MicroRNA-4268 inhibits cell proliferation via AKT/JNK signalling pathways by targeting Rab6B in human gastric cancer

Proteomic profiling of gastric cancer with peritoneal metastasis identifies a protein signature associated with immune microenvironment and patient outcome

BACKGROUND

Peritoneal metastasis (PM) frequently occurs in patients with gastric cancer (GC) and is a major cause of mortality. Risk stratification for PM can optimize decision making in GC treatment.

METHODS

A total of 25 GC patients (13 with synchronous, 6 with metachronous PM and 6 PM-free) were included in this study. Quantitative proteomics by high-depth tandem mass tags labeling and whole-exome sequencing were conducted in primary GC and PM samples. Proteomic signature and prognostic model were established by machine learning algorithms in PM and PM-free GC, then validated in two external cohorts. Tumor-infiltrating immune cells in GC were analyzed by CIBERSORT.

RESULTS

Heterogeneity between paired primary and PM samples was observed at both genomic and proteomic levels. Compared to primary GC, proteome of PM samples was enriched in RNA binding and extracellular exosomes. 641 differently expressed proteins (DEPs) between primary GC of PM group and PM-free group were screened, which were enriched in extracellular exosome and cell adhesion pathways. Subsequently, a ten-protein signature was derived based on DEPs by machine learning. This signature was significantly associated with patient prognosis in internal cohort and two external proteomic datasets of diffuse and mixed type GC. Tumor-infiltrating immune cell analysis showed that the signature was associated with immune microenvironment of GC.

CONCLUSIONS

We characterized proteomic features that were informative for PM progression of GC. A protein signature associated with immune microenvironment and patient outcome was derived, and it could guide risk stratification and individualized treatment.

miR-6216 Regulates Neural Stem Cell Proliferation by Targeting RAB6B

Neural stem cells (NSCs) are a class of self-renewing, multipotent and undifferentiated progenitor cells that retain the capacity to both glial and neuronal lineages. MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are small non-coding RNAs that play an important role in stem cell fate determination and self-renewal. Our previous RNA-seq data indicated that the expression of miR-6216 was decreased in denervated hippocampal exosomes compared with normal. However, whether miR-6216 participates in regulating NSC function remains to be elucidated. In this study, we demonstrated that miR-6216 negatively regulates RAB6B expression. Forced overexpression of miR-6216 inhibited NSC proliferation, and overexpression of RAB6B promoted NSC proliferation. These findings suggest that miR-6216 played an important role in regulating NSC proliferation via targeting RAB6B, and improve the understanding of the miRNA-mRNA regulatory network that affects NSC proliferation.

microRNAs associated with the pathogenesis and their role in regulating various signaling pathways during Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection

Despite more than a decade of active study, tuberculosis (TB) remains a serious health concern across the world, and it is still the biggest cause of mortality in the human population. Pathogenic bacteria recognize host-induced responses and adapt to those hostile circumstances. This high level of adaptability necessitates a strong regulation of bacterial metabolic characteristics. Furthermore, the immune reponse of the host virulence factors such as host invasion, colonization, and survival must be properly coordinated by the pathogen. This can only be accomplished by close synchronization of gene expression. Understanding the molecular characteristics of mycobacterial pathogenesis in order to discover therapies that prevent or resolve illness relies on the bacterial capacity to adjust its metabolism and replication in response to various environmental cues as necessary. An extensive literature details the transcriptional alterations of host in response to in vitro environmental stressors, macrophage infection, and human illness. Various studies have recently revealed the finding of several microRNAs (miRNAs) that are believed to play an important role in the regulatory networks responsible for adaptability and virulence in Mycobacterium tuberculosis. We highlighted the growing data on the existence and quantity of several forms of miRNAs in the pathogenesis of M. tuberculosis, considered their possible relevance to disease etiology, and discussed how the miRNA-based signaling pathways regulate bacterial virulence factors.

RAB6B is a potential prognostic marker and correlated with the remolding of tumor immune microenvironment in hepatocellular carcinoma

Backgrounds: Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is the most common type of primary liver cancer and the second leading cause of death among all cancers. The Ras-associated binding (Rab) proteins constitute the largest family of the Ras superfamily of small GTPases, which mainly mediate membrane trafficking processes. RAB6B is a member of Rab GTPases, and it has been found to be dysregulated in various tumors. However, the clinical significance, correlations with immune cells, and stroma infiltration of RAB6B in HCC remain unclear.

Methods: RAB6B mRNA and protein expression in HCC were examined using the TIMER, HCCDB, UALCAN, and HPA databases. The genetic alterations of RAB6B were analyzed by cBioPortal and COSMIC databases. The correlations between RAB6B and tumor-infiltrating immune cells and cancer-associated fibroblasts were explored by using TIMER, TISIDB, and GEPIA databases. Co-expression networks of RAB6B were investigated based on LinkedOmics. Drug sensitivity was analyzed through the GDSC and CTRP databases. RAB6B was knocked down with siRNA in HCC cell lines. EdU assay was performed to detect the cell proliferation ability, flow cytometry was used to compare the differences in the ability of apoptosis, and MTT was used to evaluate the drug sensitivity in vitro.

Results: RAB6B mRNA and protein expression were upregulated in the HCC tissues. Kaplan–Meier and Cox regression analyses suggested that highly expressed RAB6B was an independent prognostic factor for poor survival in HCC patients. Moreover, we found that RAB6B expression was positively correlated with the infiltration of immune cells in HCC, including some immunosuppressive cells, chemokines, and receptors, meanwhile RAB6B expression was associated with CD8+T cells exhaustion, resulting in an immunosuppressive microenvironment. Additionally, functional enrichment analysis indicated that RAB6B may be involved in ECM remodeling in the TME, and RAB6B expression was positively associated with CAFs infiltration. Furthermore, RAB6B presented a positive association with sensitivity to GDSC and CTRP drugs. RAB6B knockdown inhibited the cell proliferation and promoted apoptosis and sensitivity to cisplatin of HCC cells in vitro.

Conclusion: Our study revealed that RAB6B is a potential biomarker for poor prognosis in HCC patients and correlates with the formation of the immunosuppressive microenvironment in HCC.

MiR-4268 suppresses gastric cancer genesis through inhibiting keratin 80

Gastric cancer (GC) affects a large proportion of cancer patients worldwide, and the prediction of potential biomarkers can greatly improve its diagnosis and treatment. Here, miR-4268 and keratin 80 (KRT80) expression in GC tissues and cell lines was determined. The effect of downregulating miR-4268 and interfering with KRT80 expression on the viability, proliferation, apoptosis, and migration of GC cells were evaluated. The interaction between miR-4268 and KRT80 was studied using luciferase reporter and RNA pull-down assays. The western blot, CCK-8, BrdU, caspase-3 activity, Transwell assays were performed for the functional characterization. In GC tissues and cells, KRT80 expression was found to be significantly higher, while that of miR-4268 was significantly lower than the respective expressions in normal tissues and cells. Interference with KRT80 expression inhibited the viability, proliferation, and migration of GC cells and facilitated cell apoptosis in vitro. We further demonstrated that miR-4268 targeted KRT80 and negatively regulated its expression, and miR-4268 inhibitor alleviated the inhibitory effects of KRT80 downregulation on GC cell growth. Finally, miR-4268 may function as tumor suppressor through inhibiting PI3K/AKT/JNK pathways by targeting KRT80 in GC. Collectively, our present results indicate that the miR-4268/KRT80 axis acts as a potential therapeutic target for patients with GC.AbbreviationsGastric cancer (GC); MicroRNAs (miRNAs); Keratin 80 (KRT80); differentially expressed genes (DEGs); chemoradiotherapy (CRT); negative nonsense sequence (NC); radioimmunoprecipitation assay (RIPA); polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF).

Exploration of Reduced Mitochondrial Content–Associated Gene Signature and Immunocyte Infiltration in Colon Adenocarcinoma by an Integrated Bioinformatic Analysis

Purpose: Mitochondrial dysfunction refers to cancer immune evasion. A novel 7-gene prognostic signature related to the mitochondrial DNA copy number was utilized to evaluate the immunocyte infiltration in colon cancer according to the risk scores and to predict the survival for colon cancer.

Experimental design: We performed an integrated bioinformatic analysis to analyze transcriptome profiling of the EB-treated mitochondrial DNA–defected NCM460 cell line with differentially expressed genes between tumor and normal tissues of COAD in TCGA. The LASSO analysis was utilized to establish a prognostic signature. ESTIMATE and CIBERSORT validated the differences of immunocyte infiltration between colon cancer patients with high- and low-risk scores.

Results: Our study identified a 7-gene prognostic signature (LRRN2, ANKLE1, GPRASP1, PRAME, TCF7L1, RAB6B, and CALB2). Patients with colon cancer were split into the high- and low-risk group by the risk scores in TCGA (training cohort: HR = 2.50 p < 0.0001) and GSE39582 (validation cohort: HR = 1.43 p < 0.05). ESTIMATE and CIBERSORT revealed diverseness of immune infiltration in the two groups, especially downregulated T-cell infiltration in the patients with high-risk scores. Finally, we validated the colon patients with a low expression of the mitochondrial number biomarker TFAM had less CD3+ and CD8+ T-cell infiltration in clinical specimens.

Conclusion: An mtDNA copy number-related 7-gene prognostic signature was investigated and evaluated, which may help to predict the prognosis of colon cancer patients and to guide clinical immunotherapy via immunocyte infiltration evaluation.

MeCP2 drives hepatocellular carcinoma progression via enforcing HOXD3 promoter methylation and expression through the HB-EGF/EGFR pathway

Homeobox D3 (HOXD3), a member of the homeobox family, was described to regulate tumorigenesis, invasion, metastasis, and angiogenesis in various tumor types. However, the molecular mechanisms regulating HOXD3 during hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) migration, invasion, and angiogenesis remain elusive. In this study, we demonstrated that HOXD3 expression is enhanced by the binding of methyl-CpG-binding protein 2 (MeCP2), a methyl-CpG binding protein, together with CREB1to the hypermethylated promoter of HOXD3. Inhibition of HOXD3 eliminated the tumorigenic effects of MeCP2 on HCC cells. Furthermore, HOXD3 directly targeted the promoter region of heparin-binding epidermal growth factor (HB-EGF) via the EGFR-ERK1/2 cell signaling pathway and promoted invasion, metastasis, and angiogenesis of HCC in vitro and in vivo. Additionally, elevated expression of MeCP2, CREB1, and HB-EGF in HCC correlated with a poor survival rate. Our findings reveal the function of the MeCP2/HOXD3/HB-EGF regulatory axis in HCC, rendering it an attractive candidate for the development of targeted therapeutics and as a potential biomarker in patients with HCC.

A circular RNAs dataset landscape reveals potential signatures for the detection and prognosis of early-stage lung adenocarcinoma

Background

This study aimed to identify potential circular ribonucleic acid (circRNA) signatures involved in the pathogenesis of early-stage lung adenocarcinoma (LAC).

Methods

The circRNA sequencing dataset of early-stage LAC was downloaded from the Gene Expression Omnibus database. First, the differentially expressed circRNAs (DEcircRNAs) between tumour and non-tumour tissues were screened. Then, the corresponding miRNAs and their target genes were predicted. In addition, prognosis-related genes were identified using survival analysis and further used to build a network of competitive endogenous RNAs (ceRNAs; DEcircRNA–miRNA–mRNA). Finally, the functional analysis and drug–gene interaction analysis of mRNAs in the ceRNA network was performed.

Results

A total of 35 DEcircRNAs (30 up-regulated and 5 down-regulated circRNAs) were identified. Moreover, 135 DEcircRNA–miRNA and 674 miRNA–mRNA pairs were predicted. The survival analysis of these target mRNAs revealed that 60 genes were significantly associated with survival outcomes in early-stage LAC. Of these, high levels of PSMA 5 and low levels of NAMPT, CPT 2 and TNFSF11 exhibited favourable prognoses. In addition, the DEcircRNA–miRNA–mRNA network was constructed, containing 5 miRNA–circRNA (hsa_circ_0092283/hsa-miR-762/hsa-miR-4685-5p; hsa_circ_0070610/hsa-let-7a-2-3p/hsa-miR-3622a-3p; hsa_circ_0062682/hsa-miR-4268) and 60 miRNA–mRNA pairs. Functional analysis of the genes in the ceRNA network showed that they were primarily enriched in the Wnt signalling pathway. Moreover, PSMA 5, NAMPT, CPT 2 and TNFSF11 had strong correlations with different drugs.

Conclusion

Three circRNAs (hsa_circ_0062682, hsa_circ_0092283 and hsa_circ_0070610) might be potential novel targets for the diagnosis of early-stage LAC.

A Transcriptome-Wide Isoform Landscape of Melanocytic Nevi and Primary Melanomas Identifies Gene Isoforms Associated with Malignancy

Genetic splice variants have become of central interest in recent years, as they play an important role in different cancers. Little is known about splice variants in melanoma. Here, we analyzed a genome-wide transcriptomic dataset of benign melanocytic nevi and primary melanomas (n = 80) for the expression of specific splice variants. Using kallisto, a map for differentially expressed splice variants in melanoma vs. benign melanocytic nevi was generated. Among the top genes with differentially expressed splice variants were Ras-related in brain 6B (RAB6B), a member of the RAS family of GTPases, Macrophage Scavenger Receptor 1 (MSR1), Collagen Type XI Alpha 2 Chain (COLL11A2), and LY6/PLAUR Domain Containing 1 (LYPD1). The Gene Ontology terms of differentially expressed splice variants showed no enrichment for functional gene sets of melanoma vs. nevus lesions, but between type 1 (pigmentation type) and type 2 (immune response type) melanocytic lesions. A number of genes such as Checkpoint Kinase 1 (CHEK1) showed an association of mutational patterns and occurrence of splice variants in melanoma. Moreover, mutations in genes of the splicing machinery were common in both benign nevi and melanomas, suggesting a common mechanism starting early in melanoma development. Mutations in some of these genes of the splicing machinery, such as Serine and Arginine Rich Splicing Factor A3 and B3 (SF3A3, SF3B3), were significantly enriched in melanomas as compared to benign nevi. Taken together, a map of splice variants in melanoma is presented that shows a multitude of differentially expressed splice genes between benign nevi and primary melanomas. The underlying mechanisms may involve mutations in genes of the splicing machinery.

Early onset senescence and cognitive impairment in a murine model of repeated mTBI

Mild traumatic brain injury (mTBI) results in broad neurological symptoms and an increased risk of being diagnosed with a neurodegenerative disease later in life. While the immediate oxidative stress response and post-mortem pathology of the injured brain has been well studied, it remains unclear how early pathogenic changes may drive persistent symptoms and confer susceptibility to neurodegeneration. In this study we have used a mouse model of repeated mTBI (rmTBI) to identify early gene expression changes at 24 h or 7 days post-injury (7 dpi). At 24 h post-injury, gene expression of rmTBI mice shows activation of the DNA damage response (DDR) towards double strand DNA breaks, altered calcium and cell–cell signalling, and inhibition of cell death pathways. By 7 dpi, rmTBI mice had a gene expression signature consistent with induction of cellular senescence, activation of neurodegenerative processes, and inhibition of the DDR. At both timepoints gliosis, microgliosis, and axonal damage were evident in the absence of any gross lesion, and by 7 dpi rmTBI also mice had elevated levels of IL1β, p21, 53BP1, DNA2, and p53, supportive of DNA damage-induced cellular senescence. These gene expression changes reflect establishment of processes usually linked to brain aging and suggests that cellular senescence occurs early and most likely prior to the accumulation of toxic proteins. These molecular changes were accompanied by spatial learning and memory deficits in the Morris water maze. To conclude, we have identified DNA damage-induced cellular senescence as a repercussion of repeated mild traumatic brain injury which correlates with cognitive impairment. Pathways involved in senescence may represent viable treatment targets of post-concussive syndrome. Senescence has been proposed to promote neurodegeneration and appears as an effective target to prevent long-term complications of mTBI, such as chronic traumatic encephalopathy and other related neurodegenerative pathologies.

Prognostic Significance of Autophagy-Relevant Gene Markers in Colorectal Cancer

Background

Colorectal cancer (CRC) is a common malignant solid tumor with an extremely low survival rate after relapse. Previous investigations have shown that autophagy possesses a crucial function in tumors. However, there is no consensus on the value of autophagy-associated genes in predicting the prognosis of CRC patients. This work screens autophagy-related markers and signaling pathways that may participate in the development of CRC, and establishes a prognostic model of CRC based on autophagy-associated genes.

Methods

Gene transcripts from the TCGA database and autophagy-associated gene data from the GeneCards database were used to obtain expression levels of autophagy-associated genes, followed by Wilcox tests to screen for autophagy-related differentially expressed genes. Then, 11 key autophagy-associated genes were identified through univariate and multivariate Cox proportional hazard regression analysis and used to establish prognostic models. Additionally, immunohistochemical and CRC cell line data were used to evaluate the results of our three autophagy-associated genes EPHB2, NOL3, and SNAI1 in TCGA. Based on the multivariate Cox analysis, risk scores were calculated and used to classify samples into high-risk and low-risk groups. Kaplan-Meier survival analysis, risk profiling, and independent prognosis analysis were carried out. Receiver operating characteristic analysis was performed to estimate the specificity and sensitivity of the prognostic model. Finally, GSEA, GO, and KEGG analysis were performed to identify the relevant signaling pathways.

Results

A total of 301 autophagy-related genes were differentially expressed in CRC. The areas under the 1-year, 3-year, and 5-year receiver operating characteristic curves of the autophagy-based prognostic model for CRC were 0.764, 0.751, and 0.729, respectively. GSEA analysis of the model showed significant enrichment in several tumor-relevant pathways and cellular protective biological processes. The expression of EPHB2, IL-13, MAP2, RPN2, and TRAF5 was correlated with microsatellite instability (MSI), while the expression of IL-13, RPN2, and TRAF5 was related to tumor mutation burden (TMB). GO analysis showed that the 11 target autophagy genes were chiefly enriched in mRNA processing, RNA splicing, and regulation of the mRNA metabolic process. KEGG analysis showed enrichment mainly in spliceosomes. We constructed a prognostic risk assessment model based on 11 autophagy-related genes in CRC.

Conclusion

A prognostic risk assessment model based on 11 autophagy-associated genes was constructed in CRC. The new model suggests directions and ideas for evaluating prognosis and provides guidance to choose better treatment strategies for CRC.

MicroRNA-1269b inhibits gastric cancer development through regulating methyltransferase-like 3 (METTL3)

The dysregulation of microRNAs (miRNAs) expression is relevant to the progression of many tumors. As reported, the abnormal expression of miR-1269b is pivotal in certain cancers’ progression. This work was designed to study the role and hidden mechanism of miR-1269b in gastric cancer (GC) progression. In this work, we proved that miR-1269b was lowly expressed in GC tissues and cell lines, which was associated with larger tumor size and lymph node metastasis. MiR-1269b overexpression repressed the multiplication, migration and invasion of GC cells while miR-1269b inhibition had the opposite effects. Methyltransferase-like 3 (METTL3) was identified as the direct target of miR-1269b in GC cells, and its overexpression reversed the inhibitory effect of transfection of miR-1269b mimics on GC cell viability, migration and invasion. On all accounts, these data indicated that miR-1269b inhibits GC progression via targeting METTL3.

Interaction between non-coding RNAs and JNK in human disorders

Jun N-terminal Kinase (JNK) signaling pathway is a conserved cascade among species with particular roles in diverse processes during embryogenesis and normal life. These kinases regulate functions of neurons and the immune system by affecting the expression of genes, modulating the arrangement of cytoskeletal proteins, and regulating apoptosis/survival pathways. They are also involved in carcinogenesis. Several miRNAs and lncRNAs have a functional relationship with JNKs. This interaction contributes to the pathogenesis of traumatic brain injury, ulcerative colitis, hepatic ischemia/ reperfusion injury, acute myocardial infarction, and a number of other disorders. Lung cancer, hepatocellular carcinoma, gall bladder cancer, melanoma, and colon cancer are among malignant conditions in which JNK-related miRNAs/ lncRNAs contribute. The current review aims at depicting the functional interaction between JNKs and lncRNAs/ miRNAs and describing the role of these regulatory transcripts in the pathobiology of human disorders.

Multiscale Regulation of the Intervertebral Disc: Achievements in Experimental, In Silico, and Regenerative Research

Intervertebral disc (IVD) degeneration is a major risk factor of low back pain. It is defined by a progressive loss of the IVD structure and functionality, leading to severe impairments with restricted treatment options due to the highly demanding mechanical exposure of the IVD. Degenerative changes in the IVD usually increase with age but at an accelerated rate in some individuals. To understand the initiation and progression of this disease, it is crucial to identify key top-down and bottom-up regulations' processes, across the cell, tissue, and organ levels, in health and disease. Owing to unremitting investigation of experimental research, the comprehension of detailed cell signaling pathways and their effect on matrix turnover significantly rose. Likewise, in silico research substantially contributed to a holistic understanding of spatiotemporal effects and complex, multifactorial interactions within the IVD. Together with important achievements in the research of biomaterials, manifold promising approaches for regenerative treatment options were presented over the last years. This review provides an integrative analysis of the current knowledge about (1) the multiscale function and regulation of the IVD in health and disease, (2) the possible regenerative strategies, and (3) the in silico models that shall eventually support the development of advanced therapies.

CircPDZD8 promotes gastric cancer progression by regulating CHD9 via sponging miR-197-5p

CircRNAs have been shown to be associated with gastric cancer tumorigenesis. But little was known about the role of circPDZD8 in gastric cancer. CircPDZD8 was up-regulated in gastric cancer tissues and cells, Kaplan-Meier survival analysis indicated that gastric patients had a poor overall survival when circPDZD8 levels were high. CircPDZD8 knockdown could hinder proliferation and migration of gastric cancer cells. MiR-197-5p, which was down-regulated in gastric cancer, was shown to be a target of circPDZD8 and was inversely correlated with circPDZD8 expression. CHD9, as a target gene of miR-197-5p, was negatively regulated by miR-197-5p and positively correlated with circPDZD8 expression. Importantly, circPDZD8 could up-regulate CHD9 expression by sponging miR-197-5p, and modulate cell progression by regulation of the miR-197-5p/CHD9 axis in gastric cancer. CircPDZD8 knockdown repressed the progression of gastric cancer cells by sponging miR-197-5p and down-regulating CHD9.

OIP5-AS1 contributes to tumorigenesis in hepatocellular carcinoma by miR-300/YY1-activated WNT pathway

Background

It has reported that long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) exerted regulatory functions by targeting specific genes through a competing endogenous RNA (ceRNA) pathway. LncRNA OIP5-AS1 has been identified as a tumor-enhancer in several tumor types. Nonetheless, its molecular mechanism in HCC remains to be masked.

Aim of the study

This study was aimed at exploring whether and how OIP5-AS1 exert functions in HCC.

Methods

qRT-PCR and western blot were employed for detecting gene expression. CCK-8, colony formation and EdU assays were implemented to evaluate the proliferative ability of HCC cells. Caspase-3 activity and flow cytometry analyses were implemented to determine cell apoptosis and cell cycle distribution. RNA pull down, ChIP, RIP and luciferase reporter assays explored the interplays between molecules.

Results

YY1 was upregulated in HCC cells, and silenced YY1 restrained HCC cell proliferation in vitro and hampered tumor growth in vivo. Later, we discovered that miR-300 could regulate WNT pathway via targeting YY1. Furthermore, OIP5-AS1 was identified as the sponge of miR-300 and promoted cell growth in HCC. Importantly, YY1 transcriptionally activate OIP5-AS1 in turn. Rescue experiments indicated that miR-300 inhibition or YY1 overexpression abrogated the inhibitive effect of OIP5-AS1 silencing on the malignant growth of HCC cells.

Conclusions

OIP5-AS1/miR-300/YY1 feedback loop facilitates cell growth in HCC by activating WNT pathway.

Long noncoding RNA HCG18 up-regulates the expression of WIPF1 and YAP/TAZ by inhibiting miR-141-3p in gastric cancer

BACKGROUND

Accumulating works show that lncRNAs play critical roles in the development of gastric cancer (GC). LncRNA HLA complex group 18 (HCG18) was implicated in the progression of bladder cancer and glioma, but its role in GC is unknown.

METHODS

RT-PCR was used to detect HCG18 and miR-141-3p expression in GC specimen. GC cell lines (AGS and MKN-28) were exploited as cell model. The biological effect of HCG18 on cancer cells was probed by CCK-8, colony formation, flow cytometry, Transwell and wound-healing experiments in vitro, and subcutaneous xenotransplanted tumor model and tail vein injection model in vivo. Interaction between HCG18 and miR-141-3p was determined by bioinformatics analysis, RT-PCR, and luciferase reporter experiments. Downstream gene expression of miR-141-3p, including Wiskott-Aldrich syndrome protein interacting protein family member 1 (WIPF1), Yes associated protein 1 (YAP), and tafazzin (TAZ) were detected using Western blot.

RESULTS

HCG18 was markedly up-regulated in GC specimens, while miR-141-3p was markedly down-regulated. Down-regulation of HCG18 inhibited viability, migration, and invasion of GC cells, while miR-141-3p transfection led to opposite effect. HCG18 could down-regulate miR-141-3p through adsorbing it, and a negative association between HCG18 and miR-141-3p was found in GC specimens. HCG18 promoted WIPF1, YAP and TAZ expression, nonetheless, such influence was reversed by co-transfecting with miR-141-3p.

CONCLUSION

HCG18 was aberrantly up-regulated in GC tissues, and it indirectly regulated the activity of Hippo signaling through counteracting miR-141-3p expression.

Mechanisms of the Epithelial-Mesenchymal Transition and Tumor Microenvironment in Helicobacter pylori-Induced Gastric Cancer

Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) is one of the most common human pathogens, affecting half of the world’s population. Approximately 20% of the infected patients develop gastric ulcers or neoplastic changes in the gastric stroma. An infection also leads to the progression of epithelial–mesenchymal transition within gastric tissue, increasing the probability of gastric cancer development. This paper aims to review the role of H. pylori and its virulence factors in epithelial–mesenchymal transition associated with malignant transformation within the gastric stroma. The reviewed factors included: CagA (cytotoxin-associated gene A) along with induction of cancer stem-cell properties and interaction with YAP (Yes-associated protein pathway), tumor necrosis factor α-inducing protein, Lpp20 lipoprotein, Afadin protein, penicillin-binding protein 1A, microRNA-29a-3p, programmed cell death protein 4, lysosomal-associated protein transmembrane 4β, cancer-associated fibroblasts, heparin-binding epidermal growth factor (HB-EGF), matrix metalloproteinase-7 (MMP-7), and cancer stem cells (CSCs). The review summarizes the most recent findings, providing insight into potential molecular targets and new treatment strategies for gastric cancer.

Circ_0000267 promotes gastric cancer progression via sponging MiR-503-5p and regulating HMGA2 expression

Background

Circular RNAs (circRNAs) are a class of newly discovered RNAs that attach great importance to modulate gene expression and biological function. Nonetheless, in gastric cancer (GC), the expression and function of circRNA are much less explored. In this study, circ_0000267 expression in GC was investigated and the function and mechanism of circ_0000267 was probed.

Materials and Methods

Quantitative real‐time PCR (qRT‐PCR) was employed to detect circ_0000267, miR‐503‐5p, and HMGA2 expression. Immunohistochemistry and western blot were adopted to detect HMGA2 and epithelial–mesenchymal transition (EMT)‐related proteins (E‐cadherin and N‐cadherin) expression in GC tissues and cells, respectively. GC cell lines with circ_0000267 overexpressed and knocked down were constructed, and CCK‐8 assay, BrdU assay, scratch healing assay, and transwell assay were employed to assess the effect of circ_0000267 on the proliferation and metastasis of GC cells. Besides, dual‐luciferase reporter gene assay was adopted to verify the targeting relationship between circ_0000267 and miR‐503‐5p.

Results

Circ_0000267 showed a significant upregulation in GC tissues and cell lines, and its high expression level was extremely linked to the increased tumor diameter and local lymph node metastasis. Circ_0000267 overexpression accelerated GC cell proliferation, metastasis, and EMT processes, while knocking down circ_0000267 led to the opposite effect. From the perspective of mechanism, circ_0000267 promoted the progression of GC through adsorbing miR‐503‐5p and upregulating HMGA2 expression.

Conclusion

Circ_0000267 is an oncogenic circRNA that affects the progression of GC, which participates in promotion of GC proliferation, migration, invasion, and EMT via modulating the miR‐503‐5p/HMGA2 axis.