1
|
Umargamwala R, Manning J, Dorstyn L, Denton D, Kumar S. Understanding Developmental Cell Death Using Drosophila as a Model System. Cells 2024; 13:347. [PMID: 38391960 PMCID: PMC10886741 DOI: 10.3390/cells13040347] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2024] [Revised: 02/09/2024] [Accepted: 02/13/2024] [Indexed: 02/24/2024] Open
Abstract
Cell death plays an essential function in organismal development, wellbeing, and ageing. Many types of cell deaths have been described in the past 30 years. Among these, apoptosis remains the most conserved type of cell death in metazoans and the most common mechanism for deleting unwanted cells. Other types of cell deaths that often play roles in specific contexts or upon pathological insults can be classed under variant forms of cell death and programmed necrosis. Studies in Drosophila have contributed significantly to the understanding and regulation of apoptosis pathways. In addition to this, Drosophila has also served as an essential model to study the genetic basis of autophagy-dependent cell death (ADCD) and other relatively rare types of context-dependent cell deaths. Here, we summarise what is known about apoptosis, ADCD, and other context-specific variant cell death pathways in Drosophila, with a focus on developmental cell death.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ruchi Umargamwala
- Centre for Cancer Biology, University of South Australia and SA Pathology, Adelaide, SA 5001, Australia; (J.M.); (L.D.)
| | - Jantina Manning
- Centre for Cancer Biology, University of South Australia and SA Pathology, Adelaide, SA 5001, Australia; (J.M.); (L.D.)
| | - Loretta Dorstyn
- Centre for Cancer Biology, University of South Australia and SA Pathology, Adelaide, SA 5001, Australia; (J.M.); (L.D.)
| | - Donna Denton
- Centre for Cancer Biology, University of South Australia and SA Pathology, Adelaide, SA 5001, Australia; (J.M.); (L.D.)
| | - Sharad Kumar
- Centre for Cancer Biology, University of South Australia and SA Pathology, Adelaide, SA 5001, Australia; (J.M.); (L.D.)
- Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA 5005, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Ahsan N, Shariq M, Surolia A, Raj R, Khan MF, Kumar P. Multipronged regulation of autophagy and apoptosis: emerging role of TRIM proteins. Cell Mol Biol Lett 2024; 29:13. [PMID: 38225560 PMCID: PMC10790450 DOI: 10.1186/s11658-023-00528-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2023] [Accepted: 12/18/2023] [Indexed: 01/17/2024] Open
Abstract
TRIM proteins are characterized by their conserved N-terminal RING, B-box, and coiled-coil domains. These proteins are efficient regulators of autophagy, apoptosis, and innate immune responses and confer immunity against viruses and bacteria. TRIMs function as receptors or scaffold proteins that target substrates for autophagy-mediated degradation. Most TRIMs interact with the BECN1-ULK1 complex to form TRIMosomes, thereby efficiently targeting substrates to autophagosomes. They regulate the functions of ATG proteins through physical interactions or ubiquitination. TRIMs affect the lipidation of MAP1LC3B1 to form MAP1LC3B2, which is a prerequisite for phagophore and autophagosome formation. In addition, they regulate MTOR kinase and TFEB, thereby regulating the expression of ATG genes. TRIM proteins are efficient regulators of apoptosis and are crucial for regulating cell proliferation and tumor formation. Many TRIM proteins regulate intrinsic and extrinsic apoptosis via the cell surface receptors TGFBR2, TNFRSF1A, and FAS. Mitochondria modulate the anti- and proapoptotic functions of BCL2, BAX, BAK1, and CYCS. These proteins use a multipronged approach to regulate the intrinsic and extrinsic apoptotic pathways, culminating in coordinated activation or inhibition of the initiator and executor CASPs. Furthermore, TRIMs can have a dual effect in determining cell fate and are therefore crucial for cellular homeostasis. In this review, we discuss mechanistic insights into the role of TRIM proteins in regulating autophagy and apoptosis, which can be used to better understand cellular physiology. These findings can be used to develop therapeutic interventions to prevent or treat multiple genetic and infectious diseases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nuzhat Ahsan
- Quantlase Lab LLC, Unit 1-8, Masdar City, Abu Dhabi, UAE.
| | - Mohd Shariq
- Quantlase Lab LLC, Unit 1-8, Masdar City, Abu Dhabi, UAE
| | - Avadhesha Surolia
- Molecular Biophysics Unit, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, 460012, India.
| | - Reshmi Raj
- Quantlase Lab LLC, Unit 1-8, Masdar City, Abu Dhabi, UAE
| | | | - Pramod Kumar
- Quantlase Lab LLC, Unit 1-8, Masdar City, Abu Dhabi, UAE
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Brooks DS, Vishal K, Bawa S, Alder A, Geisbrecht ER. Integration of proteomic and genetic approaches to assess developmental muscle atrophy. J Exp Biol 2021; 224:272703. [PMID: 34647571 DOI: 10.1242/jeb.242698] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2021] [Accepted: 10/07/2021] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Muscle atrophy, or a decline in muscle protein mass, is a significant problem in the aging population and in numerous disease states. Unraveling molecular signals that trigger and promote atrophy may lead to a better understanding of treatment options; however, there is no single cause of atrophy identified to date. To gain insight into this problem, we chose to investigate changes in protein profiles during muscle atrophy in Manduca sexta and Drosophila melanogaster. The use of insect models provides an interesting parallel to probe atrophic mechanisms as these organisms undergo a normal developmental atrophy process during the pupal transition stage. Leveraging the inherent advantages of each model organism, we first defined protein signature changes during M. sexta intersegmental muscle (ISM) atrophy and then used genetic approaches to confirm their functional importance in the D. melanogaster dorsal internal oblique muscles (DIOMs). Our data reveal an upregulation of proteasome and peptidase components and a general downregulation of proteins that regulate actin filament formation. Surprisingly, thick filament proteins that comprise the A-band are increased in abundance, providing support for the ordered destruction of myofibrillar components during developmental atrophy. We also uncovered the actin filament regulator ciboulot (Cib) as a novel regulator of muscle atrophy. These insights provide a framework towards a better understanding of global changes that occur during atrophy and may eventually lead to therapeutic targets.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- David S Brooks
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biophysics, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS 66506, USA
| | - Kumar Vishal
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biophysics, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS 66506, USA
| | - Simranjot Bawa
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biophysics, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS 66506, USA
| | - Adrienne Alder
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biophysics, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS 66506, USA
| | - Erika R Geisbrecht
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biophysics, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS 66506, USA
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Bawa S, Piccirillo R, Geisbrecht ER. TRIM32: A Multifunctional Protein Involved in Muscle Homeostasis, Glucose Metabolism, and Tumorigenesis. Biomolecules 2021; 11:biom11030408. [PMID: 33802079 PMCID: PMC7999776 DOI: 10.3390/biom11030408] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2021] [Revised: 03/05/2021] [Accepted: 03/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Human tripartite motif family of proteins 32 (TRIM32) is a ubiquitous multifunctional protein that has demonstrated roles in differentiation, muscle physiology and regeneration, and tumor suppression. Mutations in TRIM32 result in two clinically diverse diseases. A mutation in the B-box domain gives rise to Bardet–Biedl syndrome (BBS), a disease whose clinical presentation shares no muscle pathology, while mutations in the NHL (NCL-1, HT2A, LIN-41) repeats of TRIM32 causes limb-girdle muscular dystrophy type 2H (LGMD2H). TRIM32 also functions as a tumor suppressor, but paradoxically is overexpressed in certain types of cancer. Recent evidence supports a role for TRIM32 in glycolytic-mediated cell growth, thus providing a possible mechanism for TRIM32 in the accumulation of cellular biomass during regeneration and tumorigenesis, including in vitro and in vivo approaches, to understand the broad spectrum of TRIM32 functions. A special emphasis is placed on the utility of the Drosophila model, a unique system to study glycolysis and anabolic pathways that contribute to the growth and homeostasis of both normal and tumor tissues.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Simranjot Bawa
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biophysics, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS 66506, USA;
| | - Rosanna Piccirillo
- Department of Neuroscience, Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri IRCCS, 20156 Milan, Italy;
| | - Erika R. Geisbrecht
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biophysics, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS 66506, USA;
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +1-(785)-532-3105
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Lee G, Park JH. Programmed cell death reshapes the central nervous system during metamorphosis in insects. CURRENT OPINION IN INSECT SCIENCE 2021; 43:39-45. [PMID: 33065339 PMCID: PMC10754214 DOI: 10.1016/j.cois.2020.09.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2020] [Revised: 09/08/2020] [Accepted: 09/29/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Metamorphosis is fascinating and dramatic stage of postembryonic development in insects [1]. The most prominent metamorphic changes seen in holometabolous insects involve destruction of most larval structures and concomitant generation of adult ones. Such diverse cellular events are orchestrated by ecdysone. The central nervous system (CNS) is also extensively remodeled to process new sensory inputs; to coordinate new types of locomotion; and to perform higher-order decision making [2]. Programmed cell death (PCD) is an integral part of the metamorphic development. It eliminates obsolete larval tissues and extra cells that are generated from the morphogenesis of adult tissues. In the CNS, PCD of selected neurons and glial cells as well as reshaping of persistent larval cells are essential for establishing the adult CNS. In this review, we summarize the ecdysone signaling, and then molecular and cellular events associated with PCD primarily in the metamorphosing CNS of Drosophila melanogaster.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Gyunghee Lee
- Department of Biochemistry and Cellular and Molecular Biology, University of Tennessee, Knoxville TN 37996, United States
| | - Jae H Park
- Department of Biochemistry and Cellular and Molecular Biology, University of Tennessee, Knoxville TN 37996, United States.
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Vishal K, Lovato TL, Bragg C, Chechenova MB, Cripps RM. FGF signaling promotes myoblast proliferation through activation of wingless signaling. Dev Biol 2020; 464:1-10. [PMID: 32445643 PMCID: PMC7648665 DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2020.05.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2020] [Revised: 05/09/2020] [Accepted: 05/11/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Indirect flight muscles (IFMs) are the largest muscles in Drosophila and are made up of hundreds of myonuclei. The generation of these giant muscles requires a large pool of wing disc associated adult muscle precursors (AMPs), however the factors that control proliferation to form this myoblast pool are incompletely known. Here, we examine the role of fibroblast growth factor (FGF) signaling in the proliferation of wing disc associated myoblasts. We find that the components of FGF signaling are expressed in myoblasts and surrounding epithelial cells of the wing disc. Next, we show that attenuation of FGF signaling results in a diminished myoblast pool. This reduction in the pool size is due to decreased myoblast proliferation. By contrast, activating the FGF signaling pathway increases the myoblast pool size and restores the proliferative capacity of FGF knockdown flies. Finally, our results demonstrate that the FGF receptor Heartless acts through up-regulating β-catenin/Armadillo signaling to promote myoblast proliferation. Our studies identify a novel role for FGF signaling during IFM formation and uncover the mechanism through which FGF coordinates with Wingless signaling to promote myoblast proliferation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kumar Vishal
- Department of Biology, San Diego State University, San Diego, CA, 92182, USA
| | - TyAnna L Lovato
- Department of Biology, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM, 87131, USA
| | - Chandler Bragg
- Department of Biology, San Diego State University, San Diego, CA, 92182, USA
| | - Maria B Chechenova
- Department of Biology, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM, 87131, USA
| | - Richard M Cripps
- Department of Biology, San Diego State University, San Diego, CA, 92182, USA; Department of Biology, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM, 87131, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Xu T, Jiang X, Denton D, Kumar S. Ecdysone controlled cell and tissue deletion. Cell Death Differ 2020; 27:1-14. [PMID: 31745213 PMCID: PMC7205961 DOI: 10.1038/s41418-019-0456-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2019] [Revised: 10/31/2019] [Accepted: 11/04/2019] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The removal of superfluous and unwanted cells is a critical part of animal development. In insects the steroid hormone ecdysone, the focus of this review, is an essential regulator of developmental transitions, including molting and metamorphosis. Like other steroid hormones, ecdysone works via nuclear hormone receptors to direct spatial and temporal regulation of gene transcription including genes required for cell death. During insect metamorphosis, pulses of ecdysone orchestrate the deletion of obsolete larval tissues, including the larval salivary glands and the midgut. In this review we discuss the molecular machinery and mechanisms of ecdysone-dependent cell and tissue removal, with a focus on studies in Drosophila and Lepidopteran insects.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tianqi Xu
- Centre for Cancer Biology, University of South Australia and SA Pathology, GPO Box 2471, Adelaide, SA, 5001, Australia
| | - Xin Jiang
- Centre for Cancer Biology, University of South Australia and SA Pathology, GPO Box 2471, Adelaide, SA, 5001, Australia
| | - Donna Denton
- Centre for Cancer Biology, University of South Australia and SA Pathology, GPO Box 2471, Adelaide, SA, 5001, Australia
| | - Sharad Kumar
- Centre for Cancer Biology, University of South Australia and SA Pathology, GPO Box 2471, Adelaide, SA, 5001, Australia.
| |
Collapse
|