower and correlated with high stress scores and downregulated phospholipid metabolism in clinical female plasma. Conclusion. This study discovered a novel PTM mechanism involving two distinct types of PTM in CS and provided a novel reference for the clinical precautions and treatments of CS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liang-Jian Chen
- State Key Lab of Reproductive Medicine,
Nanjing Medical University,
Nanjing,
211166 Jiangsu,
China
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology,
Reproductive Medicine Center,
The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University,
Hefei 230022,
China
| | - Zhi-Yuan Tu
- State Key Lab of Reproductive Medicine,
Nanjing Medical University,
Nanjing,
211166 Jiangsu,
China
- State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine,
the Center for Clinical Reproductive Medicine,
The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University,
Nanjing,
210029,
China
| | - Yang Wang
- State Key Lab of Reproductive Medicine,
Nanjing Medical University,
Nanjing,
211166 Jiangsu,
China
| | - Yu-Hao He
- State Key Lab of Reproductive Medicine,
Nanjing Medical University,
Nanjing,
211166 Jiangsu,
China
| | - Xin Wang
- State Key Lab of Reproductive Medicine,
Nanjing Medical University,
Nanjing,
211166 Jiangsu,
China
| | - Shu-Zhen Tao
- State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine,
the Center for Clinical Reproductive Medicine,
The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University,
Nanjing,
210029,
China
| | - Yang-Yang Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine,
the Center for Clinical Reproductive Medicine,
The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University,
Nanjing,
210029,
China
| | - Cong-Rong Li
- State Key Lab of Reproductive Medicine,
Nanjing Medical University,
Nanjing,
211166 Jiangsu,
China
| | - Ruo-Lei Wang
- State Key Lab of Reproductive Medicine,
Nanjing Medical University,
Nanjing,
211166 Jiangsu,
China
| | - Zhi-Xia Yang
- State Key Lab of Reproductive Medicine,
Nanjing Medical University,
Nanjing,
211166 Jiangsu,
China
| | - Jing Sun
- Department of Psychiatry,
Nanjing Brain Hospital affiliated to Nanjing Medical University,
Nanjing,
210029 Jiangsu,
China
| | - Xiang Ma
- State Key Lab of Reproductive Medicine,
Nanjing Medical University,
Nanjing,
211166 Jiangsu,
China
| | - Dong Zhang
- State Key Lab of Reproductive Medicine,
Nanjing Medical University,
Nanjing,
211166 Jiangsu,
China
- Animal Core Facility,
Nanjing Medical University,
Nanjing,
211166,
Jiangsu,
P .R.,
China
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12
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Steele OG, Stuart AC, Minkley L, Shaw K, Bonnar O, Anderle S, Penn AC, Rusted J, Serpell L, Hall C, King S. A multi-hit hypothesis for an APOE4-dependent pathophysiological state. Eur J Neurosci 2022; 56:5476-5515. [PMID: 35510513 PMCID: PMC9796338 DOI: 10.1111/ejn.15685] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2021] [Revised: 03/31/2022] [Accepted: 04/25/2022] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
The APOE gene encoding the Apolipoprotein E protein is the single most significant genetic risk factor for late-onset Alzheimer's disease. The APOE4 genotype confers a significantly increased risk relative to the other two common genotypes APOE3 and APOE2. Intriguingly, APOE4 has been associated with neuropathological and cognitive deficits in the absence of Alzheimer's disease-related amyloid or tau pathology. Here, we review the extensive literature surrounding the impact of APOE genotype on central nervous system dysfunction, focussing on preclinical model systems and comparison of APOE3 and APOE4, given the low global prevalence of APOE2. A multi-hit hypothesis is proposed to explain how APOE4 shifts cerebral physiology towards pathophysiology through interconnected hits. These hits include the following: neurodegeneration, neurovascular dysfunction, neuroinflammation, oxidative stress, endosomal trafficking impairments, lipid and cellular metabolism disruption, impaired calcium homeostasis and altered transcriptional regulation. The hits, individually and in combination, leave the APOE4 brain in a vulnerable state where further cumulative insults will exacerbate degeneration and lead to cognitive deficits in the absence of Alzheimer's disease pathology and also a state in which such pathology may more easily take hold. We conclude that current evidence supports an APOE4 multi-hit hypothesis, which contributes to an APOE4 pathophysiological state. We highlight key areas where further study is required to elucidate the complex interplay between these individual mechanisms and downstream consequences, helping to frame the current landscape of existing APOE-centric literature.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Lucy Minkley
- School of Life SciencesUniversity of SussexBrightonUK
| | - Kira Shaw
- School of Life SciencesUniversity of SussexBrightonUK
| | - Orla Bonnar
- School of Life SciencesUniversity of SussexBrightonUK
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Sarah King
- School of PsychologyUniversity of SussexBrightonUK
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13
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Zhao YF, Verkhratsky A, Tang Y, Illes P. Astrocytes and major depression: The purinergic avenue. Neuropharmacology 2022; 220:109252. [PMID: 36122663 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2022.109252] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2022] [Revised: 08/19/2022] [Accepted: 09/06/2022] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
Abstract
Major depressive disorder (MDD) is one of the most prevalent psychiatric illnesses worldwide which impairs the social functioning of the afflicted patients. Astrocytes promote homeostasis of the CNS and provide defense against various types of harmful influences. Increasing evidence suggests that the number, morphology and function of astrocytes are deteriorated in the depressed brain and the malfunction of the astrocytic purinergic system appears to participate in the pathophysiology of MDD. Adenosine 5'-triphosphate (ATP) released from astrocytes modulates depressive-like behavior in animal models and probably also clinical depression in patients. Astrocytes possess purinergic receptors, such as adenosine A2A receptors (Rs), and P2X7, P2Y1, and P2Y11Rs, which mediate neuroinflammation, neuro(glio)transmission, and synaptic plasticity in depression-relevant areas of the brain (e.g. medial prefrontal cortex, hippocampus, amygdala nuclei). By contrast, astrocytic A1Rs are neuroprotective and immunosuppressive. In the present review, we shall discuss the release of purines from astrocytes, and the expression/function of astrocytic purinergic receptors. Subsequently, we shall review in more detail novel evidence indicating that the dysregulation of astrocytic purinergic signaling actively contributes to the pathophysiology of depression and shall discuss possible therapeutic options based on knowledge recently acquired in this field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y F Zhao
- School of Acupuncture and Tuina, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, 610075, China; International Collaborative Centre on Big Science Plan for Purinergic Signalling, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, 610075, China
| | - A Verkhratsky
- International Collaborative Centre on Big Science Plan for Purinergic Signalling, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, 610075, China; Faculty of Life Sciences, The University of Manchester, Manchester, M13 9PL, UK; Department of Stem Cell Biology, State Research Institute Centre for Innovative Medicine, LT, 01102, Vilnius, Lithuania
| | - Y Tang
- School of Acupuncture and Tuina, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, 610075, China; International Collaborative Centre on Big Science Plan for Purinergic Signalling, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, 610075, China.
| | - P Illes
- School of Acupuncture and Tuina, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, 610075, China; International Collaborative Centre on Big Science Plan for Purinergic Signalling, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, 610075, China; Rudolf Boehm Institute for Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Leipzig, 04107, Leipzig, Germany.
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14
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Lin Y, Dai X, Zhang J, Chen X. Metformin alleviates the depression-like behaviors of elderly apoE4 mice via improving glucose metabolism and mitochondrial biogenesis. Behav Brain Res 2022; 423:113772. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2022.113772] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2021] [Revised: 12/28/2021] [Accepted: 01/22/2022] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
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