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Vercouillie N, Ren Z, Terras E, Lammens T. Long Non-Coding RNAs in Neuroblastoma: Pathogenesis, Biomarkers and Therapeutic Targets. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:5690. [PMID: 38891878 PMCID: PMC11171840 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25115690] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2024] [Revised: 05/18/2024] [Accepted: 05/21/2024] [Indexed: 06/21/2024] Open
Abstract
Neuroblastoma is the most common malignant extracranial solid tumor of childhood. Recent studies involving the application of advanced high-throughput "omics" techniques have revealed numerous genomic alterations, including aberrant coding-gene transcript levels and dysfunctional pathways, that drive the onset, growth, progression, and treatment resistance of neuroblastoma. Research conducted in the past decade has shown that long non-coding RNAs, once thought to be transcriptomic noise, play key roles in cancer development. With the recent and continuing increase in the amount of evidence for the underlying roles of long non-coding RNAs in neuroblastoma, the potential clinical implications of these RNAs cannot be ignored. In this review, we discuss their biological mechanisms of action in the context of the central driving mechanisms of neuroblastoma, focusing on potential contributions to the diagnosis, prognosis, and treatment of this disease. We also aim to provide a clear, integrated picture of future research opportunities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Niels Vercouillie
- Department of Internal Medicine and Pediatrics, Ghent University, 9000 Ghent, Belgium; (N.V.); (Z.R.); (E.T.)
| | - Zhiyao Ren
- Department of Internal Medicine and Pediatrics, Ghent University, 9000 Ghent, Belgium; (N.V.); (Z.R.); (E.T.)
- Department of Pediatric Hematology-Oncology and Stem Cell Transplantation, Ghent University Hospital, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
- Cancer Research Institute Ghent, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Eva Terras
- Department of Internal Medicine and Pediatrics, Ghent University, 9000 Ghent, Belgium; (N.V.); (Z.R.); (E.T.)
- Department of Pediatric Hematology-Oncology and Stem Cell Transplantation, Ghent University Hospital, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
- Cancer Research Institute Ghent, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Tim Lammens
- Department of Internal Medicine and Pediatrics, Ghent University, 9000 Ghent, Belgium; (N.V.); (Z.R.); (E.T.)
- Department of Pediatric Hematology-Oncology and Stem Cell Transplantation, Ghent University Hospital, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
- Cancer Research Institute Ghent, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
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2
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Wang B, Zhang X, Li ZS, Wei C, Yu RZ, Du XZ, He YJ, Ren Y, Zhen YW, Han L. Polo-like kinase 4 promotes tumorigenesis and glucose metabolism in glioma by activating AKT1 signaling. Cancer Lett 2024; 585:216665. [PMID: 38290657 DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2024.216665] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2023] [Revised: 12/27/2023] [Accepted: 01/18/2024] [Indexed: 02/01/2024]
Abstract
Glioblastoma (GBM) is an extremely aggressive tumor associated with a poor prognosis that impacts the central nervous system. Increasing evidence suggests an inherent association between glucose metabolism dysregulation and the aggression of GBM. Polo-like kinase 4 (PLK4), a highly conserved serine/threonine protein kinase, was found to relate to glioma progression and unfavorable prognosis. As revealed by the integration of proteomics and phosphoproteomics, PLK4 was found to be involved in governing metabolic processes and the PI3K/AKT/mTOR pathway. For the first time, this study supports evidence demonstrating that PLK4 activated PI3K/AKT/mTOR signaling through direct binding to AKT1 and subsequent phosphorylating AKT1 at S124, T308, and S473 to promote tumorigenesis and glucose metabolism in glioma. In addition, PLK4-mediated phosphorylation of AKT1 S124 significantly augmented the phosphorylation of AKT1 S473. Therefore, PLK4 exerted an influence on glucose metabolism by stimulating PI3K/AKT/mTOR signaling. Additionally, the expression of PLK4 protein exhibited a positive correlation with AKT1 phosphorylation in glioma patient tissues. These findings highlight the pivotal role of PLK4-mediated phosphorylation of AKT1 in glioma tumorigenesis and dysregulation of glucose metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bo Wang
- Tianjin Neurological Institute, Key Laboratory of Post-Neuro Injury, Neuro-repair and Regeneration in Central Nervous System, Ministry of Education and Tianjin City, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, 300052, China
| | - Xiaoyang Zhang
- Tianjin Neurological Institute, Key Laboratory of Post-Neuro Injury, Neuro-repair and Regeneration in Central Nervous System, Ministry of Education and Tianjin City, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, 300052, China
| | - Ze-Sheng Li
- Tianjin Neurological Institute, Key Laboratory of Post-Neuro Injury, Neuro-repair and Regeneration in Central Nervous System, Ministry of Education and Tianjin City, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, 300052, China
| | - Cheng Wei
- Tianjin Neurological Institute, Key Laboratory of Post-Neuro Injury, Neuro-repair and Regeneration in Central Nervous System, Ministry of Education and Tianjin City, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, 300052, China
| | - Run-Ze Yu
- Tianjin Neurological Institute, Key Laboratory of Post-Neuro Injury, Neuro-repair and Regeneration in Central Nervous System, Ministry of Education and Tianjin City, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, 300052, China
| | - Xue-Zhi Du
- Department of Hepatopancreatobiliary Surgery, The Second Hospital of Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, 300211, China
| | - Ying-Jie He
- Department of Hepatopancreatobiliary Surgery, The Second Hospital of Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, 300211, China
| | - Yu Ren
- Department of Genetics, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, 300070, China.
| | - Ying-Wei Zhen
- Department of Neurosurgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, 450052, China.
| | - Lei Han
- Tianjin Neurological Institute, Key Laboratory of Post-Neuro Injury, Neuro-repair and Regeneration in Central Nervous System, Ministry of Education and Tianjin City, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, 300052, China.
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3
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Hu X, Yu J, Chen M, Pang R. PLK4 reflects extrathyroidal invasion, high tumor stage and poor prognosis in papillary thyroid carcinoma patients. Biomark Med 2024; 18:169-179. [PMID: 38440866 DOI: 10.2217/bmm-2023-0565] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/06/2024] Open
Abstract
Objective: This study aimed to assess the value of PLK4 as a biomarker in papillary thyroid carcinoma (PTC). Methods: This study reviewed 230 PTC patients receiving surgical resections. PLK4 was detected in tumor tissues and samples of normal thyroid gland tissues by immunohistochemistry. Results: PLK4 was elevated in tumor tissues versus normal thyroid gland tissues (p < 0.001). Tumor PLK4 was linked with extrathyroidal invasion (p = 0.036), higher pathological tumor stage (p = 0.030), node stage (p = 0.045) and tumor/node/metastasis stage (p = 0.022) in PTC patients. Tumor PLK4 immunohistochemistry score >3 was linked with shortened disease-free survival (p = 0.026) and overall survival (p = 0.028) and independently predicted poorer disease-free survival (hazard ratio: 2.797; p = 0.040). Conclusion: Tumor PLK4 reflects extrathyroidal invasion, higher tumor stage and shortened survival in PTC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaonan Hu
- Head & Neck Radiotherapy Ward, Harbin Medical University Cancer Hospital, Harbin, China
| | - Jiawei Yu
- Department of Head & Neck Surgery, Harbin Medical University Cancer Hospital, Harbin, China
| | - Mengshi Chen
- Department of Head & Neck Surgery, Harbin Medical University Cancer Hospital, Harbin, China
| | - Rui Pang
- Department of Head & Neck Surgery, Harbin Medical University Cancer Hospital, Harbin, China
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4
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Lei Q, Yu Q, Yang N, Xiao Z, Song C, Zhang R, Yang S, Liu Z, Deng H. Therapeutic potential of targeting polo-like kinase 4. Eur J Med Chem 2024; 265:116115. [PMID: 38199166 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2023.116115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2023] [Revised: 12/21/2023] [Accepted: 12/30/2023] [Indexed: 01/12/2024]
Abstract
Polo-like kinase 4 (PLK4), a highly conserved serine/threonine kinase, masterfully regulates centriole duplication in a spatiotemporal manner to ensure the fidelity of centrosome duplication and proper mitosis. Abnormal expression of PLK4 contributes to genomic instability and associates with a poor prognosis in cancer. Inhibition of PLK4 is demonstrated to exhibit significant efficacy against various types of human cancers, further highlighting its potential as a promising therapeutic target for cancer treatment. As such, numerous small-molecule inhibitors with distinct chemical scaffolds targeting PLK4 have been extensively investigated for the treatment of different human cancers, with several undergoing clinical evaluation (e.g., CFI-400945). Here, we review the structure, distribution, and biological functions of PLK4, encapsulate its intricate regulatory mechanisms of expression, and highlighting its multifaceted roles in cancer development and metastasis. Moreover, the recent advancements of PLK4 inhibitors in patent or literature are summarized, and their therapeutic potential as monotherapies or combination therapies with other anticancer agents are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qian Lei
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, West China Hospital and Targeted Tracer Research and Development Laboratory, Precision Medicine Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province & Precision Medicine Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, 610041, China
| | - Quanwei Yu
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, West China Hospital and Targeted Tracer Research and Development Laboratory, Precision Medicine Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province & Precision Medicine Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, 610041, China
| | - Na Yang
- Laboratory of Clinical Pharmacy and Adverse Drug Reaction, National Clinical Research Center for Geriatrics, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, 610041, China
| | - Zhaolin Xiao
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, West China Hospital and Targeted Tracer Research and Development Laboratory, Precision Medicine Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province & Precision Medicine Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, 610041, China
| | - Chao Song
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, West China Hospital and Targeted Tracer Research and Development Laboratory, Precision Medicine Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province & Precision Medicine Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, 610041, China
| | - Rui Zhang
- Department of Pharmacy, Guizhou Provincial People's Hospital, Guizhou, Guiyang, 550002, China
| | - Shuxin Yang
- Key Laboratory of Quantitative Synthetic Biology, Shenzhen Institute of Synthetic Biology, Shenzhen Institute of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen, 518055, China
| | - Zhihao Liu
- Department of Emergency Medicine and Laboratory of Emergency Medicine, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, 610041, China.
| | - Hui Deng
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, West China Hospital and Targeted Tracer Research and Development Laboratory, Precision Medicine Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province & Precision Medicine Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, 610041, China.
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5
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Zhu W, Xie B. PLK4 inhibitor exhibits antitumor effect and synergizes sorafenib via arresting cell cycle and inactivating Wnt/β-catenin pathway in anaplastic thyroid cancer. Cancer Biol Ther 2023; 24:2223383. [PMID: 37351847 PMCID: PMC10292002 DOI: 10.1080/15384047.2023.2223383] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2022] [Revised: 04/24/2023] [Accepted: 06/06/2023] [Indexed: 06/24/2023] Open
Abstract
The anti-tumor effect of polo-like kinase 4 (PLK4) inhibitor has been explored in several solid carcinomas, while its application in anaplastic thyroid cancer (ATC) remains scarce. Hence, the current study aimed to investigate the effect of PLK4 inhibitor on the malignant behaviors of ATC cell lines and its synergistic antitumor effect with sorafenib. C643 and 8305c cells were cultured in various concentrations of centrinone (PLK4 inhibitor) with or without sorafenib. Meanwhile, the cell viability, cell apoptosis, cell cycle and expressions of glycogen synthetase kinase beta (GSK3β), p-GSK3β, β-catenin were determined. PLK4 mRNA and protein expressions were higher in most ATC cell lines than the normal thyroid epithelial cell line (all P < .05). Centrinone decreased cell viability, induced cell apoptosis, arrested cell cycle at G2/M phase and inactivated Wnt/β-catenin signaling with dose-dependent manners in C643 and 8305c cells (all P < .05). Interestingly, centrinone plus sorafenib further improved antitumor effect (P < .05 at most concentrations), with the highest combination index at 5 nM centrinone plus 4 μM sorafenib in C643 cells, then 4 nM centrinone plus 4 μM sorafenib in C643 cells. Subsequently, centrinone plus sorafenib reduced cell viability, promoted cell apoptosis, facilitated cell cycle at G2/M phase and repressed Wnt/β-catenin signaling more effectively compared with centrinone or sorafenib monotherapy in C643 and 8305c cells (all P < .05). PLK4 inhibitor exhibits antitumor effect and synergizes sorafenib via arresting cell cycle and inactivating Wnt/β-catenin pathway in ATC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Zhu
- Department of Pathology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Bin Xie
- Department of Pathology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
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6
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Man CH, Lam W, Dang CC, Zeng XY, Zheng LC, Chan NNM, Ng KL, Chan KC, Kwok TH, Ng TCC, Leung WY, Huen MSY, Wong CCL, So CWE, Dou Z, Goyama S, Bray MR, Mak TW, Leung AYH. Inhibition of PLK4 remodels histone methylation and activates the immune response via the cGAS-STING pathway in TP53-mutated AML. Blood 2023; 142:2002-2015. [PMID: 37738460 DOI: 10.1182/blood.2023019782] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2023] [Revised: 06/29/2023] [Accepted: 07/20/2023] [Indexed: 09/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Acute myeloid leukemia (AML) with TP53 mutation is one of the most lethal cancers and portends an extremely poor prognosis. Based on in silico analyses of druggable genes and differential gene expression in TP53-mutated AML, we identified pololike kinase 4 (PLK4) as a novel therapeutic target and examined its expression, regulation, pathogenetic mechanisms, and therapeutic potential in TP53-mutated AML. PLK4 expression was suppressed by activated p53 signaling in TP53 wild-type AML and was increased in TP53-mutated AML cell lines and primary samples. Short-term PLK4 inhibition induced DNA damage and apoptosis in TP53 wild-type AML. Prolonged PLK4 inhibition suppressed the growth of TP53-mutated AML and was associated with DNA damage, apoptosis, senescence, polyploidy, and defective cytokinesis. A hitherto undescribed PLK4/PRMT5/EZH2/H3K27me3 axis was demonstrated in both TP53 wild-type and mutated AML, resulting in histone modification through PLK4-induced PRMT5 phosphorylation. In TP53-mutated AML, combined effects of histone modification and polyploidy activated the cGAS-STING pathway, leading to secretion of cytokines and chemokines and activation of macrophages and T cells upon coculture with AML cells. In vivo, PLK4 inhibition also induced cytokine and chemokine expression in mouse recipients, and its combination with anti-CD47 antibody, which inhibited the "don't-eat-me" signal in macrophages, synergistically reduced leukemic burden and prolonged animal survival. The study shed important light on the pathogenetic role of PLK4 and might lead to novel therapeutic strategies in TP53-mutated AML.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cheuk-Him Man
- Department of Medicine, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Wing Lam
- Department of Medicine, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Chee-Chean Dang
- Department of Medicine, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Xiao-Yuan Zeng
- Department of Medicine, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Li-Chuan Zheng
- Department of Medicine, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Natalie Nok-Man Chan
- Department of Medicine, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Ka-Lam Ng
- Department of Medicine, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Koon-Chuen Chan
- Department of Medicine, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Tsz-Ho Kwok
- Department of Medicine, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Timothy Chi-Chun Ng
- Department of Medicine, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Wing-Yan Leung
- Department of Medicine, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Michael Shing-Yan Huen
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Carmen Chak-Lui Wong
- Department of Pathology, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
- State Key Laboratory of Liver Research, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
- Centre for Oncology and Immunology, Hong Kong Science Park, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Chi Wai Eric So
- Department of Haematological Medicine, Leukemia and Stem Cell Biology Team, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Zhixun Dou
- Center for Regenerative Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
- Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA
| | - Susumu Goyama
- Division of Molecular Oncology, Department of Computational Biology and Medical Sciences, Graduate School of Frontier Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Mark Robert Bray
- The Campbell Family Institute for Breast Cancer Research, Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, Toronto, Canada
| | - Tak Wah Mak
- Department of Pathology, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
- Centre for Oncology and Immunology, Hong Kong Science Park, Hong Kong SAR, China
- The Campbell Family Institute for Breast Cancer Research, Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, Toronto, Canada
| | - Anskar Yu-Hung Leung
- Department of Medicine, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
- Centre for Oncology and Immunology, Hong Kong Science Park, Hong Kong SAR, China
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7
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Anoushirvani AA, Jafarian Yazdi A, Amirabadi S, Asouri SA, Shafabakhsh R, Sheida A, Hosseini Khabr MS, Jafari A, Tamehri Zadeh SS, Hamblin MR, Kalantari L, Talaei Zavareh SA, Mirzaei H. Role of non-coding RNAs in neuroblastoma. Cancer Gene Ther 2023; 30:1190-1208. [PMID: 37217790 DOI: 10.1038/s41417-023-00623-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2022] [Revised: 03/25/2023] [Accepted: 05/04/2023] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Neuroblastoma is known as the most prevalent extracranial malignancy in childhood with a neural crest origin. It has been widely accepted that non-coding RNAs (ncRNAs) play important roles in many types of cancer, including glioma and gastrointestinal cancers. They may regulate the cancer gene network. According to recent sequencing and profiling studies, ncRNAs genes are deregulated in human cancers via deletion, amplification, abnormal epigenetic, or transcriptional regulation. Disturbances in the expression of ncRNAs may act either as oncogenes or as anti-tumor suppressor genes, and can lead to the induction of cancer hallmarks. ncRNAs can be secreted from tumor cells inside exosomes, where they can be transferred to other cells to affect their function. However, these topics still need more study to clarify their exact roles, so the present review addresses different roles and functions of ncRNAs in neuroblastoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ali Arash Anoushirvani
- Department of Internal Medicine, Firoozgar Hospital, School of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | | | - Sanaz Amirabadi
- Department of Biology, Science and Research Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Sahar Ahmadi Asouri
- Research Center for Biochemistry and Nutrition in Metabolic Diseases, Institute for Basic Sciences, Kashan University, Kashan, Iran
| | - Rana Shafabakhsh
- Research Center for Biochemistry and Nutrition in Metabolic Diseases, Institute for Basic Sciences, Kashan University, Kashan, Iran
| | - Amirhossein Sheida
- School of Medicine, Kashan University of Medical Sciences, Kashan, Iran
- Student Research Committee, Kashan University of Medical Sciences, Kashan, Iran
| | - Maryam Sadat Hosseini Khabr
- School of Medicine, Kashan University of Medical Sciences, Kashan, Iran
- Student Research Committee, Kashan University of Medical Sciences, Kashan, Iran
| | - Ameneh Jafari
- ATMP Department, Breast Cancer Research Center, Motamed Cancer Institute, ACECR, P.O. BOX: 15179/64311, Tehran, Iran
- Proteomics Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | | | - Michael R Hamblin
- Laser Research Centre, Faculty of Health Science, University of Johannesburg, Doornfontein, South Africa
| | - Leila Kalantari
- School of Medicine, Kashan University of Medical Sciences, Kashan, Iran.
| | | | - Hamed Mirzaei
- Research Center for Biochemistry and Nutrition in Metabolic Diseases, Institute for Basic Sciences, Kashan University, Kashan, Iran.
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8
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Sun Y, Xue Y, Liu H, Mu S, Sun P, Sun Y, Wang L, Wang H, Wang J, Wu T, Yin W, Qin Q, Sun Y, Yang H, Zhao D, Cheng M. Discovery of CZS-241: A Potent, Selective, and Orally Available Polo-Like Kinase 4 Inhibitor for the Treatment of Chronic Myeloid Leukemia. J Med Chem 2023; 66:2396-2421. [PMID: 36734825 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.2c02124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Recent studies demonstrate that PLK4 has emerged as a therapeutic target for the treatment of multiple cancers owing to its indispensable role in cell division. Herein, starting from previously identified effective compound CZS-034, based on rational drug design strategies, tyrosine kinase receptor A (TRKA) selectivity- and metabolic stability-guided structure-activity relationship (SAR) exploration were carried out to discover a highly potent (IC50 = 2.6 nM) and selective (SF = 1054.4 over TRKA) PLK4 inhibitor B43 (CZS-241) with acceptable human liver microsome stability (t1/2 = 31.5 min). Moreover, compound B43 effectively inhibited leukemia cells in 29 tested cell lines, especially chronic myeloid leukemia (CML) cell lines K562 and KU-812. Pharmacokinetic characteristics revealed that compound B43 possessed over 4 h of half-life and 70.8% bioavailability in mice. In the K562 cells xenograft mouse model, a 20 mg/kg/day dosage treatment obviously suppressed tumor progression. As a potential and novel PLK4-targeted candidate drug for CML, compound B43 is undergoing extensive preclinical safety evaluation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yin Sun
- Key Laboratory of Structure-Based Drug Design and Discovery, Ministry of Education, School of Pharmaceutical Engineering, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, 103 Wenhua Road, Shenhe District, Shenyang 110016, P. R. China
| | - Yanli Xue
- Key Laboratory of Structure-Based Drug Design and Discovery, Ministry of Education, School of Pharmaceutical Engineering, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, 103 Wenhua Road, Shenhe District, Shenyang 110016, P. R. China
| | - Hongbing Liu
- School of Pharmacy, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, 103 Wenhua Road, Shenhe District, Shenyang 110016, P. R. China
| | - Shuyi Mu
- Key Laboratory of Structure-Based Drug Design and Discovery, Ministry of Education, School of Pharmaceutical Engineering, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, 103 Wenhua Road, Shenhe District, Shenyang 110016, P. R. China
| | - Pengkun Sun
- Key Laboratory of Structure-Based Drug Design and Discovery, Ministry of Education, School of Pharmaceutical Engineering, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, 103 Wenhua Road, Shenhe District, Shenyang 110016, P. R. China
| | - Yu Sun
- Key Laboratory of Structure-Based Drug Design and Discovery, Ministry of Education, School of Pharmaceutical Engineering, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, 103 Wenhua Road, Shenhe District, Shenyang 110016, P. R. China
| | - Lin Wang
- Key Laboratory of Structure-Based Drug Design and Discovery, Ministry of Education, School of Pharmaceutical Engineering, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, 103 Wenhua Road, Shenhe District, Shenyang 110016, P. R. China
| | - Hanxun Wang
- Key Laboratory of Structure-Based Drug Design and Discovery, Ministry of Education, School of Pharmaceutical Engineering, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, 103 Wenhua Road, Shenhe District, Shenyang 110016, P. R. China
| | - Jingkai Wang
- Key Laboratory of Structure-Based Drug Design and Discovery, Ministry of Education, School of Pharmaceutical Engineering, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, 103 Wenhua Road, Shenhe District, Shenyang 110016, P. R. China
| | - Tianxiao Wu
- Key Laboratory of Structure-Based Drug Design and Discovery, Ministry of Education, School of Pharmaceutical Engineering, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, 103 Wenhua Road, Shenhe District, Shenyang 110016, P. R. China
| | - Wenbo Yin
- Key Laboratory of Structure-Based Drug Design and Discovery, Ministry of Education, School of Pharmaceutical Engineering, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, 103 Wenhua Road, Shenhe District, Shenyang 110016, P. R. China
| | - Qiaohua Qin
- Key Laboratory of Structure-Based Drug Design and Discovery, Ministry of Education, School of Pharmaceutical Engineering, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, 103 Wenhua Road, Shenhe District, Shenyang 110016, P. R. China
| | - Yixiang Sun
- Key Laboratory of Structure-Based Drug Design and Discovery, Ministry of Education, School of Pharmaceutical Engineering, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, 103 Wenhua Road, Shenhe District, Shenyang 110016, P. R. China
| | - Huali Yang
- Key Laboratory of Structure-Based Drug Design and Discovery, Ministry of Education, School of Pharmaceutical Engineering, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, 103 Wenhua Road, Shenhe District, Shenyang 110016, P. R. China
| | - Dongmei Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Structure-Based Drug Design and Discovery, Ministry of Education, School of Pharmaceutical Engineering, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, 103 Wenhua Road, Shenhe District, Shenyang 110016, P. R. China
| | - Maosheng Cheng
- Key Laboratory of Structure-Based Drug Design and Discovery, Ministry of Education, School of Pharmaceutical Engineering, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, 103 Wenhua Road, Shenhe District, Shenyang 110016, P. R. China
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9
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Tan K, Mo J, Li M, Dong Y, Han Y, Sun X, Ma Y, Zhu K, Wu W, Lu L, Liu J, Zhao K, Zhang L, Tang Y, Lv Z. SMAD9-MYCN positive feedback loop represents a unique dependency for MYCN-amplified neuroblastoma. J Exp Clin Cancer Res 2022; 41:352. [PMID: 36539767 PMCID: PMC9764568 DOI: 10.1186/s13046-022-02563-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2022] [Accepted: 12/07/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Neuroblastoma (NB) is the most common extracranial solid tumor occurring during childhood and high-risk NB patients have a poor prognosis. The amplified MYCN gene serves as an important determinant of a high risk of NB. METHODS We performed an integrative screen using public NB tissue and cell line data, and identified that SMAD9 played an important role in high-risk NB. An investigation of the super-enhancers database (SEdb) and chromatin immunoprecipitation sequencing (ChIP-seq) dataset along with biological experiments of incorporating gene knockdown and CRISPR interference (CRISPRi) were performed to identify upstream regulatory mechanism of SMAD9. Gene knockdown and rescue, quantitative real-time PCR (Q-RT-PCR), cell titer Glo assays, colony formation assays, a subcutaneous xenograft model and immunohistochemistry were used to determine the functional role of SMAD9 in NB. An integrative analysis of ChIP-seq data with the validation of CRISPRi and dual-luciferase reporter assays and RNA sequencing (RNA-seq) data with Q-RT-PCR validation was conducted to analyze the downstream regulatory mechanism of SMAD9. RESULTS High expression of SMAD9 was specifically induced by the transcription factors including MYCN, PHOX2B, GATA3 and HAND2 at the enhancer region. Genetic suppression of SMAD9 inhibited MYCN-amplified NB cell proliferation and tumorigenicity both in vitro and in vivo. Further studies revealed that SMAD9 bound to the MYCN promoter and transcriptionally regulate MYCN expression, with MYCN reciprocally binding to the SMAD9 enhancer and transactivating SMAD9, thus forming a positive feedback loop along with the MYCN-associated cancer cell cycle. CONCLUSION This study delineates that SMAD9 forms a positive transcriptional feedback loop with MYCN and represents a unique tumor-dependency for MYCN-amplified neuroblastoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kezhe Tan
- Department of General Surgery, Shanghai Children's Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Jialin Mo
- Research Center of Translational medicine, Shanghai Children's Hospital, State Key Laboratory of Oncogenes and Related Genes, Key Laboratory of Cell Differentiation and Apoptosis of National Ministry of Education, Department of Pathophysiology, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Meng Li
- Research Center of Translational medicine, Shanghai Children's Hospital, State Key Laboratory of Oncogenes and Related Genes, Key Laboratory of Cell Differentiation and Apoptosis of National Ministry of Education, Department of Pathophysiology, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yu Dong
- Shanghai Institute of Immunology, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yujie Han
- Research Center of Translational medicine, Shanghai Children's Hospital, State Key Laboratory of Oncogenes and Related Genes, Key Laboratory of Cell Differentiation and Apoptosis of National Ministry of Education, Department of Pathophysiology, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Xi Sun
- Department of General Surgery, Comprehensive Breast Health Center, Ruijin Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yingxuan Ma
- Department of General Surgery, Shanghai Children's Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Kai Zhu
- Department of General Surgery, Shanghai Children's Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Wei Wu
- Department of General Surgery, Shanghai Children's Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Li Lu
- Department of General Surgery, Shanghai Children's Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Jiangbin Liu
- Department of General Surgery, Shanghai Children's Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Kewen Zhao
- Research Center of Translational medicine, Shanghai Children's Hospital, State Key Laboratory of Oncogenes and Related Genes, Key Laboratory of Cell Differentiation and Apoptosis of National Ministry of Education, Department of Pathophysiology, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Lei Zhang
- Research Center of Translational medicine, Shanghai Children's Hospital, State Key Laboratory of Oncogenes and Related Genes, Key Laboratory of Cell Differentiation and Apoptosis of National Ministry of Education, Department of Pathophysiology, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yujie Tang
- Research Center of Translational medicine, Shanghai Children's Hospital, State Key Laboratory of Oncogenes and Related Genes, Key Laboratory of Cell Differentiation and Apoptosis of National Ministry of Education, Department of Pathophysiology, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China.
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine, Department of Histoembryology, Genetics and Developmental Biology, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai, China.
| | - Zhibao Lv
- Department of General Surgery, Shanghai Children's Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China.
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10
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Huang RL, Liu C, Fu R, Yan Y, Yang J, Wang X, Li Q. Downregulation of PLK4 expression induces apoptosis and G0/G1-phase cell cycle arrest in keloid fibroblasts. Cell Prolif 2022; 55:e13271. [PMID: 35670224 PMCID: PMC9251049 DOI: 10.1111/cpr.13271] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2022] [Revised: 05/04/2022] [Accepted: 05/06/2022] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Objectives Keloids are benign fibroproliferative tumors that display many cancer‐like characteristics, such as progressive uncontrolled growth, lack of spontaneous regression, and extremely high rates of recurrence. Polo‐like kinase 4 (PLK4) was recently identified as a master regulator of centriole replication, and its aberrant expression is closely associated with tumorigenesis. This study aimed to investigate the expression and biological role of PLK4 in the pathogenesis of keloids. Materials and Methods We evaluated the expression of PLK4 in keloids and adjacent normal skin tissue samples. Then, we established PLK4 knockdown and overexpression cell lines in keloid fibroblasts (KFs) and normal skin fibroblasts (NFs), respectively, to investigate the roles of PLK4 in the regulation of proliferation, migration, invasion, apoptosis, and cell cycle in KFs. Centrinone B (Cen‐B), a highly selective PLK4 inhibitor, was used to inhibit PLK4 activity in KFs to evaluate the therapeutic effect on KFs. Results We discovered that PLK4 was overexpressed in keloid dermal samples and KFs compared with adjacent normal skin samples and NFs derived from the same patients. High PLK4 expression was positively associated with the proliferation, migration, and invasion of KFs. Furthermore, knockdown of PLK4 expression or inhibition of PLK4 activity by Cen‐B suppressed KF growth, induced KF apoptosis via the caspase‐9/3 pathway, and induced cell cycle arrest at the G0/G1 phase in vitro. Conclusions These findings demonstrate that PLK4 is a critical regulator of KF proliferation, migration, and invasion, and thus, Cen‐B is a promising candidate drug for keloid treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ru-Lin Huang
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Chuanqi Liu
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.,Department of Plastic and Burn Surgery, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Rao Fu
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Yuxin Yan
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Jing Yang
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Xinggang Wang
- Department of Assisted Reproduction, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Qingfeng Li
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
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11
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Singh CK, Denu RA, Nihal M, Shabbir M, Garvey DR, Huang W, Iczkowski KA, Ahmad N. PLK4 is upregulated in prostate cancer and its inhibition reduces centrosome amplification and causes senescence. Prostate 2022; 82:957-969. [PMID: 35333404 PMCID: PMC9090996 DOI: 10.1002/pros.24342] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2021] [Revised: 03/03/2022] [Accepted: 03/14/2022] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Identification of novel molecular target(s) is important for designing newer mechanistically driven approaches for the treatment of prostate cancer (PCa), which is one of the main causes of morbidity and mortality in men. In this study, we determined the role of polo-like kinase 4 (PLK4), which regulates centriole duplication and centrosome amplification (CA), in PCa. MATERIALS AND METHODS Employing human PCa tissue microarrays, we assessed the prevalence of CA, correlated with Gleason score, and estimated major causes of CA in PCa (cell doubling vs. centriole overduplication) by staining for mother/mature centrioles. We also assessed PLK4 expression and correlated it with CA in human PCa tissues and cell lines. Further, we determined the effects of PLK4 inhibition in human PCa cells. RESULTS Compared to benign prostate, human PCa demonstrated significantly higher CA, which was also positively correlated with the Gleason score. Further, most cases of CA were found to arise by centriole overduplication rather than cell doubling events (e.g., cytokinesis failure) in PCa. In addition, PLK4 was overexpressed in human PCa cell lines and tumors. Moreover, PLK4 inhibitors CFI-400945 and centrinone-B inhibited cell growth, viability, and colony formation of both androgen-responsive and androgen-independent PCa cell lines. PLK4 inhibition also induced cell cycle arrest and senescence in human PCa cells. CONCLUSIONS CA is prevalent in PCa and arises predominantly by centriole overduplication as opposed to cell doubling events. Loss of centrioles is cellular stress that can promote senescence and suggests that PLK4 inhibition may be a viable therapeutic strategy in PCa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chandra K Singh
- Department of Dermatology, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Ryan A Denu
- Medical Scientist Training Program, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
- Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology/Oncology, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
- Carbone Cancer Center, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Minakshi Nihal
- Department of Dermatology, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Maria Shabbir
- Department of Dermatology, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Debra R Garvey
- Department of Dermatology, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Wei Huang
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Kenneth A Iczkowski
- Department of Pathology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Nihal Ahmad
- Department of Dermatology, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
- Carbone Cancer Center, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
- William S. Middleton VA Medical Center, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
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12
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Xu B, Li J, Xu D, Ran Q. PLK4 inhibitor plus bortezomib exhibits a synergistic effect on treating multiple myeloma via inactivating PI3K/AKT signaling. Ir J Med Sci 2022; 192:561-567. [PMID: 35508865 DOI: 10.1007/s11845-022-03007-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2022] [Accepted: 04/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The anti-tumor effect of polo-like kinase 4 (PLK4) inhibitor has been explored in several neoplasms, while its synergy with bortezomib in multiple myeloma (MM) remains elusive. Hence, the present study aimed to investigate the effect of PLK4 inhibitor on the sensitivity of MM to bortezomib treatment and its underlying mechanism. METHODS MM cell lines (RPMI-8226 and U266) were cultured in different concentrations of CFI-400945 (PLK4 inhibitor), bortezomib, or their combination. Subsequently, 740 Y-P (PI3K activator) was added in the combination of CFI-400945 and bortezomib. Besides, cell viability and apoptosis were measured by CCK-8 reagent and TUNEL apoptosis kit, separately; meanwhile, western blot was carried out for detecting PLK4, p-PI3K, PI3K, p-AKT, and AKT. RESULTS CFI-400945 and bortezomib decreased the cell viability in dose-dependent manners in MM cell lines, respectively. The combination of different concentrations of CFI-400945 and bortezomib reduced cell viability compared with monotherapy in MM cell lines (all P < 0.05). Interestingly, 200 nM CFI-400945 and 4 nM bortezomib showed the maximum synergy in MM cell lines. Furthermore, 200 nM CFI-400945 plus 4 nM bortezomib showed a better effect on decreasing cell viability and promoting cell apoptosis than CFI-400945 or bortezomib monotherapy in MM cells cell lines (all P < 0.05). Moreover, 740 Y-P alleviated the effect of bortezomib and CFI-400945 on PI3K/AKT signaling, cell viability, and apoptosis in MM cell lines. CONCLUSIONS PLK4 inhibitor plus bortezomib shows synergy in decreasing cell viability and enhancing cell apoptosis via repressing PI3K/AKT signaling in MM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Biao Xu
- Department of Hematology, General Hospital of Central Theater Command, Wuluo Road 627th, Wuhan, 420015, China
| | - Jingyuan Li
- Department of Hematology, General Hospital of Central Theater Command, Wuluo Road 627th, Wuhan, 420015, China
| | - Dehong Xu
- Department of Hematology, General Hospital of Central Theater Command, Wuluo Road 627th, Wuhan, 420015, China
| | - Qijie Ran
- Department of Hematology, General Hospital of Central Theater Command, Wuluo Road 627th, Wuhan, 420015, China.
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13
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Tang W, Lu Q, Zhu J, Zheng X, Fang N, Ji S, Lu F. Identification of a Prognostic Signature Composed of GPI, IL22RA1, CCT6A and SPOCK1 for Lung Adenocarcinoma Based on Bioinformatic Analysis of lncRNA-Mediated ceRNA Network and Sample Validation. Front Oncol 2022; 12:844691. [PMID: 35433415 PMCID: PMC9012227 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2022.844691] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2021] [Accepted: 03/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Lung adenocarcinoma (LUAD) is one of the most common malignant tumors with high morbidity and mortality in China and worldwide. Long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) as the competing endogenous RNA (ceRNA) play an essential role in the occurrence and development of LUAD. However, identifying lncRNA-related biomarkers to improve the accuracy of LUAD prognosis remains to be determined. This study downloaded RNA sequence data from The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) database and identified the differential RNAs by bioinformatics. A total of 214 lncRNA, 198 miRNA and 2989 mRNA were differentially identified between LUAD and adjacent nontumor samples. According to the ceRNA hypothesis, we constructed a lncRNA-miRNA-mRNA network including 95 protein-coding mRNAs, 7 lncRNAs and 15 miRNAs, and found 24 node genes in this network were significantly associated with the overall survival of LUAD patients. Subsequently, through LASSO regression and multivariate Cox regression analyses, a four-gene prognostic signature composed of GPI, IL22RA1, CCT6A and SPOCK1 was developed based on the node genes of the lncRNA-mediated ceRNA network, demonstrating high performance in predicting the survival and chemotherapeutic responses of low- and high-risk LUAD patients. Finally, independent prognostic factors were further analyzed and combined into a well-executed nomogram that showed strong potential for clinical applications. In summary, the data from the current study suggested that the four-gene signature obtained from analysis of lncRNA-mediated ceRNA could serve as a reliable biomarker for LUAD prognosis and evaluation of chemotherapeutic response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenjun Tang
- Joint National Laboratory for Antibody Drug Engineering, The First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Henan University, Kaifeng, China.,Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Henan University, Kaifeng, China
| | - Qiaonan Lu
- School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Jianling Zhu
- Joint National Laboratory for Antibody Drug Engineering, The First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Henan University, Kaifeng, China.,Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Henan University, Kaifeng, China
| | - Xiaowei Zheng
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Puyang Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Puyang, China
| | - Na Fang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Henan University, Kaifeng, China
| | - Shaoping Ji
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Henan University, Kaifeng, China
| | - Feng Lu
- Joint National Laboratory for Antibody Drug Engineering, The First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Henan University, Kaifeng, China.,Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Henan University, Kaifeng, China
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14
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Wang B, Li D, Cherkasova V, Gerasymchuk M, Narendran A, Kovalchuk I, Kovalchuk O. Cannabinol Inhibits Cellular Proliferation, Invasion, and Angiogenesis of Neuroblastoma via Novel miR-34a/tRiMetF31/PFKFB3 Axis. Cancers (Basel) 2022; 14:cancers14081908. [PMID: 35454815 PMCID: PMC9027424 DOI: 10.3390/cancers14081908] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2022] [Revised: 03/24/2022] [Accepted: 03/31/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary The prognosis of high-risk neuroblastoma is poor due to its high relapse rate. To date, no effective treatment for this disease has been developed. In this study, we utilized two neuroblastoma cell lines (IMR-5 and SK-N-AS) as a model system to explore the effects of cannabinol (CBN) on neuroblastoma and elucidate the potential mechanisms of action. We reveal an inhibitory role of CBN on neuroblastoma cell proliferation, invasion, and angiogenesis through miR-34a-mediated targeting. We identified 6-phosphofructo-2-kinase/fructose-2,6-biphosphatase 3 (PFKFB3) as a direct target of a novel 31 nt tRNAiMet fragment tRiMetF31 generated from miR-34a-guided cleavage, highlighting the crucial role of the miR-34a/tRiMetF31/PFKFB3 axis in CBN-mediated suppression in neuroblastoma biology. Abstract High-risk neuroblastoma is an aggressive pediatric tumor. Despite great advances in neuroblastoma therapy and supportive care protocols, no curative treatment is available for most patients with this disease. Here, we uncover that CBN attenuated the cell proliferation, invasion, and angiogenesis of neuroblastoma cell lines in a dose-dependent manner via the inhibition of the AKT pathway and the upregulation of miR-34a that targets E2F1. Both miR-34a and a 31-nt tRNAiMet fragment (tRiMetF31) derived from miR-34a-guided cleavage were downregulated in 4 examined neuroblastoma cell lines inversely correlated with the levels of its direct target, the PFKFB3 protein. Moreover, ectopic tRiMetF31 suppressed proliferation, migration, and angiogenesis in the studied neuroblastoma cell lines. Conversely, tRiMetF31 knockdown promoted PFKFB3 expression, resulting in enhanced angiogenesis. Our findings reveal a suppressive role of CBN in neuroblastoma tumorigenesis, highlighting a novel and crucial miR-34a tumor suppressor network in CBN’s antineuroblastoma actions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bo Wang
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Lethbridge, Lethbridge, AB T1K3M4, Canada; (B.W.); (D.L.); (V.C.); (M.G.)
| | - Dongping Li
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Lethbridge, Lethbridge, AB T1K3M4, Canada; (B.W.); (D.L.); (V.C.); (M.G.)
| | - Viktoriia Cherkasova
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Lethbridge, Lethbridge, AB T1K3M4, Canada; (B.W.); (D.L.); (V.C.); (M.G.)
| | - Marta Gerasymchuk
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Lethbridge, Lethbridge, AB T1K3M4, Canada; (B.W.); (D.L.); (V.C.); (M.G.)
| | - Aru Narendran
- Arnie Charbonneau Cancer Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB T2N 4Z6, Canada;
| | - Igor Kovalchuk
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Lethbridge, Lethbridge, AB T1K3M4, Canada; (B.W.); (D.L.); (V.C.); (M.G.)
- Correspondence: (I.K.); (O.K.)
| | - Olga Kovalchuk
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Lethbridge, Lethbridge, AB T1K3M4, Canada; (B.W.); (D.L.); (V.C.); (M.G.)
- Correspondence: (I.K.); (O.K.)
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15
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Ma Z, Sun Y, Peng W. Fraxetin down-regulates polo-like kinase 4 (PLK4) to inhibit proliferation, migration and invasion of prostate cancer cells through the phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K)/protein kinase B (Akt) pathway. Bioengineered 2022; 13:9345-9356. [PMID: 35387563 PMCID: PMC9161838 DOI: 10.1080/21655979.2022.2054195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Fraxetin, a natural product isolated from herb Cortex Fraxini, has been demonstrated to exhibit anti-cancer effects on various cancers. The aim of this work is to investigate the anti-tumor effect of Fraxetin in prostate cancer and the potential mechanisms. In this study, the prostatic epithelial cell RWPE-1 and prostate cancer cell DU145 were exposed to Fraxetin (10, 20, 40, and 80 μM) to detect the changes in cell viability using cell counting kit-8 (CCK-8) assay. Fraxetin (10, 20, and 40 μM) was utilized to treat DU145 cell, then the changes in cell proliferation, apoptosis, migration, and invasion were assessed. Western blot assay was employed to detect the expression of proteins that participate in the above cellular processes as well as Polo-like kinase 4 (PLK4), phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K). In addition to 40 μM Fraxetin treatment, DU145 cells were overexpressed with PLK4, and then the above experiments were repeated. Results revealed that Fraxetin markedly decreased DU145 cell viability, but didn’t affect the cell viability of RWPE-1. Fraxetin suppressed cell proliferation, migration, invasion, and induced apoptosis of DU145 cells in a concentration-dependent manner. Furthermore, the expression of PLK4 and phosphorylated PI3K and protein kinase B (Akt) were reduced upon Fraxetin treatment. Finally, PLK4 overexpression significantly reversed all the effects of Fraxetin on DU145 cells. Collectively, Fraxetin acted as a cancer suppressor in prostate cancer through inhibiting PLK4 expression thereby inactivating PI3K/Akt signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zheng Ma
- Department of Urology, Suzhou Ninth Hospital Affiliated to Soochow University, Suzhou City, China
| | - Yanfang Sun
- Department of Ultrasound, Guanggu Branch of Wuhan Third Hospital, Wuhan City, China
| | - Weixing Peng
- Department of Urology, Zhoushan Branch Shanghai Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University, School of Medicine, Zhoushan City, China
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16
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Yang M, He H, Peng T, Lu Y, Yu J. Identification of 9 Gene Signatures by WGCNA to Predict Prognosis for Colon Adenocarcinoma. COMPUTATIONAL INTELLIGENCE AND NEUROSCIENCE 2022; 2022:8598046. [PMID: 35392038 PMCID: PMC8983226 DOI: 10.1155/2022/8598046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2021] [Revised: 03/01/2022] [Accepted: 03/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Background A risk assessment model for prognostic prediction of colon adenocarcinoma (COAD) was established based on weighted gene co-expression network analysis (WGCNA). Methods From the Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) database, RNA-seq data and clinical data of COAD patients were retrieved. After screening of differentially expressed genes (DEGs), WGCNA was performed to identify gene modules and screen those associated with COAD progression. Then, via protein-protein interaction (PPI) network construction of module genes, hub genes were obtained, which were then subjected to the least absolute shrinkage and selection operator (LASSO) and Cox regression to build a hub gene-based prognostic scoring model. The receiver operating characteristic curve (ROC curve) was plotted for the optimal cutoff (OCO) of the risk score, based on which, patients were assigned to high or low-risk groups. Areas under the ROC curve (AUCs) were calculated, and model performance was visualized using Kaplan-Meier (KM) survival curves and verified in the external dataset GSE29621. Finally, the model's independent prognostic value was evaluated by univariate and multivariate Cox regression analyses, and a nomogram was built. Results Totally 2840 DEGs were screened from COAD dataset of TCGA, including 1401 upregulated ones and 1439 downregulated ones, which were divided into 10 modules by WGCNA. The eigenvalue of the black module was found to have a high correlation with COAD progression. PPI interaction networks were constructed for genes in the black module, and 34 hub genes were obtained by using the MCODE plug-in. A LASSO-Cox regression approach was utilized to analyze the hub genes, and a prognostic risk score model based on the signatures of 9 genes (CHEK1, DEPDC1B, FANCI, MCM10, NCAPG, PARPBP, PLK4, RAD51AP1, and RFC4) was constructed. KM analysis identified shorter overall lower survival in the high-risk group. The model was verified to have favorable predictive ability through training set and validation set. The nomogram, composed of tumor node metastasis (TNM) staging and risk score, was of good predictability. Conclusions The COAD prognostic risk model constructed upon the signatures of 9 genes (CHEK1, DEPDC1B, FANCI, MCM10, NCAPG, PARPBP, PLK4, RAD51AP1, and RFC4) can effectively predict the survival status of COAD patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mian Yang
- Department of Colon Anorectal Surgery, Lihuili Hospital, Ningbo Medical Center, Ningbo, Zhejiang, China
| | - Haibin He
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Lihuili Hospital, Ningbo Medical Center, Ningbo, Zhejiang, China
| | - Tao Peng
- Department of Colon Anorectal Surgery, Lihuili Hospital, Ningbo Medical Center, Ningbo, Zhejiang, China
| | - Yi Lu
- Department of Chemoradiotherapy, Lihuili Hospital, Ningbo Medical Center, Ningbo, Zhejiang, China
| | - Jiazi Yu
- Department of Colon Anorectal Surgery, Lihuili Hospital, Ningbo Medical Center, Ningbo, Zhejiang, China
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17
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Keep Calm and Carry on with Extra Centrosomes. Cancers (Basel) 2022; 14:cancers14020442. [PMID: 35053604 PMCID: PMC8774008 DOI: 10.3390/cancers14020442] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2021] [Revised: 01/01/2022] [Accepted: 01/03/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Precise chromosome segregation during mitosis is a vital event orchestrated by formation of bipolar spindle poles. Supernumerary centrosomes, caused by centrosome amplification, deteriorates mitotic processes, resulting in segregation defects leading to chromosomal instability (CIN). Centrosome amplification is frequently observed in various types of cancer and considered as a significant contributor to destabilization of chromosomes. This review provides a comprehensive overview of causes and consequences of centrosome amplification thoroughly describing molecular mechanisms. Abstract Aberrations in the centrosome number and structure can readily be detected at all stages of tumor progression and are considered hallmarks of cancer. Centrosome anomalies are closely linked to chromosome instability and, therefore, are proposed to be one of the driving events of tumor formation and progression. This concept, first posited by Boveri over 100 years ago, has been an area of interest to cancer researchers. We have now begun to understand the processes by which these numerical and structural anomalies may lead to cancer, and vice-versa: how key events that occur during carcinogenesis could lead to amplification of centrosomes. Despite the proliferative advantages that having extra centrosomes may confer, their presence can also lead to loss of essential genetic material as a result of segregational errors and cancer cells must deal with these deadly consequences. Here, we review recent advances in the current literature describing the mechanisms by which cancer cells amplify their centrosomes and the methods they employ to tolerate the presence of these anomalies, focusing particularly on centrosomal clustering.
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18
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TEC kinase stabilizes PLK4 to promote liver cancer metastasis. Cancer Lett 2022; 524:70-81. [PMID: 34637843 DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2021.08.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2021] [Revised: 08/12/2021] [Accepted: 08/27/2021] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Aberrated PLK4 expression has been reported in different malignancies and causes centrosome amplification, aneuploidy, and genomic instability. However, the mechanism by which PLK4 is regulated in carcinogenesis remains not fully characterised. Here, we showed that PLK4 was overexpressed in human HCC and overexpression of PLK4 predicted poorer patient prognosis. Unexpectedly, we found that induced expression of PLK4 promotes, but knockdown of PLK4 inhibits, HCC cell migration and invasion. Mechanistically, we found that TEC tyrosine kinase, which also promotes HCC cell migration, stabilizes PLK4 by phosphorylation. TEC directly phosphorylates PLK4 at tyrosine 86 residue, which not only stabilizes the protein but also enhances PLK4-mediated HCC cell invasion. Further investigation by transcriptome sequencing indicated that PLK4 promotes the phosphorylation of focal adhesion kinase to regulate the focal adhesion pathway in HCC cell migration. Taken together, our results demonstrated that PLK4 plays an important role in HCC metastasis and revealed for the first time the mechanism by which PLK4 promotes HCC metastasis via TEC phosphorylation.
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19
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Huang Y, Wang Y, Wang Y, Wang N, Duan Q, Wang S, Liu M, Bilal MA, Zheng Y. LPCAT1 Promotes Cutaneous Squamous Cell Carcinoma via EGFR-Mediated Protein Kinase B/p38MAPK Signaling Pathways. J Invest Dermatol 2021; 142:303-313.e9. [PMID: 34358528 DOI: 10.1016/j.jid.2021.07.163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2021] [Revised: 07/10/2021] [Accepted: 07/12/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma (cSCC) is the second most common form of skin cancer. LPCAT1, a lysophosphatidylcholine acyltransferase, takes a center stage in membrane lipid remodeling. LPCAT1 is elevated in several cancers and contributes to cancer development. However, its role and molecular mechanisms in cSCC remain to be elucidated. In this study, we found that LPCAT1 was upregulated in cSCC tissues and in cell lines. In vitro, loss-of-function and gain-of-function experiments demonstrated that LPCAT1 facilitated cSCC cell proliferation, protected cells against apoptosis, accelerated epithelial‒mesenchymal transition, and enhanced cell metastasis. Mechanistically, LPCAT1 regulated EGFR signaling. The oncogenic effect of LPCAT1 was mediated by EGFR/protein kinase B and EGFR/p38MAPK pathways in cSCC. Using the xenograft mouse model, we consolidated the results mentioned earlier. In conclusion, LPCAT1 contributed to cSCC progression through EGFR-mediated protein kinase B and p38MAPK signaling pathways. LPCAT1 may serve as a target for therapeutic intervention in cSCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yingjian Huang
- Department of Dermatology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China
| | - Yuqian Wang
- Department of Dermatology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China
| | - Yan Wang
- Center for Mitochondrial Biology and Medicine, The Key Laboratory of Biomedical Information Engineering of Ministry of Education, School of Life Science and Technology, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China
| | - Ning Wang
- Department of Dermatology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China
| | - Qiqi Duan
- Department of Dermatology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China
| | - Shengbang Wang
- Department of Dermatology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China
| | - Meng Liu
- Department of Dermatology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China
| | - Muhammad Ahsan Bilal
- Department of Dermatology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China
| | - Yan Zheng
- Department of Dermatology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China.
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20
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Yang Z, Sun H, Ma W, Wu K, Peng G, Ou T, Wu S. Down-regulation of Polo-like kinase 4 (PLK4) induces G1 arrest via activation of the p38/p53/p21 signalling pathway in bladder cancer. FEBS Open Bio 2021; 11:2631-2646. [PMID: 34342940 PMCID: PMC8409300 DOI: 10.1002/2211-5463.13262] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2020] [Revised: 06/22/2021] [Accepted: 08/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Polo-like kinase 4 (PLK4) has been reported to contribute to tumor growth, invasion, and metastasis. However, the role of PLK4 in human bladder cancer (BC) remains unclear. Here, we demonstrate the regulatory function of PLK4 in human BC progression. PLK4 is overexpressed in BC cell lines and tissues, and its overexpression correlated with poor prognosis. Our transcriptome analysis combined with subsequent functional assays indicated that PLK4 inhibition can suppress BC cell growth and induce cell cycle arrest at G1 phase via activation of the p38/p53/p21 pathway in vitro and in vivo. Overall, our data suggest that PLK4 is a critical regulator of BC cell proliferation, and thus it may have potential as a novel molecular target for BC treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ziyi Yang
- Shenzhen University Health Science Center, Shenzhen, Guangdong province, China.,Institute of Urology, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Shenzhen University (Luohu Hospital Group), Shenzhen, 518000, Guangdong province, China
| | - Haiyan Sun
- Institute of Urology, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Shenzhen University (Luohu Hospital Group), Shenzhen, 518000, Guangdong province, China
| | - Wenlong Ma
- Institute of Urology, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Shenzhen University (Luohu Hospital Group), Shenzhen, 518000, Guangdong province, China
| | - Kai Wu
- Institute of Urology, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Shenzhen University (Luohu Hospital Group), Shenzhen, 518000, Guangdong province, China
| | - Guoyu Peng
- Institute of Urology, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Shenzhen University (Luohu Hospital Group), Shenzhen, 518000, Guangdong province, China
| | - Tong Ou
- Institute of Urology, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Shenzhen University (Luohu Hospital Group), Shenzhen, 518000, Guangdong province, China
| | - Song Wu
- Shenzhen University Health Science Center, Shenzhen, Guangdong province, China.,Institute of Urology, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Shenzhen University (Luohu Hospital Group), Shenzhen, 518000, Guangdong province, China
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21
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Pezeshki PS, Moeinafshar A, Ghaemdoust F, Razi S, Keshavarz-Fathi M, Rezaei N. Advances in pharmacotherapy for neuroblastoma. Expert Opin Pharmacother 2021; 22:2383-2404. [PMID: 34254549 DOI: 10.1080/14656566.2021.1953470] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Neuroblastoma is the most prevalent cancer type diagnosed within the first year after birth and accounts for 15% of deaths from pediatric cancer. Despite the improvements in survival rates of patients with neuroblastoma, the incidence of the disease has increased over the last decade. Neuroblastoma tumor cells harbor a vast range of variable and heterogeneous histochemical and genetic alterations which calls for the need to administer individualized and targeted therapies to induce tumor regression in each patient. AREAS COVERED This paper provides reviews the recent clinical trials which used chemotherapeutic and/or targeted agents as either monotherapies or in combination to improve the response rate in patients with neuroblastoma, and especially high-risk neuroblastoma. It also reviews some of the prominent preclinical studies which can provide the rationale for future clinical trials. EXPERT OPINION Although some distinguished advances in pharmacotherapy have been made to improve the survival rate and reduce adverse events in patients with neuroblastoma, a more comprehensive understanding of the mechanisms of tumorigenesis, resistance to therapies or relapse, identifying biomarkers of response to each specific drug, and developing predictive preclinical models of the tumor can lead to further breakthroughs in the treatment of neuroblastoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Parmida Sadat Pezeshki
- Cancer Immunology Project (CIP), Universal Scientific Education and Research Network (USERN), Tehran, Iran.,School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Aysan Moeinafshar
- Cancer Immunology Project (CIP), Universal Scientific Education and Research Network (USERN), Tehran, Iran.,School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Faezeh Ghaemdoust
- Cancer Immunology Project (CIP), Universal Scientific Education and Research Network (USERN), Tehran, Iran.,School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Sepideh Razi
- Cancer Immunology Project (CIP), Universal Scientific Education and Research Network (USERN), Tehran, Iran.,School of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.,Research Center for Immunodeficiencies, Children's Medical Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mahsa Keshavarz-Fathi
- Cancer Immunology Project (CIP), Universal Scientific Education and Research Network (USERN), Tehran, Iran.,School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.,Research Center for Immunodeficiencies, Children's Medical Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Nima Rezaei
- Research Center for Immunodeficiencies, Children's Medical Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.,Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.,Cancer Immunology Project (CIP), Universal Scientific Education and Research Network (USERN), Stockholm, Sweden
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22
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Zhao Y, Yang J, Liu J, Cai Y, Han Y, Hu S, Ren S, Zhou X, Wang X. Inhibition of Polo-like kinase 4 induces mitotic defects and DNA damage in diffuse large B-cell lymphoma. Cell Death Dis 2021; 12:640. [PMID: 34162828 PMCID: PMC8222327 DOI: 10.1038/s41419-021-03919-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2021] [Revised: 06/03/2021] [Accepted: 06/07/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Polo-like kinase 4 (PLK4), a key regulator of centriole biogenesis, has recently been shown to play key roles in tumorigenesis. Blocking PLK4 expression by interference or targeted drugs exhibits attractive potential in improving the efficacy of chemotherapy. Nevertheless, the role of PLK4 in diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (DLBCL) is still undefined. In this study, we discover that PLK4 is a potential target for the treatment of DLBCL, and demonstrate the efficacy of a PLK4 inhibitor when used in combination with doxorubicin. Pharmaceutical inhibition of PLK4 with CFI-400945 inhibited DLBCL cell proliferation and induced apoptotic cell death. The anti-tumor effects were accompanied by mitotic defects, including polyploidy and cytokinesis failure. Activation of p53 and Hippo/YAP tumor suppressor signaling pathway was identified as the potential mechanisms driving CFI-400945 activity. Moreover, CFI-400945 treatment resulted in activation of DNA damage response. Combining CFI-400945 with doxorubicin markedly delayed tumor progression in DLBCL xenografts. Finally, PLK4 was increased in primary DLBCL tissues and cell lines. High levels of PLK4 expression were associated with poor survival in the patients receiving CHOP-based treatment, implicating PLK4 as a predictive biomarker of DLBCL chemosensitivity. These results provide the therapeutic potential of CFI-400945 both as monotherapy or in combination with doxorubicin for the treatment of DLBCL.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Antineoplastic Combined Chemotherapy Protocols/pharmacology
- Apoptosis/drug effects
- Cell Line, Tumor
- Cell Proliferation/drug effects
- DNA Damage
- Doxorubicin/pharmacology
- Female
- Gene Expression Regulation, Neoplastic
- Humans
- Indazoles/pharmacology
- Indoles/pharmacology
- Lymphoma, Large B-Cell, Diffuse/drug therapy
- Lymphoma, Large B-Cell, Diffuse/enzymology
- Lymphoma, Large B-Cell, Diffuse/genetics
- Lymphoma, Large B-Cell, Diffuse/pathology
- Mice, SCID
- Mitosis/drug effects
- Protein Kinase Inhibitors/pharmacology
- Protein Serine-Threonine Kinases/antagonists & inhibitors
- Protein Serine-Threonine Kinases/metabolism
- Signal Transduction
- Tumor Burden/drug effects
- Xenograft Model Antitumor Assays
- Mice
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Zhao
- Department of Hematology, Shandong Provincial Hospital, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, 250021, China
| | - Juan Yang
- Department of Hematology, Shandong Provincial Hospital, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, 250021, China
| | - Jiarui Liu
- Department of Hematology, Shandong Provincial Hospital, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, 250021, China
| | - Yiqing Cai
- Department of Hematology, Shandong Provincial Hospital, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, 250021, China
| | - Yang Han
- Department of Hematology, Shandong Provincial Hospital, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, 250021, China
| | - Shunfeng Hu
- Department of Hematology, Shandong Provincial Hospital, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, 250021, China
| | - Shuai Ren
- Department of Hematology, Shandong Provincial Hospital, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, 250021, China
| | - Xiangxiang Zhou
- Department of Hematology, Shandong Provincial Hospital, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, 250021, China.
- Department of Hematology, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong First Medical University, Jinan, Shandong, 250021, China.
- School of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, 250012, China.
- Shandong Provincial Engineering Research Center of Lymphoma, Jinan, Shandong, 250021, China.
- Branch of National Clinical Research Center for Hematologic Diseases, Jinan, Shandong, 250021, China.
- National Clinical Research Center for Hematologic Diseases, the First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, 251006, China.
| | - Xin Wang
- Department of Hematology, Shandong Provincial Hospital, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, 250021, China.
- Department of Hematology, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong First Medical University, Jinan, Shandong, 250021, China.
- School of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, 250012, China.
- Shandong Provincial Engineering Research Center of Lymphoma, Jinan, Shandong, 250021, China.
- Branch of National Clinical Research Center for Hematologic Diseases, Jinan, Shandong, 250021, China.
- National Clinical Research Center for Hematologic Diseases, the First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, 251006, China.
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23
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Kressin M, Fietz D, Becker S, Strebhardt K. Modelling the Functions of Polo-Like Kinases in Mice and Their Applications as Cancer Targets with a Special Focus on Ovarian Cancer. Cells 2021; 10:1176. [PMID: 34065956 PMCID: PMC8151477 DOI: 10.3390/cells10051176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2021] [Revised: 05/06/2021] [Accepted: 05/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Polo-like kinases (PLKs) belong to a five-membered family of highly conserved serine/threonine kinases (PLK1-5) that play differentiated and essential roles as key mitotic kinases and cell cycle regulators and with this in proliferation and cellular growth. Besides, evidence is accumulating for complex and vital non-mitotic functions of PLKs. Dysregulation of PLKs is widely associated with tumorigenesis and by this, PLKs have gained increasing significance as attractive targets in cancer with diagnostic, prognostic and therapeutic potential. PLK1 has proved to have strong clinical relevance as it was found to be over-expressed in different cancer types and linked to poor patient prognosis. Targeting the diverse functions of PLKs (tumor suppressor, oncogenic) are currently at the center of numerous investigations in particular with the inhibition of PLK1 and PLK4, respectively in multiple cancer trials. Functions of PLKs and the effects of their inhibition have been extensively studied in cancer cell culture models but information is rare on how these drugs affect benign tissues and organs. As a step further towards clinical application as cancer targets, mouse models therefore play a central role. Modelling PLK function in animal models, e.g., by gene disruption or by treatment with small molecule PLK inhibitors offers promising possibilities to unveil the biological significance of PLKs in cancer maintenance and progression and give important information on PLKs' applicability as cancer targets. In this review we aim at summarizing the approaches of modelling PLK function in mice so far with a special glimpse on the significance of PLKs in ovarian cancer and of orthotopic cancer models used in this fatal malignancy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monika Kressin
- Institute for Veterinary Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, Justus Liebig University Giessen, 35392 Giessen, Germany;
| | - Daniela Fietz
- Institute for Veterinary Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, Justus Liebig University Giessen, 35392 Giessen, Germany;
| | - Sven Becker
- Department of Gynecology, Goethe-University, 60590 Frankfurt, Germany; (S.B.); (K.S.)
| | - Klaus Strebhardt
- Department of Gynecology, Goethe-University, 60590 Frankfurt, Germany; (S.B.); (K.S.)
- German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), German Cancer Research Center, Partner Site Frankfurt am Main, 60590 Frankfurt, Germany
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24
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Jingushi K, Aoki M, Ueda K, Kogaki T, Tanimoto M, Monoe Y, Ando M, Matsumoto T, Minami K, Ueda Y, Kitae K, Hase H, Nagata T, Harada-Takeda A, Yamamoto M, Kawahara K, Tabata K, Furukawa T, Sato M, Tsujikawa K. ALKBH4 promotes tumourigenesis with a poor prognosis in non-small-cell lung cancer. Sci Rep 2021; 11:8677. [PMID: 33883577 PMCID: PMC8060266 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-87763-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2020] [Accepted: 03/31/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The human AlkB homolog family (ALKBH) of proteins play a critical role in some types of cancer. However, the expression and function of the lysine demethylase ALKBH4 in cancer are poorly understood. Here, we examined the expression and function of ALKBH4 in non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC) and found that ALKBH4 was highly expressed in NSCLC, as compared to that in adjacent normal lung tissues. ALKBH4 knockdown significantly induced the downregulation of NSCLC cell proliferation via cell cycle arrest at the G1 phase of in vivo tumour growth. ALKBH4 knockdown downregulated E2F transcription factor 1 (E2F1) and its target gene expression in NSCLC cells. ALKBH4 and E2F1 expression was significantly correlated in NSCLC clinical specimens. Moreover, patients with high ALKBH4 expression showed a poor prognosis, suggesting that ALKBH4 plays a pivotal tumour-promoting role in NSCLC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kentaro Jingushi
- Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Osaka University, 1-6 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan.
| | - Masaya Aoki
- Department of General Thoracic Surgery, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Kagoshima University, 8-35-1 Sakuragaoka, Kagoshima, Kagoshima, 890-8520, Japan
| | - Kazuhiro Ueda
- Department of General Thoracic Surgery, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Kagoshima University, 8-35-1 Sakuragaoka, Kagoshima, Kagoshima, 890-8520, Japan
| | - Takahiro Kogaki
- Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Osaka University, 1-6 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan
| | - Masaya Tanimoto
- Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Osaka University, 1-6 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan
| | - Yuya Monoe
- Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Osaka University, 1-6 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan
| | - Masayuki Ando
- Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Osaka University, 1-6 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan
| | - Takuya Matsumoto
- Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Osaka University, 1-6 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan
| | - Kentaro Minami
- Department of Molecular Oncology, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Kagoshima University, 8-35-1 Sakuragaoka, Kagoshima, Kagoshima, 890-8544, Japan
| | - Yuko Ueda
- Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Osaka University, 1-6 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan
| | - Kaori Kitae
- Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Osaka University, 1-6 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan
| | - Hiroaki Hase
- Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Osaka University, 1-6 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan
| | - Toshiyuki Nagata
- Department of General Thoracic Surgery, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Kagoshima University, 8-35-1 Sakuragaoka, Kagoshima, Kagoshima, 890-8520, Japan
| | - Aya Harada-Takeda
- Department of General Thoracic Surgery, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Kagoshima University, 8-35-1 Sakuragaoka, Kagoshima, Kagoshima, 890-8520, Japan
| | - Masatatsu Yamamoto
- Department of Molecular Oncology, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Kagoshima University, 8-35-1 Sakuragaoka, Kagoshima, Kagoshima, 890-8544, Japan
| | - Kohichi Kawahara
- Department of Molecular Oncology, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Kagoshima University, 8-35-1 Sakuragaoka, Kagoshima, Kagoshima, 890-8544, Japan
| | - Kazuhiro Tabata
- Human Pathology, Kagoshima University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, 8-35-1 Sakuragaoka, Kagoshima City, 890-8544, Japan
| | - Tatsuhiko Furukawa
- Department of Molecular Oncology, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Kagoshima University, 8-35-1 Sakuragaoka, Kagoshima, Kagoshima, 890-8544, Japan
| | - Masami Sato
- Department of General Thoracic Surgery, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Kagoshima University, 8-35-1 Sakuragaoka, Kagoshima, Kagoshima, 890-8520, Japan
| | - Kazutake Tsujikawa
- Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Osaka University, 1-6 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan
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25
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Xue D, Han J, Liu Y, Tuo H, Peng Y. Current perspectives on exosomes in the diagnosis and treatment of hepatocellular carcinoma (review). Cancer Biol Ther 2021; 22:279-290. [PMID: 33847207 PMCID: PMC8183537 DOI: 10.1080/15384047.2021.1898728] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
The prognosis of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), a malignant tumor, is poor. Tumor recurrence and metastasis are the major challenges for the treatment of HCC. Various studies have demonstrated that exosomes, which are loaded with various biomolecules including nucleic acids, lipids, and proteins are involved in the recurrence and metastasis of HCC. Additionally, exosomes mediate various biological processes, such as immune response, cell apoptosis, angiogenesis, thrombosis, autophagy, and intercellular signal transduction. In cancer, exosomes regulate cancer cell differentiation, development, and drug resistance. Circular RNAs, microRNAs, and proteins in the exosomes can serve as early diagnostic and prognostic markers for HCC. As exosomes are characterized by low immunogenicity and high stability in the tissues and circulation, they can be used to deliver the drugs in cancer therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dongdong Xue
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, General Hospital, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, P. R. China
| | - Jingzhao Han
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, General Hospital, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, P. R. China.,Department of Graduate School, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, P. R. China
| | - Yifan Liu
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, General Hospital, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, P. R. China.,Department of Graduate School, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, P. R. China
| | - Hongfang Tuo
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, General Hospital, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, P. R. China
| | - Yanhui Peng
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, General Hospital, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, P. R. China
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26
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Garvey DR, Chhabra G, Ndiaye MA, Ahmad N. Role of Polo-Like Kinase 4 (PLK4) in Epithelial Cancers and Recent Progress in its Small Molecule Targeting for Cancer Management. Mol Cancer Ther 2021; 20:632-640. [PMID: 33402398 PMCID: PMC8026525 DOI: 10.1158/1535-7163.mct-20-0741] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2020] [Revised: 11/02/2020] [Accepted: 12/23/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The polo-like kinases (PLKs) are a family of serine/threonine kinases traditionally linked to cell-cycle regulation. A structurally unique member of this family, PLK4, has been shown to regulate centriole duplication during the cell cycle via interactions with a variety of centrosomal proteins. Recent findings suggest that PLK4 is overexpressed in various human cancers and associated with poor cancer prognosis. Although several studies have shown that PLK4 inhibition may lead to cancer cell death, the underlying mechanisms are largely unknown. In this review, we discuss the structure, localization, and function of PLK4, along with the functional significance of PLK4 in epithelial cancers and some preliminary work suggesting a role for PLK4 in the key cancer progression process epithelial-mesenchymal transition. We also discuss the potential of PLK4 as a druggable target for anticancer drug development based on critical analysis of the available data of PLK4 inhibitors in preclinical development and clinical trials. Overall, the emerging data suggest that PLK4 plays an essential role in epithelial cancers and should be further explored as a potential biomarker and/or therapeutic target. Continued detailed exploration of available and next-generation PLK4 inhibitors may provide a new dimension for novel cancer therapeutics following successful clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Debra R Garvey
- Department of Dermatology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin
| | - Gagan Chhabra
- Department of Dermatology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin
| | - Mary A Ndiaye
- Department of Dermatology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin
| | - Nihal Ahmad
- Department of Dermatology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin.
- William S. Middleton VA Medical Center, Madison, Wisconsin
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27
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Li J, Urabe G, Huang Y, Zhang M, Wang B, Marcho L, Shen H, Kent KC, Guo LW. A Role for Polo-Like Kinase 4 in Vascular Fibroblast Cell-Type Transition. JACC Basic Transl Sci 2021; 6:257-283. [PMID: 33778212 PMCID: PMC7987547 DOI: 10.1016/j.jacbts.2020.12.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2020] [Revised: 12/21/2020] [Accepted: 12/21/2020] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
PLK4, previously known as a centriole-associated factor, regulates the transcription factor activity of serum response factor. PLK4 inhibition blocks the profibrogenic cell state transition of vascular fibroblasts. PLK4’s activation and gene expression are regulated by PDGF receptor and epigenetic reader BRD4, respectively. Periadventitial administration of a PLK4 inhibitor mitigates vascular fibrosis.
Polo-like kinase 4 (PLK4) is canonically known for its cytoplasmic function in centriole duplication. Here we show a noncanonical PLK4 function of regulating the transcription factor SRF’s nuclear activity and associated myofibroblast-like cell-type transition. In this context, we have further found that PLK4’s phosphorylation and transcription are respectively regulated by PDGF receptor and epigenetic factor BRD4. Furthermore, in vivo experiments suggest PLK4 inhibition as a potential approach to mitigating vascular fibrosis.
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Key Words
- AA, PDGF-AA
- BET, bromo/extraterminal domain–containing protein
- BRD4
- BRD4, bromodomain protein 4
- CenB, centrinone-B
- EEL, external elastic lamina
- JQ1, a BET family–selective epigenetic modulator drug
- MRTF-A, myocardin-related transcription factor A
- PDGF receptor
- PDGF, platelet-derived growth factor
- PDGFR, PDGF receptor
- PLK, polo-like kinase
- PLK4
- SRF
- SRF, serum response factor
- fibroblast cell-type transition
- αSMA, α-smooth muscle actin
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Li
- Department of Surgery, School of Medicine, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia, USA
| | - Go Urabe
- Department of Surgery, School of Medicine, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia, USA
| | - Yitao Huang
- Department of Surgery, School of Medicine, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia, USA
| | - Mengxue Zhang
- Department of Surgery, School of Medicine, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia, USA.,Cellular and Molecular Pathology Graduate Program, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Bowen Wang
- Department of Surgery, School of Medicine, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia, USA
| | - Lynn Marcho
- Davis Heart and Lung Research Institute, Wexner Medical Center, Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA
| | - Hongtao Shen
- Department of Surgery, School of Medicine, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia, USA
| | - K Craig Kent
- Department of Surgery, School of Medicine, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia, USA
| | - Lian-Wang Guo
- Department of Surgery, School of Medicine, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia, USA
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Zhang X, Wei C, Liang H, Han L. Polo-Like Kinase 4's Critical Role in Cancer Development and Strategies for Plk4-Targeted Therapy. Front Oncol 2021; 11:587554. [PMID: 33777739 PMCID: PMC7994899 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2021.587554] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2020] [Accepted: 01/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Polo-like kinases (Plks) are critical regulatory molecules during the cell cycle process. This family has five members: Plk1, 2, 3, 4, and 5. Plk4 has been identified as a master regulator of centriole replication, and its aberrant expression is closely associated with cancer development. In this review, we depict the DNA, mRNA, and protein structure of Plk4, and the regulation of Plk4 at a molecular level. Then we list the downstream targets of Plk4 and the hallmarks of cancer associated with these targets. The role of Plk4 in different cancers is also summarized. Finally, we review the inhibitors that target Plk4 in the hope of discovering effective anticancer drugs. From authors' perspective, Plk4 might represent a valuable tumor biomarker and critical target for cancer diagnosis and therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Lei Han
- Tianjin Neurological Institute, Key Laboratory of Post-Neuroinjury Neuro-repair and Regeneration in Central Nervous System, Ministry of Education and Tianjin City, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, China
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Yang Y, Pan H, Chen J, Zhang Z, Liang M, Feng X. CircKIF2A contributes to cell proliferation, migration, invasion and glycolysis in human neuroblastoma by regulating miR-129-5p/PLK4 axis. Mol Cell Biochem 2021; 476:2513-2525. [PMID: 33630225 DOI: 10.1007/s11010-021-04096-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2020] [Accepted: 02/04/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Multiple circular RNAs (circRNAs) have been identified to act as essential mediators in diverse human cancers. However, the roles of circRNAs in neuroblastoma (NB) are largely unknown. In this study, we aimed to explore the function of circKIF2A in NB. Quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction was executed to detect the levels of circKIF2A, KIF2A mRNA, miR-129-5p and polo-like kinase 4 (PLK4) mRNA. Actinomycin D assay and RNase R digestion assay were conducted to analyze the feature of circKIF2A. 3-(4, 5-Dimethyl-2-thiazolyl)-2,5-diphenyl-2-H-tetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay, transwell assay and specific kits were utilized to evaluate cell proliferation, metastasis and glycolysis, respectively. Western blot assay was performed to examine the protein levels of matrix metalloproteinase 2 (MMP2), MMP9 and PLK4. Bioinformatics analysis, RNA pull-down assay and dual-luciferase reporter assay were conducted to analyze the relationship between miR-129-5p and circKIF2A or PLK4. Murine xenograft model assay was done to investigate the role of circKIF2A in NB in vivo. CircKIF2A level was increased in NB tissue samples and cell lines. Silencing of circKIF2A impeded NB cell proliferation, migration, invasion and glycolysis. For mechanism analysis, circKIF2A could positively modulate PLK4 expression via sponging miR-129-5p. Moreover, miR-129-5p inhibition reversed the inhibitory effects of circKIF2A silencing on the behaviors of NB cells. MiR-129-5p overexpression weakened the malignant biological behaviors of NB cells by targeting PLK4. Additionally, circKIF2A knockdown hampered tumorigenesis in vivo. CircKIF2A knockdown suppressed cell proliferation, migration, invasion and glycolysis via downregulating PLK4 expression through miR-129-5p.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yiheng Yang
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, Heze Municipal Hospital, Family Committee of the Municipal Party Committee, Tianxiang Road, Heze City, 274000, Shangdong Province, China
| | - Hongli Pan
- Operating Room, Heze Municipal Hospital, Heze City, Shangdong Province, China
| | - Jie Chen
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, Heze Municipal Hospital, Family Committee of the Municipal Party Committee, Tianxiang Road, Heze City, 274000, Shangdong Province, China
| | - Zhonghua Zhang
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, Heze Municipal Hospital, Family Committee of the Municipal Party Committee, Tianxiang Road, Heze City, 274000, Shangdong Province, China
| | - Minna Liang
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, Heze Municipal Hospital, Family Committee of the Municipal Party Committee, Tianxiang Road, Heze City, 274000, Shangdong Province, China
| | - Xunqiang Feng
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, Heze Municipal Hospital, Family Committee of the Municipal Party Committee, Tianxiang Road, Heze City, 274000, Shangdong Province, China.
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Liu N, Yan L, Shan F, Wang X, Qu N, Handley MK, Ma M. Low-dose naltrexone plays antineoplastic role in cervical cancer progression through suppressing PI3K/AKT/mTOR pathway. Transl Oncol 2021; 14:101028. [PMID: 33540155 PMCID: PMC7859308 DOI: 10.1016/j.tranon.2021.101028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2020] [Revised: 01/05/2021] [Accepted: 01/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
LDN inhibited proliferation in cervical cancer. LDN inhibited migration and invasion in cervical cancer cells. LDN mediated the propagation property in cervical cancer through PI3K/AKT/mTOR signaling pathway.
The incidence of cervical cancer is increasing annually worldwide. Low-dose naltrexone (LDN) has been reported to delay tumor progression, but the mechanism remains unclear. Here, we found that low-dose naltrexone could upregulate the expression of OGFr. Additionally, LDN could suppress the abilities of colony formation, migration and invasion in cervical cancer cells. LDN could also inhibit cervical cancer progression in mice model. Moreover, LDN indirectly reduced the expressions of PI3K, pAKT and mTOR in vitro and in vivo. Therefore, LDN may be considered a potential treatment option for cervical cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ning Liu
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, No. 36 Sanhao Street, Heping District, Shenyang 110004, Liaoning, China
| | - Limei Yan
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, No. 36 Sanhao Street, Heping District, Shenyang 110004, Liaoning, China
| | - Fengping Shan
- Department of Immunology, College of Basic Medical Science, China Medical University, No. 77 Puhe Road, Shenyang North New Area, Shenyang 110122, Liaoning, China
| | - Xiaonai Wang
- Department of Immunology, College of Basic Medical Science, China Medical University, No. 77 Puhe Road, Shenyang North New Area, Shenyang 110122, Liaoning, China
| | - Na Qu
- Department of Gynecology, Cancer hospital of China Medical University, Liaoning Cancer Hospital & Institute, No. 44, Xiaoheyan Road, Dadong District, Shenyang 110042, Liaoning, China
| | - Mike K Handley
- Cytocom Inc., 37 North Orange Avenue, Suite 607, Orlando, FL 32801, USA
| | - Mingxing Ma
- Department of General Surgery, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, No. 36 Sanhao Street, Heping District, Shenyang 110004, Liaoning, China.
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Hochheuser C, Windt LJ, Kunze NY, de Vos DL, Tytgat GA, Voermans C, Timmerman I. Mesenchymal Stromal Cells in Neuroblastoma: Exploring Crosstalk and Therapeutic Implications. Stem Cells Dev 2021; 30:59-78. [PMID: 33287630 PMCID: PMC7826431 DOI: 10.1089/scd.2020.0142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2020] [Accepted: 12/07/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Neuroblastoma (NB) is the second most common solid cancer in childhood, accounting for 15% of cancer-related deaths in children. In high-risk NB patients, the majority suffers from metastasis. Despite intensive multimodal treatment, long-term survival remains <40%. The bone marrow (BM) is among the most common sites of distant metastasis in patients with high-risk NB. In this environment, small populations of tumor cells can persist after treatment (minimal residual disease) and induce relapse. Therapy resistance of these residual tumor cells in BM remains a major obstacle for the cure of NB. A detailed understanding of the microenvironment and its role in tumor progression is of utmost importance for improving the treatment efficiency of NB. In BM, mesenchymal stromal cells (MSCs) constitute an important part of the microenvironment, where they support hematopoiesis and modulate immune responses. Their role in tumor progression is not completely understood, especially for NB. Although MSCs have been found to promote epithelial-mesenchymal transition, tumor growth, and metastasis and to induce chemoresistance, some reports point toward a tumor-suppressive effect of MSCs. In this review, we aim to compile current knowledge about the role of MSCs in NB development and progression. We evaluate arguments that depict tumor-supportive versus -suppressive properties of MSCs in the context of NB and give an overview of factors involved in MSC-NB crosstalk. A focus lies on the BM as a metastatic niche, since that is the predominant site for NB metastasis and relapse. Finally, we will present opportunities and challenges for therapeutic targeting of MSCs in the BM microenvironment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caroline Hochheuser
- Sanquin Research and Landsteiner Laboratory, Department of Hematopoiesis, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
- Princess Maxima Center for Pediatric Oncology, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Laurens J. Windt
- Sanquin Research and Landsteiner Laboratory, Department of Hematopoiesis, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Nina Y. Kunze
- Sanquin Research and Landsteiner Laboratory, Department of Hematopoiesis, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Dieuwke L. de Vos
- Sanquin Research and Landsteiner Laboratory, Department of Hematopoiesis, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | | | - Carlijn Voermans
- Sanquin Research and Landsteiner Laboratory, Department of Hematopoiesis, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Ilse Timmerman
- Sanquin Research and Landsteiner Laboratory, Department of Hematopoiesis, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
- Princess Maxima Center for Pediatric Oncology, Utrecht, the Netherlands
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Raab CA, Raab M, Becker S, Strebhardt K. Non-mitotic functions of polo-like kinases in cancer cells. Biochim Biophys Acta Rev Cancer 2021; 1875:188467. [PMID: 33171265 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbcan.2020.188467] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2020] [Revised: 11/03/2020] [Accepted: 11/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Inhibitors of mitotic protein kinases are currently being developed as non-neurotoxic alternatives of microtubule-targeting agents (taxanes, vinca alkaloids) which provide a substantial survival benefit for patients afflicted with different types of solid tumors. Among the mitotic kinases, the cyclin-dependent kinases, the Aurora kinases, the kinesin spindle protein and Polo-like kinases (PLKs) have emerged as attractive targets of cancer therapeutics. The functions of mammalian PLK1-5 are traditionally linked to the regulation of the cell cycle and to the stress response. Especially the key role of PLK1 and PLK4 in cellular growth and proliferation, their overexpression in multiple types of human cancer and their druggability, make them appealing targets for cancer therapy. Inhibitors for PLK1 and PLK4 are currently being tested in multiple cancer trials. The clinical success of microtubule-targeting agents is attributed not solely to the induction of a mitotic arrest in cancer cells, but also to non-mitotic effects like targeting intracellular trafficking on microtubules. This raises the question whether new cancer targets like PLK1 and PLK4 regulate critical non-mitotic functions in tumor cells. In this article we summarize the important roles of PLK1-5 for the regulation of non-mitotic signaling. Due to these functions it is conceivable that inhibitors for PLK1 or PLK4 can target interphase cells, which underscores their attractive potential as cancer drug targets. Moreover, we also describe the contribution of the tumor-suppressors PLK2, PLK3 and PLK5 to cancer cell signaling outside of mitosis. These observations highlight the urgent need to develop highly specific ATP-competitive inhibitors for PLK4 and for PLK1 like the 3rd generation PLK-inhibitor Onvansertib to prevent the inhibition of tumor-suppressor PLKs in- and outside of mitosis. The remarkable feature of PLKs to encompass a unique druggable domain, the polo-box-domain (PBD) that can be found only in PLKs offers the opportunity for the development of inhibitors that target PLKs exclusively. Beyond the development of mono-specific ATP-competitive PLK inhibitors, the PBD as drug target will support the design of new drugs that eradicate cancer cells based on the mitotic and non-mitotic function of PLK1 and PLK4.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Monika Raab
- Department of Gynecology, Goethe-University, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Sven Becker
- Department of Gynecology, Goethe-University, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Klaus Strebhardt
- Department of Gynecology, Goethe-University, Frankfurt, Germany; German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), German Cancer Research Center, Partner Site Frankfurt am Main, Frankfurt, Germany.
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Use of the Polo-like kinase 4 (PLK4) inhibitor centrinone to investigate intracellular signalling networks using SILAC-based phosphoproteomics. Biochem J 2020; 477:2451-2475. [PMID: 32501498 PMCID: PMC7338032 DOI: 10.1042/bcj20200309] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2020] [Revised: 05/27/2020] [Accepted: 06/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Polo-like kinase 4 (PLK4) is the master regulator of centriole duplication in metazoan organisms. Catalytic activity and protein turnover of PLK4 are tightly coupled in human cells, since changes in PLK4 concentration and catalysis have profound effects on centriole duplication and supernumerary centrosomes, which are associated with aneuploidy and cancer. Recently, PLK4 has been targeted with a variety of small molecule kinase inhibitors exemplified by centrinone, which rapidly induces inhibitory effects on PLK4 and leads to on-target centrosome depletion. Despite this, relatively few PLK4 substrates have been identified unequivocally in human cells, and PLK4 signalling outside centriolar networks remains poorly characterised. We report an unbiased mass spectrometry (MS)-based quantitative analysis of cellular protein phosphorylation in stable PLK4-expressing U2OS human cells exposed to centrinone. PLK4 phosphorylation was itself sensitive to brief exposure to the compound, resulting in PLK4 stabilisation. Analysing asynchronous cell populations, we report hundreds of centrinone-regulated cellular phosphoproteins, including centrosomal and cell cycle proteins and a variety of likely 'non-canonical' substrates. Surprisingly, sequence interrogation of ∼300 significantly down-regulated phosphoproteins reveals an extensive network of centrinone-sensitive [Ser/Thr]Pro phosphorylation sequence motifs, which based on our analysis might be either direct or indirect targets of PLK4. In addition, we confirm that NMYC and PTPN12 are PLK4 substrates, both in vitro and in human cells. Our findings suggest that PLK4 catalytic output directly controls the phosphorylation of a diverse set of cellular proteins, including Pro-directed targets that are likely to be important in PLK4-mediated cell signalling.
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Zhang H, Qin H, Zhou C, Feng Q, Yang Y, Sui J, Tang Y. Gene expression profile of lipopolysaccharide‑induced apoptosis of nucleus pulposus cells reversed by syringic acid. Mol Med Rep 2020; 22:5012-5022. [PMID: 33174055 PMCID: PMC7646953 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2020.11632] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2020] [Accepted: 07/03/2020] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Apoptosis of nucleus pulposus (NP) cells has an important role in the process of intervertebral disc degeneration (IDD), and the search for novel compounds to prevent apoptosis from occurring is urgently required. In the present study, syringic acid (SyrA) was found to exhibit no cytotoxicity on NP cells, and was able to reverse the cytotoxicity, as well as the abnormal expression of Bcl-2 and caspase-3, that were induced by lipopolysaccharide (LPS). The transcriptomes of each group were then analyzed using RNA-Seq. A total of 65 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were identified in LPS-stimulated groups (LPS group vs. control group), 819 DEGs were identified in the SyrA-reversed groups (SyrA plus LPS group vs. LPS group), and a further 25 DEGs were identified in the SyrA plus LPS group compared with the control group. Reverse transcription-quantitative PCR validation indicated that the alterations in expression of uroplakin 3B-like 1 (UPK3BL1), voltage-dependent calcium channel subunit α-2/δ-1 (CACNA2D1) and polo-like kinase 4 (PLK4) were consistent with the corresponding results of RNA-Seq, and that these genes were involved in both LPS-stimulation and SyrA-reversion processes. Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes analyses indicated that the DEGs in SyrA-reversed groups were involved in, amongst other pathways, ‘Autophagy-other’ and ‘Apoptosis-multiple species’. In conclusion, the addition of SyrA to the NP cells co-incubated with LPS appeared to help prevent the abnormal expression of mRNAs and apoptosis that had been identified in NP cells incubated with LPS alone. The potential mechanism underlying the reversion of SyrA might be attributed to the regulation of CACNA2D1 and PLK4.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heng Zhang
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Langdong Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region 530028, P.R. China
| | - Hong Qin
- Department of Health Care, Nanning Maternal and Child Health Hospital, Nanning, Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region 530011, P.R. China
| | - Chengen Zhou
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Langdong Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region 530028, P.R. China
| | - Qiang Feng
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Langdong Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region 530028, P.R. China
| | - Yuan Yang
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Langdong Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region 530028, P.R. China
| | - Jinhui Sui
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Langdong Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region 530028, P.R. China
| | - Yucai Tang
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Langdong Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region 530028, P.R. China
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Xu L, Qu JL, Song N, Zhang LY, Zeng X, Che XF, Hou KZ, Shi S, Feng ZY, Qu XJ, Liu YP, Teng YE. Biological and clinical significance of flap endonuclease‑1 in triple‑negative breast cancer: Support of metastasis and a poor prognosis. Oncol Rep 2020; 44:2443-2454. [PMID: 33125141 PMCID: PMC7610327 DOI: 10.3892/or.2020.7812] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2020] [Accepted: 07/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Flap endonuclease‑1 (FEN1), a structure‑specific nuclease participating in DNA replication and repair processes, has been confirmed to promote the proliferation and drug resistance of tumor cells. However, the biological functions of FEN1 in cancer cell migration and invasion have not been defined. In the present study, using online database analysis and immunohistochemistry of the specimens, it was found that FEN1 expression was associated with a highly invasive triple‑negative breast cancer (TNBC) subtype in both breast cancer samples from the Oncomine database and from patients recruited into the study. Furthermore, FEN1 was an important biomarker of lymph node metastasis and poor prognosis in patients with TNBC. FEN1 promoted migration of TNBC cell lines and FEN1 knockdown reduced the number of spontaneous lung metastasis in vivo. Ingenuity Pathway Analysis of FEN1‑related transcripts in 198 patients with TNBC demonstrated that the polo‑like kinase family may be the downstream target of FEN1. PLK4 was further identified as a critical target of FEN1 mediating TNBC cell migration, by regulating actin cytoskeleton rearrangement. The results of the present study validate FEN1 as a therapeutic target in patients with TNBC and revealed a new role for FEN1 in regulating TNBC invasion and metastasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lu Xu
- Department of Medical Oncology, The First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning 110001, P.R. China
| | - Jing-Lei Qu
- Department of Medical Oncology, The First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning 110001, P.R. China
| | - Na Song
- Department of Medical Oncology, The First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning 110001, P.R. China
| | - Ling-Yun Zhang
- Department of Medical Oncology, The First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning 110001, P.R. China
| | - Xue Zeng
- Department of Medical Oncology, The First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning 110001, P.R. China
| | - Xiao-Fang Che
- Department of Medical Oncology, The First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning 110001, P.R. China
| | - Ke-Zuo Hou
- Department of Medical Oncology, The First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning 110001, P.R. China
| | - Sha Shi
- Department of Medical Oncology, The First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning 110001, P.R. China
| | - Zu-Ying Feng
- Boz Life Science Research and Teaching Institute, San Diego, CA 92109, USA
| | - Xiu-Juan Qu
- Department of Medical Oncology, The First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning 110001, P.R. China
| | - Yun-Peng Liu
- Department of Medical Oncology, The First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning 110001, P.R. China
| | - Yue-E Teng
- Department of Medical Oncology, The First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning 110001, P.R. China
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Jia P, Wei E, Liu H, Wu T, Wang H. Silencing of long non-coding RNA DLX6-AS1 weakens neuroblastoma progression by the miR-513c-5p/PLK4 axis. IUBMB Life 2020; 72:2627-2636. [PMID: 33031637 DOI: 10.1002/iub.2392] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2020] [Revised: 09/17/2020] [Accepted: 09/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Emerging evidence has demonstrated the crucial roles of long noncoding RNAs in human cancers, including neuroblastoma (NB). DLX6 antisense RNA 1 (DLX6-AS1) has been identified as an oncogenic driver in NB. However, the mechanisms of DLX6-AS1 in NB progression are not fully understood. Our data showed that DLX6-AS1 was significantly overexpressed in NB tissues and cells. Moreover, DLX6-AS1 silencing repressed NB cell viability, colony formation, migration, and invasion, and promoted cell cycle arrest and apoptosis in vitro, as well as decreased tumor growth in vivo. Mechanistically, DLX6-AS1 operated as a miR-513c-5p sponge. MiR-513c-5p mediated the regulation of DLX6-AS1 on NB cell malignant progression in vitro. PLK4 was a target of miR-513c-5p- and DLX6-AS1-controlled PLK4 expression via sponging miR-513c-5p. Furthermore, the suppressive effect of miR-513c-5p overexpression on NB cell malignant progression in vitro was reversed by PLK4 upregulation. Our findings identified a novel regulatory mechanism, the DLX6-AS1/miR-513c-5p/PLK4 axis, in NB progression, highlighting a strong rationale for developing DLX6-AS1 as a new target for NB management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peisheng Jia
- Department of Pediatric Intensive Care Unit (PICU), The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Erhu Wei
- Department of Pediatric Intensive Care Unit (PICU), The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Huiqiong Liu
- Department of Pediatric Intensive Care Unit (PICU), The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Tingting Wu
- Department of Pediatric Intensive Care Unit (PICU), The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Huaili Wang
- Department of Pediatric Intensive Care Unit (PICU), The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
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Abstract
INTRODUCTION Neuroblastoma (NB) is the prime cancer of infancy, and accounts for 9% of pediatric cancer deaths. While children diagnosed with clinically stable NB experience a complete cure, those with high-risk disease (HR-NB) do not recover, despite intensive therapeutic strategies. Development of novel and effective targeted therapies is needed to counter disease progression, and to benefit long-term survival of children with HR-NB. AREAS COVERED Recent studies (2017-2020) pertinent to NB evolution are selectively reviewed to recognize novel and effective therapeutic targets. The prospective and promising therapeutic targets/strategies for HR-NB are categorized into (a) targeting oncogene-like and/or reinforcing tumor suppressor (TS)-like lncRNAs; (b) targeting oncogene-like microRNAs (miRs) and/or mimicking TS-miRs; (c) targets for immunotherapy; (d) targeting epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition and cancer stem cells; (e) novel and beneficial combination approaches; and (f) repurposing drugs and other strategies in development. EXPERT OPINION It is highly unlikely that agents targeting a single candidate or signaling will be beneficial for an HR-NB cure. We must develop efficient drug deliverables for functional targets, which could be integrated and advance clinical therapy. Fittingly, the looming evidence indicated an aggressive evolution of promising novel and integrative targets, development of efficient drugs, and improvised strategies for HR-NB treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Terence Herman
- University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center , Oklahoma City, USA.,Stephenson Cancer Center , Oklahoma City, USA
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Dong Y, Yang S, Fu B, Liu F, Zhou S, Ding H, Ma W. Mechanism of tauroursodeoxycholic acid-mediated neuronal protection after acute spinal cord injury through AKT signaling pathway in rats. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF CLINICAL AND EXPERIMENTAL PATHOLOGY 2020; 13:2218-2227. [PMID: 33042326 PMCID: PMC7539877] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2020] [Accepted: 07/18/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To explore themechanism of tauroursodeoxycholic acid- (TUDCA) mediated neuronal protection after acute spinal cord injury (ASCI) in rats. Methods: ASCI rat model was established following modified Allen's weight-drop method and these rats were assigned to sham group (received sham operation), model group (ASCI rats), TUDCA group (ASCI rats received TUDCA treatment), MK2206 group (ASCI rats received AKT inhibitor MK2206 orally) and TUDCA + MK2206 group. Motor function of rats was evaluated using Basso Beattie Bresnahan (BBB) method. Hematoxylin-eosin (H&E) staining was used to detect histopathologic changes in the spinal cord and TUNEL fluorescence staining was used to check apoptosis. Real time fluorescence quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR) and western blot were employed to detect the production of AKT pathway related factors, apoptosis related factors (Bax, Bcl-2, caspase-3), autophagy related factor Beclin-1 and endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress related factors (IRE1, Chop, ATF6) in spinal cord of rats. RESULTS Compared to the rats in the sham group, rats in ASCI group had decreased BBB scores (P<0.05), more significant tissue edema, structural cavity and apoptosis. Compared to rats in sham group, AKT pathway was inactivated in ASCI rats and was activated by TUDCA treatment (P<0.05). Compared to sham group, expressions of ER stress-related factors were increased, apoptosis was largely induced in other four groups, and expression of Beclin-1 was increased in the model group (P<0.05). TUDCA increased the expression of Beclin-1 and Bcl-2, and inhibited the expression of Bax, Caspase-3, and ER stress-related factors, thus suppressing apoptosis (P<0.05). Treatment by MK2206 had contrary effects and protective effects of TUDCA on ASCI rats could be counteracted by MK2206. CONCLUSION TUDCA can significantly improve the neural damage, enhance neuron autophagy, alleviate ER stress, and inhibit apoptosis in ASCI rats, by activating the AKT signaling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Dong
- Department of Spine Orthopedics, General Hospital of Ningxia Medical UniversityYinchuan, Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region, China
| | - Shengsen Yang
- Department of Spine Orthopedics, General Hospital of Ningxia Medical UniversityYinchuan, Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region, China
| | - Bin Fu
- Department of Spine Orthopedics, General Hospital of Ningxia Medical UniversityYinchuan, Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region, China
| | - Fei Liu
- Department of Emergency, General Hospital of Ningxia Medical UniversityYinchuan, Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region, China
| | - Shina Zhou
- Department of Spine Orthopedics, General Hospital of Ningxia Medical UniversityYinchuan, Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region, China
| | - Huiqiang Ding
- Department of Spine Orthopedics, General Hospital of Ningxia Medical UniversityYinchuan, Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region, China
| | - Wenxin Ma
- Department of Spine Orthopedics, General Hospital of Ningxia Medical UniversityYinchuan, Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region, China
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Cangelosi D, Morini M, Zanardi N, Sementa AR, Muselli M, Conte M, Garaventa A, Pfeffer U, Bosco MC, Varesio L, Eva A. Hypoxia Predicts Poor Prognosis in Neuroblastoma Patients and Associates with Biological Mechanisms Involved in Telomerase Activation and Tumor Microenvironment Reprogramming. Cancers (Basel) 2020; 12:E2343. [PMID: 32825087 PMCID: PMC7563184 DOI: 10.3390/cancers12092343] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2020] [Revised: 08/09/2020] [Accepted: 08/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The biological and clinical heterogeneity of neuroblastoma (NB) demands novel biomarkers and therapeutic targets in order to drive the most appropriate treatment for each patient. Hypoxia is a condition of low-oxygen tension occurring in poorly vascularized tumor tissues. In this study, we aimed to assess the role of hypoxia in the pathogenesis of NB and at developing a new clinically relevant hypoxia-based predictor of outcome. We analyzed the gene expression profiles of 1882 untreated NB primary tumors collected at diagnosis and belonging to four existing data sets. Analyses took advantage of machine learning methods. We identified NB-hop, a seven-gene hypoxia biomarker, as a predictor of NB patient prognosis, which is able to discriminate between two populations of patients with unfavorable or favorable outcome on a molecular basis. NB-hop retained its prognostic value in a multivariate model adjusted for established risk factors and was able to additionally stratify clinically relevant groups of patients. Tumors with an unfavorable NB-hop expression showed a significant association with telomerase activation and a hypoxic, immunosuppressive, poorly differentiated, and apoptosis-resistant tumor microenvironment. NB-hop defines a new population of NB patients with hypoxic tumors and unfavorable prognosis and it represents a critical factor for the stratification and treatment of NB patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Davide Cangelosi
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology, IRCCS Istituto Giannina Gaslini, 16147 Genova, Italy; (M.M.); (N.Z.); (L.V.); (A.E.)
| | - Martina Morini
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology, IRCCS Istituto Giannina Gaslini, 16147 Genova, Italy; (M.M.); (N.Z.); (L.V.); (A.E.)
| | - Nicolò Zanardi
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology, IRCCS Istituto Giannina Gaslini, 16147 Genova, Italy; (M.M.); (N.Z.); (L.V.); (A.E.)
| | - Angela Rita Sementa
- Laboratory of Pathology, IRCCS Istituto Giannina Gaslini, 16147 Genova, Italy;
| | - Marco Muselli
- Institute of Electronics, Computer and Telecommunication Engineering, Italian National Research Council, 16149 Genova, Italy;
| | - Massimo Conte
- Pediatric Oncology Unit, IRCCS Istituto Giannina Gaslini, 16147 Genova, Italy; (M.C.); (A.G.)
| | - Alberto Garaventa
- Pediatric Oncology Unit, IRCCS Istituto Giannina Gaslini, 16147 Genova, Italy; (M.C.); (A.G.)
| | - Ulrich Pfeffer
- Integrated Oncology Therapies Department, Molecular Pathology, IRCCS Ospedale Policlinico San Martino, 16132 Genova, Italy;
| | - Maria Carla Bosco
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology, IRCCS Istituto Giannina Gaslini, 16147 Genova, Italy; (M.M.); (N.Z.); (L.V.); (A.E.)
| | - Luigi Varesio
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology, IRCCS Istituto Giannina Gaslini, 16147 Genova, Italy; (M.M.); (N.Z.); (L.V.); (A.E.)
| | - Alessandra Eva
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology, IRCCS Istituto Giannina Gaslini, 16147 Genova, Italy; (M.M.); (N.Z.); (L.V.); (A.E.)
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Pu JT, Hu Z, Zhang DG, Zhang T, He KM, Dai TY. MiR-654-3p Suppresses Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer Tumourigenesis by Inhibiting PLK4. Onco Targets Ther 2020; 13:7997-8008. [PMID: 32884289 PMCID: PMC7431606 DOI: 10.2147/ott.s258616] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2020] [Accepted: 07/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose MiR-654-3p plays important roles in many types of malignant tumours. However, the biological function of miR-654-3p in non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) remains unknown. In this study, the role of miR-654-3p in NSCLC was investigated. Methods qRT-PCR was used to evaluate the level of miR-654-3p in NSCLC tissues and cell lines, while Cell Counting Kit-8, Annexin V/propidium iodide dual staining or TUNEL staining were used to investigate proliferation and apoptosis of NSCLC cells. Luciferase assays and Western blotting were performed to validate potential targets of miR-654-3p. Results MiR-654-3p levels were significantly decreased in NSCLC patients and cell lines and were significantly correlated with the tumour size and tumour node metastasis stage of NSCLC patients. In A549 cells, miR-654-3p overexpression significantly increased apoptosis and inhibited growth both in vivo and in vitro, while downregulation of miR-654-3p had the opposite effects. In addition, polo-like kinase 4 (PLK4) was shown to be a target gene of miR-654-3p that is negatively regulated by miR-654-3p in A549 cells. Furthermore, PLK4 was observed to be highly expressed in NSCLC tissues and cells, and PLK4 overexpression abolished the inhibitory effects of miR-654-3p overexpression on NSCLC cell proliferation. Finally, the animal experiment results further demonstrated that miR-654-3p inhibits tumour growth and regulates PLK4 expression. Conclusion Our results demonstrate that miR-654-3p functions as a growth-suppressing miRNA by targeting PLK4 in NSCLC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiang-Tao Pu
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, The Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, Sichuan 646000, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhi Hu
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, The Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, Sichuan 646000, People's Republic of China
| | - Deng-Guo Zhang
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, The Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, Sichuan 646000, People's Republic of China
| | - Tao Zhang
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, The Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, Sichuan 646000, People's Republic of China
| | - Kai-Ming He
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, The Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, Sichuan 646000, People's Republic of China
| | - Tian-Yang Dai
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, The Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, Sichuan 646000, People's Republic of China
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Anticancer effects of the PLK4 inhibitors CFI-400945 and centrinone in Ewing's sarcoma cells. J Cancer Res Clin Oncol 2020; 146:2871-2883. [PMID: 32770382 PMCID: PMC7519924 DOI: 10.1007/s00432-020-03346-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2020] [Accepted: 08/01/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Purpose Polo-like kinase 4 (PLK4) inhibitors, such as CFI-400945 and centrinone, are emerging as promising antineoplastic agents. However, their effectiveness against Ewing’s sarcoma, a highly aggressive childhood cancer, remains to be established.
Methods CFI-400945 and centrinone were tested in three Ewing’s sarcoma cell lines with different TP53 status. Effects were assessed by flow-cytometric analyses of cell death, dissipation of the mitochondrial transmembrane potential and cell cycle distribution, by cell viability assay as well as by caspase 3/7 activity measurement, by immunoblotting and by immunofluorescence microscopy. Results CFI-400945 and centrinone elicited cell death in p53 wild-type and mutant Ewing’s sarcoma cells. Both agents induced mitochondrial membrane depolarisation, caspase 3/7 activation, PARP1 cleavage and DNA fragmentation, indicating an apoptotic form of cell death. In addition, the PLK4 inhibitors induced a G2/M cell cycle arrest, particularly when cell killing was attenuated by the pan-caspase inhibitor z-VAD-fmk. Moreover, CFI-400945 treatment produced polyploidy. Conclusion Our findings show that PLK4 inhibitors were effective against Ewing’s sarcoma cells in vitro and thus provide a rationale for their evaluation in vivo. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1007/s00432-020-03346-z) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Cao T, Yi S, Yang X, Wu Q. Clinical Significance of Polo-Like Kinase 4 as a Marker for Advanced Tumor Stage and Dismal Prognosis in Patients With Surgical Gastric Cancer. Technol Cancer Res Treat 2020; 19:1533033820935531. [PMID: 32715931 PMCID: PMC7385817 DOI: 10.1177/1533033820935531] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective: This study aimed to investigate the correlation of polo-like kinase 4 with clinicopathological features and survival profiles in patients with gastric cancer. Methods: This retrospective study was conducted based on the clinical data from 289 eligible patients with gastric cancer who received resection. Polo-like kinase 4 expression in adjacent tissue and tumor tissue was determined by immunohistochemical assay and semiquantified scoring method using immunohistochemical score by staining intensity score multiplying staining density score. Based on the total immunohistochemical score (ranged from 0 to 12), the polo-like kinase 4 expression was classified as low expression (immunohistochemical: 0-3) and high expression (immunohistochemical: 4-12); furthermore, high expression was divided into high+ expression (immunohistochemical: 4-6), high++ expression (immunohistochemical: 7-9), and high+++ expression (immunohistochemical: 10-12). Results: Polo-like kinase 4 expression was elevated in tumor tissue compared with adjacent tissue. Tumor polo-like kinase 4 high expression correlated with increased T stage and Tumor, Node, Metastasis (TNM) stage, while, it did not correlate with age, gender, current smoke, current drink, chronic complications, Helicobacter pylori infection, tumor location, pathological grade, or N stage. Besides, higher tumor polo-like kinase 4 expression correlated with shorter disease-free survival and overall survival. Subsequently, multivariate Cox proportional hazards regression analysis showed that higher tumor polo-like kinase 4 expression was an independent predictive factor for worse disease-free survival but not for overall survival. Conclusion: Polo-like kinase 4 possesses the clinical significance as a biomarker for aiding prognostication and facilitating postoperative tumor management in patients with gastric cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ting Cao
- Department of Digestive Medical, Affiliated Nanhua Hospital, University of South China, Hengyang, China
| | - Shijie Yi
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Affiliated Nanhua Hospital, University of South China, Hengyang, China
| | - Xuefeng Yang
- Department of Digestive Medical, Affiliated Nanhua Hospital, University of South China, Hengyang, China
| | - Qing Wu
- Department of Digestive Medical, Affiliated Nanhua Hospital, University of South China, Hengyang, China
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Zhu Y, Liu Z, Qu Y, Zeng J, Yang M, Li X, Wang Z, Su J, Wang X, Yu L, Wang Y. YLZ-F5, a novel polo-like kinase 4 inhibitor, inhibits human ovarian cancer cell growth by inducing apoptosis and mitotic defects. Cancer Chemother Pharmacol 2020; 86:33-43. [PMID: 32519033 DOI: 10.1007/s00280-020-04098-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2020] [Accepted: 06/04/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Polo-like kinase 4 (PLK4), a member of the polo-like kinase family, plays several important roles in mitotic regulation, including centrosome duplication, spindle formation, and cytokinesis. PLK4 overexpression is frequently detected in many human cancers, including ovarian cancer, and the inhibition of PLK4 activity results in cancer cell mitotic arrest and apoptosis. Therefore, PLK4 might be a valid therapeutic target for antitumor therapy. In the present study, we aimed to determine if YLZ-F5, a potent small-molecule inhibitor of PLK4, inhibits ovarian cancer cell growth. METHODS AND RESULTS MTT assay showed that YLZ-F5 inhibited ovarian cancer cell proliferation in a concentration- and time-dependent manner. The results of colony formation assays were consistent with those of the MTT assay results. In addition, YLZ-F5 induced ovarian cancer cell apoptosis that was associated with activation of caspase-3/caspase-9. Moreover, YLZ-F5 caused aberrant in centriole duplication that was associated with the inhibition of PLK4 phosphorylation. Notably, we showed that YLZ-F5 promoted the accumulation of ovarian cancer cells with mitotic defects (> 4 N DNA content) in a concentration-dependent manner. Furthermore, YLZ-F5 markedly inhibited the migration of A2780 cells. CONCLUSION Taken together, these findings suggest that YLZ-F5 is a potential drug candidate for human ovarian cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongxia Zhu
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Henan Provincial People's Hospital, People's Hospital of Zhengzhou University, School of Clinical Medicine, Henan University, No. 7 Weiwu Road, Zhengzhou, 450003, Henan, China
| | - Zhihao Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, Collaborative Innovation Center for Biotherapy, West China Hospital, West China Medical School, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Yanling Qu
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, Collaborative Innovation Center for Biotherapy, West China Hospital, West China Medical School, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Jun Zeng
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, Collaborative Innovation Center for Biotherapy, West China Hospital, West China Medical School, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Meiqin Yang
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Henan Provincial People's Hospital, People's Hospital of Zhengzhou University, School of Clinical Medicine, Henan University, No. 7 Weiwu Road, Zhengzhou, 450003, Henan, China
| | - Xiaoyi Li
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Henan Provincial People's Hospital, People's Hospital of Zhengzhou University, School of Clinical Medicine, Henan University, No. 7 Weiwu Road, Zhengzhou, 450003, Henan, China
| | - Zhaodi Wang
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Henan Provincial People's Hospital, People's Hospital of Zhengzhou University, School of Clinical Medicine, Henan University, No. 7 Weiwu Road, Zhengzhou, 450003, Henan, China
| | - Junxiang Su
- Medical Genetics Institute of Henan Province, Henan Provincial People's Hospital, People's Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450003, China
| | - Xueqin Wang
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Henan Provincial People's Hospital, People's Hospital of Zhengzhou University, School of Clinical Medicine, Henan University, No. 7 Weiwu Road, Zhengzhou, 450003, Henan, China
| | - Luoting Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, Collaborative Innovation Center for Biotherapy, West China Hospital, West China Medical School, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China.
| | - Yue Wang
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Henan Provincial People's Hospital, People's Hospital of Zhengzhou University, School of Clinical Medicine, Henan University, No. 7 Weiwu Road, Zhengzhou, 450003, Henan, China.
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Shen T, Li Y, Chen Z, Liang S, Qiu Y, Zhu L, Ba G, Lu G, Qiu L. Activating transcription factor 6 (ATF6) negatively regulates Polo-like kinase 4 expression via recruiting C/EBPβ to the upstream-promoter during ER stress. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-GENE REGULATORY MECHANISMS 2020; 1863:194488. [PMID: 31926341 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbagrm.2020.194488] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2019] [Revised: 12/26/2019] [Accepted: 01/07/2020] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Polo-like kinase 4 (PLK4) is a member of the serine/threonine protein kinase family involved in cell-cycle regulation and cellular response to stresses. However, the alteration of PLK4 in response to endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress has not been well described. In the present study, we focused on the regulation of PLK4 regulation in response to ER stress. PLK4 expression was dramatically reduced under ER stress induced by brefeldin A (BFA), tunicamycin (TM), or thapsigargin (TG) and down regulation of PLK4 expression was dependent on activating transcription factor 6 (ATF6) and CCAAT/enhancer-binding protein β (C/EBPβ). Luciferase activity analysis of the truncated PLK4 promoter indicated that region from -1343 to -1250 of the PLK4 promoter was sensitive to BFA or TG. Additionally, ChIP and ChIP Re-IP assays showed that ATF6 and C/EBPβ were assembled on the same region of Plk4 promoter. Notably, we identified one C/EBPβ responsive element at position -1284, to which ATF6 or C/EBPβ binding was enhanced by BFA or TG under in vitro and in vivo conditions. Finally, overexpression of PLK4 inhibits apoptosis and promotes cell proliferation in response to ER stress. In summary, these results demonstrated that ER stress plays a crucial role in PLK4 expression. ATF6 may upregulate DNA-binding affinities after BFA treatment, via recruiting C/EBPβ to the upstream promoter of PLK4. These findings may contribute to the understanding of the molecular mechanism of PLK4 regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tao Shen
- Department of Orthopedics, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang 110004, People's Republic China.
| | - Yan Li
- Department of Cell Biology, Key Laboratory of Cell Biology of Ministry of Public Health, and Key Laboratory of Medical Cell Biology of Ministry of Education, China Medical University, No. 77, Puhe Road, Shenyang North New Area, 110122, Shenyang, Liaoning, People's Republic of China; Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Zhiguang Chen
- Department of Orthopedics, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang 110004, People's Republic China
| | - Shuang Liang
- Department of Laboratory Medicine & Pathology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
| | - Yu Qiu
- Department of Cell Biology, Key Laboratory of Cell Biology of Ministry of Public Health, and Key Laboratory of Medical Cell Biology of Ministry of Education, China Medical University, No. 77, Puhe Road, Shenyang North New Area, 110122, Shenyang, Liaoning, People's Republic of China
| | - Lin Zhu
- Department of Cell Biology, Key Laboratory of Cell Biology of Ministry of Public Health, and Key Laboratory of Medical Cell Biology of Ministry of Education, China Medical University, No. 77, Puhe Road, Shenyang North New Area, 110122, Shenyang, Liaoning, People's Republic of China
| | - Gen Ba
- Department of Orthopedics, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang 110004, People's Republic China
| | - Guangwei Lu
- Department of Orthopedics, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang 110004, People's Republic China
| | - Lian Qiu
- Department of Orthopedics, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang 110004, People's Republic China
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Zhang L, Zhou H, Li J, Wang X, Zhang X, Shi T, Feng G. Comprehensive Characterization of Circular RNAs in Neuroblastoma Cell Lines. Technol Cancer Res Treat 2020; 19:1533033820957622. [PMID: 33000697 PMCID: PMC7533920 DOI: 10.1177/1533033820957622] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2019] [Revised: 05/15/2020] [Accepted: 07/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Neuroblastoma (NB) is a rare type of cancer but frequently occurred in children. However, it is still unclear whether circular RNAs (circRNAs) play key roles in NB tumorigenesis or progression. In this study, we identified 39,022 circRNAs across the 39 neuroblastoma and 2 normal cell lines. With the gene and circRNA expression data, we classified the NB cell lines, identified and characterized the functional circRNAs in the 3 NB classes. Specifically, 29 circRNAs were found to be dysregulated in the NB classes. Notably, 7 circRNAs located within MYCN-amplified regions were upregulated in cell lines with the high activities of MYC targets and MYCN amplification, and were highly correlated with expression of their parental gene, NBAS. Subsequently, we constructed ceRNA networks for the functional circRNAs. Specifically, hsa_circ_0005379 was identified as a critical regulator in the ceRNA networks because of targeting 13 genes, which formed a complex competing endogenous RNA (ceRNA) network. Moreover, hsa_circ_0002343, which was connected with few genes, might regulate the PI3K/Akt/mTOR signaling via RAC1. Furthermore, 3 genes, including NOTCH2, SERPINH1, and LAMC1, involved in epithelial mesenchymal transition (EMT) were observed to connect with hsa_circ_0001361, suggesting that this circRNA was closely associated with EMT. Consequently, 7 genes, such as DAD1, PPIA, NOTCH2, PGK1, BUB1, EIF2S1, and TCF7L2, were found to be closely associated with both event-free survival (EFS) and overall survival (OS). In conclusion, the present study identified functional circRNAs and predicted their functionality in neuroblastoma cell lines, which not only improved the understanding of circRNAs in neuroblastoma, but also provided the evidences for the related researchers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Zhang
- Big Data and Engineering Research Center, Beijing Children’s Hospital, Capital Medical University, National Center for Children’s Health, Beijing, China
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Big Data-Based Precision Medicine, Beihang University & Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Theory and Application in Statistics and Data Science-MOE, School of Statistics, East China Normal University, Shanghai, China
- The authors contributed equally to this paper
| | - Hangyu Zhou
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Dongzhimen Hospital Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
- The authors contributed equally to this paper
| | - Jing Li
- Department of Neurosurgery, Huai’an Second People’s Hospital, the Affiliated Huai’an Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University, Huai’an, China
- The authors contributed equally to this paper
| | - Xinyu Wang
- Big Data and Engineering Research Center, Beijing Children’s Hospital, Capital Medical University, National Center for Children’s Health, Beijing, China
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Big Data-Based Precision Medicine, Beihang University & Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Xin Zhang
- Big Data and Engineering Research Center, Beijing Children’s Hospital, Capital Medical University, National Center for Children’s Health, Beijing, China
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Big Data-Based Precision Medicine, Beihang University & Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Tieliu Shi
- Center for Bioinformatics and Computational Biology, and the Institute of Biomedical Sciences, School of Life Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai, China
| | - Guoshuang Feng
- Big Data and Engineering Research Center, Beijing Children’s Hospital, Capital Medical University, National Center for Children’s Health, Beijing, China
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Big Data-Based Precision Medicine, Beihang University & Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
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Li H, Tian X, Xu Y, Pan Y, Huang Y, Zhou D, Song Z. Prognostic value of pre-treatment peripheral blood markers in pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma and their association with S100A4 expression in tumor tissue. Oncol Lett 2019; 18:4523-4534. [PMID: 31611961 PMCID: PMC6781693 DOI: 10.3892/ol.2019.10809] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2018] [Accepted: 07/12/2019] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The aims of the present study were to clarify the prognostic value of peripheral blood variables in patients with pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC), including the neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio (NLR), platelet-to-lymphocyte ratio (PLR) and lymphocyte-to-monocyte ratio (LMR), and to determine the association between these variables and S100 calcium-binding protein A4 (S100A4) expression in tumor tissue, which is another prognostic factor for PDAC. Patients with PDAC were recruited at the Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute and Hospital (Tianjin, China) between December 2008 and December 2014. A retrospective analysis was performed based on the recorded pre-treatment hematological parameters and clinical data. The prognostic value of NLR, PLR and LMR was examined. The association between these variables and S100A4 tissue expression was analyzed. Descriptive statistics and χ2 analyses were used in the present study. The median overall survival (OS) time of patients with PDAC was 9 months (range, 1–32 months). Univariate analysis revealed that NLR, LMR, carbohydrate antigen 19-9, surgery, chemotherapy, stage at diagnosis, tumor grade and age significantly affected OS. Although PLR exhibited no significant effects on OS, NLR and LMR were independent prognostic factors according to the multivariate analysis. Unpaired Student's t-test revealed differences between S100A4 expression and NLR, PLR and LMR. The results of the present study indicated that low NLR and high LMR were associated with a favorable prognosis in patients with PDAC. As a simply obtained and widely available index at diagnosis, NLR and LMR may become a novel predictive and classifying marker for PDAC in the clinical setting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hua Li
- Department of Endoscopic Diagnosis and Therapy, Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute and Hospital, National Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Therapy of Tianjin, Tianjin Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Tianjin 300060, P.R. China
| | - Xiangdong Tian
- Department of Endoscopic Diagnosis and Therapy, Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute and Hospital, National Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Therapy of Tianjin, Tianjin Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Tianjin 300060, P.R. China
| | - Yong Xu
- Department of Pathology, Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute and Hospital, National Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Therapy of Tianjin, Tianjin Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Tianjin 300060, P.R. China
| | - Yi Pan
- Department of Pathology, Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute and Hospital, National Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Therapy of Tianjin, Tianjin Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Tianjin 300060, P.R. China
| | - Yubei Huang
- Department of Epidemiological Laboratory, Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute and Hospital, National Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Therapy of Tianjin, Tianjin Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Tianjin 300060, P.R. China
| | - Dejun Zhou
- Department of Endoscopic Diagnosis and Therapy, Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute and Hospital, National Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Therapy of Tianjin, Tianjin Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Tianjin 300060, P.R. China
| | - Zhenguo Song
- Department of Anesthesiology, Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute and Hospital, National Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Therapy of Tianjin, Tianjin Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Tianjin 300060, P.R. China
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Meng L, Zhou Y, Ju S, Han J, Song C, Kong J, Wu Y, Lu S, Xu J, Yuan W, Zhang E, Wang C, Hu Z, Gu Y, Luo R, Wang X. A cis-eQTL genetic variant in PLK4 confers high risk of hepatocellular carcinoma. Cancer Med 2019; 8:6476-6484. [PMID: 31489978 PMCID: PMC6797585 DOI: 10.1002/cam4.2487] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2019] [Revised: 07/23/2019] [Accepted: 07/30/2019] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose The overexpression and knockdown of PLK4 were both reported to generate aneuploidy. Thus, we aimed to investigate whether genetic variants in PLK4 contribute to the development of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). Methods We evaluated associations of common variants in PLK4 and its promoter for the risk of HCC in our association study (1300 cases and 1344 controls). The genotype‐tissue expression (GTEx) and The cancer genome atlas (TCGA) databases were used to quantify the expression of PLK4. Cell proliferation and migration affected by PLK4 in HCC were assessed in vitro. Drug susceptibility testing (DST) model was used to assess the sensibility of PLK4‐activated HCC to CFI‐400945, a small molecule inhibitor of PLK4. Results Herein, we found a significant association between rs3811741, located in the PLK4 intron, and liver cancer risk (OR = 1.26, P = 9.81 × 10−5). Although PLK4 expressed at lower levels in somatic tissues compared to the testis, the risk allele A of rs3811741 was associated with increased PLK4 expression in liver cancer tissues. Additionally, PLK4 high expression was remarkably associated with shortened survival of HCC (HR = 1.97, P = .001). Furthermore, overexpression of PLK4 promoted, while knockdown of PLK4 suppressed cancer cell proliferation, migration, and invasion. DST model demonstrated that CFI‐400945 can effectively suppress rampant proliferation of HCC with highly expressed PLK4. Conclusion Taken together, our study demonstrated that PLK4 is a susceptibility gene and plays an oncogenic role in HCC. Furthermore, we identified that PLK4 sensitives HCC to CFI‐400945, which may be an ideal therapy target for HCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lijuan Meng
- Integrated Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yan Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China.,Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Center for Global Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China.,Jiangsu Key Lab of Cancer Biomarkers, Prevention and Treatment, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Personalized Medicine, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Sihan Ju
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Center for Global Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Jing Han
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Center for Global Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China.,Jiangsu Cancer Hospital & Jiangsu Institute of Cancer Research & The Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Ci Song
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Center for Global Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China.,Jiangsu Key Lab of Cancer Biomarkers, Prevention and Treatment, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Personalized Medicine, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Jing Kong
- State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China.,Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Center for Global Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China.,Jiangsu Key Lab of Cancer Biomarkers, Prevention and Treatment, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Personalized Medicine, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Yifei Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China.,Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Center for Global Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China.,Jiangsu Key Lab of Cancer Biomarkers, Prevention and Treatment, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Personalized Medicine, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Shuai Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China.,Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Center for Global Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China.,Jiangsu Key Lab of Cancer Biomarkers, Prevention and Treatment, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Personalized Medicine, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Jiani Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China.,Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Center for Global Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China.,Jiangsu Key Lab of Cancer Biomarkers, Prevention and Treatment, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Personalized Medicine, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Wenwen Yuan
- State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China.,Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Center for Global Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China.,Jiangsu Key Lab of Cancer Biomarkers, Prevention and Treatment, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Personalized Medicine, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Erbao Zhang
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Center for Global Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China.,Jiangsu Key Lab of Cancer Biomarkers, Prevention and Treatment, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Personalized Medicine, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Cheng Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China.,Jiangsu Key Lab of Cancer Biomarkers, Prevention and Treatment, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Personalized Medicine, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China.,Department of Bioinformatics, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Zhibin Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China.,Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Center for Global Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China.,Jiangsu Key Lab of Cancer Biomarkers, Prevention and Treatment, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Personalized Medicine, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Yayun Gu
- State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China.,Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Center for Global Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China.,Jiangsu Key Lab of Cancer Biomarkers, Prevention and Treatment, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Personalized Medicine, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Rongcheng Luo
- Integrated Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xuehao Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China.,Department of Liver Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital with Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
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Zhao Y, Wang X. PLK4: a promising target for cancer therapy. J Cancer Res Clin Oncol 2019; 145:2413-2422. [PMID: 31492983 DOI: 10.1007/s00432-019-02994-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2019] [Accepted: 08/05/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Polo-like kinase 4 (PLK4) is a serine/threonine protein kinase that regulates centriole duplication. PLK4 deregulation causes centrosome number abnormalities, mitotic defects, chromosomal instability and, consequently, tumorigenesis. Therefore, PLK4 has emerged as a therapeutic target for the treatment of multiple cancers. In this review, we summarize the critical role of centrosome amplification and PLK4 in cancer. We also highlight recent advances in the development of PLK4 inhibitors and discuss potential combination therapies for cancer. METHODS The relevant literature from PubMed is reviewed in this article. The ClinicalTrials.gov database was searched for clinical trials related to the specific topic. RESULTS PLK4 is aberrantly expressed in multiple cancers and has prognostic value. Targeting PLK4 with inhibitors suppresses tumor growth in vitro and in vivo. CONCLUSIONS PLK4 plays an important role in centrosome amplification and tumor progression. PLK4 inhibitors used alone or in combination with other drugs have shown significant anticancer efficacy, suggesting a potential therapeutic strategy for cancer. The results of relevant clinical trials await evaluation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Zhao
- Department of Hematology, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong University, No. 324, Jingwu Road, Jinan, 250021, Shandong, People's Republic of China
| | - Xin Wang
- Department of Hematology, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong University, No. 324, Jingwu Road, Jinan, 250021, Shandong, People's Republic of China. .,School of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, 250012, Shandong, China. .,Shandong Provincial Engineering Research Center of Lymphoma, Jinan, 250021, Shandong, China. .,Key Laboratory for Kidney Regeneration of Shandong Province, Jinan, 250021, Shandong, China.
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49
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Wang XH, Wu HY, Gao J, Wang XH, Gao TH, Zhang SF. IGF1R facilitates epithelial-mesenchymal transition and cancer stem cell properties in neuroblastoma via the STAT3/AKT axis. Cancer Manag Res 2019; 11:5459-5472. [PMID: 31354352 PMCID: PMC6580139 DOI: 10.2147/cmar.s196862] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2018] [Accepted: 05/16/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Neuroblastoma (NB) displays the most heterogeneity in clinical manifestation. The insulin-like growth factor 1 receptor (IGF1R) has long been recognized for its role in tumourigenesis and growth. The IGF/IGF1R pathway is important in maintaining cell survival. It is reported that IGF1R participates in the occurrence of NB, but the mechanism is still unclear. Methods Human NB cell lines IMR-32 and SH-SY5Y were recruited in this study. IGF1R was knocked down by transfection with short hairpin RNA. Signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (STAT3) expression was inhibited by Cryptotanshinone treatment. Cell proliferation, migration, and invasion were determined by MTT assay, wound healing assay, and cell invasion assay, respectively. The cancer stem cell properties were characterized by tumour sphere formation assay and colony formation assay. The mRNA and protein expression levels of related proteins were detected by RT-PCR and Western blot, respectively. Results The knockdown of IGF1R inhibits NB cell tumourigenesis and the epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) of NB cells. Additionally, IGF1R was found to stimulate cancer stem cell-like properties in NPC cells. The knockdown of IGF1R significantly reduced the phosphorylation of AKT, and STAT3, indicating that the activation of the AKT and STAT3 pathways was inhibited by IGF1R knockdown. Furthermore, IGF1R was demonstrated to stimulate cancer stem cell-like properties in NB cells via the regulation of the STAT3/AKT axis. Conclusion IGF1R promotes cancer stem cell properties to facilitate EMT in neuroblastoma via the STAT3/AKT axis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Hui Wang
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, People's Hospital of Zhengzhou University (Henan Provincial People's Hospital), Zhengzhou 450003, People's Republic of China
| | - Hai-Ying Wu
- Department of Obstetrics, People's Hospital of Zhengzhou University (Henan Provincial People's Hospital), Zhengzhou 450003, People's Republic of China
| | - Jian Gao
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, People's Hospital of Zhengzhou University (Henan Provincial People's Hospital), Zhengzhou 450003, People's Republic of China
| | - Xu-Hui Wang
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, People's Hospital of Zhengzhou University (Henan Provincial People's Hospital), Zhengzhou 450003, People's Republic of China
| | - Tian-Hui Gao
- Department of Medical Oncology, People's Hospital of Zhengzhou University (Henan Provincial People's Hospital), Zhengzhou 450003, People's Republic of China
| | - Shu-Feng Zhang
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, People's Hospital of Zhengzhou University (Henan Provincial People's Hospital), Zhengzhou 450003, People's Republic of China
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50
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Kim SY, Jeong HH, Kim J, Moon JH, Sohn KA. Robust pathway-based multi-omics data integration using directed random walks for survival prediction in multiple cancer studies. Biol Direct 2019; 14:8. [PMID: 31036036 PMCID: PMC6489180 DOI: 10.1186/s13062-019-0239-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2018] [Accepted: 04/10/2019] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Integrating the rich information from multi-omics data has been a popular approach to survival prediction and bio-marker identification for several cancer studies. To facilitate the integrative analysis of multiple genomic profiles, several studies have suggested utilizing pathway information rather than using individual genomic profiles. Methods We have recently proposed an integrative directed random walk-based method utilizing pathway information (iDRW) for more robust and effective genomic feature extraction. In this study, we applied iDRW to multiple genomic profiles for two different cancers, and designed a directed gene-gene graph which reflects the interaction between gene expression and copy number data. In the experiments, the performances of the iDRW method and four state-of-the-art pathway-based methods were compared using a survival prediction model which classifies samples into two survival groups. Results The results show that the integrative analysis guided by pathway information not only improves prediction performance, but also provides better biological insights into the top pathways and genes prioritized by the model in both the neuroblastoma and the breast cancer datasets. The pathways and genes selected by the iDRW method were shown to be related to the corresponding cancers. Conclusions In this study, we demonstrated the effectiveness of a directed random walk-based multi-omics data integration method applied to gene expression and copy number data for both breast cancer and neuroblastoma datasets. We revamped a directed gene-gene graph considering the impact of copy number variation on gene expression and redefined the weight initialization and gene-scoring method. The benchmark result for iDRW with four pathway-based methods demonstrated that the iDRW method improved survival prediction performance and jointly identified cancer-related pathways and genes for two different cancer datasets. Reviewers This article was reviewed by Helena Molina-Abril and Marta Hidalgo.
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Affiliation(s)
- So Yeon Kim
- Department of Computer Engineering, Ajou University, Suwon, 16499, South Korea
| | - Hyun-Hwan Jeong
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, 77030, USA.,Jan and Dan Duncan Neurological Research Institute, Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Jaesik Kim
- Department of Computer Engineering, Ajou University, Suwon, 16499, South Korea
| | - Jeong-Hyeon Moon
- Department of Computer Engineering, Ajou University, Suwon, 16499, South Korea
| | - Kyung-Ah Sohn
- Department of Computer Engineering, Ajou University, Suwon, 16499, South Korea.
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