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Beigl TB, Paul A, Fellmeth TP, Nguyen D, Barber L, Weller S, Schäfer B, Gillissen BF, Aulitzky WE, Kopp HG, Rehm M, Andrews DW, Pluhackova K, Essmann F. BCL-2 and BOK regulate apoptosis by interaction of their C-terminal transmembrane domains. EMBO Rep 2024:10.1038/s44319-024-00206-6. [PMID: 39048751 DOI: 10.1038/s44319-024-00206-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2023] [Revised: 06/17/2024] [Accepted: 06/25/2024] [Indexed: 07/27/2024] Open
Abstract
The Bcl-2 family controls apoptosis by direct interactions of pro- and anti-apoptotic proteins. The principle mechanism is binding of the BH3 domain of pro-apoptotic proteins to the hydrophobic groove of anti-apoptotic siblings, which is therapeutically exploited by approved BH3-mimetic anti-cancer drugs. Evidence suggests that also the transmembrane domain (TMD) of Bcl-2 proteins can mediate Bcl-2 interactions. We developed a highly-specific split luciferase assay enabling the analysis of TMD interactions of pore-forming apoptosis effectors BAX, BAK, and BOK with anti-apoptotic Bcl-2 proteins in living cells. We confirm homotypic interaction of the BAX-TMD, but also newly identify interaction of the TMD of anti-apoptotic BCL-2 with the TMD of BOK, a peculiar pro-apoptotic Bcl-2 protein. BOK-TMD and BCL-2-TMD interact at the endoplasmic reticulum. Molecular dynamics simulations confirm dynamic BOK-TMD and BCL-2-TMD dimers and stable heterotetramers. Mutation of BCL-2-TMD at predicted key residues abolishes interaction with BOK-TMD. Also, inhibition of BOK-induced apoptosis by BCL-2 depends specifically on their TMDs. Thus, TMDs of Bcl-2 proteins are a relevant interaction interface for apoptosis regulation and provide a novel potential drug target.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tobias B Beigl
- Robert Bosch Center for Tumor Diseases, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Alexander Paul
- Robert Bosch Center for Tumor Diseases, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Thomas P Fellmeth
- Cluster of Excellence SimTech, University of Stuttgart, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Dang Nguyen
- Department of Medical Biophysics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
- Biological Sciences Platform, Sunnybrook Research Institute, Toronto, Canada
| | - Lynn Barber
- Robert Bosch Center for Tumor Diseases, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Sandra Weller
- Robert Bosch Center for Tumor Diseases, Stuttgart, Germany
| | | | - Bernhard F Gillissen
- Department of Hematology, Oncology, and Tumorimmunology, Charité University Medicine, Berlin, Germany
| | | | - Hans-Georg Kopp
- Robert Bosch Center for Tumor Diseases, Stuttgart, Germany
- Robert-Bosch-Hospital, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Markus Rehm
- Institute of Cell Biology and Immunology, University of Stuttgart, Stuttgart, Germany
- Stuttgart Research Center Systems Biology, University of Stuttgart, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - David W Andrews
- Department of Medical Biophysics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
- Biological Sciences Platform, Sunnybrook Research Institute, Toronto, Canada
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | | | - Frank Essmann
- Robert Bosch Center for Tumor Diseases, Stuttgart, Germany.
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Interfaculty Institute for Biochemistry, Eberhard Karls University Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany.
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2
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Mackiewicz J, Tomczak J, Lisek M, Sakowicz A, Guo F, Boczek T. NFATc4 Knockout Promotes Neuroprotection and Retinal Ganglion Cell Regeneration After Optic Nerve Injury. Mol Neurobiol 2024:10.1007/s12035-024-04129-0. [PMID: 38639863 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-024-04129-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2023] [Accepted: 03/19/2024] [Indexed: 04/20/2024]
Abstract
Retinal ganglion cells (RGCs), neurons transmitting visual information via the optic nerve, fail to regenerate their axons after injury. The progressive loss of RGC function underlies the pathophysiology of glaucoma and other optic neuropathies, often leading to irreversible blindness. Therefore, there is an urgent need to identify the regulators of RGC survival and the regenerative program. In this study, we investigated the role of the family of transcription factors known as nuclear factor of activated T cells (NFAT), which are expressed in the retina; however, their role in RGC survival after injury is unknown. Using the optic nerve crush (ONC) model, widely employed to study optic neuropathies and central nervous system axon injury, we found that NFATc4 is specifically but transiently up-regulated in response to mechanical injury. In the injured retina, NFATc4 immunolocalized primarily to the ganglionic cell layer. Utilizing NFATc4-/- and NFATc3-/- mice, we demonstrated that NFATc4, but not NFATc3, knockout increased RGC survival, improved retina function, and delayed axonal degeneration. Microarray screening data, along with decreased immunostaining of cleaved caspase-3, revealed that NFATc4 knockout was protective against ONC-induced degeneration by suppressing pro-apoptotic signaling. Finally, we used lentiviral-mediated NFATc4 delivery to the retina of NFATc4-/- mice and reversed the pro-survival effect of NFATc4 knockout, conclusively linking the enhanced survival of injured RGCs to NFATc4-dependent mechanisms. In summary, this study is the first to demonstrate that NFATc4 knockout may confer transient RGC neuroprotection and decelerate axonal degeneration after injury, providing a potent therapeutic strategy for optic neuropathies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joanna Mackiewicz
- Department of Molecular Neurochemistry, Medical University of Lodz, Lodz, Poland
| | - Julia Tomczak
- Department of Molecular Neurochemistry, Medical University of Lodz, Lodz, Poland
| | - Malwina Lisek
- Department of Molecular Neurochemistry, Medical University of Lodz, Lodz, Poland
| | - Agata Sakowicz
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, Medical University of Lodz, Lodz, Poland
| | - Feng Guo
- Department of Pharmaceutical Toxicology, China Medical University, Shenyang, China.
| | - Tomasz Boczek
- Department of Molecular Neurochemistry, Medical University of Lodz, Lodz, Poland.
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3
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Chen M, Yan R, Ding L, Luo J, Ning J, Zhou R. Research Advances of Mitochondrial Dysfunction in Perioperative Neurocognitive Disorders. Neurochem Res 2023; 48:2983-2995. [PMID: 37294392 DOI: 10.1007/s11064-023-03962-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2022] [Revised: 05/26/2023] [Accepted: 05/28/2023] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Perioperative neurocognitive disorders (PND) increases postoperative dementia and mortality in patients and has no effective treatment. Although the detailed pathogenesis of PND is still elusive, a large amount of evidence suggests that damaged mitochondria may play an important role in the pathogenesis of PND. A healthy mitochondrial pool not only provides energy for neuronal metabolism but also maintains neuronal activity through other mitochondrial functions. Therefore, exploring the abnormal mitochondrial function in PND is beneficial for finding promising therapeutic targets for this disease. This article summarizes the research advances of mitochondrial energy metabolism disorder, inflammatory response and oxidative stress, mitochondrial quality control, mitochondria-associated endoplasmic reticulum membranes, and cell death in the pathogenesis of PND, and briefly describes the application of mitochondria-targeted therapies in PND.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengjie Chen
- Beijing Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100010, China
| | - Ruyu Yan
- Beijing Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100010, China
| | - Lingling Ding
- Beijing Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100010, China.
| | - Jiansheng Luo
- Beijing Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100010, China
| | - Jiaqi Ning
- Beijing Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100010, China
| | - Ruiling Zhou
- Beijing Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100010, China
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4
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Czabotar PE, Garcia-Saez AJ. Mechanisms of BCL-2 family proteins in mitochondrial apoptosis. Nat Rev Mol Cell Biol 2023; 24:732-748. [PMID: 37438560 DOI: 10.1038/s41580-023-00629-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/13/2023] [Indexed: 07/14/2023]
Abstract
The proteins of the BCL-2 family are key regulators of mitochondrial apoptosis, acting as either promoters or inhibitors of cell death. The functional interplay and balance between the opposing BCL-2 family members control permeabilization of the outer mitochondrial membrane, leading to the release of activators of the caspase cascade into the cytosol and ultimately resulting in cell death. Despite considerable research, our knowledge about the mechanisms of the BCL-2 family of proteins remains insufficient, which complicates cell fate predictions and does not allow us to fully exploit these proteins as targets for drug discovery. Detailed understanding of the formation and molecular architecture of the apoptotic pore in the outer mitochondrial membrane remains a holy grail in the field, but new studies allow us to begin constructing a structural model of its arrangement. Recent literature has also revealed unexpected activities for several BCL-2 family members that challenge established concepts of how they regulate mitochondrial permeabilization. In this Review, we revisit the most important advances in the field and integrate them into a new structure-function-based classification of the BCL-2 family members that intends to provide a comprehensive model for BCL-2 action in apoptosis. We close this Review by discussing the potential of drugging the BCL-2 family in diseases characterized by aberrant apoptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter E Czabotar
- The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.
- Department of Medical Biology, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.
| | - Ana J Garcia-Saez
- Membrane Biophysics, Institute of Genetics, CECAD, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany.
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Fangma Y, Liu M, Liao J, Chen Z, Zheng Y. Dissecting the brain with spatially resolved multi-omics. J Pharm Anal 2023; 13:694-710. [PMID: 37577383 PMCID: PMC10422112 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpha.2023.04.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2022] [Revised: 04/04/2023] [Accepted: 04/06/2023] [Indexed: 08/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Recent studies have highlighted spatially resolved multi-omics technologies, including spatial genomics, transcriptomics, proteomics, and metabolomics, as powerful tools to decipher the spatial heterogeneity of the brain. Here, we focus on two major approaches in spatial transcriptomics (next-generation sequencing-based technologies and image-based technologies), and mass spectrometry imaging technologies used in spatial proteomics and spatial metabolomics. Furthermore, we discuss their applications in neuroscience, including building the brain atlas, uncovering gene expression patterns of neurons for special behaviors, deciphering the molecular basis of neuronal communication, and providing a more comprehensive explanation of the molecular mechanisms underlying central nervous system disorders. However, further efforts are still needed toward the integrative application of multi-omics technologies, including the real-time spatial multi-omics analysis in living cells, the detailed gene profile in a whole-brain view, and the combination of functional verification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yijia Fangma
- Key Laboratory of Neuropharmacology and Translational Medicine of Zhejiang Province, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, 310053, China
| | - Mengting Liu
- Key Laboratory of Neuropharmacology and Translational Medicine of Zhejiang Province, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, 310053, China
| | - Jie Liao
- Pharmaceutical Informatics Institute, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Zhong Chen
- Key Laboratory of Neuropharmacology and Translational Medicine of Zhejiang Province, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, 310053, China
| | - Yanrong Zheng
- Key Laboratory of Neuropharmacology and Translational Medicine of Zhejiang Province, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, 310053, China
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6
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Dhaouadi N, Vitto VAM, Pinton P, Galluzzi L, Marchi S. Ca 2+ signaling and cell death. Cell Calcium 2023; 113:102759. [PMID: 37210868 DOI: 10.1016/j.ceca.2023.102759] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2023] [Revised: 05/12/2023] [Accepted: 05/13/2023] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Multiple forms of regulated cell death (RCD) have been characterized, each of which originates from the activation of a dedicated molecular machinery. RCD can occur in purely physiological settings or upon failing cellular adaptation to stress. Ca2+ions have been shown to physically interact with - and hence regulate - various components of the RCD machinery. Moreover, intracellular Ca2+ accumulation can promote organellar dysfunction to degree that can be overtly cytotoxic or sensitize cells to RCD elicited by other stressors. Here, we provide an overview of the main links between Ca2+and different forms of RCD, including apoptosis, mitochondrial permeability transition (MPT)-driven necrosis, necroptosis, ferroptosis, lysosome-dependent cell death, and parthanatos.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nada Dhaouadi
- Department of Clinical and Molecular Sciences, Marche Polytechnic University, Ancona, Italy
| | | | - Paolo Pinton
- Department of Medical Sciences, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy; GVM Care & Research, Maria Cecilia Hospital, Cotignola, Italy
| | - Lorenzo Galluzzi
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY, USA; Sandra and Edward Meyer Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA; Caryl and Israel Englander Institute for Precision Medicine, New York, NY, USA.
| | - Saverio Marchi
- Department of Clinical and Molecular Sciences, Marche Polytechnic University, Ancona, Italy.
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7
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Chen Y, Zhang Y, Li N, Jiang Z, Li X. Role of mitochondrial stress and the NLRP3 inflammasome in lung diseases. Inflamm Res 2023; 72:829-846. [PMID: 36905430 PMCID: PMC10007669 DOI: 10.1007/s00011-023-01712-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2022] [Revised: 12/17/2022] [Accepted: 02/17/2023] [Indexed: 03/12/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND As an organelle essential for intracellular energy supply, mitochondria are involved in intracellular metabolism and inflammation, and cell death. The interaction of mitochondria with the NLRP3 inflammasome in the development of lung diseases has been extensively studied. However, the exact mechanism by which mitochondria mediate the activation of the NLRP3 inflammasome and trigger lung disease is still unclear. METHODS The literatures related to mitochondrial stress, NLRP3 inflammasome and lung diseases were searched in PubMed. RESULTS This review aims to provide new insights into the recently discovered mitochondrial regulation of the NLRP3 inflammasome in lung diseases. It also describes the crucial roles of mitochondrial autophagy, long noncoding RNA, micro RNA, altered mitochondrial membrane potential, cell membrane receptors, and ion channels in mitochondrial stress and regulation of the NLRP3 inflammasome, in addition to the reduction of mitochondrial stress by nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2). The effective components of potential drugs for the treatment of lung diseases under this mechanism are also summarized. CONCLUSION This review provides a resource for the discovery of new therapeutic mechanisms and suggests ideas for the development of new therapeutic drugs, thus promoting the rapid treatment of lung diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yonghu Chen
- Yanbian University Hospital, Yanbian University, Yanji, 133002, People's Republic of China
| | - Yuqi Zhang
- Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, 110016, People's Republic of China
| | - Ning Li
- Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, 110016, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhe Jiang
- Yanbian University Hospital, Yanbian University, Yanji, 133002, People's Republic of China.
| | - Xuezheng Li
- Yanbian University Hospital, Yanbian University, Yanji, 133002, People's Republic of China.
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8
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Huang X, Ji S, Bian C, Sun J, Ji H. The endoplasmic reticulum stress and B cell lymphoma-2 related ovarian killer participate in docosahexaenoic acid-induced adipocyte apoptosis in grass carp (Ctenopharyngodon idellus). J Anim Sci 2023; 101:skad101. [PMID: 37067261 PMCID: PMC10118398 DOI: 10.1093/jas/skad101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2022] [Accepted: 04/12/2023] [Indexed: 04/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) lessens adipose tissue lipid deposition partly by inducing adipocyte apoptosis in grass carp, but the underlying mechanism remains unclear. Endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress and unfolded protein response (UPR) is the novel pathway for inducing apoptosis. This study aimed to explore the potential role of ER stress in DHA-induced apoptosis in grass carp (Ctenopharyngodon idellus) adipocytes. DHA induced apoptosis by deforming the nuclear envelope, condensing the chromatin, and increasing the expression of apoptosis-related proteins and genes in vivo and in vitro (P < 0.05). However, the ER stress inhibitor, 4-phenylbutyric acid (4-PBA), effectively suppressed DHA-induced apoptosis (P < 0.05), indicating that ER stress mediates DHA-induced adipocyte apoptosis. Furthermore, we observed that 200 μM DHA significantly up-regulates the transcripts of B cell lymphoma-2 (BCL-2) related ovarian killer (BOK) in vitro (P < 0.05). BOK is a pro-apoptotic protein in the BCL-2 family, which governs the mitochondria apoptosis pathway. Hence, we hypothesized that BOK might be an important linker between ER stress and apoptosis. We cloned and identified two grass carp BOK genes, BOKa and BOKb, which encode peptides of 213 and 216 amino acids, respectively. BOKa primarily localizes in ER and mitochondria in the cytoplasm, while BOKb localizes in the nucleus and cytoplasm of grass carp adipocytes. Moreover, 200 μM DHA treatment up-regulated the mRNA expression of BOKa and BOKb, whereas 4-PBA suppressed the DHA-induced expressions. These results raised the possibility that BOK participates in DHA-induced adipocyte apoptosis through ER stress signaling, in line with its localization in ER and mitochondria. Two UPR branches, the inositol-requiring enzyme 1 (IRE1α) and activating transcription factor 6 (ATF6) signaling pathways, are possibly important in DHA-induced adipocyte apoptosis, unlike protein kinase RNA-activated-like ER kinase. The study also emphasized the roles of BOKa and BOKb in IRE1α- and ATF6-mediated apoptosis. This work is the first to elucidate the importance of the ER stress-BOK pathway during adipocyte apoptosis in teleost.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaocheng Huang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest Agriculture and Forestry University, Yangling 712100, China
| | - Shanghong Ji
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest Agriculture and Forestry University, Yangling 712100, China
| | - Chenchen Bian
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest Agriculture and Forestry University, Yangling 712100, China
| | - Jian Sun
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest Agriculture and Forestry University, Yangling 712100, China
| | - Hong Ji
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest Agriculture and Forestry University, Yangling 712100, China
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9
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Bonzerato CG, Wojcikiewicz RJH. Bok: real killer or bystander with non-apoptotic roles? Front Cell Dev Biol 2023; 11:1161910. [PMID: 37123400 PMCID: PMC10130511 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2023.1161910] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2023] [Accepted: 04/05/2023] [Indexed: 05/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Bcl-2-related ovarian killer, Bok, was first labeled "pro-apoptotic" due to its ability to cause cell death when over-expressed. However, it has become apparent that this is not a good name, since Bok is widely expressed in tissues other than ovaries. Further, there is serious doubt as to whether Bok is a real "killer," due to disparities in the ability of over-expressed versus endogenous Bok to trigger apoptosis. In this brief review, we rationalize these disparities and argue that endogenous Bok is very different from the pro-apoptotic, mitochondrial outer membrane permeabilization mediators, Bak and Bax. Instead, Bok is a stable, endoplasmic reticulum-located protein bound to inositol 1,4,5 trisphosphate receptors. From this location, Bok plays a variety of roles, including regulation of endoplasmic reticulum/mitochondria contact sites and mitochondrial dynamics. Therefore, categorizing Bok as a "killer" may well be misleading and instead, endogenous Bok would better be considered an endoplasmic reticulum-located "bystander", with non-apoptotic roles.
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10
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Bonzerato CG, Keller KR, Schulman JJ, Gao X, Szczesniak LM, Wojcikiewicz RJH. Endogenous Bok is stable at the endoplasmic reticulum membrane and does not mediate proteasome inhibitor-induced apoptosis. Front Cell Dev Biol 2022; 10:1094302. [PMID: 36601536 PMCID: PMC9806350 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2022.1094302] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2022] [Accepted: 12/07/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Controversy surrounds the cellular role of the Bcl-2 family protein Bok. On one hand, it has been shown that all endogenous Bok is bound to inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate receptors (IP3Rs), while other data suggest that Bok can act as a pro-apoptotic mitochondrial outer membrane permeabilization mediator, apparently kept at very low and non-apoptotic levels by efficient proteasome-mediated degradation. Here we show that 1) endogenous Bok is expressed at readily-detectable levels in key cultured cells (e.g., mouse embryonic fibroblasts and HCT116 cells) and is not constitutively degraded by the proteasome, 2) proteasome inhibitor-induced apoptosis is not mediated by Bok, 3) endogenous Bok expression level is critically dependent on the presence of IP3Rs, 4) endogenous Bok is rapidly degraded by the ubiquitin-proteasome pathway in the absence of IP3Rs at the endoplasmic reticulum membrane, and 5) charged residues in the transmembrane region of Bok affect its stability, ability to interact with Mcl-1, and pro-apoptotic activity when over-expressed. Overall, these data indicate that endogenous Bok levels are not governed by proteasomal activity (except when IP3Rs are deleted) and that while endogenous Bok plays little or no role in apoptotic signaling, exogenous Bok can mediate apoptosis in a manner dependent on its transmembrane domain.
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11
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Means RE, Katz SG. Balancing life and death: BCL-2 family members at diverse ER-mitochondrial contact sites. FEBS J 2022; 289:7075-7112. [PMID: 34668625 DOI: 10.1111/febs.16241] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2021] [Revised: 10/11/2021] [Accepted: 10/19/2021] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
The outer mitochondrial membrane is a busy place. One essential activity for cellular survival is the regulation of membrane integrity by the BCL-2 family of proteins. Another critical facet of the outer mitochondrial membrane is its close approximation with the endoplasmic reticulum. These mitochondrial-associated membranes (MAMs) occupy a significant fraction of the mitochondrial surface and serve as key signaling hubs for multiple cellular processes. Each of these pathways may be considered as forming their own specialized MAM subtype. Interestingly, like membrane permeabilization, most of these pathways play critical roles in regulating cellular survival and death. Recently, the pro-apoptotic BCL-2 family member BOK has been found within MAMs where it plays important roles in their structure and function. This has led to a greater appreciation that multiple BCL-2 family proteins, which are known to participate in numerous functions throughout the cell, also have roles within MAMs. In this review, we evaluate several MAM subsets, their role in cellular homeostasis, and the contribution of BCL-2 family members to their functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert E Means
- Department of Pathology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Samuel G Katz
- Department of Pathology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
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12
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Qian S, Wei Z, Yang W, Huang J, Yang Y, Wang J. The role of BCL-2 family proteins in regulating apoptosis and cancer therapy. Front Oncol 2022; 12:985363. [PMID: 36313628 PMCID: PMC9597512 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2022.985363] [Citation(s) in RCA: 118] [Impact Index Per Article: 59.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2022] [Accepted: 09/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Apoptosis, as a very important biological process, is a response to developmental cues or cellular stress. Impaired apoptosis plays a central role in the development of cancer and also reduces the efficacy of traditional cytotoxic therapies. Members of the B-cell lymphoma 2 (BCL-2) protein family have pro- or anti-apoptotic activities and have been studied intensively over the past decade for their importance in regulating apoptosis, tumorigenesis, and cellular responses to anticancer therapy. Since the inflammatory response induced by apoptosis-induced cell death is very small, at present, the development of anticancer drugs targeting apoptosis has attracted more and more attention. Consequently, the focus of this review is to summarize the current research on the role of BCL-2 family proteins in regulating apoptosis and the development of drugs targeting BCL-2 anti-apoptotic proteins. Additionally, the mechanism of BCL-2 family proteins in regulating apoptosis was also explored. All the findings indicate the potential of BCL-2 family proteins in the therapy of cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shanna Qian
- School of Integrated Chinese and Western Medicine, Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Hefei, China
| | - Zhong Wei
- Gastrointestinal Surgery, Anhui Provincial Hospital, Hefei, China
| | - Wanting Yang
- School of Integrated Chinese and Western Medicine, Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Hefei, China
| | - Jinling Huang
- School of Integrated Chinese and Western Medicine, Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Hefei, China
| | - Yinfeng Yang
- School of Medical Informatics Engineering, Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Hefei, China
| | - Jinghui Wang
- School of Integrated Chinese and Western Medicine, Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Hefei, China
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13
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Basha EH, Eltokhy AKB, Eltantawy AF, Heabah NAE, Elshwaikh SL, El-Harty YM. Linking mitochondrial dynamics and fertility: promoting fertility by phoenixin through modulation of ovarian expression of GnRH receptor and mitochondrial dynamics proteins DRP-1 and Mfn-2. Pflugers Arch 2022; 474:1107-1119. [PMID: 35972578 PMCID: PMC9492611 DOI: 10.1007/s00424-022-02739-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2022] [Revised: 06/08/2022] [Accepted: 07/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Obesity is linked to reproductive disorders. Novel neuropeptide phoenixin demonstrated many therapeutic actions. In this study, we aim to evaluate phoenixin’s potential effect in obesity-induced infertility through modulating mitochondrial dynamics. Ninety adult female rats were divided to 4 groups: (I), fed with normal pellet diet; (II), given phoenixin; (III), fed with high-fat diet. Rats that developed obesity and infertility were divided to 2 groups: (III-A), received no further treatment; (III-B), given phoenixin. Our results showed that phoenixin treatment in obese infertile rats significantly decreased serum levels of insulin and testosterone and ovarian levels of dynamin-related protein1(Drp1),reactive oxygen species ROS, TNF-α, MDA, and caspase-3. Phoenixin treatment also significantly increased serum estrogen progesterone, LH, and FSH together with ovarian levels of GnRH receptor (GnRHR), mitofusin2(Mfn2), mitochondrial transmembrane potential (ΔΨm), and electron transport chain (ETC) complex-I significantly when compared with obese group. Ovarian histopathological changes were similarly improved by phoenixin. Our data demonstrate phoenixin’s role in improving obesity-induced infertility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eman H Basha
- Department of Medical Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Tanta University, Tanta, Egypt
| | - Amira K B Eltokhy
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Tanta University, Tanta, Egypt
| | - Asmaa Fawzy Eltantawy
- Department of Medical Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Tanta University, Tanta, Egypt
| | - Nehal A E Heabah
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Tanta University, Tanta, Egypt
| | | | - Yasmeen M El-Harty
- Department of Medical Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Tanta University, Tanta, Egypt.
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14
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Walter F, D’Orsi B, Jagannathan A, Dussmann H, Prehn JHM. BOK controls ER proteostasis and physiological ER stress responses in neurons. Front Cell Dev Biol 2022; 10:915065. [PMID: 36060797 PMCID: PMC9434404 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2022.915065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2022] [Accepted: 06/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The Bcl-2 family proteins BAK and BAX control the crucial step of pore formation in the mitochondrial outer membrane during intrinsic apoptosis. Bcl-2-related ovarian killer (BOK) is a Bcl-2 family protein with a high sequence similarity to BAK and BAX. However, intrinsic apoptosis can proceed in the absence of BOK. Unlike BAK and BAX, BOK is primarily located on the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) and Golgi membranes, suggesting a role for BOK in regulating ER homeostasis. In this study, we report that BOK is required for a full ER stress response. Employing previously characterized fluorescent protein-based ER stress reporter cell systems, we show that BOK-deficient cells have an attenuated response to ER stress in all three signaling branches of the unfolded protein response. Fluo-4-based confocal Ca2+ imaging revealed that disruption of ER proteostasis in BOK-deficient cells was not linked to altered ER Ca2+ levels. Fluorescence recovery after photobleaching (FRAP) experiments using GRP78/BiP-eGFP demonstrated that GRP78 motility was significantly lower in BOK-deficient cells. This implied that less intraluminal GRP78 was freely available and more of the ER chaperone bound to unfolded proteins. Collectively, these experiments suggest a new role for BOK in the protection of ER proteostasis and cellular responses to ER stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Franziska Walter
- Department of Physiology and Medical Physics, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland University of Medicine and Health Sciences, Dublin, Ireland
- SFI FutureNeuro Research Centre, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland University of Medicine and Health Sciences, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Beatrice D’Orsi
- Department of Physiology and Medical Physics, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland University of Medicine and Health Sciences, Dublin, Ireland
- Institute of Neuroscience, Italian National Research Council, Pisa, Italy
| | - Anagha Jagannathan
- Department of Physiology and Medical Physics, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland University of Medicine and Health Sciences, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Heiko Dussmann
- Department of Physiology and Medical Physics, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland University of Medicine and Health Sciences, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Jochen H. M. Prehn
- Department of Physiology and Medical Physics, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland University of Medicine and Health Sciences, Dublin, Ireland
- SFI FutureNeuro Research Centre, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland University of Medicine and Health Sciences, Dublin, Ireland
- *Correspondence: Jochen H. M. Prehn,
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15
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The Role of Mitochondrial Quality Control in Cognitive Dysfunction in Diabetes. Neurochem Res 2022; 47:2158-2172. [PMID: 35661963 PMCID: PMC9352619 DOI: 10.1007/s11064-022-03631-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2021] [Revised: 05/05/2022] [Accepted: 05/07/2022] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Type 2 diabetes (T2DM) is a well known risk factor for Alzheimer’s disease. Mitochondria are the center of intracellular energy metabolism and the main source of reactive oxygen species. Mitochondrial dysfunction has been identified as a key factor in diabetes-associated brain alterations contributing to neurodegenerative events. Defective insulin signaling may act in concert with neurodegenerative mechanisms leading to abnormalities in mitochondrial structure and function. Mitochondrial dysfunction triggers neuronal energy exhaustion and oxidative stress, leading to brain neuronal damage and cognitive impairment. The normality of mitochondrial function is basically maintained by mitochondrial quality control mechanisms. In T2DM, defects in the mitochondrial quality control pathway in the brain have been found to lead to mitochondrial dysfunction and cognitive impairment. Here, we discuss the association of mitochondrial dysfunction with T2DM and cognitive impairment. We also review the molecular mechanisms of mitochondrial quality control and impacts of mitochondrial quality control on the progression of cognitive impairment in T2DM.
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16
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Pyrroloquinoline quinone (PQQ) protects mitochondrial function of HEI-OC1 cells under premature senescence. NPJ AGING 2022; 8:3. [PMID: 35927260 PMCID: PMC9158787 DOI: 10.1038/s41514-022-00083-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2021] [Accepted: 03/14/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of pyrroloquinoline quinone (PQQ), an oxidoreductase cofactor, on the H2O2-induced premature senescence model in HEI-OC1 auditory cells and to elucidate its mechanism of action in vitro. Cells were treated with PQQ for 1 day before H2O2 (100 μM) exposure. Mitochondrial respiratory capacity was damaged in this premature senescence model but was restored in cells pretreated with PQQ (0.1 nM or 1.0 nM). A decrease in mitochondrial potential, the promotion of mitochondrial fusion and the accelerated movement of mitochondria were all observed in PQQ-pretreated cells. The protein expression of sirtuin 1 (SIRT1) and peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma coactivator-1α (PGC-1α) were significantly decreased under H2O2 exposure while they were increased with PQQ pretreatment, and PGC-1α acetylation was significantly decreased. In conclusion, PQQ has a protective effect on the premature senescence model of HEI-OC1 auditory cells and is associated with the SIRT1/PGC-1α signaling pathway, mitochondrial structure, and mitochondrial respiratory capacity.
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17
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MacDonald MA, Barry C, Groves T, Martínez VS, Gray PP, Baker K, Shave E, Mahler S, Munro T, Marcellin E, Nielsen LK. Modelling Apoptosis Resistance in CHO cells with CRISPR-Mediated Knock-outs of Bak1, Bax, and Bok. Biotechnol Bioeng 2022; 119:1380-1391. [PMID: 35180317 PMCID: PMC9310834 DOI: 10.1002/bit.28062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2021] [Revised: 01/24/2022] [Accepted: 02/04/2022] [Indexed: 12/02/2022]
Abstract
Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells are the primary platform for the production of biopharmaceuticals. To increase yields, many CHO cell lines have been genetically engineered to resist cell death. However, the kinetics that governs cell fate in bioreactors are confounded by many variables associated with batch processes. Here, we used CRISPR‐Cas9 to create combinatorial knockouts of the three known BCL‐2 family effector proteins: Bak1, Bax, and Bok. To assess the response to apoptotic stimuli, cell lines were cultured in the presence of four cytotoxic compounds with different mechanisms of action. A population‐based model was developed to describe the behavior of the resulting viable cell dynamics as a function of genotype and treatment. Our results validated the synergistic antiapoptotic nature of Bak1 and Bax, while the deletion of Bok had no significant impact. Importantly, the uniform application of apoptotic stresses permitted direct observation and quantification of a delay in the onset of cell death through Bayesian inference of meaningful model parameters. In addition to the classical death rate, a delay function was found to be essential in the accurate modeling of the cell death response. These findings represent an important bridge between cell line engineering strategies and biological modeling in a bioprocess context.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael A MacDonald
- ARC Training Centre for Biopharmaceutical Innovation, Australian Institute for Bioengineering and Nanotechnology, The University of Queensland, St. Lucia, QLD 4072, Australia
| | - Craig Barry
- ARC Training Centre for Biopharmaceutical Innovation, Australian Institute for Bioengineering and Nanotechnology, The University of Queensland, St. Lucia, QLD 4072, Australia
| | - Teddy Groves
- The Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Biosustainability, Technical University of Denmark, Kgs, Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Verónica S Martínez
- ARC Training Centre for Biopharmaceutical Innovation, Australian Institute for Bioengineering and Nanotechnology, The University of Queensland, St. Lucia, QLD 4072, Australia
| | - Peter P Gray
- ARC Training Centre for Biopharmaceutical Innovation, Australian Institute for Bioengineering and Nanotechnology, The University of Queensland, St. Lucia, QLD 4072, Australia
| | - Kym Baker
- Patheon by Thermo Fisher Scientific, Woolloongabba, Queensland, 4102, Australia
| | - Evan Shave
- Patheon by Thermo Fisher Scientific, Woolloongabba, Queensland, 4102, Australia
| | - Stephen Mahler
- ARC Training Centre for Biopharmaceutical Innovation, Australian Institute for Bioengineering and Nanotechnology, The University of Queensland, St. Lucia, QLD 4072, Australia
| | - Trent Munro
- ARC Training Centre for Biopharmaceutical Innovation, Australian Institute for Bioengineering and Nanotechnology, The University of Queensland, St. Lucia, QLD 4072, Australia
| | - Esteban Marcellin
- ARC Training Centre for Biopharmaceutical Innovation, Australian Institute for Bioengineering and Nanotechnology, The University of Queensland, St. Lucia, QLD 4072, Australia.,Metabolomics Australia, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Lars K Nielsen
- ARC Training Centre for Biopharmaceutical Innovation, Australian Institute for Bioengineering and Nanotechnology, The University of Queensland, St. Lucia, QLD 4072, Australia.,The Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Biosustainability, Technical University of Denmark, Kgs, Lyngby, Denmark
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18
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MacDonald MA, Nöbel M, Martínez VS, Baker K, Shave E, Gray PP, Mahler S, Munro T, Nielsen LK, Marcellin E. Engineering death resistance in CHO cells for improved perfusion culture. MAbs 2022; 14:2083465. [PMID: 35737825 PMCID: PMC9235890 DOI: 10.1080/19420862.2022.2083465] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The reliable and cost-efficient manufacturing of monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) is essential to fulfil their ever-growing demand. Cell death in bioreactors reduces productivity and product quality, and is largely attributed to apoptosis. In perfusion bioreactors, this leads to the necessity of a bleed stream, which negatively affects the overall process economy. To combat this limitation, death-resistant Chinese hamster ovary cell lines were developed by simultaneously knocking out the apoptosis effector proteins Bak1, Bax, and Bok with CRISPR technology. These cell lines were cultured in fed-batch and perfusion bioreactors and compared to an unmodified control cell line. In fed-batch, the death-resistant cell lines showed higher cell densities and longer culture durations, lasting nearly a month under standard culture conditions. In perfusion, the death-resistant cell lines showed slower drops in viability and displayed an arrest in cell division after which cell size increased instead. Pertinently, the death-resistant cell lines demonstrated the ability to be cultured for several weeks without bleed, and achieved similar volumetric productivities at lower cell densities than that of the control cell line. Perfusion culture reduced fragmentation of the mAb produced, and the death-resistant cell lines showed increased glycosylation in the light chain in both bioreactor modes. These data demonstrate that rationally engineered death-resistant cell lines are ideal for mAb production in perfusion culture, negating the need to bleed the bioreactor whilst maintaining product quantity and quality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael A MacDonald
- ARC Training Centre for Biopharmaceutical Innovation, Australian Institute for Bioengineering and Nanotechnology, The University of Queensland, St. Lucia, Australia.,Thermo Fisher Scientific, Woolloongabba, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Matthias Nöbel
- ARC Training Centre for Biopharmaceutical Innovation, Australian Institute for Bioengineering and Nanotechnology, The University of Queensland, St. Lucia, Australia.,Thermo Fisher Scientific, Woolloongabba, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Verónica S Martínez
- ARC Training Centre for Biopharmaceutical Innovation, Australian Institute for Bioengineering and Nanotechnology, The University of Queensland, St. Lucia, Australia
| | - Kym Baker
- Thermo Fisher Scientific, Woolloongabba, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Evan Shave
- Thermo Fisher Scientific, Woolloongabba, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Peter P Gray
- ARC Training Centre for Biopharmaceutical Innovation, Australian Institute for Bioengineering and Nanotechnology, The University of Queensland, St. Lucia, Australia
| | - Stephen Mahler
- ARC Training Centre for Biopharmaceutical Innovation, Australian Institute for Bioengineering and Nanotechnology, The University of Queensland, St. Lucia, Australia
| | - Trent Munro
- ARC Training Centre for Biopharmaceutical Innovation, Australian Institute for Bioengineering and Nanotechnology, The University of Queensland, St. Lucia, Australia.,National Biologics Facility, The University of Queensland, Saint Lucia, Queensland, Australia
| | - Lars K Nielsen
- ARC Training Centre for Biopharmaceutical Innovation, Australian Institute for Bioengineering and Nanotechnology, The University of Queensland, St. Lucia, Australia.,Queensaldn Metabolomics and Proteomics, The University of Queensland, Saint Lucia, Queensland, Australia.,The Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Biosustainability, Technical University of Denmark, Kongens Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Esteban Marcellin
- ARC Training Centre for Biopharmaceutical Innovation, Australian Institute for Bioengineering and Nanotechnology, The University of Queensland, St. Lucia, Australia.,Queensaldn Metabolomics and Proteomics, The University of Queensland, Saint Lucia, Queensland, Australia
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19
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Ganini C, Amelio I, Bertolo R, Bove P, Buonomo OC, Candi E, Cipriani C, Di Daniele N, Juhl H, Mauriello A, Marani C, Marshall J, Melino S, Marchetti P, Montanaro M, Natale ME, Novelli F, Palmieri G, Piacentini M, Rendina EA, Roselli M, Sica G, Tesauro M, Rovella V, Tisone G, Shi Y, Wang Y, Melino G. Global mapping of cancers: The Cancer Genome Atlas and beyond. Mol Oncol 2021; 15:2823-2840. [PMID: 34245122 PMCID: PMC8564642 DOI: 10.1002/1878-0261.13056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2021] [Revised: 05/04/2021] [Accepted: 07/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Cancer genomes have been explored from the early 2000s through massive exome sequencing efforts, leading to the publication of The Cancer Genome Atlas in 2013. Sequencing techniques have been developed alongside this project and have allowed scientists to bypass the limitation of costs for whole-genome sequencing (WGS) of single specimens by developing more accurate and extensive cancer sequencing projects, such as deep sequencing of whole genomes and transcriptomic analysis. The Pan-Cancer Analysis of Whole Genomes recently published WGS data from more than 2600 human cancers together with almost 1200 related transcriptomes. The application of WGS on a large database allowed, for the first time in history, a global analysis of features such as molecular signatures, large structural variations and noncoding regions of the genome, as well as the evaluation of RNA alterations in the absence of underlying DNA mutations. The vast amount of data generated still needs to be thoroughly deciphered, and the advent of machine-learning approaches will be the next step towards the generation of personalized approaches for cancer medicine. The present manuscript wants to give a broad perspective on some of the biological evidence derived from the largest sequencing attempts on human cancers so far, discussing advantages and limitations of this approach and its power in the era of machine learning.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlo Ganini
- Department of Experimental MedicineTorvergata Oncoscience Research Centre of Excellence, TORUniversity of Rome Tor VergataItaly
- IDI‐IRCCSRomeItaly
| | - Ivano Amelio
- Department of Experimental MedicineTorvergata Oncoscience Research Centre of Excellence, TORUniversity of Rome Tor VergataItaly
| | - Riccardo Bertolo
- Department of Experimental MedicineTorvergata Oncoscience Research Centre of Excellence, TORUniversity of Rome Tor VergataItaly
- San Carlo di Nancy HospitalRomeItaly
| | - Pierluigi Bove
- Department of Experimental MedicineTorvergata Oncoscience Research Centre of Excellence, TORUniversity of Rome Tor VergataItaly
- San Carlo di Nancy HospitalRomeItaly
| | - Oreste Claudio Buonomo
- Department of Experimental MedicineTorvergata Oncoscience Research Centre of Excellence, TORUniversity of Rome Tor VergataItaly
| | - Eleonora Candi
- Department of Experimental MedicineTorvergata Oncoscience Research Centre of Excellence, TORUniversity of Rome Tor VergataItaly
- IDI‐IRCCSRomeItaly
| | - Chiara Cipriani
- Department of Experimental MedicineTorvergata Oncoscience Research Centre of Excellence, TORUniversity of Rome Tor VergataItaly
- San Carlo di Nancy HospitalRomeItaly
| | - Nicola Di Daniele
- Department of Experimental MedicineTorvergata Oncoscience Research Centre of Excellence, TORUniversity of Rome Tor VergataItaly
| | | | - Alessandro Mauriello
- Department of Experimental MedicineTorvergata Oncoscience Research Centre of Excellence, TORUniversity of Rome Tor VergataItaly
| | - Carla Marani
- Department of Experimental MedicineTorvergata Oncoscience Research Centre of Excellence, TORUniversity of Rome Tor VergataItaly
- San Carlo di Nancy HospitalRomeItaly
| | - John Marshall
- Medstar Georgetown University HospitalGeorgetown UniversityWashingtonDCUSA
| | - Sonia Melino
- Department of Experimental MedicineTorvergata Oncoscience Research Centre of Excellence, TORUniversity of Rome Tor VergataItaly
| | | | - Manuela Montanaro
- Department of Experimental MedicineTorvergata Oncoscience Research Centre of Excellence, TORUniversity of Rome Tor VergataItaly
| | - Maria Emanuela Natale
- Department of Experimental MedicineTorvergata Oncoscience Research Centre of Excellence, TORUniversity of Rome Tor VergataItaly
- San Carlo di Nancy HospitalRomeItaly
| | - Flavia Novelli
- Department of Experimental MedicineTorvergata Oncoscience Research Centre of Excellence, TORUniversity of Rome Tor VergataItaly
| | - Giampiero Palmieri
- Department of Experimental MedicineTorvergata Oncoscience Research Centre of Excellence, TORUniversity of Rome Tor VergataItaly
| | - Mauro Piacentini
- Department of Experimental MedicineTorvergata Oncoscience Research Centre of Excellence, TORUniversity of Rome Tor VergataItaly
| | | | - Mario Roselli
- Department of Experimental MedicineTorvergata Oncoscience Research Centre of Excellence, TORUniversity of Rome Tor VergataItaly
| | - Giuseppe Sica
- Department of Experimental MedicineTorvergata Oncoscience Research Centre of Excellence, TORUniversity of Rome Tor VergataItaly
| | - Manfredi Tesauro
- Department of Experimental MedicineTorvergata Oncoscience Research Centre of Excellence, TORUniversity of Rome Tor VergataItaly
| | - Valentina Rovella
- Department of Experimental MedicineTorvergata Oncoscience Research Centre of Excellence, TORUniversity of Rome Tor VergataItaly
| | - Giuseppe Tisone
- Department of Experimental MedicineTorvergata Oncoscience Research Centre of Excellence, TORUniversity of Rome Tor VergataItaly
| | - Yufang Shi
- Department of Experimental MedicineTorvergata Oncoscience Research Centre of Excellence, TORUniversity of Rome Tor VergataItaly
- CAS Key Laboratory of Tissue Microenvironment and TumorShanghai Institute of Nutrition and HealthShanghai Institutes for Biological SciencesUniversity of Chinese Academy of SciencesChinese Academy of SciencesShanghaiChina
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University and State Key Laboratory of Radiation Medicine and ProtectionInstitutes for Translational MedicineSoochow UniversityChina
| | - Ying Wang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Tissue Microenvironment and TumorShanghai Institute of Nutrition and HealthShanghai Institutes for Biological SciencesUniversity of Chinese Academy of SciencesChinese Academy of SciencesShanghaiChina
| | - Gerry Melino
- Department of Experimental MedicineTorvergata Oncoscience Research Centre of Excellence, TORUniversity of Rome Tor VergataItaly
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20
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Ganini C, Amelio I, Bertolo R, Candi E, Cappello A, Cipriani C, Mauriello A, Marani C, Melino G, Montanaro M, Natale ME, Tisone G, Shi Y, Wang Y, Bove P. Serine and one-carbon metabolisms bring new therapeutic venues in prostate cancer. Discov Oncol 2021; 12:45. [PMID: 35201488 PMCID: PMC8777499 DOI: 10.1007/s12672-021-00440-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2021] [Accepted: 10/14/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Serine and one-carbon unit metabolisms are essential biochemical pathways implicated in fundamental cellular functions such as proliferation, biosynthesis of important anabolic precursors and in general for the availability of methyl groups. These two distinct but interacting pathways are now becoming crucial in cancer, the de novo cytosolic serine pathway and the mitochondrial one-carbon metabolism. Apart from their role in physiological conditions, such as epithelial proliferation, the serine metabolism alterations are associated to several highly neoplastic proliferative pathologies. Accordingly, prostate cancer shows a deep rearrangement of its metabolism, driven by the dependency from the androgenic stimulus. Several new experimental evidence describes the role of a few of the enzymes involved in the serine metabolism in prostate cancer pathogenesis. The aim of this study is to analyze gene and protein expression data publicly available from large cancer specimens dataset, in order to further dissect the potential role of the abovementioned metabolism in the complex reshaping of the anabolic environment in this kind of neoplasm. The data suggest a potential role as biomarkers as well as in cancer therapy for the genes (and enzymes) belonging to the one-carbon metabolism in the context of prostatic cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlo Ganini
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Torvergata Oncoscience Research Centre of Excellence, TOR, University of Rome Tor Vergata, a Montpellier 1, 00133 Rome, Italy
- IDI-IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - Ivano Amelio
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Torvergata Oncoscience Research Centre of Excellence, TOR, University of Rome Tor Vergata, a Montpellier 1, 00133 Rome, Italy
| | - Riccardo Bertolo
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Torvergata Oncoscience Research Centre of Excellence, TOR, University of Rome Tor Vergata, a Montpellier 1, 00133 Rome, Italy
- San Carlo di Nancy Hospital, Rome, Italy
| | - Eleonora Candi
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Torvergata Oncoscience Research Centre of Excellence, TOR, University of Rome Tor Vergata, a Montpellier 1, 00133 Rome, Italy
- IDI-IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - Angela Cappello
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Torvergata Oncoscience Research Centre of Excellence, TOR, University of Rome Tor Vergata, a Montpellier 1, 00133 Rome, Italy
- IDI-IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - Chiara Cipriani
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Torvergata Oncoscience Research Centre of Excellence, TOR, University of Rome Tor Vergata, a Montpellier 1, 00133 Rome, Italy
- San Carlo di Nancy Hospital, Rome, Italy
| | - Alessandro Mauriello
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Torvergata Oncoscience Research Centre of Excellence, TOR, University of Rome Tor Vergata, a Montpellier 1, 00133 Rome, Italy
| | - Carla Marani
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Torvergata Oncoscience Research Centre of Excellence, TOR, University of Rome Tor Vergata, a Montpellier 1, 00133 Rome, Italy
- San Carlo di Nancy Hospital, Rome, Italy
| | - Gerry Melino
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Torvergata Oncoscience Research Centre of Excellence, TOR, University of Rome Tor Vergata, a Montpellier 1, 00133 Rome, Italy
| | - Manuela Montanaro
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Torvergata Oncoscience Research Centre of Excellence, TOR, University of Rome Tor Vergata, a Montpellier 1, 00133 Rome, Italy
| | - Maria Emanuela Natale
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Torvergata Oncoscience Research Centre of Excellence, TOR, University of Rome Tor Vergata, a Montpellier 1, 00133 Rome, Italy
- San Carlo di Nancy Hospital, Rome, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Tisone
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Torvergata Oncoscience Research Centre of Excellence, TOR, University of Rome Tor Vergata, a Montpellier 1, 00133 Rome, Italy
| | - Yufang Shi
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Torvergata Oncoscience Research Centre of Excellence, TOR, University of Rome Tor Vergata, a Montpellier 1, 00133 Rome, Italy
- CAS Key Laboratory of Tissue Microenvironment and Tumor, Shanghai Institute of Nutrition and Health, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 320 Yueyang Road, Shanghai, 200031 China
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University and State Key Laboratory of Radiation Medicine and Protection, Institutes for Translational Medicine, Soochow University, 199 Renai Road, Suzhou, 215123 Jiangsu China
| | - Ying Wang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Tissue Microenvironment and Tumor, Shanghai Institute of Nutrition and Health, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 320 Yueyang Road, Shanghai, 200031 China
| | - Pierluigi Bove
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Torvergata Oncoscience Research Centre of Excellence, TOR, University of Rome Tor Vergata, a Montpellier 1, 00133 Rome, Italy
- San Carlo di Nancy Hospital, Rome, Italy
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21
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Means RE, Katz SG. Yes, MAM! Mol Cell Oncol 2021; 8:1919473. [PMID: 34616865 DOI: 10.1080/23723556.2021.1919473] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Regulation of cell life and death by members of the BCL-2 family of proteins occurs at the mitochondria. Large portions of the mitochondria's outer membrane are found in tight approximation with the endoplasmic reticulum (ER), known as mitochondria-associated membranes (MAMs) or mitochondria-ER contact sites (MERCs). We recently reported that BOK is present within MAMs where it regulates Ca2+ transfer from the ER to the mitochondria, appropriate MAM components and MERC structure, and apoptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert E Means
- Department of Pathology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Samuel G Katz
- Department of Pathology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
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22
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Sica GS. Guest edited collection: current friends and foes in gastrointestinal cancer. Discov Oncol 2021; 12:34. [PMID: 35201474 PMCID: PMC8777544 DOI: 10.1007/s12672-021-00428-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
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23
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CEBPA-AS1 Knockdown Alleviates Oxygen-Glucose Deprivation/Reperfusion-Induced Neuron Cell Damage by the MicroRNA 24-3p/BOK Axis. Mol Cell Biol 2021; 41:e0006521. [PMID: 34001648 DOI: 10.1128/mcb.00065-21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Cerebral ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) can lead to serious brain function impairments. Long noncoding RNA (lncRNA) CCAAT enhancer binding protein α antisense RNA 1 (CEBPA-AS1) was shown to be upregulated in human ischemic stroke. This study investigated the function and mechanism of CEBPA-AS1 in I/R. An oxygen-glucose deprivation/reperfusion (OGD/R) model was used to induce I/R injury in SH-SY5Y cells in vitro. RT-qPCR examined the expression of CEBPA-AS1, microRNA 24-3p (miR-24-3p), and Bcl-2-related ovarian killer (Bok). The cell viability, apoptosis, oxidative stress in OGD/R-treated cells were detected using CCK-8, flow cytometry, Western blotting, and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays. The relationship among genes was tested by RNA pulldown and luciferase reporter assays. We found that OGD/R upregulated CEBPA-AS1 expression in SH-SY5Y cells. Functionally, CEBPA-AS1 depletion ameliorated OGD/R-induced apoptosis and oxidative stress in SH-SY5Y cells by reducing reactive oxygen species production and superoxide dismutase and glutathione. Mechanistic investigations indicated that CEBPA-AS1 acts as a sponge for miR-24-3p, and miR-24-3p binds to BOK. Moreover, miR-24-3p upregulation or BOK downregulation antagonized the protective role of CEBPA-AS1 depletion in SH-SY5Y cells exposed to OGD/R. Overall, downregulation of CEBPA-AS1 exerts protective functions against OGD/R-induced injury by targeting the miR-24-3p/BOK axis.
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24
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Mitochondrial Quality Control in Cerebral Ischemia-Reperfusion Injury. Mol Neurobiol 2021; 58:5253-5271. [PMID: 34275087 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-021-02494-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2020] [Accepted: 07/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Ischemic stroke is one of the leading causes of death and also a major cause of adult disability worldwide. Revascularization via reperfusion therapy is currently a standard clinical procedure for patients with ischemic stroke. Although the restoration of blood flow (reperfusion) is critical for the salvage of ischemic tissue, reperfusion can also, paradoxically, exacerbate neuronal damage through a series of cellular alterations. Among the various theories postulated for ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) injury, including the burst generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS), activation of autophagy, and release of apoptotic factors, mitochondrial dysfunction has been proposed to play an essential role in mediating these pathophysiological processes. Therefore, strict regulation of the quality and quantity of mitochondria via mitochondrial quality control is of great importance to avoid the pathological effects of impaired mitochondria on neurons. Furthermore, timely elimination of dysfunctional mitochondria via mitophagy is also crucial to maintain a healthy mitochondrial network, whereas intensive or excessive mitophagy could exacerbate cerebral I/R injury. This review will provide a comprehensive overview of the effect of mitochondrial quality control on cerebral I/R injury and introduce recent advances in the understanding of the possible signaling pathways of mitophagy and potential factors responsible for the double-edged roles of mitophagy in the pathological processes of cerebral I/R injury.
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de Ridder I, Rosa N, Kerkhofs M, Bultynck G. Bok joining the "Ca 2+ club". Cell Calcium 2021; 98:102438. [PMID: 34252745 DOI: 10.1016/j.ceca.2021.102438] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2021] [Revised: 06/22/2021] [Accepted: 06/23/2021] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ian de Ridder
- KU Leuven, Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Signaling, Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, and Leuven Kanker Instituut, Campus Gasthuisberg O/N-1 Bus 802, Herestraat 49, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Nicolas Rosa
- KU Leuven, Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Signaling, Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, and Leuven Kanker Instituut, Campus Gasthuisberg O/N-1 Bus 802, Herestraat 49, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Martijn Kerkhofs
- KU Leuven, Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Signaling, Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, and Leuven Kanker Instituut, Campus Gasthuisberg O/N-1 Bus 802, Herestraat 49, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Geert Bultynck
- KU Leuven, Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Signaling, Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, and Leuven Kanker Instituut, Campus Gasthuisberg O/N-1 Bus 802, Herestraat 49, 3000 Leuven, Belgium.
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Szczesniak LM, Bonzerato CG, Wojcikiewicz RJH. Identification of the Bok Interactome Using Proximity Labeling. Front Cell Dev Biol 2021; 9:689951. [PMID: 34136494 PMCID: PMC8201613 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2021.689951] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2021] [Accepted: 05/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
The function of the Bcl-2 family member Bok is currently enigmatic, with various disparate roles reported, including mediation of apoptosis, regulation of mitochondrial morphology, binding to inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate receptors, and regulation of uridine metabolism. To better define the roles of Bok, we examined its interactome using TurboID-mediated proximity labeling in HeLa cells, in which Bok knock-out leads to mitochondrial fragmentation and Bok overexpression leads to apoptosis. Labeling with TurboID-Bok revealed that Bok was proximal to a wide array of proteins, particularly those involved in mitochondrial fission (e.g., Drp1), endoplasmic reticulum-plasma membrane junctions (e.g., Stim1), and surprisingly among the Bcl-2 family members, just Mcl-1. Comparison with TurboID-Mcl-1 and TurboID-Bak revealed that the three Bcl-2 family member interactomes were largely independent, but with some overlap that likely identifies key interactors. Interestingly, when overexpressed, Mcl-1 and Bok interact physically and functionally, in a manner that depends upon the transmembrane domain of Bok. Overall, this work shows that the Bok interactome is different from those of Mcl-1 and Bak, identifies novel proximities and potential interaction points for Bcl-2 family members, and suggests that Bok may regulate mitochondrial fission via Mcl-1 and Drp1.
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BEZ235 Increases the Sensitivity of Hepatocellular Carcinoma to Sorafenib by Inhibiting PI3K/AKT/mTOR and Inducing Autophagy. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2021; 2021:5556306. [PMID: 33987439 PMCID: PMC8079203 DOI: 10.1155/2021/5556306] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2021] [Revised: 03/13/2021] [Accepted: 04/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Acquired resistance of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) to sorafenib (SFB) is the main reason for the failure of SFB treatment of the cancer. Abnormal activation of the PI3K/AKT/mTOR pathway is important in the acquired resistance of SFB. Therefore, we investigated whether BEZ235 (BEZ) could reverse acquired sorafenib resistance by targeting the PI3K/mTOR pathway. A sorafenib-resistant HCC cell line Huh7R was established. MTT assay, clone formation assay, flow cytometry, and immunofluorescence were used to analyze the effects of BEZ235 alone or combined with sorafenib on cell proliferation, cell cycle, apoptosis, and autophagy of Huh7 and Huh7R cells. The antitumor effect was evaluated in animal models of Huh7R xenografts in vivo. Western blot was used to detect protein levels of the PI3K/AKT/mTOR pathway and related effector molecules. In vitro results showed that the Huh7R had a stronger proliferation ability and antiapoptosis effect than did Huh7, and sorafenib had no inhibitory effect on Huh7R. SFB + BEZ inhibited the activation of the PI3K/AKT/mTOR pathway caused by sorafenib. Moreover, SFB + BEZ inhibited the proliferation and cloning ability, blocked the cell cycle in the G0/G1 phase, and promoted apoptosis in the two cell lines. The autophagy level in Huh7R cells was higher than in Huh7 cells, and BEZ or SFB + BEZ further promoted autophagy in the two cell lines. In vivo, SFB + BEZ inhibited tumor growth by inducing apoptosis and autophagy. We concluded that BEZ235 enhanced the sensitivity of sorafenib through suppressing the PI3K/AKT/mTOR pathway and inducing autophagy. These observations may provide the experimental basis for sorafenib combined with BEZ235 in trial treatment of HCC.
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Bcl-2 Family of Proteins in the Control of Mitochondrial Calcium Signalling: An Old Chap with New Roles. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22073730. [PMID: 33918511 PMCID: PMC8038216 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22073730] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2021] [Revised: 03/29/2021] [Accepted: 03/31/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Bcl-2 family proteins are considered as one of the major regulators of apoptosis. Indeed, this family is known to control the mitochondrial outer membrane permeabilization (MOMP): a central step in the mitochondrial pathway of apoptosis. However, in recent years Bcl-2 family members began to emerge as a new class of intracellular calcium (Ca2+) regulators. At mitochondria-ER contacts (MERCs) these proteins are able to interact with major Ca2+ transporters, thus controlling mitochondrial Ca2+ homeostasis and downstream Ca2+ signalling pathways. Beyond the regulation of cell survival, this Bcl-2-dependent control over the mitochondrial Ca2+ dynamics has far-reaching consequences on the physiology of the cell. Here, we review how the Bcl-2 family of proteins mechanistically regulate mitochondrial Ca2+ homeostasis and how this regulation orchestrates cell death/survival decisions as well as the non-apoptotic process of cell migration.
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Szczesniak LM, Bonzerato CG, Schulman JJ, Bah A, Wojcikiewicz RJH. Bok binds to a largely disordered loop in the coupling domain of type 1 inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate receptor. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2021; 553:180-186. [PMID: 33773141 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2021.03.047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2021] [Accepted: 03/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Bcl-2-related ovarian killer (Bok) binds tightly to inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate receptors (IP3Rs). To better understand this interaction, we sought to elucidate the Bok binding determinants in IP3R1, focusing on the ∼75 amino acid loop (residues 1882-1957) between α helices 72 and 73. Bioinformatic analysis revealed that the majority of this loop is intrinsically disordered, with two flanking regions of high disorder next to a low disorder central region (∼residues 1914-1926) that is predicted to contain two fused, disjointed transient helical elements. Experiments with IP3R1 mutants, combined with computational analysis, indicated that small deletions in this central region block Bok binding due to perturbation of the helical elements. Studies in vitro with purified Bok and IP3R1-derived peptides revealed high affinity binding to amino acids 1898-1940 of IP3R1 (Kd ∼65 nM) and that binding affinity is also dependent upon both of the high disorder flanking regions. The strength of the Bok-IP3R1 interaction was demonstrated by the ability of IP3R1 or Bok to recruit transmembrane domain-free Bok or IP3R1 mutants, respectively, to membranes in intact cells, and that these two mutants can bind in the cytosol independently of membrane association. Overall, we show that Bok binding to IP3R1 occurs within a largely disordered loop between α helices 72 and 73 and that high affinity binding is mediated by multivalent interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura M Szczesniak
- Department of Pharmacology, SUNY Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, NY, USA
| | - Caden G Bonzerato
- Department of Pharmacology, SUNY Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, NY, USA
| | | | - Alaji Bah
- Department of Biochemistry, Department of Molecular Biology, SUNY Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, NY, USA
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Wang N, Wang C, Zhao H, He Y, Lan B, Sun L, Gao Y. The MAMs Structure and Its Role in Cell Death. Cells 2021; 10:cells10030657. [PMID: 33809551 PMCID: PMC7999768 DOI: 10.3390/cells10030657] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2021] [Revised: 03/09/2021] [Accepted: 03/11/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The maintenance of cellular homeostasis involves the participation of multiple organelles. These organelles are associated in space and time, and either cooperate or antagonize each other with regards to cell function. Crosstalk between organelles has become a significant topic in research over recent decades. We believe that signal transduction between organelles, especially the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) and mitochondria, is a factor that can influence the cell fate. As the cellular center for protein folding and modification, the endoplasmic reticulum can influence a range of physiological processes by regulating the quantity and quality of proteins. Mitochondria, as the cellular "energy factory," are also involved in cell death processes. Some researchers regard the ER as the sensor of cellular stress and the mitochondria as an important actuator of the stress response. The scientific community now believe that bidirectional communication between the ER and the mitochondria can influence cell death. Recent studies revealed that the death signals can shuttle between the two organelles. Mitochondria-associated membranes (MAMs) play a vital role in the complex crosstalk between the ER and mitochondria. MAMs are known to play an important role in lipid synthesis, the regulation of Ca2+ homeostasis, the coordination of ER-mitochondrial function, and the transduction of death signals between the ER and the mitochondria. Clarifying the structure and function of MAMs will provide new concepts for studying the pathological mechanisms associated with neurodegenerative diseases, aging, and cancers. Here, we review the recent studies of the structure and function of MAMs and its roles involved in cell death, especially in apoptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nan Wang
- China Japan Union Hospital, Jilin University, Changchun 130031, China; (N.W.); (C.W.); (H.Z.); (Y.H.); (B.L.)
| | - Chong Wang
- China Japan Union Hospital, Jilin University, Changchun 130031, China; (N.W.); (C.W.); (H.Z.); (Y.H.); (B.L.)
| | - Hongyang Zhao
- China Japan Union Hospital, Jilin University, Changchun 130031, China; (N.W.); (C.W.); (H.Z.); (Y.H.); (B.L.)
| | - Yichun He
- China Japan Union Hospital, Jilin University, Changchun 130031, China; (N.W.); (C.W.); (H.Z.); (Y.H.); (B.L.)
| | - Beiwu Lan
- China Japan Union Hospital, Jilin University, Changchun 130031, China; (N.W.); (C.W.); (H.Z.); (Y.H.); (B.L.)
| | - Liankun Sun
- Key Laboratory of Pathobiology, Ministry of Education, Department of Pathophysiology, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, China
- Correspondence: (L.S.); (Y.G.)
| | - Yufei Gao
- China Japan Union Hospital, Jilin University, Changchun 130031, China; (N.W.); (C.W.); (H.Z.); (Y.H.); (B.L.)
- Correspondence: (L.S.); (Y.G.)
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Carpio MA, Means RE, Brill AL, Sainz A, Ehrlich BE, Katz SG. BOK controls apoptosis by Ca 2+ transfer through ER-mitochondrial contact sites. Cell Rep 2021; 34:108827. [PMID: 33691099 PMCID: PMC7995216 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2021.108827] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2018] [Revised: 11/20/2020] [Accepted: 02/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Calcium transfer from the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) to mitochondria is a critical contributor to apoptosis. B cell lymphoma 2 (BCL-2) ovarian killer (BOK) localizes to the ER and binds the inositol 1,4,5-trisphosophate receptor (IP3R). Here, we show that BOK is necessary for baseline mitochondrial calcium levels and stimulus-induced calcium transfer from the ER to the mitochondria. Murine embryonic fibroblasts deficient for BOK have decreased proximity of the ER to the mitochondria and altered protein composition of mitochondria-associated membranes (MAMs), which form essential calcium microdomains. Rescue of the ER-mitochondrial juxtaposition with drug-inducible interorganelle linkers reveals a kinetic disruption, which when overcome in Bok−/− cells is still insufficient to rescue thapsigargin-induced calcium transfer and apoptosis. Likewise, a BOK mutant unable to interact with IP3R restores ER-mitochondrial proximity, but not ER-mitochondrial calcium transfer, MAM protein composition, or apoptosis. This work identifies the dynamic coordination of ER-mitochondrial contact by BOK as an important control point for apoptosis. Carpio et al. demonstrate that the proapoptotic BCL-2 family member BOK is present in mitochondrial associated membranes (MAMs). The interaction of BOK with the IP3Rs is critical for its regulation of Ca2+ transfer to the mitochondria, ER-mitochondrial contact sites, and apoptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcos A Carpio
- Department of Pathology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06525, USA
| | - Robert E Means
- Department of Pathology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06525, USA
| | - Allison L Brill
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Physiology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06525, USA
| | - Alva Sainz
- Department of Pathology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06525, USA
| | - Barbara E Ehrlich
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Physiology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06525, USA; Department of Pharmacology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06525, USA
| | - Samuel G Katz
- Department of Pathology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06525, USA.
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The Mysteries around the BCL-2 Family Member BOK. Biomolecules 2020; 10:biom10121638. [PMID: 33291826 PMCID: PMC7762061 DOI: 10.3390/biom10121638] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2020] [Revised: 11/30/2020] [Accepted: 12/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BOK is an evolutionarily conserved BCL-2 family member that resembles the apoptotic effectors BAK and BAX in sequence and structure. Based on these similarities, BOK has traditionally been classified as a BAX-like pro-apoptotic protein. However, the mechanism of action and cellular functions of BOK remains controversial. While some studies propose that BOK could replace BAK and BAX to elicit apoptosis, others attribute to this protein an indirect way of apoptosis regulation. Adding to the debate, BOK has been associated with a plethora of non-apoptotic functions that makes this protein unpredictable when dictating cell fate. Here, we compile the current knowledge and open questions about this paradoxical protein with a special focus on its structural features as the key aspect to understand BOK biological functions.
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Hu X, Xiang Z, Zhang W, Yu Z, Xin X, Zhang R, Deng Y, Yuan Q. Protective effect of DLX6-AS1 silencing against cerebral ischemia/reperfusion induced impairments. Aging (Albany NY) 2020; 12:23096-23113. [PMID: 33216728 PMCID: PMC7746362 DOI: 10.18632/aging.104070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2020] [Accepted: 08/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
In the present study, we investigated the role of lncRNA mus distal-less homeobox 6 antisense 1 (DLX6-AS1) during cerebral impairment induced by stroke. DLX6-AS1 levels were upregulated during ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) and downregulation of DLX6-AS1 reduced acute injury and ameliorated long-term neurological impairments induced by cerebral I/R in mice. Additionally, silencing of DLX6-AS1 significantly decreased the neuronal apoptosis in vivo and in vitro. Furthermore, inhibition of miRNA-149-3p led to enhance the apoptosis, which confirmed that DLX6-AS1 could sponge miR-149-3p. Finally, BOK was predicted to be the target of miR-149-3p using TargetScanVert software. And the silencing of DLX6-AS1 inhibited BOK expression both in vivo and in vitro, which was reversed by a miR-149-3p inhibitor. At meantime, BOK promoted OGD/R induced apoptosis in N2a cells. Therefore, this suggests that miR-149-3p sponging by DLX6-AS1 may lead to cerebral neuron I/R-induced impairments through upregulation of apoptotic BOK activity, which offers a new approach to the treatment of stroke impairment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiamin Hu
- College of Pharmacy, Shanghai University of Medicine and Health Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Zifei Xiang
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Innovation, Hubei Province Key Laboratory of Occupational Hazard Identification and Control, College of Medicine, Wuhan University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei Province, China
| | - Wei Zhang
- China Resources and WISCO General Hospital, Wuhan, Hubei Province, China
| | - Zhijun Yu
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Innovation, Hubei Province Key Laboratory of Occupational Hazard Identification and Control, College of Medicine, Wuhan University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei Province, China
| | - Xiaoming Xin
- College of Pharmacy, Shanghai University of Medicine and Health Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Rong Zhang
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Innovation, Hubei Province Key Laboratory of Occupational Hazard Identification and Control, College of Medicine, Wuhan University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei Province, China
| | - Youping Deng
- Bioinformatics Core, Department of Complementary and Integrative Medicine, University of Hawaii John A. Burns School of Medicine, Honolulu, HI 96813, USA
| | - Qiong Yuan
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Innovation, Hubei Province Key Laboratory of Occupational Hazard Identification and Control, College of Medicine, Wuhan University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei Province, China
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Mcl-1 and Bok transmembrane domains: Unexpected players in the modulation of apoptosis. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2020; 117:27980-27988. [PMID: 33093207 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2008885117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The Bcl-2 protein family comprises both pro- and antiapoptotic members that control the permeabilization of the mitochondrial outer membrane, a crucial step in the modulation of apoptosis. Recent research has demonstrated that the carboxyl-terminal transmembrane domain (TMD) of some Bcl-2 protein family members can modulate apoptosis; however, the transmembrane interactome of the antiapoptotic protein Mcl-1 remains largely unexplored. Here, we demonstrate that the Mcl-1 TMD forms homooligomers in the mitochondrial membrane, competes with full-length Mcl-1 protein with regards to its antiapoptotic function, and induces cell death in a Bok-dependent manner. While the Bok TMD oligomers locate preferentially to the endoplasmic reticulum (ER), heterooligomerization between the TMDs of Mcl-1 and Bok predominantly takes place at the mitochondrial membrane. Strikingly, the coexpression of Mcl-1 and Bok TMDs produces an increase in ER mitochondrial-associated membranes, suggesting an active role of Mcl-1 in the induced mitochondrial targeting of Bok. Finally, the introduction of Mcl-1 TMD somatic mutations detected in cancer patients alters the TMD interaction pattern to provide the Mcl-1 protein with enhanced antiapoptotic activity, thereby highlighting the clinical relevance of Mcl-1 TMD interactions.
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Loncke J, Kerkhofs M, Kaasik A, Bezprozvanny I, Bultynck G. Recent advances in understanding IP3R function with focus on ER-mitochondrial Ca2+ transfers. CURRENT OPINION IN PHYSIOLOGY 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cophys.2020.07.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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Joshi P, Bodnya C, Rasmussen ML, Romero-Morales AI, Bright A, Gama V. Modeling the function of BAX and BAK in early human brain development using iPSC-derived systems. Cell Death Dis 2020; 11:808. [PMID: 32978370 PMCID: PMC7519160 DOI: 10.1038/s41419-020-03002-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2020] [Revised: 09/08/2020] [Accepted: 09/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Intrinsic apoptosis relies on the ability of the BCL-2 family to induce the formation of pores on the outer mitochondrial membrane. Previous studies have shown that both BAX and BAK are essential during murine embryogenesis, and reports in human cancer cell lines identified non-canonical roles for BAX and BAK in mitochondrial fission during apoptosis. BAX and BAK function in human brain development remains elusive due to the lack of appropriate model systems. Here, we generated BAX/BAK double knockout human-induced pluripotent stem cells (hiPSCs), hiPSC-derived neural progenitor cells (hNPCs), neural rosettes, and cerebral organoids to uncover the effects of BAX and BAK deletion in an in vitro model of early human brain development. We found that BAX and BAK-deficient cells have abnormal mitochondrial morphology and give rise to aberrant cortical structures. We suggest crucial functions for BAX and BAK during human development, including maintenance of homeostatic mitochondrial morphology, which is crucial for proper development of progenitors and neurons of the cortex. Human pluripotent stem cell-derived systems can be useful platforms to reveal novel functions of the apoptotic machinery in neural development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Piyush Joshi
- Vanderbilt Brain Institute, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Caroline Bodnya
- Vanderbilt Brain Institute, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Megan L Rasmussen
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, USA
| | | | - Anna Bright
- Vanderbilt Brain Institute, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Vivian Gama
- Vanderbilt Brain Institute, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, USA.
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, USA.
- Vanderbilt Center for Stem Cell Biology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, USA.
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37
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Naim S, Kaufmann T. The Multifaceted Roles of the BCL-2 Family Member BOK. Front Cell Dev Biol 2020; 8:574338. [PMID: 33043006 PMCID: PMC7523462 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2020.574338] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2020] [Accepted: 08/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
BCL-2-related ovarian killer (BOK) is-despite its identification over 20 years ago-an incompletely understood member of the BCL-2 family. BCL-2 family proteins are best known for their critical role in the regulation of mitochondrial outer membrane permeabilization during the intrinsic apoptotic pathway. Based on sequence and structural similarities to BAX and BAK, BOK is grouped with these "killers" within the effector subgroup of the family. However, the mechanism of how exactly BOK exerts apoptosis is not clear and controversially discussed. Furthermore, and in accordance with reports on several other BCL-2 family members, BOK seems to be involved in the regulation of a variety of other, "apoptosis-independent" cellular functions, including the unfolded protein response, cellular proliferation, metabolism, and autophagy. Of note, compared with other proapoptotic BCL-2 family members, BOK levels are often reduced in cancer by various means, and there is increasing evidence for BOK modulating tumorigenesis. In this review, we summarize and discuss apoptotic- and non-apoptotic-related functions of BOK, its regulation as well as its physiological and pathophysiological roles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samara Naim
- Institute of Pharmacology, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Thomas Kaufmann
- Institute of Pharmacology, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
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38
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Navarro JF, Croteau DL, Jurek A, Andrusivova Z, Yang B, Wang Y, Ogedegbe B, Riaz T, Støen M, Desler C, Rasmussen LJ, Tønjum T, Galas MC, Lundeberg J, Bohr VA. Spatial Transcriptomics Reveals Genes Associated with Dysregulated Mitochondrial Functions and Stress Signaling in Alzheimer Disease. iScience 2020; 23:101556. [PMID: 33083725 PMCID: PMC7522123 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2020.101556] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2020] [Revised: 08/24/2020] [Accepted: 09/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer disease (AD) is a devastating neurological disease associated with progressive loss of mental skills and cognitive and physical functions whose etiology is not completely understood. Here, our goal was to simultaneously uncover novel and known molecular targets in the structured layers of the hippocampus and olfactory bulbs that may contribute to early hippocampal synaptic deficits and olfactory dysfunction in AD mice. Spatially resolved transcriptomics was used to identify high-confidence genes that were differentially regulated in AD mice relative to controls. A diverse set of genes that modulate stress responses and transcription were predominant in both hippocampi and olfactory bulbs. Notably, we identify Bok, implicated in mitochondrial physiology and cell death, as a spatially downregulated gene in the hippocampus of mouse and human AD brains. In summary, we provide a rich resource of spatially differentially expressed genes, which may contribute to understanding AD pathology. Spatial transcriptomics identifies differentially expressed genes with spatial patterns Early application of spatial transcriptomics to olfactory bulbs from AD models Bok gene is spatially differentially expressed in AD mouse and patient brains Paip1 and Homer1 genes are regulated in a PolB-dependent manner
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Affiliation(s)
- José Fernández Navarro
- Science for Life Laboratory, Department of Gene Technology, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, 17165 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Deborah L Croteau
- Laboratory of Molecular Gerontology, National Institute on Aging, Baltimore, MD 21224, USA
| | - Aleksandra Jurek
- Science for Life Laboratory, Department of Gene Technology, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, 17165 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Zaneta Andrusivova
- Science for Life Laboratory, Department of Gene Technology, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, 17165 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Beimeng Yang
- Laboratory of Molecular Gerontology, National Institute on Aging, Baltimore, MD 21224, USA
| | - Yue Wang
- Laboratory of Molecular Gerontology, National Institute on Aging, Baltimore, MD 21224, USA
| | - Benjamin Ogedegbe
- Laboratory of Molecular Gerontology, National Institute on Aging, Baltimore, MD 21224, USA
| | - Tahira Riaz
- Unit for Genome Dynamics, Department of Microbiology, University of Oslo and Oslo University Hospital, 0372 Oslo, Norway
| | - Mari Støen
- Unit for Genome Dynamics, Department of Microbiology, University of Oslo and Oslo University Hospital, 0372 Oslo, Norway
| | - Claus Desler
- Center for Healthy Aging, Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Copenhagen, 2200 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Lene Juel Rasmussen
- Center for Healthy Aging, Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Copenhagen, 2200 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Tone Tønjum
- Unit for Genome Dynamics, Department of Microbiology, University of Oslo and Oslo University Hospital, 0372 Oslo, Norway
| | - Marie-Christine Galas
- University of Lille, Inserm, CHU Lille, UMR-S 1172 - Centre de Recherche Jean-Pierre AUBERT Neurosciences et Cancer, 59000 Lille, France
| | - Joakim Lundeberg
- Science for Life Laboratory, Department of Gene Technology, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, 17165 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Vilhelm A Bohr
- Laboratory of Molecular Gerontology, National Institute on Aging, Baltimore, MD 21224, USA.,Unit for Genome Dynamics, Department of Microbiology, University of Oslo and Oslo University Hospital, 0372 Oslo, Norway
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39
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Chong SJF, Marchi S, Petroni G, Kroemer G, Galluzzi L, Pervaiz S. Noncanonical Cell Fate Regulation by Bcl-2 Proteins. Trends Cell Biol 2020; 30:537-555. [PMID: 32307222 DOI: 10.1016/j.tcb.2020.03.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2020] [Revised: 03/15/2020] [Accepted: 03/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Bcl-2 proteins are widely known as key controllers of mitochondrial outer membrane permeabilization, arguably the most important step of intrinsic apoptosis. Accumulating evidence indicate that most, if not all, members of the Bcl-2 protein family also mediate a number of apoptosis-unrelated functions. Intriguingly, many of these functions ultimately impinge on cell fate decisions via apoptosis-dependent or -independent mechanisms, delineating a complex network through which Bcl-2 family members regulate cell survival and death. Here, we critically discuss the mechanisms through which Bcl-2 proteins influence cell fate as they regulate autophagy, cellular senescence, inflammation, bioenergetic metabolism, Ca2+ fluxes, and redox homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Saverio Marchi
- Department of Clinical and Molecular Sciences, Marche Polytechnic University, Ancona, Italy
| | - Giulia Petroni
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY, USA
| | - Guido Kroemer
- Equipe Labellisée par la Ligue Contre le Cancer, INSERM U1138, Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, Paris, France; Metabolomics and Cell Biology Platforms, Gustave Roussy Comprehensive Cancer Institute, Villejuif, France; Pôle de Biologie, Hôpital Européen Georges Pompidou, AP-, HP, Paris, France; Suzhou Institute for Systems Medicine, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Suzhou, China; Department of Women's and Children's Health, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden; Université de Paris, Paris, France
| | - Lorenzo Galluzzi
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY, USA; Université de Paris, Paris, France; Sandra and Edward Meyer Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA; Caryl and Israel Englander Institute for Precision Medicine, New York, NY, USA; Department of Dermatology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA.
| | - Shazib Pervaiz
- Université de Paris, Paris, France; Department of Physiology, YLL School of Medicine and NUS Graduate School for Integrative Sciences and Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore; National University Cancer Institute, National University Health System, Singapore.
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40
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Ivanova H, Vervliet T, Monaco G, Terry LE, Rosa N, Baker MR, Parys JB, Serysheva II, Yule DI, Bultynck G. Bcl-2-Protein Family as Modulators of IP 3 Receptors and Other Organellar Ca 2+ Channels. Cold Spring Harb Perspect Biol 2020; 12:cshperspect.a035089. [PMID: 31501195 DOI: 10.1101/cshperspect.a035089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The pro- and antiapoptotic proteins belonging to the B-cell lymphoma-2 (Bcl-2) family exert a critical control over cell-death processes by enabling or counteracting mitochondrial outer membrane permeabilization. Beyond this mitochondrial function, several Bcl-2 family members have emerged as critical modulators of intracellular Ca2+ homeostasis and dynamics, showing proapoptotic and antiapoptotic functions. Bcl-2 family proteins specifically target several intracellular Ca2+-transport systems, including organellar Ca2+ channels: inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate receptors (IP3Rs) and ryanodine receptors (RyRs), Ca2+-release channels mediating Ca2+ flux from the endoplasmic reticulum, as well as voltage-dependent anion channels (VDACs), which mediate Ca2+ flux across the mitochondrial outer membrane into the mitochondria. Although the formation of protein complexes between Bcl-2 proteins and these channels has been extensively studied, a major advance during recent years has been elucidating the complex interaction of Bcl-2 proteins with IP3Rs. Distinct interaction sites for different Bcl-2 family members were identified in the primary structure of IP3Rs. The unique molecular profiles of these Bcl-2 proteins may account for their distinct functional outcomes when bound to IP3Rs. Furthermore, Bcl-2 inhibitors used in cancer therapy may affect IP3R function as part of their proapoptotic effect and/or as an adverse effect in healthy cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hristina Ivanova
- Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Signaling, Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, KU Leuven, B-3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Tim Vervliet
- Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Signaling, Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, KU Leuven, B-3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Giovanni Monaco
- Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Signaling, Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, KU Leuven, B-3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Lara E Terry
- Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, School of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York 14642
| | - Nicolas Rosa
- Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Signaling, Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, KU Leuven, B-3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Mariah R Baker
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, McGovern Medical School at The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Structural Biology Imaging Center, Houston, Texas 77030
| | - Jan B Parys
- Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Signaling, Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, KU Leuven, B-3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Irina I Serysheva
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, McGovern Medical School at The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Structural Biology Imaging Center, Houston, Texas 77030
| | - David I Yule
- Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, School of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York 14642
| | - Geert Bultynck
- Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Signaling, Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, KU Leuven, B-3000 Leuven, Belgium
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41
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Moldoveanu T, Czabotar PE. BAX, BAK, and BOK: A Coming of Age for the BCL-2 Family Effector Proteins. Cold Spring Harb Perspect Biol 2020; 12:cshperspect.a036319. [PMID: 31570337 DOI: 10.1101/cshperspect.a036319] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The BCL-2 family of proteins control a key checkpoint in apoptosis, that of mitochondrial outer membrane permeabilization or, simply, mitochondrial poration. The family consists of three subgroups: BH3-only initiators that respond to apoptotic stimuli; antiapoptotic guardians that protect against cell death; and the membrane permeabilizing effectors BAX, BAK, and BOK. On activation, effector proteins are converted from inert monomers into membrane permeabilizing oligomers. For many years, this process has been poorly understood at the molecular level, but a number of recent advances have provided important insights. We review the regulation of these effectors, their activation, subsequent conformational changes, and the ensuing oligomerization events that enable mitochondrial poration, which initiates apoptosis through release of key signaling factors such as cytochrome c We highlight the mysteries that remain in understanding these important proteins in an endeavor to provide a comprehensive picture of where the field currently sits and where it is moving toward.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tudor Moldoveanu
- Department of Structural Biology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee 38105, USA.,Department of Chemical Biology and Therapeutics, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis Tennessee 38105, USA
| | - Peter E Czabotar
- Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia.,Department of Medical Biology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia
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42
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Wang J, Toan S, Zhou H. Mitochondrial quality control in cardiac microvascular ischemia-reperfusion injury: New insights into the mechanisms and therapeutic potentials. Pharmacol Res 2020; 156:104771. [PMID: 32234339 DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2020.104771] [Citation(s) in RCA: 115] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2020] [Revised: 03/13/2020] [Accepted: 03/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Thrombolytic therapy and revascularization strategies create a complete recanalization of the occluded epicardial coronary artery in patients with myocardial infarction (MI). However, about 35 % of patients still experience an impaired myocardial reperfusion, which is termed a no-reflow phenomenon mainly caused by cardiac microvascular ischemia-reperfusion (I/R) injury. Mitochondria are essential for microvascular endothelial cells' survival, both because of their roles as metabolic energy producers and as regulators of programmed cell death. Mitochondrial structure and function are regulated by a mitochondrial quality control (MQC) system, a series of processes including mitochondrial biogenesis, mitochondrial dynamics/mitophagy, mitochondrial proteostasis, and mitochondria-mediated cell death. Our review discusses the MQC mechanisms and how they are linked to cardiac microvascular I/R injury. Additionally, we will summarize the molecular basis that results in defective MQC mechanisms and present potential therapeutic interventions for improving MQC in cardiac microvascular I/R injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin Wang
- Chinese PLA General Hospital, Medical School of Chinese PLA, Beijing 100853, China
| | - Sam Toan
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Minnesota-Duluth, Duluth, MN 55812, USA
| | - Hao Zhou
- Chinese PLA General Hospital, Medical School of Chinese PLA, Beijing 100853, China.
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43
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Rasmussen ML, Gama V. A connection in life and death: The BCL-2 family coordinates mitochondrial network dynamics and stem cell fate. INTERNATIONAL REVIEW OF CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2020; 353:255-284. [PMID: 32381177 DOI: 10.1016/bs.ircmb.2019.12.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The B cell CLL/lymphoma-2 (BCL-2) family of proteins control the mitochondrial pathway of apoptosis, also known as intrinsic apoptosis. Direct binding between members of the BCL-2 family regulates mitochondrial outer membrane permeabilization (MOMP) after an apoptotic insult. The ability of the cell to sense stress and translate it into a death signal has been a major theme of research for nearly three decades; however, other mechanisms by which the BCL-2 family coordinates cellular homeostasis beyond its role in initiating apoptosis are emerging. One developing area of research is understanding how the BCL-2 family of proteins regulate development using pluripotent stem cells as a model system. Understanding BCL-2 family-mediated regulation of mitochondrial homeostasis in cell death and beyond would uncover new facets of stem cell maintenance and differentiation potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Megan L Rasmussen
- Department of Cell & Developmental Biology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, United States
| | - Vivian Gama
- Department of Cell & Developmental Biology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, United States; Neuroscience Program, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, United States; Vanderbilt Brain Institute, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, United States; Vanderbilt Center for Stem Cell Biology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, United States.
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44
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Glab JA, Cao Z, Puthalakath H. Bcl-2 family proteins, beyond the veil. INTERNATIONAL REVIEW OF CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2020; 351:1-22. [PMID: 32247577 DOI: 10.1016/bs.ircmb.2019.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Apoptosis is an important part of both health and disease and is often regulated by the BCL-2 family of proteins. These proteins are either pro- or anti-apoptotic, existing in a delicate balance during homeostasis. They are best known for their role in regulating the activation of caspases and the execution of a cell in response to a variety of stimuli. However, it is often forgotten that these BCL-2 family proteins also have important roles to play in cell maintenance that are not associated with apoptosis. These include roles in regulating processes such as cell cycle progression, mitochondrial function, autophagy, intracellular calcium concentration, glucose and lipid metabolism, and the unfolded protein response. In addition to these established alternate functions, further discoveries are being made that have potential therapeutic benefits in diseases such as cancer. BOK, a BCL-2 family protein thought comparable to multidomain pro-apoptotic proteins BAX and BAK, has recently been identified as a key player in metabolism of and resistance to the commonly used chemotherapeutic 5-FU. As a result of such findings, which could see the potential use of BOK as a biomarker for 5-FU sensitivity or mimetic molecules as a resensitization strategy, new targets and mechanisms of pathology may arise from further investigation into the realm of alternate functions of BCL-2 family proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jason Andrew Glab
- Department of Biochemistry and Genetics, La Trobe University, Bundoora, VIC, Australia
| | - Zhipeng Cao
- Department of Biochemistry and Genetics, La Trobe University, Bundoora, VIC, Australia
| | - Hamsa Puthalakath
- Department of Biochemistry and Genetics, La Trobe University, Bundoora, VIC, Australia.
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45
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Pathological Roles of Mitochondrial Oxidative Stress and Mitochondrial Dynamics in Cardiac Microvascular Ischemia/Reperfusion Injury. Biomolecules 2020; 10:biom10010085. [PMID: 31948043 PMCID: PMC7023463 DOI: 10.3390/biom10010085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2019] [Revised: 01/03/2020] [Accepted: 01/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Mitochondria are key regulators of cell fate through controlling ATP generation and releasing pro-apoptotic factors. Cardiac ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) injury to the coronary microcirculation has manifestations ranging in severity from reversible edema to interstitial hemorrhage. A number of mechanisms have been proposed to explain the cardiac microvascular I/R injury including edema, impaired vasomotion, coronary microembolization, and capillary destruction. In contrast to their role in cell types with higher energy demands, mitochondria in endothelial cells primarily function in signaling cellular responses to environmental cues. It is clear that abnormal mitochondrial signatures, including mitochondrial oxidative stress, mitochondrial fission, mitochondrial fusion, and mitophagy, play a substantial role in endothelial cell function. While the pathogenic role of each of these mitochondrial alterations in the endothelial cells I/R injury remains complex, profiling of mitochondrial oxidative stress and mitochondrial dynamics in endothelial cell dysfunction may offer promising potential targets in the search for novel diagnostics and therapeutics in cardiac microvascular I/R injury. The objective of this review is to discuss the role of mitochondrial oxidative stress on cardiac microvascular endothelial cells dysfunction. Mitochondrial dynamics, including mitochondrial fission and fusion, are critically discussed to understand their roles in endothelial cell survival. Finally, mitophagy, as a degradative mechanism for damaged mitochondria, is summarized to figure out its contribution to the progression of microvascular I/R injury.
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46
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Mascarenhas DD. Transcriptional re-programming in rat central nervous system two weeks after burn trauma: the impact of nephrilin treatment on the expression of oxidative stress-related genes. Scars Burn Heal 2020; 6:2059513120939443. [PMID: 32850134 PMCID: PMC7425318 DOI: 10.1177/2059513120939443] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Survivors of severe burns suffer lifetime neuroinflammatory consequences manifested by higher incidence of major depression and neurodegenerative disease. In a scald model, nephrilin peptide has previously been shown to protect rats from loss of lean body mass, kidney function and glycaemic control, complications that have also been shown to endure in burn patient populations. Nephrilin's mechanism of action has been suggested to involve protection from excessive oxidative stress. METHODS Using quantitative reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR) amplification of transcripts in total RNA extracted from dorsal root ganglia of male rats 14 days after exposure to thermal insult, we query the relative levels of expression of 34 genes believed to be associated with oxidative stress biology in the central nervous system (CNS). We use these data to explore the central role of oxidative stress in astrogliosis, immunosuppression and mitochondrial homeostasis. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION Rats that received nephrilin treatment (4 mg/kg by subcutaneous bolus injection once daily for seven days after scald injury) showed significantly reduced elevations in gene expression of some key genes such as NOX2, GFAP, AQP4 and RAC1, but not of others such as NOX4, STEAP4, ARG1 and CCL2. CONCLUSION The implications of these data with reference to nephrilin's potential clinical utility for mitigating the enduring effects of burn trauma on the CNS are discussed. Nephrilin reduces the expression of some genes implicated in neurodegeneration after burn insult. LAY SUMMARY Nephrilin peptide is a novel treatment for short- and long-term systemic effects of burn trauma. This study measures the capability of nephrilin to address post-traumatic neurodegenerative disease by looking at the expression of genes in the central nervous system, in a rat scald model. Nephrilin appears to have beneficial effects by reducing the expression of some key genes known to be relevant in neurodegenerative processes, but not others.
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Affiliation(s)
- Desmond D Mascarenhas
- Mayflower Organization for Research & Education, Sunnyvale, CA, USA
- Transporin, Inc., Sunnyvale, CA, USA
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47
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The Incomplete Puzzle of the BCL2 Proteins. Cells 2019; 8:cells8101176. [PMID: 31569576 PMCID: PMC6830314 DOI: 10.3390/cells8101176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2019] [Revised: 09/25/2019] [Accepted: 09/26/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The proteins of the BCL2 family are key players in multiple cellular processes, chief amongst them being the regulation of mitochondrial integrity and apoptotic cell death. These proteins establish an intricate interaction network that expands both the cytosol and the surface of organelles to dictate the cell fate. The complexity and unpredictability of the BCL2 interactome resides in the large number of family members and of interaction surfaces, as well as on their different behaviours in solution and in the membrane. Although our current structural knowledge of the BCL2 proteins has been proven therapeutically relevant, the precise structure of membrane-bound complexes and the regulatory effect that membrane lipids exert over these proteins remain key questions in the field. Here, we discuss the complexity of BCL2 interactome, the new insights, and the black matter in the field.
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健愉 冯, 玉山 朱, 陈 权, 凌 林, Jianyu F, Yushan Z, Quan C, Jialing L. [Physiological Function and Structural Basis of Bcl-2 Family Proteins]. ZHONGGUO XI BAO SHENG WU XUE XUE BAO 2019; 41:1477-1489. [PMID: 34249113 PMCID: PMC8265309] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Apoptosis is an important biological process that plays a key role in the regulation of cell fate and homeostasis. The B-cell lymphoma-2 (Bcl-2) family proteins are important regulators of the apoptotic pathway, and their dysfunction is associated with a variety of diseases, including cancer, neurodegenerative and autoimmune diseases. In the past decade, a large number of research work on the physiological functions and atomic structures of Bcl-2 family proteins have been reported, which has deepened our understanding of the molecular mechanism and pathological significance of Bcl-2 family proteins. Recently, new drugs targeting different Bcl-2 proteins have been developed and used in clinics or tested in clinical trials. However, the complexity and diversity in functions and structures of Bcl-2 family have left many unsolved problems. This article summarizes current knowledge of the structure and function of Bcl-2 family proteins and discusses the pharmacological significance of Bcl-2 proteins as effective therapeutic targets.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - 林家 凌
- 俄克拉荷马大学健康科学中心生物化学与分子生物学系, 俄克拉何马城 73126-0901
| | - Feng Jianyu
- College of Life Sciences, Nankai University, Tianjin 300074, China
| | - Zhu Yushan
- College of Life Sciences, Nankai University, Tianjin 300074, China
| | - Chen Quan
- College of Life Sciences, Nankai University, Tianjin 300074, China
| | - Lin Jialing
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma 73126, USA
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