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Malamos P, Papanikolaou C, Gavriatopoulou M, Dimopoulos MA, Terpos E, Souliotis VL. The Interplay between the DNA Damage Response (DDR) Network and the Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase (MAPK) Signaling Pathway in Multiple Myeloma. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:6991. [PMID: 39000097 PMCID: PMC11241508 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25136991] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2024] [Revised: 06/18/2024] [Accepted: 06/24/2024] [Indexed: 07/16/2024] Open
Abstract
The DNA damage response (DDR) network and the mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) signaling pathway are crucial mechanisms for the survival of all living beings. An accumulating body of evidence suggests that there is crosstalk between these two systems, thus favoring the appropriate functioning of multi-cellular organisms. On the other hand, aberrations within these mechanisms are thought to play a vital role in the onset and progression of several diseases, including cancer, as well as in the emergence of drug resistance. Here, we provide an overview of the current knowledge regarding alterations in the DDR machinery and the MAPK signaling pathway as well as abnormalities in the DDR/MAPK functional crosstalk in multiple myeloma, the second most common hematologic malignancy. We also present the latest advances in the development of anti-myeloma drugs targeting crucial DDR- and MAPK-associated molecular components. These data could potentially be exploited to discover new therapeutic targets and effective biomarkers as well as for the design of novel clinical trials. Interestingly, they might provide a new approach to increase the efficacy of anti-myeloma therapy by combining drugs targeting the DDR network and the MAPK signaling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Panagiotis Malamos
- Institute of Chemical Biology, National Hellenic Research Foundation, 116 35 Athens, Greece
| | - Christina Papanikolaou
- Institute of Chemical Biology, National Hellenic Research Foundation, 116 35 Athens, Greece
| | - Maria Gavriatopoulou
- Department of Clinical Therapeutics, School of Medicine, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 115 28 Athens, Greece
| | - Meletios A Dimopoulos
- Department of Clinical Therapeutics, School of Medicine, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 115 28 Athens, Greece
| | - Evangelos Terpos
- Department of Clinical Therapeutics, School of Medicine, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 115 28 Athens, Greece
| | - Vassilis L Souliotis
- Institute of Chemical Biology, National Hellenic Research Foundation, 116 35 Athens, Greece
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2
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McMahon A, Zhao J, Yan S. Ubiquitin-mediated regulation of APE2 protein abundance. J Biol Chem 2024; 300:107337. [PMID: 38705397 PMCID: PMC11157268 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbc.2024.107337] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2023] [Revised: 04/12/2024] [Accepted: 04/24/2024] [Indexed: 05/07/2024] Open
Abstract
APE2 plays important roles in the maintenance of genomic and epigenomic stability including DNA repair and DNA damage response. Accumulating evidence has suggested that APE2 is upregulated in multiple cancers at the protein and mRNA levels and that APE2 upregulation is correlative with higher and lower overall survival of cancer patients depending on tumor type. However, it remains unknown how APE2 protein abundance is maintained and regulated in cells. Here, we provide the first evidence of APE2 regulation via the posttranslational modification ubiquitin. APE2 is poly-ubiquitinated via K48-linked chains and degraded via the ubiquitin-proteasome system where K371 is the key residue within APE2 responsible for its ubiquitination and degradation. We further characterize MKRN3 as the E3 ubiquitin ligase for APE2 ubiquitination in cells and in vitro. In summary, this study offers the first definition of the APE2 proteostasis network and lays the foundation for future studies pertaining to the posttranslational modification regulation and functions of APE2 in genome integrity and cancer etiology/treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne McMahon
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of North Carolina at Charlotte, Charlotte, North Carolina, USA
| | - Jianjun Zhao
- Department of Cancer Biology, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
| | - Shan Yan
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of North Carolina at Charlotte, Charlotte, North Carolina, USA; School of Data Science, University of North Carolina at Charlotte, Charlotte, North Carolina, USA; Center for Biomedical Engineering and Science, University of North Carolina at Charlotte, Charlotte, North Carolina, USA.
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3
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Kumar S, Talluri S, Zhao J, Liao C, Potluri LB, Buon L, Mu S, Shi J, Chakraborty C, Tai YT, Samur MK, Munshi NC, Shammas MA. ABL1 kinase plays an important role in spontaneous and chemotherapy-induced genomic instability in multiple myeloma. Blood 2024; 143:996-1005. [PMID: 37992230 DOI: 10.1182/blood.2023021225] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2023] [Revised: 11/02/2023] [Accepted: 11/03/2023] [Indexed: 11/24/2023] Open
Abstract
ABSTRACT Genomic instability contributes to cancer progression and is at least partly due to dysregulated homologous recombination (HR). Here, we show that an elevated level of ABL1 kinase overactivates the HR pathway and causes genomic instability in multiple myeloma (MM) cells. Inhibiting ABL1 with either short hairpin RNA or a pharmacological inhibitor (nilotinib) inhibits HR activity, reduces genomic instability, and slows MM cell growth. Moreover, inhibiting ABL1 reduces the HR activity and genomic instability caused by melphalan, a chemotherapeutic agent used in MM treatment, and increases melphalan's efficacy and cytotoxicity in vivo in a subcutaneous tumor model. In these tumors, nilotinib inhibits endogenous as well as melphalan-induced HR activity. These data demonstrate that inhibiting ABL1 using the clinically approved drug nilotinib reduces MM cell growth, reduces genomic instability in live cell fraction, increases the cytotoxicity of melphalan (and similar chemotherapeutic agents), and can potentially prevent or delay progression in patients with MM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Subodh Kumar
- The Jerome Lipper Multiple Myeloma Center, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
- VA Boston Healthcare System, Boston, MA
| | - Srikanth Talluri
- The Jerome Lipper Multiple Myeloma Center, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
- VA Boston Healthcare System, Boston, MA
| | - Jiangning Zhao
- The Jerome Lipper Multiple Myeloma Center, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
- VA Boston Healthcare System, Boston, MA
| | - Chengcheng Liao
- The Jerome Lipper Multiple Myeloma Center, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
- VA Boston Healthcare System, Boston, MA
| | - Lakshmi B Potluri
- The Jerome Lipper Multiple Myeloma Center, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
- VA Boston Healthcare System, Boston, MA
| | - Leutz Buon
- The Jerome Lipper Multiple Myeloma Center, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Shidai Mu
- The Jerome Lipper Multiple Myeloma Center, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
- VA Boston Healthcare System, Boston, MA
| | - Jialan Shi
- The Jerome Lipper Multiple Myeloma Center, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
- VA Boston Healthcare System, Boston, MA
- Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Chandraditya Chakraborty
- The Jerome Lipper Multiple Myeloma Center, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Yu-Tzu Tai
- The Jerome Lipper Multiple Myeloma Center, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Mehmet K Samur
- The Jerome Lipper Multiple Myeloma Center, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Nikhil C Munshi
- The Jerome Lipper Multiple Myeloma Center, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
- VA Boston Healthcare System, Boston, MA
- Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Masood A Shammas
- The Jerome Lipper Multiple Myeloma Center, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
- VA Boston Healthcare System, Boston, MA
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4
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Tonon G. Myeloma and DNA damage. Blood 2024; 143:488-495. [PMID: 37992215 DOI: 10.1182/blood.2023021384] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2023] [Revised: 10/27/2023] [Accepted: 10/28/2023] [Indexed: 11/24/2023] Open
Abstract
ABSTRACT DNA-damaging agents have represented the first effective treatment for the blood cancer multiple myeloma, and after 65 years since their introduction to the clinic, they remain one of the mainstay therapies for this disease. Myeloma is a cancer of plasma cells. Despite exceedingly slow proliferation, myeloma cells present extended genomic rearrangements and intense genomic instability, starting at the premalignant stage of the disease. Where does such DNA damage stem from? A reliable model argues that the powerful oncogenes activated in myeloma as well the phenotypic peculiarities of cancer plasma cells, including the dependency on the proteasome for survival and the constant presence of oxidative stress, all converge on modulating DNA damage and repair. Beleaguered by these contraposing forces, myeloma cells survive in a precarious balance, in which the robust engagement of DNA repair mechanisms to guarantee cell survival is continuously challenged by rampant genomic instability, essential for cancer cells to withstand hostile selective pressures. Shattering this delicate equilibrium has been the goal of the extensive use of DNA-damaging agents since their introduction in the clinic, now enriched by novel approaches that leverage upon synthetic lethality paradigms. Exploiting the impairment of homologous recombination caused by myeloma genetic lesions or treatments, it is now possible to design therapeutic combinations that could target myeloma cells more effectively. Furthermore, DNA-damaging agents, as demonstrated in solid tumors, may sensitize cells to immune therapies. In all, targeting DNA damage and repair remains as central as ever in myeloma, even for the foreseeable future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giovanni Tonon
- Università Vita-Salute San Raffaele, Milan, Italy
- Division of Experimental Oncology and Center for Omics Sciences, Functional Genomics of Cancer Unit, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
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5
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Petrilla C, Galloway J, Kudalkar R, Ismael A, Cottini F. Understanding DNA Damage Response and DNA Repair in Multiple Myeloma. Cancers (Basel) 2023; 15:4155. [PMID: 37627183 PMCID: PMC10453069 DOI: 10.3390/cancers15164155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2023] [Revised: 08/10/2023] [Accepted: 08/11/2023] [Indexed: 08/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Multiple myeloma (MM) is a plasma cell malignancy characterized by several genetic abnormalities, including chromosomal translocations, genomic deletions and gains, and point mutations. DNA damage response (DDR) and DNA repair mechanisms are altered in MM to allow for tumor development, progression, and resistance to therapies. Damaged DNA rarely induces an apoptotic response, given the presence of ataxia-telangiectasia mutated (ATM) loss-of-function or mutations, as well as deletions, mutations, or downregulation of tumor protein p53 (TP53) and tumor protein p73 (TP73). Moreover, DNA repair mechanisms are either hyperactive or defective to allow for rapid correction of the damage or permissive survival. Medications used to treat patients with MM can induce DNA damage, by either direct effects (mono-adducts induced by melphalan), or as a result of reactive oxygen species (ROS) production by proteasome inhibitors such as bortezomib. In this review, we will describe the mechanisms of DDR and DNA repair in normal tissues, the contribution of these pathways to MM disease progression and other phenotypes, and the potential therapeutic opportunities for patients with MM.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Francesca Cottini
- Division of Hematology, Department of Internal Medicine, College of Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
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Kumar S, Zhao J, Talluri S, Buon L, Mu S, Potluri LB, Liao C, Shi J, Chakraborty C, Gonzalez GB, Tai YT, Patel J, Pal J, Mashimo H, Samur MK, Munshi NC, Shammas MA. Elevated APE1 Dysregulates Homologous Recombination and Cell Cycle Driving Genomic Evolution, Tumorigenesis, and Chemoresistance in Esophageal Adenocarcinoma. Gastroenterology 2023; 165:357-373. [PMID: 37178737 PMCID: PMC10524563 DOI: 10.1053/j.gastro.2023.04.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2022] [Revised: 03/17/2023] [Accepted: 04/24/2023] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS The purpose of this study was to identify drivers of genomic evolution in esophageal adenocarcinoma (EAC) and other solid tumors. METHODS An integrated genomics strategy was used to identify deoxyribonucleases correlating with genomic instability (as assessed from total copy number events in each patient) in 6 cancers. Apurinic/apyrimidinic nuclease 1 (APE1), identified as the top gene in functional screens, was either suppressed in cancer cell lines or overexpressed in normal esophageal cells and the impact on genome stability and growth was monitored in vitro and in vivo. The impact on DNA and chromosomal instability was monitored using multiple approaches, including investigation of micronuclei, acquisition of single nucleotide polymorphisms, whole genome sequencing, and/or multicolor fluorescence in situ hybridization. RESULTS Expression of 4 deoxyribonucleases correlated with genomic instability in 6 human cancers. Functional screens of these genes identified APE1 as the top candidate for further evaluation. APE1 suppression in EAC, breast, lung, and prostate cancer cell lines caused cell cycle arrest; impaired growth and increased cytotoxicity of cisplatin in all cell lines and types and in a mouse model of EAC; and inhibition of homologous recombination and spontaneous and chemotherapy-induced genomic instability. APE1 overexpression in normal cells caused a massive chromosomal instability, leading to their oncogenic transformation. Evaluation of these cells by means of whole genome sequencing demonstrated the acquisition of changes throughout the genome and identified homologous recombination as the top mutational process. CONCLUSIONS Elevated APE1 dysregulates homologous recombination and cell cycle, contributing to genomic instability, tumorigenesis, and chemoresistance, and its inhibitors have the potential to target these processes in EAC and possibly other cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Subodh Kumar
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts; Hematology and Oncology, Veterans Affairs Boston Healthcare System, West Roxbury, Massachusetts
| | - Jiangning Zhao
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts; Hematology and Oncology, Veterans Affairs Boston Healthcare System, West Roxbury, Massachusetts
| | - Srikanth Talluri
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts; Hematology and Oncology, Veterans Affairs Boston Healthcare System, West Roxbury, Massachusetts
| | - Leutz Buon
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Shidai Mu
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts; Hematology and Oncology, Veterans Affairs Boston Healthcare System, West Roxbury, Massachusetts
| | - Lakshmi B Potluri
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts; Hematology and Oncology, Veterans Affairs Boston Healthcare System, West Roxbury, Massachusetts
| | - Chengcheng Liao
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts; Hematology and Oncology, Veterans Affairs Boston Healthcare System, West Roxbury, Massachusetts
| | - Jialan Shi
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts; Hematology and Oncology, Veterans Affairs Boston Healthcare System, West Roxbury, Massachusetts; Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | | | - Gabriel B Gonzalez
- Hematology and Oncology, Veterans Affairs Boston Healthcare System, West Roxbury, Massachusetts; Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Yu-Tzu Tai
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Jaymin Patel
- Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts; Hematology and Oncology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Jagannath Pal
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts; Pt. Jawahar Lal Nehru Memorial Medical College, Raipur, Chhattisgarh, India
| | - Hiroshi Mashimo
- Hematology and Oncology, Veterans Affairs Boston Healthcare System, West Roxbury, Massachusetts; Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Mehmet K Samur
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Nikhil C Munshi
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts; Hematology and Oncology, Veterans Affairs Boston Healthcare System, West Roxbury, Massachusetts; Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Masood A Shammas
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts; Hematology and Oncology, Veterans Affairs Boston Healthcare System, West Roxbury, Massachusetts.
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Kohutova A, Münzova D, Pešl M, Rotrekl V. α 1-Adrenoceptor agonist methoxamine inhibits base excision repair via inhibition of apurinic/apyrimidinic endonuclease 1 (APE1). ACTA PHARMACEUTICA (ZAGREB, CROATIA) 2023; 73:281-291. [PMID: 37307375 DOI: 10.2478/acph-2023-0012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/25/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Methoxamine (Mox) is a well-known α1-adrenoceptor agonist, clinically used as a longer-acting analogue of epinephrine. 1R,2S-Mox (NRL001) has been also undergoing clinical testing to increase the canal resting pressure in patients with bowel incontinence. Here we show, that Mox hydrochloride acts as an inhibitor of base excision repair (BER). The effect is mediated by the inhibition of apurinic/apyrimidinic endonuclease APE1. We link this observation to our previous report showing the biologically relevant effect of Mox on BER - prevention of converting oxidative DNA base damage to double-stranded breaks. We demonstrate that its effect is weaker, but still significant when compared to a known BER inhibitor methoxyamine (MX). We further determined Mox's relative IC 50 at 19 mmol L-1, demonstrating a significant effect of Mox on APE1 activity in clinically relevant concentrations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aneta Kohutova
- 1Masaryk University, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Biology 625 00, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Dita Münzova
- 1Masaryk University, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Biology 625 00, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Martin Pešl
- 1Masaryk University, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Biology 625 00, Brno, Czech Republic
- 2International Clinical Research Center (ICRC), St.Anne's University hospital in Brno, 625 00, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Vladimir Rotrekl
- 1Masaryk University, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Biology 625 00, Brno, Czech Republic
- 2International Clinical Research Center (ICRC), St.Anne's University hospital in Brno, 625 00, Brno, Czech Republic
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McMahon A, Zhao J, Yan S. APE2: catalytic function and synthetic lethality draw attention as a cancer therapy target. NAR Cancer 2023; 5:zcad006. [PMID: 36755963 PMCID: PMC9900424 DOI: 10.1093/narcan/zcad006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2022] [Revised: 01/17/2023] [Accepted: 01/20/2023] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
AP endonuclease 2 (APE2, APEX2 or APN2) is an emerging critical protein involved in genome and epigenome integrity. Whereas its catalytic function as a nuclease in DNA repair is widely accepted, recent studies have elucidated the function and mechanism of APE2 in the immune response and DNA damage response. Several genome-wide screens have identified APE2 as a synthetic lethal target for deficiencies of BRCA1, BRCA2 or TDP1 in cancer cells. Due to its overexpression in several cancer types, APE2 is proposed as an oncogene and could serve as prognostic marker of overall survival of cancer treatment. However, it remains to be discovered whether and how APE2 catalytic function and synthetic lethality can be modulated and manipulated as a cancer therapy target. In this review, we provide a current understanding of alterations and expression of APE2 in cancer, the function of APE2 in the immune response, and mechanisms of APE2 in ATR/Chk1 DNA damage response. We also summarize the role of APE2 in DNA repair pathways in the removal of heterogenous and complexed 3'-termini and MMEJ. Finally, we provide an updated perspective on how APE2 may be targeted for cancer therapy and future directions of APE2 studies in cancer biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne McMahon
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of North Carolina at Charlotte, Charlotte, NC 28223, USA
| | - Jianjun Zhao
- Department of Cancer Biology, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH 44195, USA
| | - Shan Yan
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of North Carolina at Charlotte, Charlotte, NC 28223, USA
- School of Data Science, University of North Carolina at Charlotte, Charlotte, NC 28223, USA
- Center for Biomedical Engineering and Science, University of North Carolina at Charlotte, Charlotte, NC 28223, USA
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9
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Liao C, Talluri S, Zhao J, Mu S, Kumar S, Shi J, Buon L, Munshi NC, Shammas MA. RAD51 Is Implicated in DNA Damage, Chemoresistance and Immune Dysregulation in Solid Tumors. Cancers (Basel) 2022; 14:cancers14225697. [PMID: 36428789 PMCID: PMC9688595 DOI: 10.3390/cancers14225697] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2022] [Revised: 11/09/2022] [Accepted: 11/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND In normal cells, homologous recombination (HR) is tightly regulated and plays an important role in the maintenance of genomic integrity and stability through precise repair of DNA damage. RAD51 is a recombinase that mediates homologous base pairing and strand exchange during DNA repair by HR. Our previous data in multiple myeloma and esophageal adenocarcinoma (EAC) show that dysregulated HR mediates genomic instability. Purpose of this study was to investigate role of HR in genomic instability, chemoresistance and immune dysregulation in solid tumors including colon and breast cancers. METHODS The GEO dataset were used to investigate correlation of RAD51 expression with patient survival and expression of various immune markers in EAC, breast and colorectal cancers. RAD51 was inhibited in cancer cell lines using shRNAs and a small molecule inhibitor. HR activity was evaluated using a plasmid-based assay, DNA breaks assessed by evaluating expression of γ-H2AX (a marker of DNA breaks) and p-RPA32 (a marker of DNA end resection) using Western blotting. Genomic instability was monitored by investigating micronuclei (a marker of genomic instability). Impact of RAD51 inhibitor and/or a DNA-damaging agent was assessed on viability and apoptosis in EAC, breast and colon cancer cell lines in vitro and in a subcutaneous tumor model of EAC. Impact of RAD51 inhibitor on expression profile was monitored by RNA sequencing. RESULTS Elevated RAD51 expression correlated with poor survival of EAC, breast and colon cancer patients. RAD51 knockdown in cancer cell lines inhibited DNA end resection and strand exchange activity (key steps in the initiation of HR) as well as spontaneous DNA breaks, whereas its overexpression increased DNA breaks and genomic instability. Treatment of EAC, colon and breast cancer cell lines with a small molecule inhibitor of RAD51 inhibited DNA breaking agent-induced DNA breaks and genomic instability. RAD51 inhibitor potentiated cytotoxicity of DNA breaking agent in all cancer cell types tested in vitro as well as in a subcutaneous model of EAC. Evaluation by RNA sequencing demonstrated that DNA repair and cell cycle related pathways were induced by DNA breaking agent whereas their induction either prevented or reversed by RAD51 inhibitor. In addition, immune-related pathways such as PD-1 and Interferon Signaling were also induced by DNA breaking agent whereas their induction prevented by RAD51 inhibitor. Consistent with these observations, elevated RAD51 expression also correlated with that of genes involved in inflammation and other immune surveillance. CONCLUSIONS Elevated expression of RAD51 and associated HR activity is involved in spontaneous and DNA damaging agent-induced DNA breaks and genomic instability thus contributing to chemoresistance, immune dysregulation and poor prognosis in cancer. Therefore, inhibitors of RAD51 have great potential as therapeutic agents for EAC, colon, breast and probably other solid tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chengcheng Liao
- Department of Adult Oncology, Harvard (Dana Farber) Cancer Institute, 450 Brookline Ave, Boston, MA 02215, USA
- VA Health Care System, Boston, MA 02215, USA
- Department of Hematology/Oncology, Guangxi Medical University Cancer Hospital, Nanning 530021, China
| | - Srikanth Talluri
- Department of Adult Oncology, Harvard (Dana Farber) Cancer Institute, 450 Brookline Ave, Boston, MA 02215, USA
- VA Health Care System, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Jiangning Zhao
- Department of Adult Oncology, Harvard (Dana Farber) Cancer Institute, 450 Brookline Ave, Boston, MA 02215, USA
- VA Health Care System, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Shidai Mu
- Department of Adult Oncology, Harvard (Dana Farber) Cancer Institute, 450 Brookline Ave, Boston, MA 02215, USA
- VA Health Care System, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Subodh Kumar
- Department of Adult Oncology, Harvard (Dana Farber) Cancer Institute, 450 Brookline Ave, Boston, MA 02215, USA
- VA Health Care System, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Jialan Shi
- Department of Adult Oncology, Harvard (Dana Farber) Cancer Institute, 450 Brookline Ave, Boston, MA 02215, USA
- VA Health Care System, Boston, MA 02215, USA
- Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Leutz Buon
- Department of Adult Oncology, Harvard (Dana Farber) Cancer Institute, 450 Brookline Ave, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Nikhil C. Munshi
- Department of Adult Oncology, Harvard (Dana Farber) Cancer Institute, 450 Brookline Ave, Boston, MA 02215, USA
- VA Health Care System, Boston, MA 02215, USA
- Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Masood A. Shammas
- Department of Adult Oncology, Harvard (Dana Farber) Cancer Institute, 450 Brookline Ave, Boston, MA 02215, USA
- VA Health Care System, Boston, MA 02215, USA
- Correspondence:
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10
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Merlini A, Centomo ML, Ferrero G, Chiabotto G, Miglio U, Berrino E, Giordano G, Brusco S, Pisacane A, Maldi E, Sarotto I, Capozzi F, Lano C, Isella C, Crisafulli G, Aglietta M, Dei Tos AP, Sbaraglia M, Sangiolo D, D’Ambrosio L, Bardelli A, Pignochino Y, Grignani G. DNA damage response and repair genes in advanced bone and soft tissue sarcomas: An 8-gene signature as a candidate predictive biomarker of response to trabectedin and olaparib combination. Front Oncol 2022; 12:844250. [PMID: 36110934 PMCID: PMC9469659 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2022.844250] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2021] [Accepted: 07/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Advanced and unresectable bone and soft tissue sarcomas (BSTS) still represent an unmet medical need. We demonstrated that the alkylating agent trabectedin and the PARP1-inhibitor olaparib display antitumor activity in BSTS preclinical models. Moreover, in a phase Ib clinical trial (NCT02398058), feasibility, tolerability and encouraging results have been observed and the treatment combination is currently under study in a phase II trial (NCT03838744). Methods Differential expression of genes involved in DNA Damage Response and Repair was evaluated by Nanostring® technology, extracting RNA from pre-treatment tumor samples of 16 responder (≥6-month progression free survival) and 16 non-responder patients. Data validation was performed by quantitative real-time PCR, RNA in situ hybridization, and immunohistochemistry. The correlation between the identified candidate genes and both progression-free survival and overall survival was investigated in the publicly available dataset “Sarcoma (TCGA, The Cancer Genome Atlas)”. Results Differential RNA expression analysis revealed an 8-gene signature (CDKN2A, PIK3R1, SLFN11, ATM, APEX2, BLM, XRCC2, MAD2L2) defining patients with better outcome upon trabectedin+olaparib treatment. In responder vs. non-responder patients, a significant differential expression of these genes was further confirmed by RNA in situ hybridization and by qRT-PCR and immunohistochemistry in selected experiments. Correlation between survival outcomes and genetic alterations in the identified genes was shown in the TCGA sarcoma dataset. Conclusions This work identified an 8-gene expression signature to improve prediction of response to trabectedin+olaparib combination in BSTS. The predictive role of these potential biomarkers warrants further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessandra Merlini
- Candiolo Cancer Institute, FPO-IRCCS, Turin, Italy
- Department of Oncology, University of Torino, Turin, Italy
| | - Maria Laura Centomo
- Candiolo Cancer Institute, FPO-IRCCS, Turin, Italy
- Department of Oncology, University of Torino, Turin, Italy
| | - Giulio Ferrero
- Department of Clinical and Biological Sciences, University of Torino, Turin, Italy
- Department of Computer Science, University of Torino, Turin, Italy
| | - Giulia Chiabotto
- Department of Medical Sciences, University of Torino, Turin, Italy
| | | | - Enrico Berrino
- Candiolo Cancer Institute, FPO-IRCCS, Turin, Italy
- Department of Medical Sciences, University of Torino, Turin, Italy
| | - Giorgia Giordano
- Candiolo Cancer Institute, FPO-IRCCS, Turin, Italy
- Department of Oncology, University of Torino, Turin, Italy
| | - Silvia Brusco
- Candiolo Cancer Institute, FPO-IRCCS, Turin, Italy
- Department of Oncology, University of Torino, Turin, Italy
| | | | - Elena Maldi
- Candiolo Cancer Institute, FPO-IRCCS, Turin, Italy
| | | | | | - Cristina Lano
- Candiolo Cancer Institute, FPO-IRCCS, Turin, Italy
- Department of Oncology, University of Torino, Turin, Italy
| | - Claudio Isella
- Candiolo Cancer Institute, FPO-IRCCS, Turin, Italy
- Department of Oncology, University of Torino, Turin, Italy
| | - Giovanni Crisafulli
- Candiolo Cancer Institute, FPO-IRCCS, Turin, Italy
- Department of Oncology, University of Torino, Turin, Italy
| | - Massimo Aglietta
- Candiolo Cancer Institute, FPO-IRCCS, Turin, Italy
- Department of Oncology, University of Torino, Turin, Italy
| | - Angelo Paolo Dei Tos
- Department of Pathology, Azienda Ospedale-Università Padova, Padua, Italy
- Department of Medicine (DIMED), University of Padua School of Medicine, Padua, Italy
| | - Marta Sbaraglia
- Department of Pathology, Azienda Ospedale-Università Padova, Padua, Italy
| | - Dario Sangiolo
- Candiolo Cancer Institute, FPO-IRCCS, Turin, Italy
- Department of Oncology, University of Torino, Turin, Italy
| | - Lorenzo D’Ambrosio
- Candiolo Cancer Institute, FPO-IRCCS, Turin, Italy
- Department of Oncology, University of Torino, Turin, Italy
- Medical Oncology, AOU San Luigi Gonzaga, Orbassano (TO), Italy
| | - Alberto Bardelli
- Candiolo Cancer Institute, FPO-IRCCS, Turin, Italy
- Department of Oncology, University of Torino, Turin, Italy
| | - Ymera Pignochino
- Candiolo Cancer Institute, FPO-IRCCS, Turin, Italy
- Department of Clinical and Biological Sciences, University of Torino, Turin, Italy
- *Correspondence: Ymera Pignochino, ; Giovanni Grignani,
| | - Giovanni Grignani
- Candiolo Cancer Institute, FPO-IRCCS, Turin, Italy
- *Correspondence: Ymera Pignochino, ; Giovanni Grignani,
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11
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Saadoune C, Nouadi B, Hamdaoui H, Chegdani F, Bennis F. Multiple Myeloma: Bioinformatic Analysis for Identification of Key Genes and Pathways. Bioinform Biol Insights 2022; 16:11779322221115545. [PMID: 35958298 PMCID: PMC9358573 DOI: 10.1177/11779322221115545] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2022] [Accepted: 06/26/2022] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Multiple myeloma (MM) is a hematological malignancy in which monoclonal plasma cells multiply in the bone marrow and monoclonal immunoglobulins are overproduced in older people. Several molecular and cytogenetic advances allow scientists to identify several genetic and chromosomal abnormalities that cause the disease. The comprehension of the pathophysiology of MM requires an understanding of the characteristics of malignant clones and the changes in the bone marrow microenvironment. This study aims to identify the central genes and to determine the key signaling pathways in MM by in silico approaches. A list of 114 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) is important in the prognosis of MM. The DEGs are collected from scientific publications and databases (https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/). These data are analyzed by Search Tool for the Retrieval of Interacting Genes/Proteins (STRING) software (https://string-db.org/) through the construction of protein-protein interaction (PPI) networks and enrichment analysis of the Gene Ontology (GO) and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) pathways, by CytoHubba, AutoAnnotate, Bingo Apps plugins in Cytoscape software (https://cytoscape.org/) and by DAVID database (https://david.ncifcrf.gov/). The analysis of the results shows that there are 7 core genes, including TP53; MYC; CDND1; IL6; UBA52; EZH2, and MDM2. These top genes appear to play a role in the promotion and progression of MM. According to functional enrichment analysis, these genes are mainly involved in the following signaling pathways: Epstein-Barr virus infection, microRNA pathway, PI3K-Akt signaling pathway, and p53 signaling pathway. Several crucial genes, including TP53, MYC, CDND1, IL6, UBA52, EZH2, and MDM2, are significantly correlated with MM, which may exert their role in the onset and evolution of MM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chaimaa Saadoune
- Laboratory of Immunology and Biodiversity, Faculty of Sciences Aïn Chock, Hassan II University of Casablanca, Casablanca, Morocco
| | - Badreddine Nouadi
- Laboratory of Immunology and Biodiversity, Faculty of Sciences Aïn Chock, Hassan II University of Casablanca, Casablanca, Morocco
| | - Hasna Hamdaoui
- Laboratory of Immunology and Biodiversity, Faculty of Sciences Aïn Chock, Hassan II University of Casablanca, Casablanca, Morocco.,Laboratory of Medical Genetics, University Hospital Center Tangier-Tetouan-Al Hoceima, Tangier, Morocco
| | - Fatima Chegdani
- Laboratory of Immunology and Biodiversity, Faculty of Sciences Aïn Chock, Hassan II University of Casablanca, Casablanca, Morocco
| | - Faiza Bennis
- Laboratory of Immunology and Biodiversity, Faculty of Sciences Aïn Chock, Hassan II University of Casablanca, Casablanca, Morocco
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12
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Preclinical validation and phase I trial of 4-hydroxysalicylanilide, targeting ribonucleotide reductase mediated dNTP synthesis in multiple myeloma. J Biomed Sci 2022; 29:32. [PMID: 35546402 PMCID: PMC9097096 DOI: 10.1186/s12929-022-00813-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2021] [Accepted: 04/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Aberrant DNA repair pathways contribute to malignant transformation or disease progression and the acquisition of drug resistance in multiple myeloma (MM); therefore, these pathways could be therapeutically exploited. Ribonucleotide reductase (RNR) is the rate-limiting enzyme for the biosynthesis of deoxyribonucleotides (dNTPs), which are essential for DNA replication and DNA damage repair. In this study, we explored the efficacy of the novel RNR inhibitor, 4-hydroxysalicylanilide (HDS), in myeloma cells and xenograft model. In addition, we assessed the clinical activity and safety of HDS in patients with MM. Methods We applied bioinformatic, genetic, and pharmacological approaches to demonstrate that HDS was an RNR inhibitor that directly bound to RNR subunit M2 (RRM2). The activity of HDS alone or in synergy with standard treatments was evaluated in vitro and in vivo. We also initiated a phase I clinical trial of single-agent HDS in MM patients (ClinicalTrials.gov: NCT03670173) to assess safety and efficacy. Results HDS inhibited the activity of RNR by directly targeting RRM2. HDS decreased the RNR-mediated dNTP synthesis and concomitantly inhibited DNA damage repair, resulting in the accumulation of endogenous unrepaired DNA double-strand breaks (DSBs), thus inhibiting MM cell proliferation and inducing apoptosis. Moreover, HDS overcame the protective effects of IL-6, IGF-1 and bone marrow stromal cells (BMSCs) on MM cells. HDS prolonged survival in a MM xenograft model and induced synergistic anti-myeloma activity in combination with melphalan and bortezomib. HDS also showed a favorable safety profile and demonstrated clinical activity against MM. Conclusions Our study provides a rationale for the clinical evaluation of HDS as an anti-myeloma agent, either alone or in combination with standard treatments for MM. Trial registration: ClinicalTrials.gov, NCT03670173, Registered 12 September 2018. Supplementary information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12929-022-00813-2.
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13
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Mandigo AC, Shafi AA, McCann JJ, Yuan W, Laufer TS, Bogdan D, Gallagher L, Dylgjeri E, Semenova G, Vasilevskaya IA, Schiewer MJ, McNair CM, de Bono JS, Knudsen KE. Novel Oncogenic Transcription Factor Cooperation in RB-Deficient Cancer. Cancer Res 2022; 82:221-234. [PMID: 34625422 PMCID: PMC9397633 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-21-1159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2021] [Revised: 07/14/2021] [Accepted: 09/09/2021] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
The retinoblastoma tumor suppressor (RB) is a critical regulator of E2F-dependent transcription, controlling a multitude of protumorigenic networks including but not limited to cell-cycle control. Here, genome-wide assessment of E2F1 function after RB loss in isogenic models of prostate cancer revealed unexpected repositioning and cooperation with oncogenic transcription factors, including the major driver of disease progression, the androgen receptor (AR). Further investigation revealed that observed AR/E2F1 cooperation elicited novel transcriptional networks that promote cancer phenotypes, especially as related to evasion of cell death. These observations were reflected in assessment of human disease, indicating the clinical relevance of the AR/E2F1 cooperome in prostate cancer. Together, these studies reveal new mechanisms by which RB loss induces cancer progression and highlight the importance of understanding the targets of E2F1 function. SIGNIFICANCE: This study identifies that RB loss in prostate cancer drives cooperation between AR and E2F1 as coregulators of transcription, which is linked to the progression of advanced disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amy C Mandigo
- Department of Cancer Biology, Sidney Kimmel Cancer Center, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Ayesha A Shafi
- Department of Cancer Biology, Sidney Kimmel Cancer Center, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Jennifer J McCann
- Department of Cancer Biology, Sidney Kimmel Cancer Center, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Wei Yuan
- The Institute of Cancer Research, London, UK; The Royal Marsden NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
| | - Talya S Laufer
- Department of Cancer Biology, Sidney Kimmel Cancer Center, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Denisa Bogdan
- The Institute of Cancer Research, London, UK; The Royal Marsden NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
| | - Lewis Gallagher
- The Institute of Cancer Research, London, UK; The Royal Marsden NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
| | - Emanuela Dylgjeri
- Department of Cancer Biology, Sidney Kimmel Cancer Center, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Galina Semenova
- Department of Cancer Biology, Sidney Kimmel Cancer Center, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Irina A Vasilevskaya
- Department of Cancer Biology, Sidney Kimmel Cancer Center, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Matthew J Schiewer
- Department of Cancer Biology, Sidney Kimmel Cancer Center, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
- Department of Urology, Sidney Kimmel Cancer Center, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
- Sidney Kimmel Cancer Center, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Chris M McNair
- Sidney Kimmel Cancer Center, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Johann S de Bono
- The Institute of Cancer Research, London, UK; The Royal Marsden NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
| | - Karen E Knudsen
- Department of Cancer Biology, Sidney Kimmel Cancer Center, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.
- Department of Urology, Sidney Kimmel Cancer Center, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
- Sidney Kimmel Cancer Center, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
- Department of Medical Oncology, Sidney Kimmel Cancer Center, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Sidney Kimmel Cancer Center, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
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14
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Aksenova AY, Zhuk AS, Lada AG, Zotova IV, Stepchenkova EI, Kostroma II, Gritsaev SV, Pavlov YI. Genome Instability in Multiple Myeloma: Facts and Factors. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:5949. [PMID: 34885058 PMCID: PMC8656811 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13235949] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2021] [Revised: 10/20/2021] [Accepted: 11/22/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Multiple myeloma (MM) is a malignant neoplasm of terminally differentiated immunoglobulin-producing B lymphocytes called plasma cells. MM is the second most common hematologic malignancy, and it poses a heavy economic and social burden because it remains incurable and confers a profound disability to patients. Despite current progress in MM treatment, the disease invariably recurs, even after the transplantation of autologous hematopoietic stem cells (ASCT). Biological processes leading to a pathological myeloma clone and the mechanisms of further evolution of the disease are far from complete understanding. Genetically, MM is a complex disease that demonstrates a high level of heterogeneity. Myeloma genomes carry numerous genetic changes, including structural genome variations and chromosomal gains and losses, and these changes occur in combinations with point mutations affecting various cellular pathways, including genome maintenance. MM genome instability in its extreme is manifested in mutation kataegis and complex genomic rearrangements: chromothripsis, templated insertions, and chromoplexy. Chemotherapeutic agents used to treat MM add another level of complexity because many of them exacerbate genome instability. Genome abnormalities are driver events and deciphering their mechanisms will help understand the causes of MM and play a pivotal role in developing new therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Y. Aksenova
- Laboratory of Amyloid Biology, St. Petersburg State University, 199034 St. Petersburg, Russia
| | - Anna S. Zhuk
- International Laboratory “Computer Technologies”, ITMO University, 197101 St. Petersburg, Russia;
| | - Artem G. Lada
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA;
| | - Irina V. Zotova
- Department of Genetics and Biotechnology, St. Petersburg State University, 199034 St. Petersburg, Russia; (I.V.Z.); (E.I.S.)
- Vavilov Institute of General Genetics, St. Petersburg Branch, Russian Academy of Sciences, 199034 St. Petersburg, Russia
| | - Elena I. Stepchenkova
- Department of Genetics and Biotechnology, St. Petersburg State University, 199034 St. Petersburg, Russia; (I.V.Z.); (E.I.S.)
- Vavilov Institute of General Genetics, St. Petersburg Branch, Russian Academy of Sciences, 199034 St. Petersburg, Russia
| | - Ivan I. Kostroma
- Russian Research Institute of Hematology and Transfusiology, 191024 St. Petersburg, Russia; (I.I.K.); (S.V.G.)
| | - Sergey V. Gritsaev
- Russian Research Institute of Hematology and Transfusiology, 191024 St. Petersburg, Russia; (I.I.K.); (S.V.G.)
| | - Youri I. Pavlov
- Eppley Institute for Research in Cancer, Fred and Pamela Buffett Cancer Center, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198, USA
- Departments of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Microbiology and Pathology, Genetics Cell Biology and Anatomy, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198, USA
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15
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Hossain MA, Lin Y, Driscoll G, Li J, McMahon A, Matos J, Zhao H, Tsuchimoto D, Nakabeppu Y, Zhao J, Yan S. APE2 Is a General Regulator of the ATR-Chk1 DNA Damage Response Pathway to Maintain Genome Integrity in Pancreatic Cancer Cells. Front Cell Dev Biol 2021; 9:738502. [PMID: 34796173 PMCID: PMC8593216 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2021.738502] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2021] [Accepted: 10/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The maintenance of genome integrity and fidelity is vital for the proper function and survival of all organisms. Recent studies have revealed that APE2 is required to activate an ATR-Chk1 DNA damage response (DDR) pathway in response to oxidative stress and a defined DNA single-strand break (SSB) in Xenopus laevis egg extracts. However, it remains unclear whether APE2 is a general regulator of the DDR pathway in mammalian cells. Here, we provide evidence using human pancreatic cancer cells that APE2 is essential for ATR DDR pathway activation in response to different stressful conditions including oxidative stress, DNA replication stress, and DNA double-strand breaks. Fluorescence microscopy analysis shows that APE2-knockdown (KD) leads to enhanced γH2AX foci and increased micronuclei formation. In addition, we identified a small molecule compound Celastrol as an APE2 inhibitor that specifically compromises the binding of APE2 but not RPA to ssDNA and 3′-5′ exonuclease activity of APE2 but not APE1. The impairment of ATR-Chk1 DDR pathway by Celastrol in Xenopus egg extracts and human pancreatic cancer cells highlights the physiological significance of Celastrol in the regulation of APE2 functionalities in genome integrity. Notably, cell viability assays demonstrate that APE2-KD or Celastrol sensitizes pancreatic cancer cells to chemotherapy drugs. Overall, we propose APE2 as a general regulator for the DDR pathway in genome integrity maintenance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Md Akram Hossain
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of North Carolina at Charlotte, Charlotte, NC, United States
| | - Yunfeng Lin
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of North Carolina at Charlotte, Charlotte, NC, United States
| | - Garrett Driscoll
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of North Carolina at Charlotte, Charlotte, NC, United States
| | - Jia Li
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of North Carolina at Charlotte, Charlotte, NC, United States
| | - Anne McMahon
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of North Carolina at Charlotte, Charlotte, NC, United States
| | - Joshua Matos
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of North Carolina at Charlotte, Charlotte, NC, United States
| | - Haichao Zhao
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of North Carolina at Charlotte, Charlotte, NC, United States
| | - Daisuke Tsuchimoto
- Division of Neurofunctional Genomics, Department of Immunobiology and Neuroscience, Medical Institute of Bioregulation, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Yusaku Nakabeppu
- Division of Neurofunctional Genomics, Department of Immunobiology and Neuroscience, Medical Institute of Bioregulation, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Jianjun Zhao
- Department of Cancer Biology, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, United States
| | - Shan Yan
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of North Carolina at Charlotte, Charlotte, NC, United States
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16
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Talluri S, Samur MK, Buon L, Kumar S, Potluri LB, Shi J, Prabhala RH, Shammas MA, Munshi NC. Dysregulated APOBEC3G causes DNA damage and promotes genomic instability in multiple myeloma. Blood Cancer J 2021; 11:166. [PMID: 34625538 PMCID: PMC8501035 DOI: 10.1038/s41408-021-00554-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2021] [Revised: 08/14/2021] [Accepted: 09/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Multiple myeloma (MM) is a heterogeneous disease characterized by significant genomic instability. Recently, a causal role for the AID/APOBEC deaminases in inducing somatic mutations in myeloma has been reported. We have identified APOBEC/AID as a prominent mutational signature at diagnosis with further increase at relapse in MM. In this study, we identified upregulation of several members of APOBEC3 family (A3A, A3B, A3C, and A3G) with A3G, as one of the most expressed APOBECs. We investigated the role of APOBEC3G in MM and observed that A3G expression and APOBEC deaminase activity is elevated in myeloma cell lines and patient samples. Loss-of and gain-of function studies demonstrated that APOBEC3G significantly contributes to increase in DNA damage (abasic sites and DNA breaks) in MM cells. Evaluation of the impact on genome stability, using SNP arrays and whole genome sequencing, indicated that elevated APOBEC3G contributes to ongoing acquisition of both the copy number and mutational changes in MM cells over time. Elevated APOBEC3G also contributed to increased homologous recombination activity, a mechanism that can utilize increased DNA breaks to mediate genomic rearrangements in cancer cells. These data identify APOBEC3G as a novel gene impacting genomic evolution and underlying mechanisms in MM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Srikanth Talluri
- Dana Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
- Veterans Administration Boston Healthcare System, West Roxbury, MA, 02132, USA
| | | | - Leutz Buon
- Dana Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - Subodh Kumar
- Dana Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
- Veterans Administration Boston Healthcare System, West Roxbury, MA, 02132, USA
| | - Lakshmi B Potluri
- Dana Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
- Veterans Administration Boston Healthcare System, West Roxbury, MA, 02132, USA
| | - Jialan Shi
- Dana Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
- Veterans Administration Boston Healthcare System, West Roxbury, MA, 02132, USA
| | - Rao H Prabhala
- Dana Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
- Veterans Administration Boston Healthcare System, West Roxbury, MA, 02132, USA
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02215, USA
| | - Masood A Shammas
- Dana Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
- Veterans Administration Boston Healthcare System, West Roxbury, MA, 02132, USA
| | - Nikhil C Munshi
- Dana Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, 02115, USA.
- Veterans Administration Boston Healthcare System, West Roxbury, MA, 02132, USA.
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02215, USA.
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17
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Targeting the Interplay between HDACs and DNA Damage Repair for Myeloma Therapy. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms221910406. [PMID: 34638744 PMCID: PMC8508842 DOI: 10.3390/ijms221910406] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2021] [Revised: 09/15/2021] [Accepted: 09/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Multiple myeloma (MM) is a malignancy of terminally differentiated plasma cells, and accounts for 10% of all hematologic malignancies and 1% of all cancers. MM is characterized by genomic instability which results from DNA damage with certain genomic rearrangements being prognostic factors for the disease and patients’ clinical response. Following genotoxic stress, the evolutionary conserved DNA damage response (DDR) is activated and, in turn, coordinates DNA repair with cell-cycle events. However, the process of carcinogenesis cannot be attributed only to the genetic alterations, but also involves epigenetic processes. Regulation of expression and activity of key players in DNA repair and checkpoint proteins are essential and mediated partly by posttranslational modifications (PTM), such as acetylation. Crosstalk between different PTMs is important for regulation of DNA repair pathways. Acetylation, which is mediated by acetyltransferases (HAT) and histone deacetylases (HDAC), not only affects gene expression through its modulation of histone tails but also has recently been implicated in regulating non-histone proteins. Currently, several HDAC inhibitors (HDACi) have been developed both in pre-clinical and clinical studies, with some of them exhibiting significant anti-MM activities. Due to reversibility of epigenetic changes during the evolutionary process of myeloma genesis, the potency of epigenetic therapies seems to be of great importance. The aim of the present paper is the summary of all data on the role of HDACi in DDR, the interference with each DNA repair mechanism and the therapeutic implications of HDACi in MM.
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18
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Tamura Y, Ohhata T, Niida H, Sakai S, Uchida C, Masumoto K, Katou F, Wutz A, Kitagawa M. Homologous recombination is reduced in female embryonic stem cells by two active X chromosomes. EMBO Rep 2021; 22:e52190. [PMID: 34309165 DOI: 10.15252/embr.202052190] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2020] [Revised: 06/21/2021] [Accepted: 06/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The reactivation of X-linked genes is observed in some primary breast tumors. Two active X chromosomes are also observed in female embryonic stem cells (ESCs), but whether double doses of X-linked genes affect DNA repair efficiency remains unclear. Here, we establish isogenic female/male ESCs and show that the female ESCs are more sensitive to camptothecin and have lower gene targeting efficiency than male ESCs, suggesting that homologous recombination (HR) efficiency is reduced in female ESCs. We also generate Xist-inducible female ESCs and show that the lower HR efficiency is restored when X chromosome inactivation is induced. Finally, we assess the X-linked genes with a role in DNA repair and find that Brcc3 is one of the genes involved in a network promoting proper HR. Our findings link the double doses of X-linked genes with lower DNA repair activity, and this may have relevance for common diseases in female patients, such as breast cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuka Tamura
- Department of Molecular Biology, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, Hamamatsu, Japan.,Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, Hamamatsu, Japan
| | - Tatsuya Ohhata
- Department of Molecular Biology, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, Hamamatsu, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Niida
- Department of Molecular Biology, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, Hamamatsu, Japan
| | - Satoshi Sakai
- Department of Molecular Biology, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, Hamamatsu, Japan
| | - Chiharu Uchida
- Advanced Research Facilities & Services, Preeminent Medical Photonics Education & Research Center, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, Hamamatsu, Japan
| | - Kazuma Masumoto
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, Hamamatsu, Japan
| | - Fuminori Katou
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, Hamamatsu, Japan
| | - Anton Wutz
- Institute of Molecular Health Sciences, ETH Zürich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Masatoshi Kitagawa
- Department of Molecular Biology, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, Hamamatsu, Japan
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19
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Kumar S, Buon L, Talluri S, Roncador M, Liao C, Zhao J, Shi J, Chakraborty C, Gonzalez G, Tai YT, Prabhala R, Samur MK, Munshi NC, Shammas MA. Integrated genomics and comprehensive validation reveal drivers of genomic evolution in esophageal adenocarcinoma. Commun Biol 2021; 4:617. [PMID: 34031527 PMCID: PMC8144613 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-021-02125-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2020] [Accepted: 04/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Esophageal adenocarcinoma (EAC) is associated with a marked genomic instability, which underlies disease progression and development of resistance to treatment. In this study, we used an integrated genomics approach to identify a genomic instability signature. Here we show that elevated expression of this signature correlates with poor survival in EAC as well as three other cancers. Knockout and overexpression screens establish the relevance of these genes to genomic instability. Indepth evaluation of three genes (TTK, TPX2 and RAD54B) confirms their role in genomic instability and tumor growth. Mutational signatures identified by whole genome sequencing and functional studies demonstrate that DNA damage and homologous recombination are common mechanisms of genomic instability induced by these genes. Our data suggest that the inhibitors of TTK and possibly other genes identified in this study have potential to inhibit/reduce growth and spontaneous as well as chemotherapy-induced genomic instability in EAC and possibly other cancers. Subodh Kumar et al. identify a gene signature correlated with genomic instability and poor survival in esophageal adenocarcinoma (EAC), using a combination of integrative genomic analysis of patient data and laboratory validation in cell line models and mice. They find that inhibitors of some of the identified proteins, including TTK, could be used to reduce genomic evolution as well as inhibit growth of EAC cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Subodh Kumar
- Dana Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, USA.,Veterans Administration Healthcare System, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Leutz Buon
- Dana Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Srikanth Talluri
- Dana Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, USA.,Veterans Administration Healthcare System, Boston, MA, USA
| | | | - Chengcheng Liao
- Dana Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, USA.,Veterans Administration Healthcare System, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Jiangning Zhao
- Dana Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, USA.,Veterans Administration Healthcare System, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Jialan Shi
- Dana Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, USA.,Veterans Administration Healthcare System, Boston, MA, USA.,Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | | | - Gabriel Gonzalez
- Veterans Administration Healthcare System, Boston, MA, USA.,Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Yu-Tzu Tai
- Dana Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Rao Prabhala
- Dana Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, USA.,Veterans Administration Healthcare System, Boston, MA, USA.,Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | | | - Nikhil C Munshi
- Dana Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, USA.,Veterans Administration Healthcare System, Boston, MA, USA.,Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Masood A Shammas
- Dana Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, USA. .,Veterans Administration Healthcare System, Boston, MA, USA.
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20
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Zhang J, Zhang C, Cao P, Zheng X, Yu B, Cao H, Gao Z, Zhang F, Wu J, Cao H, Hao C, Sun Z, Wang W. A zinc finger protein gene signature enables bladder cancer treatment stratification. Aging (Albany NY) 2021; 13:13023-13038. [PMID: 33962398 PMCID: PMC8148496 DOI: 10.18632/aging.202984] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2020] [Accepted: 03/31/2021] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Bladder cancer (BC) is a commonly occurring malignant tumor affecting the urinary tract. Zinc finger proteins (ZNFs) constitute the largest transcription factor family in the human genome and are therefore attractive biomarker candidates for BC prognosis. In this study, we profiled the expression of ZNFs in The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) BC cohort and developed a novel prognostic signature based on 7 ZNF-coding genes. After external validation of the model in the GSE48276 dataset, we integrated the 7-ZNF-gene signature with patient clinicopathological data to construct a nomogram that forecasted 1-, 2-, and 3-year OS with good predictive accuracy. We then accessed The Genomics of Drug Sensitivity in Cancer database to predict the therapeutic drug responses of signature-defined high- and low-risk BC patients in the TCGA cohort. Greater sensitivity to chemotherapy was revealed in the low-risk group. Finally, we conducted gene set enrichment analysis of the signature genes and established, by applying the ESTIMATE algorithm, distinct correlations between the two risk groups and the presence of stromal and immune cell types in the tumor microenvironment. By allowing effective risk stratification of BC patients, our novel ZNF gene signature may enable tailoring more intensive treatment for high-risk patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiandong Zhang
- Beijing Chaoyang Hospital Affiliated Capital Medical University, Beijing 100020, China.,Shanxi Bethune Hospital Affiliated Shanxi Academy of Medical Sciences, Taiyuan 030032, China
| | - Chen Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Membrane Biology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences and University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Peng Cao
- Beijing Chaoyang Hospital Affiliated Capital Medical University, Beijing 100020, China
| | - Xiang Zheng
- Beijing Chaoyang Hospital Affiliated Capital Medical University, Beijing 100020, China
| | - Baozhong Yu
- Beijing Chaoyang Hospital Affiliated Capital Medical University, Beijing 100020, China
| | - Haoyuan Cao
- Beijing Chaoyang Hospital Affiliated Capital Medical University, Beijing 100020, China
| | - Zihao Gao
- Beijing Chaoyang Hospital Affiliated Capital Medical University, Beijing 100020, China
| | - Feilong Zhang
- Beijing Chaoyang Hospital Affiliated Capital Medical University, Beijing 100020, China
| | - Jiyuan Wu
- Beijing Chaoyang Hospital Affiliated Capital Medical University, Beijing 100020, China
| | - Huawei Cao
- Beijing Chaoyang Hospital Affiliated Capital Medical University, Beijing 100020, China
| | - Changzhen Hao
- Beijing Chaoyang Hospital Affiliated Capital Medical University, Beijing 100020, China
| | - Zejia Sun
- Beijing Chaoyang Hospital Affiliated Capital Medical University, Beijing 100020, China
| | - Wei Wang
- Beijing Chaoyang Hospital Affiliated Capital Medical University, Beijing 100020, China
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21
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Taiana E, Gallo Cantafio ME, Favasuli VK, Bandini C, Viglietto G, Piva R, Neri A, Amodio N. Genomic Instability in Multiple Myeloma: A "Non-Coding RNA" Perspective. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:cancers13092127. [PMID: 33924959 PMCID: PMC8125142 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13092127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2021] [Revised: 04/22/2021] [Accepted: 04/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Genomic instability (GI) plays an important role in the pathobiology of multiple myeloma (MM) by promoting the acquisition of several tumor hallmarks. Molecular determinants of GI in MM are continuously emerging and will be herein discussed, with specific regard to non-coding RNAs. Targeting non-coding RNA molecules known to be involved in GI indeed provides novel routes to dampen such oncogenic mechanisms in MM. Abstract Multiple myeloma (MM) is a complex hematological malignancy characterized by abnormal proliferation of malignant plasma cells (PCs) within a permissive bone marrow microenvironment. The pathogenesis of MM is unequivocally linked to the acquisition of genomic instability (GI), which indicates the tendency of tumor cells to accumulate a wide repertoire of genetic alterations. Such alterations can even be detected at the premalignant stages of monoclonal gammopathy of undetermined significance (MGUS) and smoldering multiple myeloma (SMM) and, overall, contribute to the acquisition of the malignant traits underlying disease progression. The molecular basis of GI remains unclear, with replication stress and deregulation of DNA damage repair pathways representing the most documented mechanisms. The discovery that non-coding RNA molecules are deeply dysregulated in MM and can target pivotal components of GI pathways has introduced a further layer of complexity to the GI scenario in this disease. In this review, we will summarize available information on the molecular determinants of GI in MM, focusing on the role of non-coding RNAs as novel means to tackle GI for therapeutic intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisa Taiana
- Department of Oncology and Hemato-Oncology, University of Milan, 20122 Milan, Italy; (E.T.); (V.K.F.)
- Hematology, Fondazione Cà Granda IRCCS Policlinico, 20122 Milan, Italy
| | - Maria Eugenia Gallo Cantafio
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, Magna Graecia University of Catanzaro, 88100 Catanzaro, Italy; (M.E.G.C.); (G.V.)
| | - Vanessa Katia Favasuli
- Department of Oncology and Hemato-Oncology, University of Milan, 20122 Milan, Italy; (E.T.); (V.K.F.)
- Hematology, Fondazione Cà Granda IRCCS Policlinico, 20122 Milan, Italy
| | - Cecilia Bandini
- Department of Molecular Biotechnology and Health Sciences, University of Torino, 10126 Torino, Italy; (C.B.); (R.P.)
- Città Della Salute e della Scienza Hospital, 10126 Torino, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Viglietto
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, Magna Graecia University of Catanzaro, 88100 Catanzaro, Italy; (M.E.G.C.); (G.V.)
| | - Roberto Piva
- Department of Molecular Biotechnology and Health Sciences, University of Torino, 10126 Torino, Italy; (C.B.); (R.P.)
- Città Della Salute e della Scienza Hospital, 10126 Torino, Italy
| | - Antonino Neri
- Department of Oncology and Hemato-Oncology, University of Milan, 20122 Milan, Italy; (E.T.); (V.K.F.)
- Hematology, Fondazione Cà Granda IRCCS Policlinico, 20122 Milan, Italy
- Correspondence: (A.N.); (N.A.)
| | - Nicola Amodio
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, Magna Graecia University of Catanzaro, 88100 Catanzaro, Italy; (M.E.G.C.); (G.V.)
- Correspondence: (A.N.); (N.A.)
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22
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Patel PS, Algouneh A, Hakem R. Exploiting synthetic lethality to target BRCA1/2-deficient tumors: where we stand. Oncogene 2021; 40:3001-3014. [PMID: 33716297 DOI: 10.1038/s41388-021-01744-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2020] [Revised: 02/21/2021] [Accepted: 02/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The principle of synthetic lethality, which refers to the loss of viability resulting from the disruption of two genes, which, individually, do not cause lethality, has become an attractive target approach due to the development and clinical success of Poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP) inhibitors (PARPi). In this review, we present the most recent findings on the use of PARPi in the clinic, which are currently approved for second-line therapy for advanced ovarian and breast cancer associated with mutations of BRCA1 or BRCA2 (BRCA1/2) genes. PARPi efficacy, however, appears to be limited by acquired and inherent resistance, highlighting the need for alternative and synergistic targets to eliminate these tumors. Here, we explore other identified synthetic lethal interactors of BRCA1/2, including DNA polymerase theta (POLQ), Fanconi anemia complementation group D2 (FANDC2), radiation sensitive 52 (RAD52), Flap structure-specific endonuclease 1 (FEN1), and apurinic/apyrimidinic endodeoxyribonuclease 2 (APE2), as well as other protein and nonprotein targets, for BRCA1/2-mutated cancers and their implications for future therapies. A wealth of information now exists for phenotypic and functional characterization of these novel synthetic lethal interactors of BRCA1/2, and leveraging these findings can pave the way for the development of new targeted therapies for patients suffering from these cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Parasvi S Patel
- Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Department of Medical Biophysics, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Arash Algouneh
- Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Razq Hakem
- Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network, Toronto, ON, Canada.
- Department of Medical Biophysics, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada.
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada.
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23
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The APEX1/miRNA-27a-5p axis plays key roles in progression, metastasis and targeted chemotherapy of gastric cancer. Int J Pharm 2021; 599:120446. [PMID: 33675923 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2021.120446] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2020] [Revised: 02/10/2021] [Accepted: 02/26/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Gastric cancer (GC) presents a challenge for conventional therapeutics due to low targeting specificity and subsequent elicitation of multiple drug resistance (MDR). As an essential enzyme for DNA repair, apurinic/apyrimidinic endodeoxyribonuclease 1 (APEX1) exhibits multiple functions to affect cancer malignancy and is excessively expressed in GC. However, the roles APEX1 and its inhibitor miR-27a-5p play in modulating GC progression and MDR development remains unclear. Here, we verified APEX1 as a target of miR-27a-5p and subsequently established the APEX1-deleted SGC-7901 cell line by CRISPR/Cas9 editing. The roles of the APEX1/miR-27a-5p axis in GC progression, metastasis and doxorubicin (DOX) resistance were explored by the targeted chemotherapy facilitated by a GC-specific peptide (GP5) functionalized liposomal drug delivery formulation (GP5/Lipo/DOX/miR-27a-5p). The results showed that APEX1 deletion distinctly attenuated cell growth and metastatic properties in GC, and also sensitized GC cells to DOX. Notably, miR-27a-5p was validated as a suppressor of APEX1-dependent GC development and DOX resistance by a RAS/MEK/FOS and PTEN/AKT/SMAD2 pathway-dependent manner. The altered expression of epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) signatures and signal pathway proteins in the APEX1-deleted cells implied that APEX1 potentially enhances DOX resistance of GC cells by altering the regulation of MAPK and AKT pathways, leading to compromised efficacy of chemotherapy or by initiating additional DNA damage response pathways. Taken together, these findings revealed that as a novel therapeutic target, APEX1/miR-27a-5p axis plays essential roles in modulating the GC development and MDR, and the GC targeted drug delivery formulation presents a strategic reference for the future designation of chemotherapeutics study.
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24
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Saitoh T, Oda T. DNA Damage Response in Multiple Myeloma: The Role of the Tumor Microenvironment. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:504. [PMID: 33525741 PMCID: PMC7865954 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13030504] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2020] [Revised: 01/21/2021] [Accepted: 01/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Multiple myeloma (MM) is an incurable plasma cell malignancy characterized by genomic instability. MM cells present various forms of genetic instability, including chromosomal instability, microsatellite instability, and base-pair alterations, as well as changes in chromosome number. The tumor microenvironment and an abnormal DNA repair function affect genetic instability in this disease. In addition, states of the tumor microenvironment itself, such as inflammation and hypoxia, influence the DNA damage response, which includes DNA repair mechanisms, cell cycle checkpoints, and apoptotic pathways. Unrepaired DNA damage in tumor cells has been shown to exacerbate genomic instability and aberrant features that enable MM progression and drug resistance. This review provides an overview of the DNA repair pathways, with a special focus on their function in MM, and discusses the role of the tumor microenvironment in governing DNA repair mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takayuki Saitoh
- Department of Laboratory Sciences, Graduate School of Health Sciences, Gunma University, 3-39-22 Showa-machi, Maebashi, Gunma 371-8511, Japan
| | - Tsukasa Oda
- Laboratory of Molecular Genetics, Institute for Molecular and Cellular Regulation, Gunma University, 3-39-15 Showa-machi, Maebashi, Gunma 371-8512, Japan;
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25
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Lin Y, McMahon A, Driscoll G, Bullock S, Zhao J, Yan S. Function and molecular mechanisms of APE2 in genome and epigenome integrity. MUTATION RESEARCH-REVIEWS IN MUTATION RESEARCH 2020; 787:108347. [PMID: 34083046 DOI: 10.1016/j.mrrev.2020.108347] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2020] [Revised: 10/30/2020] [Accepted: 11/10/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
APE2 is a rising vital player in the maintenance of genome and epigenome integrity. In the past several years, a series of studies have shown the critical roles and functions of APE2. We seek to provide the first comprehensive review on several aspects of APE2 in genome and epigenome integrity. We first summarize the distinct functional domains or motifs within APE2 including EEP (endonuclease/exonuclease/phosphatase) domain, PIP box and Zf-GRF motifs from eight species (i.e., Homo sapiens, Mus musculus, Xenopus laevis, Ciona intestinalis, Arabidopsis thaliana, Schizosaccharomyces pombe, Saccharomyces cerevisiae, and Trypanosoma cruzi). Then we analyze various APE2 nuclease activities and associated DNA substrates, including AP endonuclease, 3'-phosphodiesterase, 3'-phosphatase, and 3'-5' exonuclease activities. We also examine several APE2 interaction proteins, including PCNA, Chk1, APE1, Myh1, and homologous recombination (HR) factors such as Rad51, Rad52, BRCA1, BRCA2, and BARD1. Furthermore, we provide insights into the roles of APE2 in various DNA repair pathways (base excision repair, single-strand break repair, and double-strand break repair), DNA damage response (DDR) pathways (ATR-Chk1 and p53-dependent), immunoglobulin class switch recombination and somatic hypermutation, as well as active DNA demethylation. Lastly, we summarize critical functions of APE2 in growth, development, and diseases. In this review, we provide the first comprehensive perspective which dissects all aspects of the multiple-function protein APE2 in genome and epigenome integrity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yunfeng Lin
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of North Carolina at Charlotte, Charlotte, NC, 28223, United States
| | - Anne McMahon
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of North Carolina at Charlotte, Charlotte, NC, 28223, United States
| | - Garrett Driscoll
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of North Carolina at Charlotte, Charlotte, NC, 28223, United States
| | - Sharon Bullock
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of North Carolina at Charlotte, Charlotte, NC, 28223, United States
| | - Jianjun Zhao
- Department of Cancer Biology, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, 44195, United States
| | - Shan Yan
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of North Carolina at Charlotte, Charlotte, NC, 28223, United States.
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26
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Amplification and overexpression of E2 ubiquitin conjugase UBE2T promotes homologous recombination in multiple myeloma. Blood Adv 2020; 3:3968-3972. [PMID: 31805191 DOI: 10.1182/bloodadvances.2019000181] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2019] [Accepted: 09/25/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Key Points
UBE2T is frequently amplified and/or overexpressed and is required for homologous recombination activity in multiple myeloma cells. UBE2T is a potential therapeutic target to increase chemosensitivity in multiple myeloma cells.
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27
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Liao C, Zhao J, Kumar S, Chakraborty C, Talluri S, Munshi NC, Shammas MA. RAD51 Inhibitor Reverses Etoposide-Induced Genomic Toxicity and Instability in Esophageal Adenocarcinoma Cells. ARCHIVES OF CLINICAL TOXICOLOGY 2020; 2:3-9. [PMID: 32968740 PMCID: PMC7508453 DOI: 10.46439/toxicology.2.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Aim: In normal cells, homologous recombination (HR) is strictly regulated and precise and plays an important role in preserving genomic integrity by accurately repairing DNA damage. RAD51 is the recombinase which mediates homologous base pairing and strand exchange during DNA repair by HR. We have previously reported that HR is spontaneously elevated (or dysregulated) in esophageal adenocarcinoma (EAC) and contributes to ongoing genomic changes and instability. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the impact of RAD51 inhibitor on genomic toxicity caused by etoposide, a chemotherapeutic agent. Methods: EAC cell lines (FLO-1 and OE19) were cultured in the presence of RAD51 inhibitor and/or etoposide, and impact on cell viability, apoptosis and genomic integrity/stability investigated. Genomic integrity/stability was monitored by evaluating cells for γ-H2AX (a marker for DNA breaks), phosphorylated RPA32 (a marker of DNA end resection which is a distinct step in the initiation of HR) and micronuclei (a marker of genomic instability). Results: Treatment with etoposide, a chemotherapeutic agent, was associated with marked genomic toxicity (as evident from increase in DNA breaks) and genomic instability in both EAC cell lines. Consistently, the treatment was also associated with apoptotic cell death. A small molecule inhibitor of RAD51 increased cytotoxicity while reducing genomic toxicity and instability caused by etoposide, in both EAC cell lines. Conclusion: RAD51 inhibitors have potential to increase cytotoxicity while reducing harmful genomic impact of chemotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chengcheng Liao
- Dana Farber Cancer Institute, USA.,Veterans Administration Boston Healthcare System, USA
| | | | - Subodh Kumar
- Dana Farber Cancer Institute, USA.,Veterans Administration Boston Healthcare System, USA
| | | | - Srikanth Talluri
- Dana Farber Cancer Institute, USA.,Veterans Administration Boston Healthcare System, USA
| | - Nikhil C Munshi
- Dana Farber Cancer Institute, USA.,Veterans Administration Boston Healthcare System, USA.,Harvard Medical School, USA
| | - Masood A Shammas
- Dana Farber Cancer Institute, USA.,Veterans Administration Boston Healthcare System, USA
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28
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Alagpulinsa DA, Szalat RE, Poznansky MC, Shmookler Reis RJ. Genomic Instability in Multiple Myeloma. Trends Cancer 2020; 6:858-873. [PMID: 32487486 DOI: 10.1016/j.trecan.2020.05.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2020] [Revised: 04/30/2020] [Accepted: 05/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Genomic instability (GIN), an increased tendency to acquire genomic alterations, is a cancer hallmark. However, its frequency, underlying causes, and disease relevance vary across different cancers. Multiple myeloma (MM), a plasma cell malignancy, evolves through premalignant phases characterized by genomic abnormalities. Next-generation sequencing (NGS) methods are deconstructing the genomic landscape of MM across the continuum of its development, inextricably linking malignant transformation and disease progression with increasing acquisition of genomic alterations, and illuminating the mechanisms that generate these alterations. Although GIN drives disease evolution, it also creates vulnerabilities such as dependencies on 'superfluous' repair mechanisms and the induction of tumor-specific antigens that can be targeted. We review the mechanisms of GIN in MM, the associated vulnerabilities, and therapeutic targeting strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- David A Alagpulinsa
- Vaccine and Immunotherapy Center, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02129, USA.
| | - Raphael E Szalat
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana Farber Cancer Institute and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, USA; Department of Medical Oncology, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA 02118, USA
| | - Mark C Poznansky
- Vaccine and Immunotherapy Center, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02129, USA
| | - Robert J Shmookler Reis
- Central Arkansas Veterans Healthcare Service, Little Rock, AR 72205, USA; Department of Geriatrics, Reynolds Institute on Aging, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR 72205, USA
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29
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Stratigopoulou M, van Dam TP, Guikema JEJ. Base Excision Repair in the Immune System: Small DNA Lesions With Big Consequences. Front Immunol 2020; 11:1084. [PMID: 32547565 PMCID: PMC7272602 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.01084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2020] [Accepted: 05/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The integrity of the genome is under constant threat of environmental and endogenous agents that cause DNA damage. Endogenous damage is particularly pervasive, occurring at an estimated rate of 10,000–30,000 per cell/per day, and mostly involves chemical DNA base lesions caused by oxidation, depurination, alkylation, and deamination. The base excision repair (BER) pathway is primary responsible for removing and repairing these small base lesions that would otherwise lead to mutations or DNA breaks during replication. Next to preventing DNA mutations and damage, the BER pathway is also involved in mutagenic processes in B cells during immunoglobulin (Ig) class switch recombination (CSR) and somatic hypermutation (SHM), which are instigated by uracil (U) lesions derived from activation-induced cytidine deaminase (AID) activity. BER is required for the processing of AID-induced lesions into DNA double strand breaks (DSB) that are required for CSR, and is of pivotal importance for determining the mutagenic outcome of uracil lesions during SHM. Although uracils are generally efficiently repaired by error-free BER, this process is surprisingly error-prone at the Ig loci in proliferating B cells. Breakdown of this high-fidelity process outside of the Ig loci has been linked to mutations observed in B-cell tumors and DNA breaks and chromosomal translocations in activated B cells. Next to its role in preventing cancer, BER has also been implicated in immune tolerance. Several defects in BER components have been associated with autoimmune diseases, and animal models have shown that BER defects can cause autoimmunity in a B-cell intrinsic and extrinsic fashion. In this review we discuss the contribution of BER to genomic integrity in the context of immune receptor diversification, cancer and autoimmune diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Stratigopoulou
- Department of Pathology, Lymphoma and Myeloma Center Amsterdam (LYMMCARE), Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Tijmen P van Dam
- Department of Pathology, Lymphoma and Myeloma Center Amsterdam (LYMMCARE), Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Jeroen E J Guikema
- Department of Pathology, Lymphoma and Myeloma Center Amsterdam (LYMMCARE), Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
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30
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Phylogenetic Analysis and In Vitro Bifunctional Nuclease Assay of Arabidopsis BBD1 and BBD2. Molecules 2020; 25:molecules25092169. [PMID: 32384799 PMCID: PMC7249048 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25092169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2020] [Revised: 05/01/2020] [Accepted: 05/04/2020] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Nucleases are a very diverse group of enzymes that play important roles in many crucial physiological processes in plants. We previously reported that the highly conserved region (HCR), domain of unknown function 151 (DUF151) and UV responsive (UVR) domain-containing OmBBD is a novel nuclease that does not share homology with other well-studied plant nucleases. Here, we report that DUF151 domain-containing proteins are present in bacteria, archaea and only Viridiplantae kingdom of eukarya, but not in any other eukaryotes. Two Arabidopsis homologs of OmBBD, AtBBD1 and AtBBD2, shared 43.69% and 44.38% sequence identity and contained all three distinct domains of OmBBD. We confirmed that the recombinant MBP-AtBBD1 and MBP-AtBBD2 exhibited non-substrate-specific DNase and RNase activity, like OmBBD. We also found that a metal cofactor is not necessarily required for DNase activity of AtBBD1 and AtBBD2, but their activities were much enhanced in the presence of Mg2+ or Mn2+. Using a yeast two-hybrid assay, we found that AtBBD1 and AtBBD2 each form a homodimer but not a heterodimer and that the HCR domain is possibly crucial for dimerization.
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31
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Genomic alterations and abnormal expression of APE2 in multiple cancers. Sci Rep 2020; 10:3758. [PMID: 32111912 PMCID: PMC7048847 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-60656-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2019] [Accepted: 02/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Although APE2 plays essential roles in base excision repair and ATR-Chk1 DNA damage response (DDR) pathways, it remains unknown how the APE2 gene is altered in the human genome and whether APE2 is differentially expressed in cancer patients. Here, we report multiple-cancer analyses of APE2 genomic alterations and mRNA expression from cancer patients using available data from The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA). We observe that APE2 genomic alterations occur at ~17% frequency in 14 cancer types (n = 21,769). Most frequent somatic mutations of APE2 appear in uterus (2.89%) and skin (2.47%) tumor samples. Furthermore, APE2 expression is upregulated in tumor tissue compared with matched non-malignant tissue across 5 cancer types including kidney, breast, lung, liver, and uterine cancers, but not in prostate cancer. We also examine the mRNA expression of 13 other DNA repair and DDR genes from matched samples for 6 cancer types. We show that APE2 mRNA expression is positively correlated with PCNA, APE1, XRCC1, PARP1, Chk1, and Chk2 across these 6 tumor tissue types; however, groupings of other DNA repair and DDR genes are correlated with APE2 with different patterns in different cancer types. Taken together, this study demonstrates alterations and abnormal expression of APE2 from multiple cancers.
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32
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Andrei L, Kasas S, Ochoa Garrido I, Stanković T, Suárez Korsnes M, Vaclavikova R, Assaraf YG, Pešić M. Advanced technological tools to study multidrug resistance in cancer. Drug Resist Updat 2020; 48:100658. [DOI: 10.1016/j.drup.2019.100658] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2019] [Revised: 09/26/2019] [Accepted: 09/27/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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33
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Sonugür FG, Akbulut H. The Role of Tumor Microenvironment in Genomic Instability of Malignant Tumors. Front Genet 2019; 10:1063. [PMID: 31737046 PMCID: PMC6828977 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2019.01063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2019] [Accepted: 10/03/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Genomic instability is an essential feature of cancer cells. The somatic mutation theory suggests that along with inherited ones, the changes in DNA caused by environmental factors may cause cancer. Although approximately 50–60 mutations per tumor are observed in established cancer tissue, it is known that not all of these mutations occur at the beginning of carcinogenesis but also occur later in the disease progression. The high frequency of somatic mutations referring to genomic instability contributes to the intratumoral genetic heterogeneity and treatment resistance. The contribution of the tumor microenvironment to the mutations observed following the acquirement of essential malignant characteristics of a cancer cell is one of the topics that have been extensively investigated in recent years. The frequency of mutations in hematologic tumors is generally less than solid tumors. Although it is a hematologic tumor, multiple myeloma is more similar to solid tumors in terms of the high number of chromosomal abnormalities and genetic heterogeneity. In multiple myeloma, bone marrow microenvironment also plays a role in genomic instability that occurs in the very early stages of the disease. In this review, we will briefly summarize the role of the tumor microenvironment and bone marrow microenvironment in the genomic instability seen in solid tumors and multiple myeloma.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Gizem Sonugür
- Department of Medical Oncology, Ankara University School of Medicine, Ankara, Turkey.,Department of Basic Oncology, Ankara University Cancer Research Institute, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Hakan Akbulut
- Department of Medical Oncology, Ankara University School of Medicine, Ankara, Turkey.,Department of Basic Oncology, Ankara University Cancer Research Institute, Ankara, Turkey
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Vlummens P, De Veirman K, Menu E, De Bruyne E, Offner F, Vanderkerken K, Maes K. The Use of Murine Models for Studying Mechanistic Insights of Genomic Instability in Multiple Myeloma. Front Genet 2019; 10:740. [PMID: 31475039 PMCID: PMC6704229 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2019.00740] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2019] [Accepted: 07/15/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Multiple myeloma (MM) is a B-cell malignancy characterized by the accumulation of clonal plasma cells in the bone marrow. In normal plasma cell development, cells undergo programmed DNA breaks and translocations, a process necessary for generation of a wide repertoire of antigen-specific antibodies. This process also makes them vulnerable for the acquisition of chromosomal defects. Well-known examples of these aberrations, already seen at time of MM diagnosis, are hyperdiploidy or the translocations involving the immunoglobulin heavy chain. Over the recent years, however, novel aspects concerning genomic instability and its role in tumor development, disease progression and nascence of refractory disease were identified. As such, genomic instability is becoming a very relevant research topic with the potential identification of novel disease pathways. In this review, we aim to describe recent studies involving murine MM models focusing on the deregulation of processes implicated in genomic instability and their clinical impact. More specifically, we will discuss chromosomal instability, DNA damage and repair responses, development of drug resistance, and recent insights into the study of clonal hierarchy using different murine MM models. Lastly, we will discuss the importance and the use of murine MM models in the pre-clinical evaluation of promising novel therapeutic agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philip Vlummens
- Department of Hematology and Immunology-Myeloma Center Brussels, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium.,Department of Clinical Hematology, Ghent University Hospital, Gent, Belgium
| | - Kim De Veirman
- Department of Hematology and Immunology-Myeloma Center Brussels, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Eline Menu
- Department of Hematology and Immunology-Myeloma Center Brussels, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Elke De Bruyne
- Department of Hematology and Immunology-Myeloma Center Brussels, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Fritz Offner
- Department of Clinical Hematology, Ghent University Hospital, Gent, Belgium
| | - Karin Vanderkerken
- Department of Hematology and Immunology-Myeloma Center Brussels, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Ken Maes
- Department of Hematology and Immunology-Myeloma Center Brussels, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium
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35
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Janz S, Zhan F, Sun F, Cheng Y, Pisano M, Yang Y, Goldschmidt H, Hari P. Germline Risk Contribution to Genomic Instability in Multiple Myeloma. Front Genet 2019; 10:424. [PMID: 31139207 PMCID: PMC6518313 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2019.00424] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2019] [Accepted: 04/17/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Genomic instability, a well-established hallmark of human cancer, is also a driving force in the natural history of multiple myeloma (MM) - a difficult to treat and in most cases fatal neoplasm of immunoglobulin producing plasma cells that reside in the hematopoietic bone marrow. Long recognized manifestations of genomic instability in myeloma at the cytogenetic level include abnormal chromosome numbers (aneuploidy) caused by trisomy of odd-numbered chromosomes; recurrent oncogene-activating chromosomal translocations that involve immunoglobulin loci; and large-scale amplifications, inversions, and insertions/deletions (indels) of genetic material. Catastrophic genetic rearrangements that either shatter and illegitimately reassemble a single chromosome (chromotripsis) or lead to disordered segmental rearrangements of multiple chromosomes (chromoplexy) also occur. Genomic instability at the nucleotide level results in base substitution mutations and small indels that affect both the coding and non-coding genome. Sometimes this generates a distinctive signature of somatic mutations that can be attributed to defects in DNA repair pathways, the DNA damage response (DDR) or aberrant activity of mutator genes including members of the APOBEC family. In addition to myeloma development and progression, genomic instability promotes acquisition of drug resistance in patients with myeloma. Here we review recent findings on the genetic predisposition to myeloma, including newly identified candidate genes suggesting linkage of germline risk and compromised genomic stability control. The role of ethnic and familial risk factors for myeloma is highlighted. We address current research gaps that concern the lack of studies on the mechanism by which germline risk alleles promote genomic instability in myeloma, including the open question whether genetic modifiers of myeloma development act in tumor cells, the tumor microenvironment (TME), or in both. We conclude with a brief proposition for future research directions, which concentrate on the biological function of myeloma risk and genetic instability alleles, the potential links between the germline genome and somatic changes in myeloma, and the need to elucidate genetic modifiers in the TME.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siegfried Janz
- Division of Hematology and Oncology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, United States
| | - Fenghuang Zhan
- Department of Internal Medicine, The University of Iowa Roy J. and Lucille A. Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City, IA, United States.,Holden Comprehensive Cancer Center, The University of Iowa Roy J. and Lucille A. Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City, IA, United States
| | - Fumou Sun
- Division of Hematology and Oncology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, United States
| | - Yan Cheng
- Division of Hematology and Oncology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, United States
| | - Michael Pisano
- Division of Hematology and Oncology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, United States.,Interdisciplinary Graduate Program in Immunology, The University of Iowa Roy J. and Lucille A. Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City, IA, United States
| | - Ye Yang
- The Third Affiliated Hospital, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China.,Ministry of Education's Key Laboratory of Acupuncture and Medicine Research, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China
| | - Hartmut Goldschmidt
- Medizinische Klinik V, Universitätsklinikum Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany.,Nationales Centrum für Tumorerkrankungen, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Parameswaran Hari
- Division of Hematology and Oncology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, United States
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