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Schiavoni V, Emanuelli M, Campagna R, Cecati M, Sartini D, Milanese G, Galosi AB, Pozzi V, Salvolini E. Paraoxonase-2 shRNA-mediated gene silencing suppresses proliferation and migration, while promotes chemosensitivity in clear cell renal cell carcinoma cell lines. J Cell Biochem 2024. [PMID: 38706121 DOI: 10.1002/jcb.30572] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2023] [Revised: 03/27/2024] [Accepted: 04/15/2024] [Indexed: 05/07/2024]
Abstract
Clear cell renal cell carcinoma (ccRCC) represents the most common subtype of renal tumor. Despite recent advances in identifying novel target molecules, the prognosis of patients with ccRCC continues to be poor, mainly due to the lack of sensitivity to chemo- and radiotherapy and because of one-third of renal cell carcinoma patients displays metastatic disease at diagnosis. Thus, identifying new molecules for early detection and for developing effective targeted therapies is mandatory. In this work, we focused on paraoxonase-2 (PON2), an intracellular membrane-bound enzyme ubiquitously expressed in human tissues, whose upregulation has been reported in a variety of malignancies, thus suggesting its possible role in cancer cell survival and proliferation. To investigate PON2 involvement in tumor cell metabolism, human ccRCC cell lines were transfected with plasmid vectors coding short harpin RNAs targeting PON2 transcript and the impact of PON2 silencing on cell viability, migration, and response to chemotherapeutic treatment was then explored. Our results showed that PON2 downregulation was able to trigger a decrease in proliferation and migration of ccRCC cells, as well as an enhancement of cell sensitivity to chemotherapy. Thus, taken together, data reported in this study suggest that the enzyme may represent an interesting therapeutic target for ccRCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valentina Schiavoni
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Polytechnic University of Marche, Ancona, Italy
| | - Monica Emanuelli
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Polytechnic University of Marche, Ancona, Italy
- New York-Marche Structural Biology Center (NY-MaSBiC), Polytechnic University of Marche, Ancona, Italy
| | - Roberto Campagna
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Polytechnic University of Marche, Ancona, Italy
| | - Monia Cecati
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Polytechnic University of Marche, Ancona, Italy
| | - Davide Sartini
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Polytechnic University of Marche, Ancona, Italy
| | - Giulio Milanese
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Polytechnic University of Marche, Ancona, Italy
| | | | - Valentina Pozzi
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Polytechnic University of Marche, Ancona, Italy
| | - Eleonora Salvolini
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Polytechnic University of Marche, Ancona, Italy
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2
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Campagna R, Serritelli EN, Salvolini E, Schiavoni V, Cecati M, Sartini D, Pozzi V, Emanuelli M. Contribution of the Paraoxonase-2 Enzyme to Cancer Cell Metabolism and Phenotypes. Biomolecules 2024; 14:208. [PMID: 38397445 PMCID: PMC10886763 DOI: 10.3390/biom14020208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2023] [Revised: 01/10/2024] [Accepted: 01/12/2024] [Indexed: 02/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Paraoxonase-2 (PON2) is a ubiquitously expressed intracellular protein that is localized in the perinuclear region, the endoplasmic reticulum (ER), and mitochondria, and is also associated with the plasma membrane. PON2 functions as an antioxidant enzyme by reducing the levels of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in the mitochondria and ER through different mechanisms, thus having an anti-apoptotic effect and preventing the formation of atherosclerotic lesions. While the antiatherogenic role played by this enzyme has been extensively explored within endothelial cells in association with vascular disorders, in the last decade, great efforts have been made to clarify its potential involvement in both blood and solid tumors, where PON2 was reported to be overexpressed. This review aims to deeply and carefully examine the contribution of this enzyme to different aspects of tumor cells by promoting the initiation, progression, and spread of neoplasms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roberto Campagna
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Polytechnic University of Marche, 60126 Ancona, Italy; (R.C.); (E.N.S.); (E.S.); (V.S.); (M.C.); (V.P.); (M.E.)
| | - Emma Nicol Serritelli
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Polytechnic University of Marche, 60126 Ancona, Italy; (R.C.); (E.N.S.); (E.S.); (V.S.); (M.C.); (V.P.); (M.E.)
| | - Eleonora Salvolini
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Polytechnic University of Marche, 60126 Ancona, Italy; (R.C.); (E.N.S.); (E.S.); (V.S.); (M.C.); (V.P.); (M.E.)
| | - Valentina Schiavoni
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Polytechnic University of Marche, 60126 Ancona, Italy; (R.C.); (E.N.S.); (E.S.); (V.S.); (M.C.); (V.P.); (M.E.)
| | - Monia Cecati
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Polytechnic University of Marche, 60126 Ancona, Italy; (R.C.); (E.N.S.); (E.S.); (V.S.); (M.C.); (V.P.); (M.E.)
| | - Davide Sartini
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Polytechnic University of Marche, 60126 Ancona, Italy; (R.C.); (E.N.S.); (E.S.); (V.S.); (M.C.); (V.P.); (M.E.)
| | - Valentina Pozzi
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Polytechnic University of Marche, 60126 Ancona, Italy; (R.C.); (E.N.S.); (E.S.); (V.S.); (M.C.); (V.P.); (M.E.)
| | - Monica Emanuelli
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Polytechnic University of Marche, 60126 Ancona, Italy; (R.C.); (E.N.S.); (E.S.); (V.S.); (M.C.); (V.P.); (M.E.)
- New York-Marche Structural Biology Center (NY-MaSBiC), Polytechnic University of Marche, 60131 Ancona, Italy
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3
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Masci D, Naro C, Puxeddu M, Urbani A, Sette C, La Regina G, Silvestri R. Recent Advances in Drug Discovery for Triple-Negative Breast Cancer Treatment. Molecules 2023; 28:7513. [PMID: 38005235 PMCID: PMC10672974 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28227513] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2023] [Revised: 11/02/2023] [Accepted: 11/06/2023] [Indexed: 11/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) is one of the most heterogeneous and aggressive breast cancer subtypes with a high risk of death on recurrence. To date, TNBC is very difficult to treat due to the lack of an effective targeted therapy. However, recent advances in the molecular characterization of TNBC are encouraging the development of novel drugs and therapeutic combinations for its therapeutic management. In the present review, we will provide an overview of the currently available standard therapies and new emerging therapeutic strategies against TNBC, highlighting the promises that newly developed small molecules, repositioned drugs, and combination therapies have of improving treatment efficacy against these tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Domiziana Masci
- Department of Basic Biotechnological Sciences, Intensivological and Perioperative Clinics, Catholic University of the Sacred Heart, Largo Francesco Vito 1, 00168 Rome, Italy; (D.M.); (A.U.)
| | - Chiara Naro
- Department of Neurosciences, Section of Human Anatomy, Catholic University of the Sacred Heart, Largo Francesco Vito 1, 00168 Rome, Italy; (C.N.); (C.S.)
- GSTeP-Organoids Research Core Facility, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli, IRCCS, 00168 Rome, Italy
| | - Michela Puxeddu
- Laboratory Affiliated to Istituto Pasteur Italia—Fondazione Cenci Bolognetti, Department of Drug Chemistry and Technologies, Sapienza University of Rome, Piazzale Aldo Moro 5, 00185 Rome, Italy; (M.P.); (G.L.R.)
| | - Andrea Urbani
- Department of Basic Biotechnological Sciences, Intensivological and Perioperative Clinics, Catholic University of the Sacred Heart, Largo Francesco Vito 1, 00168 Rome, Italy; (D.M.); (A.U.)
| | - Claudio Sette
- Department of Neurosciences, Section of Human Anatomy, Catholic University of the Sacred Heart, Largo Francesco Vito 1, 00168 Rome, Italy; (C.N.); (C.S.)
- GSTeP-Organoids Research Core Facility, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli, IRCCS, 00168 Rome, Italy
| | - Giuseppe La Regina
- Laboratory Affiliated to Istituto Pasteur Italia—Fondazione Cenci Bolognetti, Department of Drug Chemistry and Technologies, Sapienza University of Rome, Piazzale Aldo Moro 5, 00185 Rome, Italy; (M.P.); (G.L.R.)
| | - Romano Silvestri
- Laboratory Affiliated to Istituto Pasteur Italia—Fondazione Cenci Bolognetti, Department of Drug Chemistry and Technologies, Sapienza University of Rome, Piazzale Aldo Moro 5, 00185 Rome, Italy; (M.P.); (G.L.R.)
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4
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Yuan Y, Tian Y, Jiang H, Cai LY, Song J, Peng R, Zhang XM. Mechanism of PGC-1α-mediated mitochondrial biogenesis in cerebral ischemia-reperfusion injury. Front Mol Neurosci 2023; 16:1224964. [PMID: 37492523 PMCID: PMC10363604 DOI: 10.3389/fnmol.2023.1224964] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2023] [Accepted: 06/21/2023] [Indexed: 07/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Cerebral ischemia-reperfusion injury (CIRI) is a series of cascade reactions that occur after blood flow recanalization in the ischemic zone in patients with cerebral infarction, causing an imbalance in intracellular homeostasis through multiple pathologies such as increased oxygen free radicals, inflammatory response, calcium overload, and impaired energy metabolism, leading to mitochondrial dysfunction and ultimately apoptosis. Rescue of reversibly damaged neurons in the ischemic hemispheric zone is the key to saving brain infarction and reducing neurological deficits. Complex and active neurological functions are highly dependent on an adequate energy supply from mitochondria. Mitochondrial biogenesis (MB), a process that generates new functional mitochondria and restores normal mitochondrial function by replacing damaged mitochondria, is a major mechanism for maintaining intra-mitochondrial homeostasis and is involved in mitochondrial quality control to ameliorate mitochondrial dysfunction and thus protects against CIRI. The main regulator of MB is peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma coactivator-1α (PGC-1α), which improves mitochondrial function to protect against CIRI by activating its downstream nuclear respiratory factor 1 (NRF1) and mitochondrial transcription factor A (TFAM) to promote mitochondrial genome replication and transcription. This paper provides a theoretical reference for the treatment of neurological impairment caused by CIRI by discussing the mechanisms of mitochondrial biogenesis during cerebral ischemia-reperfusion injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Yuan
- School of Acupuncture-Moxibustion and Orthopedics, Hubei University of Chinese Medicine, Wuhan, China
| | - Yuan Tian
- School of Acupuncture-Moxibustion and Orthopedics, Hubei University of Chinese Medicine, Wuhan, China
| | - Hui Jiang
- School of Acupuncture-Moxibustion and Orthopedics, Hubei University of Chinese Medicine, Wuhan, China
| | - Luo-yang Cai
- School of Acupuncture-Moxibustion and Orthopedics, Hubei University of Chinese Medicine, Wuhan, China
| | - Jie Song
- School of Acupuncture-Moxibustion and Orthopedics, Hubei University of Chinese Medicine, Wuhan, China
| | - Rui Peng
- School of Acupuncture-Moxibustion and Orthopedics, Hubei University of Chinese Medicine, Wuhan, China
- Sub-Health Institute Hubei University of Chinese Medicine, Wuhan, China
| | - Xiao-ming Zhang
- School of Acupuncture-Moxibustion and Orthopedics, Hubei University of Chinese Medicine, Wuhan, China
- Sub-Health Institute Hubei University of Chinese Medicine, Wuhan, China
- Hubei Provincial Collaborative Innovation Center for Preventive Treatment of Disease by Acupuncture, Wuhan, China
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5
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Whitt AG, Neely AM, Sarkar OS, Meng S, Arumugam S, Yaddanapudi K, Li C. Paraoxonase 2 (PON2) plays a limited role in murine lung tumorigenesis. Sci Rep 2023; 13:9929. [PMID: 37337025 PMCID: PMC10279720 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-37146-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2022] [Accepted: 06/16/2023] [Indexed: 06/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Paraoxonase 2 (PON2) is a multifunctional intracellular enzyme that has received growing attention for its ability to modulate various aspects of normal and malignant cellular physiology. Recent research has revealed that PON2 is upregulated in tissues from patients with various types of solid tumors and hematologic cancers, likely due to its ability to suppress oxidative stress and evade apoptosis. However, the effects of PON2 on pulmonary oncogenesis are unknown. Here, we conducted studies to investigate how PON2 influences lung cancer cell proliferation in vitro and lung tumorigenesis in vivo using a variety of cellular and animal models. It was found that PON2 expression deficiency hampered the proliferation of cultured lung cancer cells with concomitant cell cycle arrest at the G1 phase. In addition, the loss of endogenous PON2 expression impaired key aspects of oxidative metabolism in lung adenocarcinoma cells. Moreover, we investigated how the interplay between PON2 expression in lung tumors and host mice influences lung tumor initiation and progression. PON2 status in both transplanted tumor cells and mice failed to influence the development of subcutaneously grafted Lewis lung carcinoma (LLC) tumors, orthotopically implanted LLC tumors, and oncogenic Kras-driven primary lung adenocarcinoma tumors. Importantly, the frequencies of tumor-infiltrating myeloid subsets that include myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSCs) and tumor-associated macrophages were not impacted by PON2 expression in LLC tumor-bearing mice. Overall, our studies indicate that PON2 plays a limited role in murine lung tumorigenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aaron G Whitt
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, 40202, USA
- Experimental Therapeutics Group, Brown Cancer Center, Department of Medicine, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, 40202, USA
| | - Aaron M Neely
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, 40202, USA
- Experimental Therapeutics Group, Brown Cancer Center, Department of Medicine, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, 40202, USA
- Department of Translational Genomics, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Omar Sadi Sarkar
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, USA
| | - Shuhan Meng
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, 40202, USA
- Experimental Therapeutics Group, Brown Cancer Center, Department of Medicine, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, 40202, USA
| | - Sengodagounder Arumugam
- NMR Facility, Brown Cancer Center, Department of Medicine, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, USA
| | - Kavitha Yaddanapudi
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, USA
- Immuno-Oncology Program, Brown Cancer Center, Department of Medicine, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, USA
- Division of Immunotherapy, Department of Surgery, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, USA
| | - Chi Li
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, 40202, USA.
- Experimental Therapeutics Group, Brown Cancer Center, Department of Medicine, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, 40202, USA.
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6
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Que F, Zhang L, Wang T, Xu M, Li W, Zang S. RHOA G17V induces T follicular helper cell specification and involves angioimmunoblastic T-cell lymphoma via upregulating the expression of PON2 through an NF-κB-dependent mechanism. Oncoimmunology 2022; 11:2134536. [PMID: 36249275 PMCID: PMC9559328 DOI: 10.1080/2162402x.2022.2134536] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Angioimmunoblastic T-cell lymphoma (AITL) is a malignant hematologic tumor arising from T follicular helper (Tfh) cells. High-throughput genomic sequencing studies have shown that AITL is characterized by a novel highly recurring somatic mutation in RHOA, encoding p.Gly17Val (RHOA G17V). However, the specific role of RHOA G17V in AITL remains unknown. Here, we demonstrated that expression of Rhoa G17V in CD4+ T cells increased cell proliferation and induces Tfh cell specification associated with Pon2 upregulation through an NF-κB-dependent mechanism. Further, loss of Pon2 attenuated oncogenic function induced by genetic lesions in Rhoa. In addition, an abnormality of RHOA G17V mutation and PON2 expression is also detected in patients with AITL. Our findings suggest that PON2 associated with RHOA G17V mutation might control the direction of the molecular agents-based AITL and provide a new therapeutic target in AITL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fenglian Que
- Department of Endocrinology, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510260, China
| | - Lihong Zhang
- Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510060, China
- Department of Pathology, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510060, China
| | - Taoli Wang
- Department of Pathology, Zhuzhou Central Hospital, Zhuzhou, Hunan, 412007, China
| | - Meifang Xu
- Department of Pathology, Fujian Medical University Union Hospital, Fuzhou, Fujian, 350001, China
| | - Wangen Li
- Department of Endocrinology, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510260, China
| | - Shengbing Zang
- Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510060, China
- Department of Pathology, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510060, China
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7
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Campagna R, Belloni A, Pozzi V, Salvucci A, Notarstefano V, Togni L, Mascitti M, Sartini D, Giorgini E, Salvolini E, Santarelli A, Lo Muzio L, Emanuelli M. Role Played by Paraoxonase-2 Enzyme in Cell Viability, Proliferation and Sensitivity to Chemotherapy of Oral Squamous Cell Carcinoma Cell Lines. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 24:ijms24010338. [PMID: 36613780 PMCID: PMC9820498 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24010338] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2022] [Revised: 12/16/2022] [Accepted: 12/21/2022] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Oral squamous cell carcinoma represents the most aggressive and frequent form of head and neck cancer. Due to drug resistance, the 5-year survival rate of patients with advanced disease is less than 50%. In order to identify molecular targets for effective oral cancer treatment, we focused on paraoxonase-2 enzyme. Indeed, based on data previously obtained from preliminary immunohistochemistry and Western blot analyses performed on tissue specimens, the enzyme was found to be upregulated in tumor compared with normal oral mucosa. Therefore, paraoxonase-2 gene silencing was achieved in HSC-3 and HOC621 oral cancer cell lines, and the effect on cell proliferation, viability, apoptosis induction and sensitivity to cisplatin and 5-fluorouracil treatment was evaluated. Fourier Transform InfraRed Microspectroscopy analyzed alterations of cellular macromolecules upon treatment. Enzyme level and cell proliferation were also determined in cisplatin-resistant clones obtained from HOC621 cell line, as well as in parental cells. Reported data showed that paraoxonase-2 knockdown led to a reduction of cell proliferation and viability, as well as to an enhancement of sensitivity to cisplatin, together with the activation of apoptosis pathway. Spectroscopical data demonstrated that, under treatment with cisplatin, oxidative damage exerted on lipids and proteins was markedly more evident in cells down-regulating paraoxonase-2 compared to controls. Interestingly, enzyme expression, as well as cell proliferation were significantly higher in cisplatin-resistant compared with control HOC621 cells. Taken together these results seem to candidate the enzyme as a promising target for molecular treatment of this neoplasm.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roberto Campagna
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Polytechnic University of Marche, 60020 Ancona, Italy
| | - Alessia Belloni
- Department of Life and Environmental Sciences, Polytechnic University of Marche, 60131 Ancona, Italy
| | - Valentina Pozzi
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Polytechnic University of Marche, 60020 Ancona, Italy
| | - Alessia Salvucci
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Polytechnic University of Marche, 60020 Ancona, Italy
| | - Valentina Notarstefano
- Department of Life and Environmental Sciences, Polytechnic University of Marche, 60131 Ancona, Italy
| | - Lucrezia Togni
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Polytechnic University of Marche, 60020 Ancona, Italy
| | - Marco Mascitti
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Polytechnic University of Marche, 60020 Ancona, Italy
| | - Davide Sartini
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Polytechnic University of Marche, 60020 Ancona, Italy
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +39-0712204673
| | - Elisabetta Giorgini
- Department of Life and Environmental Sciences, Polytechnic University of Marche, 60131 Ancona, Italy
| | - Eleonora Salvolini
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Polytechnic University of Marche, 60020 Ancona, Italy
| | - Andrea Santarelli
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Polytechnic University of Marche, 60020 Ancona, Italy
- Dentistry Clinic, National Institute of Health and Science of Aging, IRCCS INRCA, 60124 Ancona, Italy
| | - Lorenzo Lo Muzio
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Foggia, 71122 Foggia, Italy
| | - Monica Emanuelli
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Polytechnic University of Marche, 60020 Ancona, Italy
- New York-Marche Structural Biology Center (NY-MaSBiC), Polytechnic University of Marche, 60131 Ancona, Italy
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Effects of Antioxidant Gene Overexpression on Stress Resistance and Malignization In Vitro and In Vivo: A Review. Antioxidants (Basel) 2022; 11:antiox11122316. [PMID: 36552527 PMCID: PMC9774954 DOI: 10.3390/antiox11122316] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2022] [Revised: 11/17/2022] [Accepted: 11/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Reactive oxygen species (ROS) are normal products of a number of biochemical reactions and are important signaling molecules. However, at the same time, they are toxic to cells and have to be strictly regulated by their antioxidant systems. The etiology and pathogenesis of many diseases are associated with increased ROS levels, and many external stress factors directly or indirectly cause oxidative stress in cells. Within this context, the overexpression of genes encoding the proteins in antioxidant systems seems to have become a viable approach to decrease the oxidative stress caused by pathological conditions and to increase cellular stress resistance. However, such manipulations unavoidably lead to side effects, the most dangerous of which is an increased probability of healthy tissue malignization or increased tumor aggression. The aims of the present review were to collect and systematize the results of studies devoted to the effects resulting from the overexpression of antioxidant system genes on stress resistance and carcinogenesis in vitro and in vivo. In most cases, the overexpression of these genes was shown to increase cell and organism resistances to factors that induce oxidative and genotoxic stress but to also have different effects on cancer initiation and promotion. The last fact greatly limits perspectives of such manipulations in practice. The overexpression of GPX3 and SOD3 encoding secreted proteins seems to be the "safest" among the genes that can increase cell resistance to oxidative stress. High efficiency and safety potential can also be found for SOD2 overexpression in combinations with GPX1 or CAT and for similar combinations that lead to no significant changes in H2O2 levels. Accumulation, systematization, and the integral analysis of data on antioxidant gene overexpression effects can help to develop approaches for practical uses in biomedical and agricultural areas. Additionally, a number of factors such as genetic and functional context, cell and tissue type, differences in the function of transcripts of one and the same gene, regulatory interactions, and additional functions should be taken into account.
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Hagmann H, Khayyat NH, Oezel C, Papadakis A, Kuczkowski A, Benzing T, Gulbins E, Dryer S, Brinkkoetter PT. Paraoxonase 2 (PON2) Deficiency Reproduces Lipid Alterations of Diabetic and Inflammatory Glomerular Disease and Affects TRPC6 Signaling. Cells 2022; 11:cells11223625. [PMID: 36429053 PMCID: PMC9688324 DOI: 10.3390/cells11223625] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2022] [Revised: 10/31/2022] [Accepted: 11/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Diabetes and inflammatory diseases are associated with an altered cellular lipid composition due to lipid peroxidation. The pathogenic potential of these lipid alterations in glomerular kidney diseases remains largely obscure as suitable cell culture and animal models are lacking. In glomerular disease, a loss of terminally differentiated glomerular epithelial cells called podocytes refers to irreversible damage. Podocytes are characterized by a complex ramified cellular architecture and highly active transmembrane signaling. Alterations in lipid composition in states of disease have been described in podocytes but the pathophysiologic mechanisms mediating podocyte damage are unclear. In this study, we employ a genetic deletion of the anti-oxidative, lipid-modifying paraoxonase 2 enzyme (PON2) as a model to study altered cellular lipid composition and its effects on cellular signaling in glomerular disease. PON2 deficiency reproduces features of an altered lipid composition of glomerular disease, characterized by an increase in ceramides and cholesterol. PON2 knockout mice are more susceptible to glomerular damage in models of aggravated oxidative stress such as adriamycin-induced nephropathy. Voltage clamp experiments in cultured podocytes reveal a largely increased TRPC6 conductance after a membrane stretch in PON2 deficiency. Correspondingly, a concomitant knockout of TRPC6 and PON2 partially rescues the aggravated glomerular phenotype of a PON2 knockout in the adriamycin model. This study establishes PON2 deficiency as a model to investigate the pathophysiologic mechanisms of podocyte dysfunction related to alterations in the lipid composition, as seen in diabetic and inflammatory glomerular disease. Expanding the knowledge on these routes and options of intervention could lead to novel treatment strategies for glomerular disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Henning Hagmann
- Department II of Internal Medicine, University of Cologne, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, 50937 Cologne, Germany
- Center for Molecular Medicine Cologne, University of Cologne, Faculty of Medicine, University Hospital Cologne, 50931 Cologne, Germany
- Correspondence:
| | | | - Cem Oezel
- Department II of Internal Medicine, University of Cologne, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, 50937 Cologne, Germany
- Center for Molecular Medicine Cologne, University of Cologne, Faculty of Medicine, University Hospital Cologne, 50931 Cologne, Germany
| | - Antonios Papadakis
- Center for Molecular Medicine Cologne, University of Cologne, Faculty of Medicine, University Hospital Cologne, 50931 Cologne, Germany
- Institute for Genetics, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, University of Cologne, 50931 Cologne, Germany
| | - Alexander Kuczkowski
- Department II of Internal Medicine, University of Cologne, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, 50937 Cologne, Germany
- Center for Molecular Medicine Cologne, University of Cologne, Faculty of Medicine, University Hospital Cologne, 50931 Cologne, Germany
| | - Thomas Benzing
- Department II of Internal Medicine, University of Cologne, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, 50937 Cologne, Germany
- Center for Molecular Medicine Cologne, University of Cologne, Faculty of Medicine, University Hospital Cologne, 50931 Cologne, Germany
- Cologne Cluster of Excellence on Cellular Stress Responses in Ageing-Associated Diseases (CECAD) and Systems Biology of Ageing Cologne (Sybacol), 50931 Cologne, Germany
| | - Erich Gulbins
- Department of Molecular Biology, University Hospital Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, 45147 Essen, Germany
| | - Stuart Dryer
- Department of Biology and Biochemistry, University of Houston, Houston, TX 77204, USA
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Tilman J. Fertitta Family College of Medicine, University of Houston, Houston, TX 77204, USA
| | - Paul T. Brinkkoetter
- Department II of Internal Medicine, University of Cologne, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, 50937 Cologne, Germany
- Center for Molecular Medicine Cologne, University of Cologne, Faculty of Medicine, University Hospital Cologne, 50931 Cologne, Germany
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10
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Tossetta G. Metformin Improves Ovarian Cancer Sensitivity to Paclitaxel and Platinum-Based Drugs: A Review of In Vitro Findings. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:12893. [PMID: 36361682 PMCID: PMC9654053 DOI: 10.3390/ijms232112893] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2022] [Revised: 10/19/2022] [Accepted: 10/21/2022] [Indexed: 07/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Ovarian cancer is one of the most dangerous gynecologic cancers worldwide, showing a high fatality rate and recurrence due to diagnosis at an advanced stage of the disease and the occurrence of chemoresistance, which weakens the therapeutic effects of the chemotherapeutic treatments. In fact, although paclitaxel and platinum-based drugs (carboplatin or cisplatin) are widely used alone or in combination to treat ovarian cancer, the occurrence of chemoresistance significantly reduces the effects of these drugs. Metformin is a hypoglycemic agent that is commonly used for the treatment of type 2 diabetes mellitus and non-alcoholic fatty liver disease. However, this drug also shows anti-tumor activity, reducing cancer risk and chemoresistance. This review analyzes the current literature regarding the role of metformin in ovarian cancer and investigates what is currently known about its effects in reducing paclitaxel and platinum resistance to restore sensitivity to these drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giovanni Tossetta
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, Università Politecnica delle Marche, 60126 Ancona, Italy; ; Tel.: +39-0712206270
- Clinic of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Department of Clinical Sciences, Università Politecnica delle Marche, Salesi Hospital, Azienda Ospedaliero Universitaria, 60126 Ancona, Italy
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11
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Abstract
Paraoxonase 2 (PON2) is a ubiquitously expressed intracellular enzyme that is known to have a protective role from oxidative stress. Clinical studies have also demonstrated the significance of PON2 in the manifestation of cardiovascular and several other diseases, and hence, it is considered an important biomarker. Recent findings of its expression in brain tissue suggest its potential protective effect on oxidative stress and neuroinflammation. Polymorphisms of PON2 in humans are a risk factor in many pathological conditions, suggesting a possible mechanism of its anti-oxidative property probably through lactonase activity. However, exogenous factors may also modulate the expression and activity of PON2. Hence, this review aims to report the mechanism by which PON2 expression is regulated and its role in oxidative stress disorders such as neurodegeneration and tumor formation. The role of PON2 owing to its lactonase activity in bacterial infectious diseases and association of PON2 polymorphism with pathological conditions are also highlighted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fauzia Parween
- Faculty of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, South Asian University, New Delhi, India
| | - Rinkoo Devi Gupta
- Faculty of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, South Asian University, New Delhi, India
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12
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Parween F, Gupta RD. Insights into the role of paraoxonase 2 in human pathophysiology. J Biosci 2022; 47:4. [PMID: 35092416 PMCID: PMC8721187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2020] [Accepted: 11/10/2021] [Indexed: 09/18/2023]
Abstract
Paraoxonase 2 (PON2) is a ubiquitously expressed intracellular enzyme that is known to have a protective role from oxidative stress. Clinical studies have also demonstrated the significance of PON2 in the manifestation of cardiovascular and several other diseases, and hence, it is considered an important biomarker. Recent findings of its expression in brain tissue suggest its potential protective effect on oxidative stress and neuroinflammation. Polymorphisms of PON2 in humans are a risk factor in many pathological conditions, suggesting a possible mechanism of its anti-oxidative property probably through lactonase activity. However, exogenous factors may also modulate the expression and activity of PON2. Hence, this review aims to report the mechanism by which PON2 expression is regulated and its role in oxidative stress disorders such as neurodegeneration and tumor formation. The role of PON2 owing to its lactonase activity in bacterial infectious diseases and association of PON2 polymorphism with pathological conditions are also highlighted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fauzia Parween
- Faculty of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, South Asian University, New Delhi, India
| | - Rinkoo Devi Gupta
- Faculty of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, South Asian University, New Delhi, India
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13
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Alsherbiny MA, Bhuyan DJ, Radwan I, Chang D, Li CG. Metabolomic Identification of Anticancer Metabolites of Australian Propolis and Proteomic Elucidation of Its Synergistic Mechanisms with Doxorubicin in the MCF7 Cells. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22157840. [PMID: 34360606 PMCID: PMC8346082 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22157840] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2021] [Revised: 07/18/2021] [Accepted: 07/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The combination of natural products with standard chemotherapeutic agents offers a promising strategy to enhance the efficacy or reduce the side effects of standard chemotherapy. Doxorubicin (DOX), a standard drug for breast cancer, has several disadvantages, including severe side effects and the development of drug resistance. Recently, we reported the potential bioactive markers of Australian propolis extract (AP-1) and their broad spectrum of pharmacological activities. In the present study, we explored the synergistic interactions between AP-1 and DOX in the MCF7 breast adenocarcinoma cells using different synergy quantitation models. Biochemometric and metabolomics-driven analysis was performed to identify the potential anticancer metabolites in AP-1. The molecular mechanisms of synergy were studied by analysing the apoptotic profile via flow cytometry, apoptotic proteome array and measuring the oxidative status of the MCF7 cells treated with the most synergistic combination. Furthermore, label-free quantification proteomics analysis was performed to decipher the underlying synergistic mechanisms. Five prenylated stilbenes were identified as the key metabolites in the most active AP-1 fraction. Strong synergy was observed when AP-1 was combined with DOX in the ratio of 100:0.29 (w/w) as validated by different synergy quantitation models implemented. AP-1 significantly enhanced the inhibitory effect of DOX against MCF7 cell proliferation in a dose-dependent manner with significant inhibition of the reactive oxygen species (p < 0.0001) compared to DOX alone. AP-1 enabled the reversal of DOX-mediated necrosis to programmed cell death, which may be advantageous to decline DOX-related side effects. AP-1 also significantly enhanced the apoptotic effect of DOX after 24 h of treatment with significant upregulation of catalase, HTRA2/Omi, FADD together with DR5 and DR4 TRAIL-mediated apoptosis (p < 0.05), contributing to the antiproliferative activity of AP-1. Significant upregulation of pro-apoptotic p27, PON2 and catalase with downregulated anti-apoptotic XIAP, HSP60 and HIF-1α, and increased antioxidant proteins (catalase and PON2) may be associated with the improved apoptosis and oxidative status of the synergistic combination-treated MCF7 cells compared to the mono treatments. Shotgun proteomics identified 21 significantly dysregulated proteins in the synergistic combination-treated cells versus the mono treatments. These proteins were involved in the TP53/ATM-regulated non-homologous end-joining pathway and double-strand breaks repairs, recruiting the overexpressed BRCA1 and suppressed RIF1 encoded proteins. The overexpression of UPF2 was noticed in the synergistic combination treatment, which could assist in overcoming doxorubicin resistance-associated long non-coding RNA and metastasis of the MCF7 cells. In conclusion, we identified the significant synergy and highlighted the key molecular pathways in the interaction between AP-1 and DOX in the MCF7 cells together with the AP-1 anticancer metabolites. Further in vivo and clinical studies are warranted on this synergistic combination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad A. Alsherbiny
- NICM Health Research Institute, Western Sydney University, Penrith, NSW 2751, Australia;
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Cairo University, Cairo 11562, Egypt
- Correspondence: (M.A.A.); (D.J.B.); (C.-G.L.)
| | - Deep J. Bhuyan
- NICM Health Research Institute, Western Sydney University, Penrith, NSW 2751, Australia;
- Correspondence: (M.A.A.); (D.J.B.); (C.-G.L.)
| | - Ibrahim Radwan
- Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Canberra, Canberra, ACT 2617, Australia;
| | - Dennis Chang
- NICM Health Research Institute, Western Sydney University, Penrith, NSW 2751, Australia;
| | - Chun-Guang Li
- NICM Health Research Institute, Western Sydney University, Penrith, NSW 2751, Australia;
- Correspondence: (M.A.A.); (D.J.B.); (C.-G.L.)
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14
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Spyridopoulou K, Tryfonopoulou E, Aindelis G, Ypsilantis P, Sarafidis C, Kalogirou O, Chlichlia K. Biogenic selenium nanoparticles produced by Lactobacillus casei ATCC 393 inhibit colon cancer cell growth in vitro and in vivo. NANOSCALE ADVANCES 2021; 3:2516-2528. [PMID: 36134160 PMCID: PMC9417964 DOI: 10.1039/d0na00984a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2020] [Accepted: 03/08/2021] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
Selenium compounds exhibit excellent anticancer properties but have a narrow therapeutic window. Selenium nanoparticles, however, are less toxic compared to other selenium forms, and their biogenic production leads to improved bioavailability. Herein, we used the probiotic strain Lactobacillus casei ATCC 393, previously shown to inhibit colon cancer cell growth, to synthesize biogenic selenium nanoparticles. We examined the anticancer activity of orally administered L. casei, L. casei-derived selenium nanoparticles and selenium nanoparticle-enriched L. casei, and investigated their antitumor potential in the CT26 syngeneic colorectal cancer model in BALB/c mice. Our results indicate that L. casei-derived selenium nanoparticles and selenium nanoparticle-enriched L. casei exert cancer-specific antiproliferative activity in vitro. Moreover, the nanoparticles were found to induce apoptosis and elevate reactive oxygen species levels in cancer cells. It is noteworthy that, when administered orally, selenium nanoparticle-enriched L. casei attenuated the growth of colon carcinoma in mice more effectively than the isolated nanoparticles or L. casei, suggesting a potential additive effect of the nanoparticles and the probiotic. To the best of our knowledge this is the first comparative study examining the anticancer effects of selenium nanoparticles synthesized by a microorganism, the selenium nanoparticle-enriched microorganism and the sole microorganism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katerina Spyridopoulou
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Democritus University of Thrace University Campus Dragana 68100 Alexandroupolis Greece
| | - Eleni Tryfonopoulou
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Democritus University of Thrace University Campus Dragana 68100 Alexandroupolis Greece
| | - Georgios Aindelis
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Democritus University of Thrace University Campus Dragana 68100 Alexandroupolis Greece
| | - Petros Ypsilantis
- Laboratory of Experimental Surgery and Surgical Research, Department of Medicine, Democritus University of Thrace 68100 Alexandroupolis Greece
| | - Charalampos Sarafidis
- Department of Physics, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki 54124 Thessaloniki Greece
| | - Orestis Kalogirou
- Department of Physics, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki 54124 Thessaloniki Greece
| | - Katerina Chlichlia
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Democritus University of Thrace University Campus Dragana 68100 Alexandroupolis Greece
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15
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Bacchetti T, Salvolini E, Pompei V, Campagna R, Molinelli E, Brisigotti V, Togni L, Lucarini G, Sartini D, Campanati A, Mattioli-Belmonte M, Rubini C, Ferretti G, Offidani A, Emanuelli M. Paraoxonase-2: A potential biomarker for skin cancer aggressiveness. Eur J Clin Invest 2021; 51:e13452. [PMID: 33210737 DOI: 10.1111/eci.13452] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2020] [Revised: 11/04/2020] [Accepted: 11/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cutaneous neoplasms include melanoma and non-melanoma skin cancers (NMSCs). Among NMSCs, basal cell carcinoma (BCC) represents the most common lesion. On the contrary, although accounting for less than 5% of all skin cancers, melanoma is responsible for most of cutaneous malignancy-related deaths. Paraoxonase-2 (PON2) is an intracellular enzyme exerting a protective role against production of reactive oxygen species within mitochondrial respiratory chain. Recently, a growing attention has been focused on exploring the role of PON2 in cancer. The aim of this study was to investigate the diagnostic and prognostic role of PON2 in skin neoplasms. MATERIALS AND METHODS 36 cases of BCC, distinguished between nodular and infiltrative lesions, as well as 29 melanoma samples were analysed by immunohistochemistry to evaluate PON2 protein expression. Subsequent statistical analyses were carried out to explore the existence of correlations between intratumour enzyme levels and clinicopathological features. RESULTS Results obtained showed PON2 overexpression in BCCs compared with controls. In particular, distinguishing between less and more aggressive tumour forms, we found no significant differences in enzyme levels between nodular BCCs and controls. Conversely, PON2 expression was significantly higher in infiltrative BCCs compared with controls. Moreover, the enzyme was strongly upregulated in melanoma samples with respect to controls. Interestingly, PON2 levels were positively correlated with Breslow thickness, Clark level, regression, mitoses, lymph node metastases, primary tumour (pT) parameter and pathological stage. CONCLUSIONS Reported findings seem to suggest that PON2 expression levels could be positively related with tumour aggressiveness of both BCC and melanoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tiziana Bacchetti
- Department of Life and Environmental Sciences, Polytechnic University of Marche, Ancona, Italy
| | - Eleonora Salvolini
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Polytechnic University of Marche, Ancona, Italy
| | - Veronica Pompei
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Polytechnic University of Marche, Ancona, Italy
| | - Roberto Campagna
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Polytechnic University of Marche, Ancona, Italy
| | - Elisa Molinelli
- Department of Clinical and Molecular Sciences, Polytechnic University of Marche, Ancona, Italy
| | - Valerio Brisigotti
- Department of Clinical and Molecular Sciences, Polytechnic University of Marche, Ancona, Italy
| | - Lucrezia Togni
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Polytechnic University of Marche, Ancona, Italy
| | - Guendalina Lucarini
- Department of Clinical and Molecular Sciences, Polytechnic University of Marche, Ancona, Italy
| | - Davide Sartini
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Polytechnic University of Marche, Ancona, Italy
| | - Anna Campanati
- Department of Clinical and Molecular Sciences, Polytechnic University of Marche, Ancona, Italy
| | | | - Corrado Rubini
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Public Health, Polytechnic University of Marche, Ancona, Italy
| | - Gianna Ferretti
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Polytechnic University of Marche, Ancona, Italy
| | - Annamaria Offidani
- Department of Clinical and Molecular Sciences, Polytechnic University of Marche, Ancona, Italy
| | - Monica Emanuelli
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Polytechnic University of Marche, Ancona, Italy.,New York-Marche Structural Biology Center (NY-MaSBiC), Polytechnic University of Marche, Ancona, Italy
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16
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Jamwal S, Blackburn JK, Elsworth JD. PPARγ/PGC1α signaling as a potential therapeutic target for mitochondrial biogenesis in neurodegenerative disorders. Pharmacol Ther 2021; 219:107705. [PMID: 33039420 PMCID: PMC7887032 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2020.107705] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2020] [Accepted: 10/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Neurodegenerative diseases represent some of the most devastating neurological disorders, characterized by progressive loss of the structure and function of neurons. Current therapy for neurodegenerative disorders is limited to symptomatic treatment rather than disease modifying interventions, emphasizing the desperate need for improved approaches. Abundant evidence indicates that impaired mitochondrial function plays a crucial role in pathogenesis of many neurodegenerative diseases and so biochemical factors in mitochondria are considered promising targets for pharmacological-based therapies. Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors-γ (PPARγ) are ligand-inducible transcription factors involved in regulating various genes including peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma co-activator-1 alpha (PGC1α). This review summarizes the evidence supporting the ability of PPARγ-PGC1α to coordinately up-regulate the expression of genes required for mitochondrial biogenesis in neurons and provide directions for future work to explore the potential benefit of targeting mitochondrial biogenesis in neurodegenerative disorders. We have highlighted key roles of NRF2, uncoupling protein-2 (UCP2), and paraoxonase-2 (PON2) signaling in mediating PGC1α-induced mitochondrial biogenesis. In addition, the status of PPARγ modulators being used in clinical trials for Parkinson's disease (PD), Alzheimer's disease (AD) and Huntington's disease (HD) has been compiled. The overall purpose of this review is to update and critique our understanding of the role of PPARγ-PGC1α-NRF2 in the induction of mitochondrial biogenesis together with suggestions for strategies to target PPARγ-PGC1α-NRF2 signaling in order to combat mitochondrial dysfunction in neurodegenerative disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sumit Jamwal
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06511, USA
| | - Jennifer K Blackburn
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06511, USA
| | - John D Elsworth
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06511, USA.
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17
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Bai J, Jia P, Zhang Y, Wang K, Wu G. Paraoxonase 2 protects against oxygen-glucose deprivation/reoxygenation-induced neuronal injury by enhancing Nrf2 activation via GSK-3β modulation. Hum Exp Toxicol 2021; 40:1342-1354. [PMID: 33624547 DOI: 10.1177/0960327121996032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Paraoxonase 2 (PON2) is a powerful antioxidant that mediates cell survival under oxidative stress; however, its protection neurons against cerebral ischemia-reperfusion injury-induced oxidative stress remains unclear. This study aimed to determine the precise regulating role of PON2 in neuronal survival under oxidative stress. An in vitro model of cerebral ischemia-reperfusion injury was used to assess the effect of PON2 on oxidative stress induced by oxygen-glucose deprivation/reoxygenation (OGD/R). Results showed that PON2 expression in neurons was decreased due to OGD/R exposure. A series of functional experiments revealed that upregulated PON2 improved OGD/R-impaired viability and attenuated OGD/R-induced increases in apoptosis and reactive oxygen species in neurons. Decreased PON2 expression enhanced neuronal sensitivity to OGD/R-induced injury. Overexpressed PON2 markedly enhanced the expression of nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2) in the nucleus and increased the levels of Nrf2-mediated transcriptional activity. Furthermore, PON2 enhanced the Nrf2 activation by modulating glycogen synthase kinase-3β (GSK-3β). Inhibition of GSK-3β substantially abrogated the PON2 knockdown-mediated suppression of Nrf2 activity. Notably, Nrf2 inhibition partially reversed the neuroprotective effects of PON2 overexpression in OGD/R-exposed neurons. These findings indicate that PON2 alleviates OGD/R-induced apoptosis and oxidative stress in neurons by potentiating Nrf2 activation via GSK-3β modulation. This study highlights the potential neuroprotective function of PON2 against cerebral ischemia-reperfusion injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Bai
- Department of Anesthesiology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of 12480Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
| | - P Jia
- Department of Anesthesiology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of 12480Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Y Zhang
- Department of Anesthesiology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of 12480Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
| | - K Wang
- Department of Anesthesiology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of 12480Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
| | - G Wu
- Department of Anesthesiology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of 12480Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
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18
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Human Paraoxonase-2 (PON2): Protein Functions and Modulation. Antioxidants (Basel) 2021; 10:antiox10020256. [PMID: 33562328 PMCID: PMC7915308 DOI: 10.3390/antiox10020256] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2021] [Revised: 02/01/2021] [Accepted: 02/02/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
PON1, PON2, and PON3 belong to a family of lactone hydrolyzing enzymes endowed with various substrate specificities. Among PONs, PON2 shows the highest hydrolytic activity toward many acyl-homoserine lactones (acyl-HL) involved in bacterial quorum-sensing signaling. Accordingly, defense against pathogens, such as Brevundimonas aeruginosa (B. aeruginosa), was postulated to be the principal function of PON2. However, recent findings have highlighted the importance of PON2 in oxidative stress control, inhibition of apoptosis, and the progression of various types of malignancies. This review focuses on all of these aspects of PON2.
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19
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Eraldemir FC, Korak T. Paraoxonases, oxidative stress, and breast cancer. Cancer 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-819547-5.00001-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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20
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Taler-Verčič A, Goličnik M, Bavec A. The Structure and Function of Paraoxonase-1 and Its Comparison to Paraoxonase-2 and -3. Molecules 2020; 25:molecules25245980. [PMID: 33348669 PMCID: PMC7766523 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25245980] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2020] [Revised: 12/04/2020] [Accepted: 12/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Serum paraoxonase-1 (PON1) is the most studied member of the group of paraoxonases (PONs). This enzyme possesses three enzymatic activities: lactonase, arylesterase, and paraoxonase activity. PON1 and its isoforms play an important role in drug metabolism as well as in the prevention of cardiovascular and neurodegenerative diseases. Although all three members of the PON family have the same origin and very similar amino acid sequences, they have different functions and are found in different locations. PONs exhibit substrate promiscuity, and their true physiological substrates are still not known. However, possible substrates include homocysteine thiolactone, an analogue of natural quorum-sensing molecules, and the recently discovered derivatives of arachidonic acid—bioactive δ-lactones. Directed evolution, site-directed mutagenesis, and kinetic studies provide comprehensive insights into the active site and catalytic mechanism of PON1. However, there is still a whole world of mystery waiting to be discovered, which would elucidate the substrate promiscuity of a group of enzymes that are so similar in their evolution and sequence yet so distinct in their function.
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21
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Campagna R, Bacchetti T, Salvolini E, Pozzi V, Molinelli E, Brisigotti V, Sartini D, Campanati A, Ferretti G, Offidani A, Emanuelli M. Paraoxonase-2 Silencing Enhances Sensitivity of A375 Melanoma Cells to Treatment with Cisplatin. Antioxidants (Basel) 2020; 9:antiox9121238. [PMID: 33297311 PMCID: PMC7762224 DOI: 10.3390/antiox9121238] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2020] [Revised: 12/03/2020] [Accepted: 12/05/2020] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Melanoma represents the most aggressive skin cancer, being responsible for the majority of deaths related with these neoplasms. Despite chemotherapy represents a frontline approach for management of the advanced stages of the disease, it displayed poor response rates and short-term efficacy due to melanoma cell resistance. Therefore, the discovery of molecules that can be used for effective targeted therapy of melanoma is crucial. In this study, we evaluated the impact of paraoxonase-2 (PON2) silencing on proliferation, viability, and resistance to treatment of the A375 melanoma cell line with chemotherapeutic drugs dacarbazine (DTIC) and cisplatin (CDDP). Due to the enzymes ability to counteract oxidative stress, we also evaluated the effect of enzyme knockdown on reactive oxygen species (ROS) production in cells treated with CDDP. The data reported clearly demonstrated that PON2 knockdown led to a significant reduction of cell proliferation and viability, as well as to an enhancement of A375 sensitivity to CDDP treatment. Moreover, enzyme downregulation was associated with an increase of ROS production in CDDP-treated cells. Although further analyses will be necessary to understand how PON2 could influence melanoma cell metabolism and phenotype, our results seem to suggest that the enzyme may serve as an interesting molecular target for effective melanoma treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roberto Campagna
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Polytechnic University of Marche, 60126 Ancona, Italy; (R.C.); (E.S.); (V.P.); (G.F.); (M.E.)
| | - Tiziana Bacchetti
- Department of Life and Environmental Sciences, Polytechnic University of Marche, 60131 Ancona, Italy;
| | - Eleonora Salvolini
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Polytechnic University of Marche, 60126 Ancona, Italy; (R.C.); (E.S.); (V.P.); (G.F.); (M.E.)
| | - Valentina Pozzi
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Polytechnic University of Marche, 60126 Ancona, Italy; (R.C.); (E.S.); (V.P.); (G.F.); (M.E.)
| | - Elisa Molinelli
- Department of Clinical and Molecular Sciences, Polytechnic University of Marche, 60126 Ancona, Italy; (E.M.); (V.B.); (A.C.); (A.O.)
| | - Valerio Brisigotti
- Department of Clinical and Molecular Sciences, Polytechnic University of Marche, 60126 Ancona, Italy; (E.M.); (V.B.); (A.C.); (A.O.)
| | - Davide Sartini
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Polytechnic University of Marche, 60126 Ancona, Italy; (R.C.); (E.S.); (V.P.); (G.F.); (M.E.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +39-07-122-04676
| | - Anna Campanati
- Department of Clinical and Molecular Sciences, Polytechnic University of Marche, 60126 Ancona, Italy; (E.M.); (V.B.); (A.C.); (A.O.)
| | - Gianna Ferretti
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Polytechnic University of Marche, 60126 Ancona, Italy; (R.C.); (E.S.); (V.P.); (G.F.); (M.E.)
| | - Annamaria Offidani
- Department of Clinical and Molecular Sciences, Polytechnic University of Marche, 60126 Ancona, Italy; (E.M.); (V.B.); (A.C.); (A.O.)
| | - Monica Emanuelli
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Polytechnic University of Marche, 60126 Ancona, Italy; (R.C.); (E.S.); (V.P.); (G.F.); (M.E.)
- New York-Marche Structural Biology Center (NY-MaSBiC), Polytechnic University of Marche, 60131 Ancona, Italy
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22
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Lim GE, Sung JY, Yu S, Kim Y, Shim J, Kim HJ, Cho ML, Lee JS, Kim YN. Pygenic Acid A (PA) Sensitizes Metastatic Breast Cancer Cells to Anoikis and Inhibits Metastasis In Vivo. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21228444. [PMID: 33182770 PMCID: PMC7696818 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21228444] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2020] [Revised: 11/06/2020] [Accepted: 11/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Metastasis is the main cause of cancer-related deaths. Anoikis is a type of apoptosis caused by cell detachment, and cancer cells become anoikis resistant such that they survive during circulation and can successfully metastasize. Therefore, sensitization of cancer cells to anoikis could prevent metastasis. Here, by screening for anoikis sensitizer using natural compounds, we found that pygenic acid A (PA), a natural compound from Prunella vulgaris, not only induced apoptosis but also sensitized the metastatic triple-negative breast cancer cell lines, MDA-MB-231 cells (human) and 4T1 cells (mouse), to anoikis. Apoptosis protein array and immunoblotting analysis revealed that PA downregulated the pro-survival proteins, including cIAP1, cIAP2, and survivin, leading to cell death of both attached and suspended cells. Interestingly, PA decreased the levels of proteins associated with anoikis resistance, including p21, cyclin D1, p-STAT3, and HO-1. Ectopic expression of active STAT3 attenuated PA-induced anoikis sensitivity. Although PA activated ER stress and autophagy, as determined by increases in the levels of characteristic markers, such as IRE1α, p-elF2α, LC3B I, and LC3B II, PA treatment resulted in p62 accumulation, which could be due to PA-induced defects in autophagy flux. PA also decreased metastatic characteristics, such as cell invasion, migration, wound closure, and 3D growth. Finally, lung metastasis of luciferase-labeled 4T1 cells decreased following PA treatment in a syngeneic mouse model when compared with the control. These data suggest that PA sensitizes metastatic breast cancer cells to anoikis via multiple pathways, such as inhibition of pro-survival pathways and activation of ER stress and autophagy, leading to the inhibition of metastasis. These findings suggest that sensitization to anoikis by PA could be used as a new therapeutic strategy to control the metastasis of breast cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ga-Eun Lim
- Division of Translational Science, National Cancer Center, 323 Ilsan-ro, Ilsandong-gu, Goyang-si, Gyeonggi-do 10408, Korea; (G.-E.L.); (J.Y.S.); (S.Y.); (Y.K.); (J.S.)
| | - Jee Young Sung
- Division of Translational Science, National Cancer Center, 323 Ilsan-ro, Ilsandong-gu, Goyang-si, Gyeonggi-do 10408, Korea; (G.-E.L.); (J.Y.S.); (S.Y.); (Y.K.); (J.S.)
| | - Suyeun Yu
- Division of Translational Science, National Cancer Center, 323 Ilsan-ro, Ilsandong-gu, Goyang-si, Gyeonggi-do 10408, Korea; (G.-E.L.); (J.Y.S.); (S.Y.); (Y.K.); (J.S.)
| | - Younmi Kim
- Division of Translational Science, National Cancer Center, 323 Ilsan-ro, Ilsandong-gu, Goyang-si, Gyeonggi-do 10408, Korea; (G.-E.L.); (J.Y.S.); (S.Y.); (Y.K.); (J.S.)
| | - Jaegal Shim
- Division of Translational Science, National Cancer Center, 323 Ilsan-ro, Ilsandong-gu, Goyang-si, Gyeonggi-do 10408, Korea; (G.-E.L.); (J.Y.S.); (S.Y.); (Y.K.); (J.S.)
| | - Hyo Jung Kim
- National Institute for Korean Medicine Development, 94 Hwarang-ro (Gapje-dong), Gyeongsan-si, Gyeongsangbuk-do 38540, Korea; (H.J.K.); (M.L.C.)
| | - Myoung Lae Cho
- National Institute for Korean Medicine Development, 94 Hwarang-ro (Gapje-dong), Gyeongsan-si, Gyeongsangbuk-do 38540, Korea; (H.J.K.); (M.L.C.)
| | - Jae-Seon Lee
- Department of Molecular Medicine, College of Medicine, Inha University, 100 Inha-ro, Michuhol-gu, Incheon 22212, Korea;
| | - Yong-Nyun Kim
- Division of Translational Science, National Cancer Center, 323 Ilsan-ro, Ilsandong-gu, Goyang-si, Gyeonggi-do 10408, Korea; (G.-E.L.); (J.Y.S.); (S.Y.); (Y.K.); (J.S.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +82-31-920-2415; Fax: +82-31-920-2468
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Appelman MD, Robin MJ, Vogels EW, Wolzak C, Vos WG, Vos HR, Van Es RM, Burgering BM, Van de Graaf SF. The Lipid Raft Component Stomatin Interacts with the Na + Taurocholate Cotransporting Polypeptide (NTCP) and Modulates Bile Salt Uptake. Cells 2020; 9:cells9040986. [PMID: 32316189 PMCID: PMC7226988 DOI: 10.3390/cells9040986] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2020] [Revised: 04/13/2020] [Accepted: 04/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The sodium taurocholate cotransporting polypeptide (NTCP) is expressed at the basolateral membrane of hepatocytes, where it mediates the uptake of conjugated bile acids and forms the hepatocyte entry receptor for the hepatitis B and D virus. Here, we aimed to identify novel protein–protein interactions that could play a role in the regulation of NTCP. To this end, NTCP was precipitated from HA-tagged hNTCP-expressing HepG2 cells, and chloride channel CLIC-like 1 (CLCC1) and stomatin were identified as interacting proteins by mass spectrometry. Interaction was confirmed by co-immunoprecipitation. NTCP, CLCC1 and stomatin were found at the plasma membrane in lipid rafts, as demonstrated by a combination of immunofluorescence, cell surface biotinylation and isolation of detergent-resistant membranes. Neither CLCC1 overexpression nor its knockdown had an effect on NTCP function. However, both stomatin overexpression and knockdown increased NTCP-mediated taurocholate uptake while NTCP abundance at the plasma membrane was only increased in stomatin depleted cells. These findings identify stomatin as an interactor of NTCP and show that the interaction modulates bile salt transport.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monique D. Appelman
- Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Tytgat Institute for Liver and Intestinal Research, Amsterdam Gastroenterology, Endocrinology and Metabolism, 1105 BK Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Marion J.D. Robin
- Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Tytgat Institute for Liver and Intestinal Research, Amsterdam Gastroenterology, Endocrinology and Metabolism, 1105 BK Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Esther W.M. Vogels
- Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Tytgat Institute for Liver and Intestinal Research, Amsterdam Gastroenterology, Endocrinology and Metabolism, 1105 BK Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Christie Wolzak
- Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Tytgat Institute for Liver and Intestinal Research, Amsterdam Gastroenterology, Endocrinology and Metabolism, 1105 BK Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Winnie G. Vos
- Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Tytgat Institute for Liver and Intestinal Research, Amsterdam Gastroenterology, Endocrinology and Metabolism, 1105 BK Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Harmjan R. Vos
- Center for Molecular Medicine, Molecular Cancer Research Section, University Medical Center, 3584 CX Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Robert M. Van Es
- Center for Molecular Medicine, Molecular Cancer Research Section, University Medical Center, 3584 CX Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Boudewijn M.T. Burgering
- Center for Molecular Medicine, Molecular Cancer Research Section, University Medical Center, 3584 CX Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Stan F.J. Van de Graaf
- Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Tytgat Institute for Liver and Intestinal Research, Amsterdam Gastroenterology, Endocrinology and Metabolism, 1105 BK Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Amsterdam UMC, Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam Gastroenterology, Endocrinology and Metabolism, Amsterdam 1105 AZ, The Netherlands
- Correspondence:
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Chevallier V, Andersen MR, Malphettes L. Oxidative stress-alleviating strategies to improve recombinant protein production in CHO cells. Biotechnol Bioeng 2019; 117:1172-1186. [PMID: 31814104 PMCID: PMC7078918 DOI: 10.1002/bit.27247] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2018] [Revised: 11/11/2019] [Accepted: 12/04/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Large scale biopharmaceutical production of biologics relies on the overexpression of foreign proteins by cells cultivated in stirred tank bioreactors. It is well recognized and documented fact that protein overexpression may impact host cell metabolism and that factors associated with large scale culture, such as the hydrodynamic forces and inhomogeneities within the bioreactors, may promote cellular stress. The metabolic adaptations required to support the high‐level expression of recombinant proteins include increased energy production and improved secretory capacity, which, in turn, can lead to a rise of reactive oxygen species (ROS) generated through the respiration metabolism and the interaction with media components. Oxidative stress is defined as the imbalance between the production of free radicals and the antioxidant response within the cells. Accumulation of intracellular ROS can interfere with the cellular activities and exert cytotoxic effects via the alternation of cellular components. In this context, strategies aiming to alleviate oxidative stress generated during the culture have been developed to improve cell growth, productivity, and reduce product microheterogeneity. In this review, we present a summary of the different approaches used to decrease the oxidative stress in Chinese hamster ovary cells and highlight media development and cell engineering as the main pathways through which ROS levels may be kept under control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valentine Chevallier
- Upstream Process Sciences, Biotech Sciences, UCB Nordic A/S, Copenhagen, Denmark.,Department of Biotechnology and Biomedicine, Technical University of Denmark, Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Mikael Rørdam Andersen
- Department of Biotechnology and Biomedicine, Technical University of Denmark, Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark
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Wang X, Xu G, Zhang J, Wang S, Ji M, Mo L, Zhu M, Li J, Zhou G, Lu J, Chen C. The clinical and prognostic significance of paraoxonase-2 in gastric cancer patients: immunohistochemical analysis. Hum Cell 2019; 32:487-494. [DOI: 10.1007/s13577-019-00263-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2019] [Accepted: 06/20/2019] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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